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Review
1
Slope
Potential
rupture/failure
surfaces
2
(a) external disturbances in the form of cutting / dredging / scour near toe.
(b) seismic activity
(c) increase in pore water pressure within a slope (may be due to rise
in water level or exceptional rainfall)
(d) progressive decrease in shear strength of the slope material
(e) progressive change in the stress field within a slope (may be due to subsidence
of foundation soil, piping or internal erosion, movement of soil particles)
Factor of Safety
As engineer we need to ensure the safety of a slope through determining the factor of safety. The factor of safety is
f
defined as
Where
Fs
Infinite Slope
Ta
LHSin
HSinCos
Area L/Cos
Na
W Cos LH Cos2
HCos2
Area L/Cosb
L
Ta=in-plane component of W
Tr=in-plane reaction force
t = shear stress
s = normal stress
Force on planes ab
and cd are assumed
to be equal
Consider
unit length
perpendicula
r to bc
c
cd
Fs
tan
and tan d
Fs
c, f ultimate /
peak strength
parameters
Taking t = td , substituting s, cd ,
tanfd and re-arranging
Tr
LHSin
HSinCos
Area L/Cosb
Ta=in-plane component of W
Tr=in-plane reaction force
t = shear stress
s = normal stress
Na
W Cos sat LH Cos2
sat HCos2
Area L/Cos
L
Shear stress on the plane can also be written as
d c d tan d
Now,
Where,
u h w H w Cos2
cd
c
Fs
and tan d
tan
Fs
In the first term, in the denominator gsat>g; so the first term reduces
In the second term, the multiplier g/gsat < 1; so the second term also reduces
Thus it is quite obvious that factor of safety reduces when seepage forces act
10
11
FINITE SLOPES
A finite slope is one with a base and a top surface, the height being limited.
Toe failure
Height
Base
Toe
Top surface
Shallow failure
Base failure
B
W Sinq
q
q
W Cosq
W
U1 Sinq
U1
U1 Cosq
q
q
Referring to Fig.13.11
ABCD Slope in Homogeneous soil
Undrained condition
Shear strength is constant with depth, tf = cu
AED Trial failure surface, center O, radius r
Fig.13.12
For b>530, critical circles are toe For b<530, critical circle may be a toe circle, slope
circles, The center of these circles circle or midpoint circle. If the critical circle is a
can be found by Fig. 13.13
midpoint circle its center can be located by Fig. 13.14
Maxm, m = 0.181
H
nH
DH
Slope circle
(a)
Toe circle
1.Slope Failure
L L
Mid point circle
2. Base Failure
H
nH
DH
(a)
Do yourself
Do yourself
r Sin n
r
bn
r
n
r
H
Wn
n
Tn
Tn1
Pn1
Pn
Wn
n Tr
R Wn
n Nr
Ln
f c tan
The ordinary method of slices can also be used for drained conditions/ effective stress analysis
Nr Wn Cosn u n Ln
Tr
hn
Wn Cos n u n L n
L n
1
c tanL n
Fs
1
Fs
Wn Cos n u n L n
tan L n
c
L n
n p
M d Wn r Sin n
n 1
Mr
n p
1
Wn r Sin n
Fs
n 1
Wn Cos n u n L n
tan L n .r
c
L n
Fs
1
Fs
Wn Cos n u n L n
tan
L n .r
L
n
c L n Wn Cos n u n L n tan
n p
W
n 1
Sin n
1
2
3
7
1
4
4
4
4
4
3.2
1.4
4.6
6.8
6.8
6.1
4.2
1.3
22.4
294.4
435.2
435.2
390.4
268.8
66.6
70
54
38
24
12
0
-8
Ln, m
(6)
2.92
6.80
5.08
4.38
4.09
4.00
3.23
30.50
6
300
W nSinn
(7)
W nCosn
(8)
21.05
238.17
267.94
177.01
81.17
0.00
-9.26
776.08
7.66
173.04
342.94
397.57
381.87
268.80
65.91
1637.80
Fs
1.55
r Sin n
r
bn
B
Fig.13.20a
r
H
Wn
f c tan
Only moment
equilibrium is
satisfied,
force
equilibrium is
not satisfied
Fs exists on both
sides, so trial and
error procedure is
required to find Fs.
g, kN/m3 =
f, deg =
2
c, kN/m =
16
20
Fs =
20
1.58
1.58
m(n),
(6)
0.56
0.77
0.93
1.01
1.03
1.00
0.96
W n/m(n), W nSinn
(7)
(8)
40.11
380.29
468.04
432.07
380.49
268.80
69.46
2039.26
21.0
238.2
267.9
177.0
81.2
0.0
-9.3
776.1
Effective stress
parameters are
to be used when
pore pressure is
considered
Table C1.(g)
Table C1.(h)
Table C1.(i)
Table C1.(h)
Water table
before drawdown
L
H Water table after
drawdown
Example
L
table after
H Water
drawdown
c
20
0.05
gH 16 25
L 10
0.4
H 25
r Sin n
bn
Seepage
r
r
A
hz
b Wn
f c tan
Charts for slope stability analysis of simple slopes with seepage by Spencers method