Northern Philippines[edit]

These groups ranged from various Igorot tribes, a group that includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao,
Isneg, Kalinga, Kankana-ey and Tinguian, who built the Rice Terraces. They also covered a wide
spectrum in terms of their integration and acculturation with lowland Christian and Muslim Filipinos.
Native groups such as the Bukidnon in Mindanao, had intermarried with lowlanders for almost a
century. Other groups such as the Kalinga in Luzon have remained isolated from lowland influence.

There were several indigenous groups living in the Cordillera Central of Luzon in 1990. At one time it
was employed by lowland Filipinos in a pejorative sense, but in recent years it came to be used with
pride by native groups in the mountain region as a positive expression of their ethnic identity. The
Ifugaos of Ifugao province, the Bontocs, Kalinga, Tinguian, the Kankana-eyand Ibaloi were all
farmers who constructed the rice terraces for many centuries.
Other mountain peoples of Luzon are the Isnags of the province of Apayao, the Gaddangs of the
border between Kalinga, and Isabela provinces and the Ilongots of Nueva Vizcaya
provinceand Caraballo Mountains all developed hunting and gathering, farming cultivation
and headhunting. Other indigenous people such as the Negritos formerly dominated the highlands
throughout the islands for thousands of years, but have been reduced to a small population, living in
widely scattered locations, primarily along the eastern ranges of the mountains.

Southern Philippines[edit]
In the southern Philippines, upland and lowland tribal groups were concentrated on Mindanao and
western Visayas, although there are several indigenous groups such as the Mangyan living
in Mindoro. Among the most important groups found on Mindanao are collectively called the Lumad,
and includes the Manobo which is a bigger ethnographic group such as the Ata-Manobo and
the Matigsalug found in Davao City, Davao del Norte and Bukidnon Province; the LangilanManobo in Davao del Norte; the Agusan-Manobo in Agusan del Sur and southern parts of Agusan
del Norte; the Pulanguiyon-Manobo of Bukidnon Province; the Ubo-Manobo in southwestern parts of
Davao City, and northern parts of North Cotabato Province that is also to include the ArumanenManobo of Carmen (N. Cotabato); the Dulangan-Manobo in the Province of Sultan Kudarat;
the Talaandig, Higaonon and Bukidnon of Bukidnon
province, Bagobo, Mandaya, Mansaka, Tagakaulo in Davao region who inhabited the mountains
bordering the Davao Gulf; the Kalagan lives particularly in lowland areas and seashores of Davao
del Norte, Compostella Valley, Davao Oriental and some seashores in Davao Del Sur,
the Subanon of upland areas in Zamboanga; the Mamanua in the Agusan-Surigao border region;
the B'laan, Teduray andTboli in the region of the Cotabato province, and the Samal. Samal is
synonymous with Luwa'an. Yakan is the indigenous tribe in the hinterlands of Basilan Province. In
the lowland lives the Sama Banguingui tribe while in coastal areas there leave the nomadic Luwa'an.
Sulu lowland areas are also home of the Sama Banguingui. The Sama or the Sinama and the Jama
Mapun are the indigenous tribes in the province of Tawi-Tawi.

[2]

Indigenous peoples of the Philippines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The indigenous peoples of the Philippines consist of a large number of indigenous ethnic groups living
in the country. They are the descendants of the original inhabitants of the Philippines who have managed

to resist centuries of Spanish and United States colonization and in the process have retained their
customs and traditions.[1]
In the 1990s, there were more than 100 highland tribal groups constituted approximately 3% of the
population. The upland tribal groups were a blend in ethnic origin like other lowland Filipinos, although
they did not have contact with the outside world. They displayed a variety of social organization, cultural
expression and artistic skills. They showed a high degree of creativity, usually employed to embellish
utilitarian objects, such as bowls, baskets, clothing, weapons and spoons. These groups ranged from
various Igorot tribes, a group that includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg, Kalinga and Kankana-ey, who
built the Rice Terraces. They also covered a wide spectrum in terms of their integration and acculturation
with lowland Christian and Muslim Filipinos. Native groups such as the Bukidnon in Mindanao, had
intermarried with lowlanders for almost a century. Other groups such as the Kalinga in Luzon have
remained isolated from lowland influence.
There were several indigenous groups living in the Cordillera Central of Luzon in 1990. At one time it was
employed by lowland Filipinos in a pejorative sense, but in recent years it came to be used with pride by
native groups in the mountain region as a positive expression of their ethnic identity. The Ifugaos of Ifugao
Province, the Bontocs, Kalinga, Tinguian, the Kankana-ey and Ibaloi were all farmers who constructed the
rice terraces for many centuries.
Other mountain peoples of Luzon are the Isnegs of northern Kalinga-Apayao Province, the Gaddangs of
the border between Kalinga-Apayao, and Isabela provinces and the Ilongots of Nueva Vizcaya Province
and Caraballo Mountains all developed hunting and gathering, farming cultivation and headhunting. Other
indigenous people such as the Negritos formerly dominated the highlands throughout the islands for
thousands of years, but have been reduced to a small population, living in widely scattered locations,
primarily along the eastern ranges of the mountains.
In the southern Philippines, upland and lowland tribal groups were concentrated on Mindanao and
western Visayas, although there are several indigenous groups such as the Mangyan living in Mindoro.
Among the most important groups found on Mindanao are collectively called the Lumad, and includes the
Manobo, Bukidnon of Bukidnon Province, Bagobo, Mandaya, and Mansaka, who inhabited the mountains
bordering the Davao Gulf; the Subanon of upland areas in the Zamboanga; the Mamanua in the AgusanSurigao border region; the Bila-an, Tiruray and Tboli in the region of the Cotabato province, and the
Samal and Bajau in the Sulu Archipelago. The tribal groups of the Philippines are known for their carved
wooden figures, baskets, weaving, pottery and weapons.

Reservation
The Philippine government succeeded in establishing a number of protected reservations for tribal groups.
Indigenous people were expected to speak their native language, dress in their traditional tribal clothing,
live in houses constructed of natural materials using traditional architectural designs and celebrate their
traditional ceremonies of propitiation of spirits believed to be inhabiting their environment. They are also
encouraged to re-establish their traditional authority structure in which, as in indigenous society were
governed by chieftains known as Rajah and Datu.
Contact between primitive and modern ethnic groups usually resulted in weakening or destroying tribal
culture without assimilating the indigenous groups into modern society. It seemed doubtful that the shift of
the Philippine government policy from assimilation to cultural pluralism could reverse the process. Several
Filipino tribes tends to lead to the abandonment of traditional culture because land security makes it

easier for tribal members to adopt the economic process of the larger society and facilitates marriage with
outsiders. In the past, the Philippine government bureaus could not preserve tribes as social museum
exhibits, but with the aid of various nationwide organizations, they hoped to help the tribes adapt to
modern society without completely losing their ethnic identity.

Luzon

Agta Cayagan
Agta Casiguran
Aeta
Pakkak Gadang
Pugot, N. Apayao
Negritos
Apayao Isnag
Gaddang
Ibanag
Ilongot
Itneg (Tingian)
Malaweg
Paranan
Bontok
Ifugao
Igorot
Isneg
Itneg
Kalinga

Kankanay
Tinggian (= Itneg)

Visayas

Batak
Palawan
Tagbanwa
Taut batu
Ata du sud, A. du nord
Magahat Bukidnon
Alangan
Buhid
Hanuno
Tadyawan
Taubuid (= Batangan)
Iraya
Ratagnon, Loktanon

Mindanao

Mangwanga
Tasaday (Manobo Cotabato)
Mamanwa
Manobo Ata
Ata Manobo
Bagobo
Blaan
Blit (Manobo Cotabato group)
Bukidnon
Ilanon Manobo
Ilianen
Magindanao
Mandaya Cataelano
Mandaya Sangab
Manobo-Cotabato
Manobo
Mansaka
Subanon
Subanon, Tuboy Salog
Tagabawa
Tboli
Tigwa
Tiruray
Ubo Manobo