Primary Sources

Books
Stilwell, Blake. "17 Wild Facts about the Vietnam War." Business Insider. Business Insider, 23 July 2015. Web. 16 Jan.
2017. The American experience in Vietnam was a long and painful one for the nation. For those against the war, it
appeared to be a meat grinder for draftees, unfairly targeting the poor, the uneducated, and minorities.

Spector, Ronald H. "Vietnam War." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 28 Oct. 2016. Web. 16 Jan.
2017. Vietnam War, (195475), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its
allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the
United States. Called the American War in Vietnam (or, in full, the War Against the Americans to Save the Nation),
the war was also part of a larger regional conflict (see Indochina wars) and a manifestation of the Cold War between the
United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies.

Engdahl, Sylvia. Free Speech. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2008. Print. By the help of ACLU they got to the Supreme Court. The
Judges ended up making a 7-2 win for Mary Beth, John, and Chis.
Johnson, John W. The Struggle for Student Rights: Tinker v. Des Moines and the 1960s. Lawrence, Kan.: U of Kansas,
1997. Print. Chis Eckhardt, Mary Beth, and John Tinker had a meeting a couple days before they ended up wearing the
armbands. They also ended up getting suspended/expelled for no reason at all.
Lu sted, Marcia Amidon., and Gerald J. Thain. Tinker v. Des Moines: The Right to Protest in Schools. Minneapolis, MN:
ABDO Pub., 2013. Print. 5 kids went to school wearing black arm bands and ended up getting either suspended or
expelled.
Video
From Black Armbands to the US Supreme Court: Mary Beth Tinker. Perf. Mary Beth Tinker. From Black Armbands to the
US Supreme Court: Mary Beth Tinker. TheFIREorg, 23 May 2016. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. People threatened Mary Beth and
her family to kill or hurt them many times but nobody ever did get hurt in her family.

Mary Beth Tinker on the First Amendment. Perf. Mary Beth Tinker. Mary Beth Tinker on the First Amendment. The Salt
Lake Tribute, 27 Mar. 2014. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. 5 kids went to school wearing black armbands but the school saw and
made them suspended/expelled. Many got outraged and the word got everywherre aand it got to the Supreme Court

Mary Beth Tinker. Perf. Mary Beth Tinker. Mary Beth Tinker. Mary Beth Tinker, 15 Nov. 2013. Web. 18 Jan.
2017. Mary Beth Tinker travels to schools telling her story in the "tinker tour"

Tinker vs. Des Moines. Dir. Veronica Fowler. Perf. Mary Beth Tinker. Tinker vs. Des Moines. Veronica Fowler, 23 Apr.
2012. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. A group of students resided to wear arm bands to protest their feelings on the Vietnam War.
But when they got to school they got suspended/expelled

Websites
@ACLU. "Tinker v. Des Moines - Landmark Supreme Court Ruling on Behalf of Student Expression." American Civil
Liberties Union. ACLU, 1916. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. Mary Beth Tinker was a 13-year-old junior high school student in
December 1965 when she and a group of students decided to wear black armbands to school to protest the war in
Vietnam. The school board got wind of the protest and passed a preemptive ban.

@brinstitute. "Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) - Bill of Rights Institute." Bill of Rights Institute. Bill of Rights Institute, n.d.
Web. 15 Dec. 2016. The 1969 landmark case of Tinker v. Des Moines affirmed the First Amendment rights of students in
school. The Court held that a school district violated students free speech rights when it singled out a form of symbolic
speech black armbands worn in protest of the Vietnam War for prohibition, without proving the armbands would
cause substantial disruption in class.

Cruz, Rey. "Tinker v. Des Moines 1969." Prezi.com. Robinson, Cruz, and Associates, 07 Dec. 2012. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. Chis
Eckhart is 16, John Tinker is 15, and Mary Beth Tinker is 13. Teachers sent them home because they were prohibited by
the new school district policy.

"First Amendment Schools: The Five Freedoms - Court Case." First Amendment Schools: The Five Freedoms - Court Case.
First Amendment Center, 18 Jan. 2017. Web. 18 Jan. 2017. Students do not lose their constitutional rights at the
schoolhouse door. School officials duties to provide a safe learning environment must be balanced against students
free-expression rights.

History.com Staff. "Vietnam War History." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. The
Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern
allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States.

"Kids." Tinker V Des Moines - Kids | Laws.com. Laws.com, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. The Tinker v. Des Moines court case is
one of the most groundbreaking trials in the history of the United States. The case involves 3 minorsJohn Tinker, Mary
Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhartwho were each suspended from their schools for wearing black armbands to
protest the Vietnam War.

"Landmark Cases of the U.S. Supreme Court." Tinker v. Des Moines | Www.streetlaw.org. Allison Hawkins, Herb Caudill,
Amaly Snowdon and Megan Hanson, 2010. Web. 09 Dec. 2016. John and Mary Beth Tinker of Des Moines, Iowa, wore
black armbands to their public school as a symbol of protest against American involvement in the Vietnam War.

LII. "Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist." LII / Legal Information Institute. LII, n.d.
Web. 14 Dec. 2016. Petitioners, three public school pupils in Des Moines, Iowa, were suspended from school
for wearing black armbands to protest the Government's policy in Vietnam. They sought nominal damages and
an injunction against a regulation that the respondents had promulgated banning the wearing of armbands.

Websites
Oyez. Jeff Parsons, 15 Jan. 2017. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. In December 1965, a group of students in Des Moines held a
meeting in the home of 16-year-old Christopher Eckhardt to plan a public showing of their support for a truce in the
Vietnam War. They decided to wear black armbands throughout the holiday season and to fast on December 16 and
New Year's Eve. The principals of the Des Moines school learned of the plan and met on December 14 to create a policy
that stated that any student wearing an armband would be asked to remove it, with refusal to do so resulting in
suspension. On December 16, Mary Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt wore their armbands to school and were sent
home. The following day, John Tinker did the same with the same result. The students did not return to school until after
New Year's Day, the planned end of the protest.

"Oyez, Oyez, Oh Yay!: Civics Resources for Texas Students & Teachers." Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community
School District | Oyez, Oyez, Oh Yay!: Civics Resources for Texas Students and Teachers. ACLU, Streetlaw.org, Cornell
University, Oyez, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. In December 1965, at a meeting in Des Moines, Iowa, adults and students
discussed how they could publicize their objections to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

Shmoop Editorial Team. "Tinker v. Des Moines: Establishing the Right." Shmoop. Shmoop University, 11 Nov. 2008. Web.
18 Jan. 2017. In 1969, the Supreme Court established a standard favorable to a broad interpretation of students' First
Amendment rights in the case of Tinker v. Des Moines. The case began in 1965, when three Iowa public school students
wore black armbands to school in silent protest against the Vietnam War.

"Students' Right to Freedom of Speech: The Tinker Case." IPTV. Owa Public Television, 12 Jan. 2017. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
In the 1960s, the United States began sending troops to Southeast Asia. The nation of Vietnam had been divided into
two parts, with North Vietnam friendly to Communist China on its northern border while South Vietnam looked to the
United States for support. The United States feared that if communists from North Vietnam took control of South
Vietnam, communism would soon overrun all of Southeast Asia.

Television. Rodney Ho August 14 2016. "Gainesville-based John Tinker Executive Produces Hallmarks New
Series Chesapeake Shores." Radio and TV Talk. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2017. John Tinker now works as an
executive producer.
"Tinker v. Des Moines School District 1969." Infoplease. Infoplease, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. In a 7-2 decision, the
Supreme Court ruled that the students had the right to wear armbands to school to protest the Vietnam War. Justice
Abe Fortas wrote for the majority.

"Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969)." Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969). N.p., 11 Jan.
1969. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. In December 1965, a group of adults and students in Des Moines held a meeting at
the Eckhardt home. The group determined to publicize their objections to the hostilities in Vietnam and their
support for a truce by wearing black armbands during the holiday season and by fasting on December 16 and
New Year's Eve. Petitioners and their parents had previously engaged in similar activities, and they decided to
participate in the program.

Websites
Us Courts. "Tinker v. Des Moines Podcast." United States Courts. US Courts, n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. At a public school in
Des Moines, Iowa, students organized a silent protest against the Vietnam War. Students planned to wear black
armbands to school to protest the fighting but the principal found out and told the students they would be suspended if
they wore the armbands. Despite the warning, students wore the armbands and were suspended. During their
suspension the students' parents sued the school for violating their children's right to free speech. A U.S. district court
sided with the school, ruling that wearing armbands could disrupt learning. The students appealed the ruling to a U.S.
Court of Appeals but lost and took their case to the United States Supreme Court.

"Vietnam War." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Oct. 2016. Web. 09 Dec. 2016. The Vietnam
War was from 1954-1975. The Vietnam War was caused by North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong fighting to
reunify Vietnam.