P

PARK
COL
LLEGE OF
F ENGINEE
ERING AN
ND TECHN
NOLOGY
Kaniyyur, Coimb
batore 641 659
D
Departmen
nt of Aeron
nautical Enggineering
UNIT TEST
U
T- II
AER
RODYNAM
MICS II
THIRD
D YEAR A
AERO B
Date: 08.10.2009
0
(
(FN)
Marks: 50
Time: 3 Hrs.
0 marks
(Note: Use
U of Gas Table and non-program
n
mmable scieentific calcuulator is alloowed.)
PARTA(7x2
P
2=14)
1. DefiinenormalsshockandMachwave.G
Givethewavveangleforb
bothofthese.
2. DeriiveImpulseFunctionstaartingfromEEulersequattion.
3. WrittecpandcvfforN2O3gasandfindgam
mma( )forit.
4. Expllain in brief,, why Conco
ord is not alllowed to flyy to its desiign Mach nu
umber while
e flying overr
inhaabitedareas.
5. Inth
hecaseofsu
upersonicflo
owoverasp
phere,whyw
wegetadetaachedshockk?Whatisth
hemaximum
m
deflectionangle
epossiblewiithattachedshock?
es of flow turning inwaard as well as outward and explain
n them in brief
b
in yourr
6. Skettch the case
langguage.Givetthemaximumangleofd
deflectionpo
ossibleinboththecasess.
7. Defiine the basiic difference
e between Mach
M
lines and Mach wave.
w
Depicct their exisstence in an
n
expaansionfan.
(Answeranyythree)PARTB(3X12
2=36)
1. Expllaininyour languagewh
hatdoyouu
understandb
byMaximum
mvelocity,aandcriticalvvelocityinan
n
isen
ntropicflow.Derivetheiirrelationw
withthestagnationspee
edofsoundaandthusrellatethemto
o
each
hother.

3+3
Deriivetherelationbetween
nMachnum
mber( )and
dMStar( ).

6
2. Tabu
ulatethefivvebasicdiffe
erencesbetw
weenMachw
waveandNo
ormalShock wave.
4
4
Ozone(O3)gas passesthroughanormalshockwitthupstream
mconditions of
,
/ .Determine
.
thevelocityy andpre
essure do
ownstreamo
oftheshock..
Ifth
hesamedeceelerationfro
om to takesplaceisentropically,whatwilllbetheresu
ultant ?
(Giveen:UniversalG
GasConstantRu = 8.314 J/m
mol-KandMolecularWeighhtofOxygenM
Mo2=32)
8
8

PTO
O

3. SketchaneatdiagramshowingexpansionfanwithMachlinesaswellasMachwaves.Depictthe
angles of Mach lines which they make withupstream and downstream Mach numbers.What is
themaximumanglethroughwhichflowcanbeturnedinisentropicexpansioncase?
2+2
at
.Theflowisturnedby
Asupersonicflowofairistakingplaceatvelocityof
outward.Findthenewvelocityafteracceleration.Alsofindthechangeintemperatureand
pressurebetweentheconditionsbeforeandaftertheacceleration.

8
4. Whatisthecompressibilityerror?Explaininyourownlanguagehowthiserroraffectsthereading
inapitotstatictubeduringhighspeedsubsonicflow.

1+1
Anairplanemovingwithavelocityof
at an altitude of
indicates thespeed
throughpitotstatictube.FindthepercentageerrorshownbytheASI.

10
5. Depictanormalcaseofsupersonicflowoveraconcavecornerandshowtheturningangleaswell
for weak
as wave angle. Also draw a shock polar for two Mach numbers indicating
obliqueshock,strongobliqueshock,normalshockandMachwave.

2+2
A supersonic flow takes place over a concave corner of
. If the upstream conditions are as
,
,
,findthesamequantitiesindownstreamconditions.Alsofind
thewaveangle.

Answers
PartA

1. Normal shock is the discontinuity in the flow across which there are drastic changes in
the flow properties. Thats why it is called Shock and it is called normal shock because it
remains perpendicular to the free stream flow.
Mach wave is the weakest wave in the flow across which there is almost no change in the
flow properties. It is an isentropic phenomenon. It remains inclined with an angle called
Mach angle with the free stream flow.
The wave angle for Normal shock is 900 always and for the Mach wave it depends upon
free stream Mach number.
1
sin
2. Eulers equation
0
0
From continuity equation

Above is called impulse function in constant area duct.

On considering area also

3. N2O3 is a penta atomic gas. So its internal energy will be similar to tri-atomic gas.
So

and

8
8
2
1.33
6
6
2
4. Concord is a supersonic carrier and its design Mach number is 2.2. So when it flies with
its design Mach number, it will create shocks which will travel along its body. If this
aircraft flies at its design Mach number in the inhibited area, the shock generated by it
may cause structural damage to the buildings and can also cause physical harm to the
human kinds. So Concord is not allowed to fly at its design Mach number in the inhibited
areas.
5. There is a limit to the deflection for the supersonic for the shock to remain attached. This
limitation is associated with the free stream Mach number also. Higher the Mach number,
higher is the maximum turn allowed with attached shock. In the case of a supersonic flow
over a sphere the flow has to turn almost by 900 near the nearest location on the sphere
(stagnation point). So flow gets separated and we get a Bow Shock in this case which is a

combination of all types of waves. i.e. Normal Shock, Strong Oblique Shock, Weak
Oblique Shock and Mach wave.
The maximum deflection angle possible with the attached shock is 450.
6. A sample case of supersonic flow turning inward is as follows:

In this case, there appears an oblique shock and while flow passing through it gets
compresses and Mach number comes down. Pressure, temperature and density increases.
It is non-isentropic phenomena so entropy increases across it and there is a loss of total
pressure across it. Oblique shock remains inclined at an angle (wave angle) with the free
stream.
The maximum angle of turn with the shock attached in this case is 450.
A typical case of supersonic flow turning outward is as shown in the picture below:

In this case there appears a fan like structure which contains infinite number of Mach
waves emanating from the corner edge. This fan comprises of Mach waves bound by two
Mach lines on either sides. As the flow passes through this, it goes on expanding and
accelerating and finally we get an increased Mach number. These Mach lines and Mach
waves remain inclined at Mach angle with the respective flow. In this case flow doesnt
change drastically rather change takes place gradually and the phenomenon is taken as
isentropic. i.e. there is no change in entropy across it.
The maximum angle of turn in this case is 1300.

7. Mach waves are weakest waves and hence the changes across them are negligible.
Infinite number of Mach waves may bring about some appreciable change, and that
process remains isentropic for very infinitesimally small changes across each Mach wave.
Mach lines are little stronger waves than Mach waves and can be called as very weak
oblique shocks. Flow property change across this wave is small but finite and cant be
taken as negligible.
In an expansion fan the existence of Mach waves and Mach lines are as follows:

PartB

1. Maximum velocity is the velocity to which a flow can be accelerated in its extreme case.
At this level all the energy is converted into kinetic energy.
From the energy equation:
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1 2

Critical velocity is the velocity at which speed of the flow becomes equal to the local
speed of sound. So
1
1
2
1

1
2

1
1

Critical velocity and maximum velocity are related as

Relation between Mach number

and M_star
From the adiabatic energy equation:
2

1
2

1
2

1
1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

2
2

1
2

1
1

1
2

2
1
2
1
1

2
2 2
1
1
1
1
2
2 2
1
2
1 2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2

2. Mach wave Vs Normal Shock wave

Sl.
No.

Mach Wave

Normal Shock Wave

1.

It is the weakest wave.

It is the strongest wave.

2.

It is an isentropic phenomenon.

This is a non isentropic phenomenon, i.e. s 0.

3.

Mach angle can have any value between 0 to

90.

For NSW, the shock angle is always 90.

4.

Across Mach wave flow properties change by

infinitesimal amount.

Across the NSW, flow properties change by a

finite amount.

5.

After this wave, flow proceeds in the same

direction as it enters.

After this shock wave also, flow proceeds

without any change in its direction.

6.

Mach number after Mach wave is practically

remains unchanged.

Mach number after Normal Shock Wave

changed appreciably and
.
Also

Numerical
Situation is like below:

300 kPa,

303 K

923 m/s

Since the fluid is Ozone (O3),

1.33 and
8.314
0.1732 j/gm K 173.2 j/kg
48

1.33 173.2 303 264.2 m/s

300 1000
5.716 kg/m
173.2 303
1

923
264.2

3.496

3.50

Now from the normal shock table for

0.42411,

1.33 and

2.763,

13.7174,

3.50
4.9648

2.763 303 837.189 K

4.9648 5.716 28.378 kg/m
.
.
1.33 173.2 837.189

439.148

439.15 m/s

.
.
.
/
If the same deceleration from to
takes place isentropically then
1
1
1
2
1
2
1.33
1
1.33 300 1000 1
923 923
186.248 186.248
5.716
2
0.33
2
0.33
4.03 52484.25

42596.45

4.03

17344.15

58750.33 . .
We also know that for an isentropic flow
300000
.
29524.91
5.716 .
Now putting this value of in (i) we get that
.
29524.91
58750.33
.

58750.33
29524.91
.

1.989856
.

1.989856
.

8.0449

3. Expansion fan depicting Mach waves and Mach lines

The maximum angle through which flow can be turned isentropically is 1300.

Numerical
The situation is like depicted in the picture.

Now
2160 kmph 600 m/s
400 273 673 K
1.4 287.26 673 520.25 m/s
600
1.1538 1.15
520.25
30
Now the Prandtl Meyer Function from the expansion table
2.381
The turning angle is added into this for the new Mach number, so
2.381 30 32.381
Now the Mach number corresponding to PM Function 32.381 is 2.23. So
.
Now since this is an isentropic phenomenon
1
1
1 0.2 1.15
1.2645
2
673 1.2645 851 K
Also
1
1
1 0.2 2.23
1.99458
2
851
426.656 K
1.99458
1.4 287.26 426.656 414.229 m/s
.
.
.
/
Change in temperature
.

Change in pressure
1

2
1
1

1
0.2 1.15
0.2 2.23

.
.

1.2645
1.99458

0.2028

0.797

So the percentage change in pressure is -79.7%.

4. Compressibility error is the error caused due to compressibility effect of the air. At high
speed air compressibility becomes highly appreciable and this starts affecting the flow
properties of the flow specially starts showing high pressure at time which cannot be
explained by simply considering the velocity of the flow.
This compressibility effect affects the reading of ASI greatly as the speed goes high and
high. The compressibility effect starts showing up at Mach 0.3 with sufficient amount of
error in reading. Actually ASI is calibrated based upon the assumption of incompressible
behaviour of gas. Once gas starts showing compressibility, calculation of total pressure
becomes erroneous and anything based upon this calculation gives wrong idea.
An ASI calculates total pressure based upon the equation
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
/
2
But at high subsonic speed the total pressure becomes
1
1
2
So the error appears there.
Numerical
The describe situation tells that there will exist a bow shock before the pitot tube and
centre of the sock can be treated as normal shock. So before entering into the pitot probe,
air will be affected with the existence of normal shock.

11 km

2656 kmph

Flow velocity
737.8 m/s
Temperature at 11 km
216.650 K as per ISA
So speed of sound at 11 km,
295 m/s
2.5
Mach number
Pressure
22633.0 N/m
0.36392 kg/m
Density
Total pressure
/

22633.0 1
2
Now from the normal shock table for Mach 2.5
0.513,

7.125,

3.3333,

0.2 2.5

386706 N/m

2.1375,

0.499

So
216.650 2.1375 463.09 K
Temperature
Pressure
22633.0 7.125 161260 N/m
0.36392 3.3333 1.213 kg/m
Density
Total pressure
386706 0.499 192266.294 192266.3 N/m
Now this flow will enter into the probe with the above Mach number. Though this flow is
subsonic, it is still fast enough to give a compressibility effect.
The pitot tube will receive the total pressure as
1

2
192973.3 N/m
So it will measure a velocity as
2

161260

192973.3 161260
0.36392

0.2 0.513

417.477

417.48 m/s

Percentage error in the velocity

.
.
.
%
.
(Note: Had there been only a compressibility effect, it might have given a higher value
than the actual one, but since shock also appears there, it is giving a lower value than the
actual one. Shock brings down the velocity of flow drastically.)

5. A normal case of supersonic flow over a concave corner is as shown in the picture below

Where

is the shock (wave) angle and

is deflection (turn) angle.

Numerical
The given situation is like in the figure.

30 ,
3.0,
2 atm,
350 K
Now on resolving the velocity along and perpendicular to the shock:

From the oblique shock chart for

Also
/
6.35,
So
.
.
.
.

3.0 and
/

2.0,

30 ,

52 ,
/

3.167

1.4.

Marks

Roll
No.

Name

Marks

Roll
No.

Name

Marks

Roll
No.

Name

067

Prabhakaran G.

095

Suhail Sideek K P

123

Manikandan M

068

Pradeep Roy S

096

Sujith T George

124

Nitish Joseph M

069

Pratheek Premnath K

097

Suraj R

125

Rajesh V

070

Praveen Kumar G

098

Suresh Kumar C

126

Ranjith Kumar M

071

Prem Kumar M

099

Suresh Kumar M

127

072

Raj Kumar G

100

Suresh R

128

Shankar S

073

Rajagurunathan M

101

Tolly Anto

129

Sinjith N V

074

Rajaram A N

102

Venkatesh Kumar J

130

075

Rama Naidu S

103

Vignesh Kumar N

131

Aravindh P

076

Raman Damodar S

104

Vignesh V

132

Yogesh Jyoti K

077

Ranjith P R

105

Vignesh V

133

Mohammed Umair

078

Roopak A

106

Vigneshwaran J

134

Nandhini

079

Sahaya Alex Raja I

107

Vigneshwaran R

080

Sahaya Ben Stephen

108

Vijayan S

081

Sanjay V S

109

Viknesh Pandian J

082

Santhiya C

110

Vinitha T

083

Saranya P

111

Vinod Vignesh J

084

Saravana Kumar P

112

Vinodh Haran P

085

Saravanan S

113

Vishnu Sai Menon

086

Saroj Mala C

114

Vishnu v

087

Sathish N

115

Vishnu Venugopal

088

Sathanarayanan R

116

Vishwa Raghavendran K

089

Sedhuraman G

117

Wasim A M

090

S Abdul Kareem

118

Dinesh Babu M K

091

Sibi R

119

Pradeeb Kumar C

092

Sivaraman A

120

Dharmaraj R

093

Sivsankar T

121

Katrhikeyan R

094

Suhail Hyder V V

122

Kiruthika R

Marks