PARK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Kaniyur, Coimbatore 641 659

Department of Aeronautical Engineering
UNIT TEST- I
AERODYNAMICS II
THIRD YEAR AERO B
Date: 28.07.2009 (AN)
Time: 2 Hrs
Marks: 50 marks
(Note: Use of Gas Table and non-programmable scientific calculator is allowed.)
PART-A (7x2=14)
1. Define the speed of sound. Write its relation in terms of pressure. what happens to the speed of
sound at higher altitudes.
2. Define Mach number and write its unit. For an aircraft flying at 1,250 kmph, find the Mach no. at
SL and at tropo-pause level (11 km).
Temperature at the Sea Level is 15 C and at the Tropo-pause Level it is 56.5 C.
3. What is internal energy? Write cp and cv for a monatomic gas and find gamma () for it.
4. We can temperature ratio for a non isentropic process but cant use pressure ratio relation, WHY?
See the relations below

= +

= +

5. In isentropic flow, which condition is referred as CRITICAL condition and why? Write Temperature,
Pressure and Density ratios of stagnation condition to critical condition.
6. What do you understand by chocking of nozzle? At the chocked condition what is the ratio
between stagnation and throat conditions.
7. Define normal shock. Write the qualitative relation between forestream and afterstream flow
properties (state they increase, decrease or remain same) T, p, , v, M, s, p0, and T0.
(Answer any three) PART-B (3 X 12=36)

1. Starting from the Impulse Function (which remains same across the normal shock), derive Prandtl
Relation and state what it infers. Also explain what is the advantage of using M Star (M*) instead
of Mach number
2. Sketch and show various parts of a Bow Shock which appears at the front of a blunt body in
supersonic flow.
A re-entry vehicle (RV) is at an altitude of 15,000 m and has a velocity of 1,850 m/s. Bow shock
wave envelopes the RV. Neglecting dissociation, determine the static and stagnation pressure and

temperature just behind the shock wave, at the RV centre line where the shock wave may be
treated as normal shock. Assume that the air behaves as perfect gas, with =1.4 and R=287 J/kg-K.
PTO
3. Air from a reservoir at 220 kPa and 375 K is expanded through a De Laval nozzle of throat area
0.22 m2 and exit area 0.85 m2. If a normal shock wave is positioned in the nozzle where the cross
sectional area is 0.66 m2, compute the static and stagnation pressures on the either side of the
shock. What will be the static and stagnation pressures and temperatures at the nozzle exit?
4. Define subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows. Derive Area Velocity relation i.e.

starting from continuity equation and conclude about the Convergent and Divergent section about
their behavior for supersonic as well as subsonic flows.

5. In the case of isentropic flow through a C-D nozzle, explain the appearance of shock, underexpanded, over-expanded and correctly expanded conditions with neat diagram to support your
explanation.

Answers:
Part A
1. Sound is the pressure wave travelling in media. So speed of sound is the speed of pressure wave
front travelling in media. Speed of sound is the characteristic property of medium in which it is
propagating.
Speed of sound:
=

Where p and are pressure and density respectively and is the ratio of specific heat
capacities of the medium fluid.

Speed of sound is also given by = where T is the absolute temperature at the local
condition. As the altitude increases, temperature decreases so as we go high, speed of sound
decreases.

2. Mach number is defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force to elastic force.
Mathematically it is given by the ratio of local speed of flow to the local speed of sound.
=

As it is a ratio of same unit quantity, it has got no units.

Speed of the aircraft = 1,250 = 1250/3.6 = 347.22 /
Temperature at sea level = 15 + 273 = 288

Temperature at tropo-pause = 56.5 + 273 = 216.5

Speed of sound at sea level = = = 1.4 287.26 288 = 340.33 /

Speed of sound at tropo-pause = 11 = = 1.4 287.26 216.5 = 295 /

Mach number at Sea Level = = 347.22340.33 = 1.02
Mach number at 11 km = 11 = 347.22295 = 1.177

3. Internal energy is the energy contained in the fluid at its molecular level. A fluid may be at rest,
but their molecules keep moving with random motion and contain energy in various mode of
energy storage.
It is given by:
= ( )it is directly proportional to the static temperature of the fluid.
For a monatomic gas:

So gamma
=

5
= = 1.67
3

4. The temperature ratio

= +

has been derived using energy conservation which is

always valid. So this relation can be used for any case irrespective of the process including nonisentropic process.
But the pressure ratio

= +

has been derived assuming an isentropic process,

this relation be used only for the isentropic flows.

5. In the isentropic flows, the condition at which Mach number is 1 is referred as critical condition,
because across this condition, behavior of the flow gets reversed. For example, a converging
section working as nozzle for the subsonic flow (M<1) becomes a diffuser for a supersonic flow
(M>1) and vice versa.

= +

= +

= +

6. Chocking is a condition appearing in nozzle, at which we experience the maximum value of mass
flow rate. After that no matter how much we increase the pressure difference across the duct, the
mass flow rate remains same. At this condition, the Mach number at the throat becomes 1 and
remains same even for the further lowering of the back pressure.
This appears when the pressure ration between stagnation and throat attains a value:

= 0.528,
0

= 0.10696,
0

= 0.2025
0

All the above values are for air (=1.4).

7. Normal shock is a discontinuity in the flow across which flow properties change drastically. It is
called normal because it remains perpendicular to the free stream as well as after stream of the
flow. The flow direction passing through normal shock remains unchanged.

Across shock wave properties of flow change as below:

1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ,

2 , 2 , 2 ,
2 , 2 , 2 , 02 , 02 ,

01 , 01 ,

2 > 1 ,

2 > 1 ,

2 < 1 ,

02 = 01 ,

2 < 1 ,

02 < 01

2 > 1

Part B
1. Across the shock, impulse function remains same. So:
1 + 1 1 2 = 2 + 2 2 2

By dividing both sides by:

2
1

= 2 1
1 1 2 2

1 2 2 2

= 2 1
1 2

= 1 1 = 2 2 and

2
2
0 2
1 + 1 2
+
=
=

2 1 1 2 1

+ 1 2 1
+ 1 2 1

1
+
= 2 1
2 1
2
2 2
2 2

1
+ 1
( 1 ) 2 +
(2 1 ) = (2 1 )
2
21 2 2

1
+ 1
2 +
=1
2
21 2

+ 1 2
1 + 1
=1
=
2 1 2
2
2

2 = 1 2

Prandtl Relation

Above relation which is known as Prandtl Relation infers us that across a shock, nature of the
flow changes. A supersonic flow becomes subsonic flow and vice versa, though practically
subsonic flow becoming a supersonic flow across a shock is not possible, as shock appears only
in a supersonic flow.
Advantage of : while dealing with the shock problems sometimes it becomes very difficult to
find the solution as Mach number can range from 0 to. This problem is solved by the use of M
Star ( ) instead of Mach number. The corresponding range for this M Star is limited one.
0 0 and

2.

( + 1)
= (2.45 )
( 1)
Weak Oblique Shock

Mach Wave

Strong Oblique Shock

Normal Shock

In the RV problem:
Given:
= 15,000 ,

1 = 1,850 /,

= 1.4,

= 287 J/kg K

Altitude is in the stratosphere so static temperature will be same as temperature at tropopause.

= 216.5 and static pressure at that altitude is = 0.1417 (from ISA table).

Now:

= = 1.4 287 216.5 = 294.94 /

1 =

1
1850
=
= 6.2724
294.94

So the RV is travelling with the Mach number = 6.2724

Now from the Normal Shock table for 1 = 6.2724

2
= 13.28 (. ) 2 = 13.28 1 = 13.25 216.5 = 2875.12 K
1
= . . .

01 = 1 1 +

1 2
1 = 216.5 (1 + 0.2 6.27242 ) = 1920.052 K
2

Since total temperature across the normal shock remains same:

= = . .

1.4
1 2 1
01
= 1 +
1
= (1 + 0.2 6.27242 )0.4 = 8.86863.5 = 2077.27
2
1

01 = 1 2077.27 = 0.1417 2077.27 = 294.35 bar

01 = 294.35 bar

Now from the normal shock table, for 1 = 6.2724

2
= 49.21 2 = 1 49.21 = 0.1417 49.21 = 6.973
1
= . .

From the normal shock table for 1 = 6.2724

02
= 0.08 02 = 0.08 294.35 = 23.548 bar
01
= . .

3. Given:
0 = 220 kPa, 0 = 375 K, = 0.22 2 , = 0.85 2 , = 0.66 2
Let the shock is located at the station = 0.66 2 and static and stagnation pressure before and
after the shock are 1 , 01 , 2 , 02 , respectively. Also the static and stagnation temperature and
pressure at the exit are , 0 , , 0 respectively.
Since flow till shock is isentropic, the total pressure till normal shock will remain same. Total
temperature will remain same even across the shock.
So 01 = 0 = 220 kPa and 01 = 0 = 375 K

=3

From the isentropic flow table, for the area ratio 3:

1
= 0.0471 1 = 0.0471 01 = 0.0471 220 = 10.362 kPa
01
1
= 0.417 1 = 0.417 01 = 0.417 375 = 157.375 K
01

1 = 2.64 (from the table)

Now from the normal shock table for Mach number 1 = 2.64:
2 = 0.50
2
= 7.965 2 = 7.965 1 = 7.965 10.362 = 82.533 kPa
1
02
= 0.445 02 = 0.445 01 = 0.445 220 = 97.9 kPa
01
So the static and total pressure just before and after the shock are:
= .
=
= .
Ans
= .
Now exit location calculation:
Stagnation temperature will remain same so 0 = 0 = 375 K, also the stagnation pressure after
the shock will remain same for the entire flow after the shock so 0 = 02 = 97.9 kPa

Critical area after the shock:

From the isentropic flow table for 2 = 0.50:

0.66

= 1.34 2 =
=
= 0.493
2
1.34 1.34
Now for the area ratio
0.85

=
= 1.724
2 0.493

= 0.975 = 0.975 0 = 0.975 375 = 365.625 K

0

= 0.914 = 0.914 0 = 0.914 97.9 = 89.48 kPa

0
So at the exit:
=
= .
= .
Ans.
= .

4. Subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows are defined on the basis of local speed of sound and hence
Mach number of the flow.
Subsonic Flow: When the flow speed is less than the speed of sound at local condition then it is
called subsonic flow. For such flow Mach number is always less than 1.
< 1 . for subsonic flow
Sonic Flow: When the flow speed is equal to the speed of sound at local conditions, then it is
called sonic flow. For such flow Mach number is always unity.
= 1 . for sonic flow

Supersonic Flow: When the flow speed is more than the speed of sound at local conditions, then
it is called supersonic flow. For such flow, Mach number is always more than 1.
> 1 . for sonic flow
Area velocity relation:
Mass rate of flow
= =

+
+
= 0 ()

We know that 2 =

= 2

From Eulers equation

=
=

+
+
=0
2

=
()

On substituting this in (i) we get that

2
=
1
2

From the equation (A) we can conclude that:

For a subsonic flow, a converging section acts as nozzle and flow accelerates in it while a
diverging section acts as diffuser and flow decelerates in it.
For a supersonic flow, a converging section acts as diffuser and flow decelerates in it while a
diverging section acts as nozzle and flow accelerates in it.

5. Appearance of Shock: In a C-D nozzle after the flow gets chocked, there exists a sonic flow at
the throat area. In this condition, at any reduction in the back pressure, flow accelerates and
pressure decreases in the initial portion of the diverging section. Since back pressure is still above
the design exit pressure of C-D nozzle, pressure must rise to reach the back pressure at the exit, so
there appears a shock in the diverging section across which there is a drastic rise in the pressure.
After that flow becomes subsonic and decelerates throughout the remaining section.

Over expanded Nozzle: When the back pressure is decreased sufficiently, the shock stands at the
exit but still back pressure is above the design exit pressure. So there exists a difference between
the exit pressure and the jet pressure. nozzle behaves as if it has been expanded more than it
should have and the nozzle in such condition is called over expanded nozzle.

Correctly expanded Nozzle: If we keep decreasing the back pressure, at one point shock
disappears and back pressure becomes equal to the exit pressure and flow throughout the nozzle
become isentropic. Nozzle in such condition is called correctly expanded nozzle.

Under expanded Nozzle: If we decrease the back pressure further, exit pressure remains same
but the isentrope is lost as there exists a difference between the back pressure and exit pressure. In
such condition, jet pressure reaches to the back pressure by expanding through expansion fans.
Nozzle in such condition is called under expanded nozzle.

Marks

Roll
No.

Name

Marks

Roll
No.

Name

Marks

Roll
No.

123

Manikandan M

40

124

Nitish Joseph M

26

Name

Marks

067

Prabhakaran G.

25

095

Suhail Sideek K P

068

Pradeep Roy S

35

096

Sujith T George

069

Pratheek Premnath K

28

097

Suraj R

36

125

Rajesh V

30

070

Praveen Kumar G

47

098

Suresh Kumar C

43

126

Ranjith Kumar M

45

071

Prem Kumar M

43

099

Suresh Kumar M

25

127

072

Raj Kumar G

39

100

Suresh R

44

128

Shankar S

073

Rajagurunathan M

26

101

Tolly Anto

129

Sinjith N V

26

074

Rajaram A N

33

102

Venkatesh Kumar J

39

130

075

Rama Naidu S

25

103

Vignesh Kumar N

42

131

Aravindh P

32

076

Raman Damodar S

27

104

Vignesh V

37

132

Yogesh Jyoti K

077

Ranjith P R

46

105

Vignesh V

31

133

Mohammed Umair

078

Roopak A

29

106

Vigneshwaran J

18

134

Nandhini

079

Sahaya Alex Raja I

31

107

Vigneshwaran R

36

080

Sahaya Ben Stephen

40

108

Vijayan S

35

081

Sanjay V S

45

109

Viknesh Pandian J

47

082

Santhiya C

42

110

Vinitha T

42

083

Saranya P

40

111

Vinod Vignesh J

084

Saravana Kumar P

35

112

Vinodh Haran P

30

085

Saravanan S

36

113

Vishnu Sai Menon

40

086

Saroj Mala C

41

114

Vishnu v

39

087

Sathish N

40

115

Vishnu Venugopal

27

088

Sathanarayanan R

40

116

Vishwa Raghavendran K

089

Sedhuraman G

44

117

Wasim A M

42

090

S Abdul Kareem

118

Dinesh Babu M K

33

091

Sibi R

14

119

Pradeeb Kumar C

29

092

Sivaraman A

44

120

Dharmaraj R

30

093

Sivsankar T

121

Katrhikeyan R

28

094

Suhail Hyder V V

35

122

Kiruthika R

30

38