Internet Principles Notes

2)
93
91
2
32
13
Computer Science 2210
M
ud
da
s
si
K
h
an
(0
Internet
Principles
of
Operation
Tuesday, November 11, 2014
By Muddassir Khan
Info.Muddassir@gmail.com
0321-3939122
Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan
2)
93
91
2
1. Understand the role of the browser and
32
13
Internet server
2. Understand what is meant by hypertext
(0
transfer protocol (http) and HTML
an
OBJECTIVES: 3. Distinguish between HTML structure
K
h
and presentation
4. Understand
the
concept
of
MAC
M
ud
da
s
si
address, Internet Protocol (IP) address
and cookies
2)
(0
NETWORK COMPONENTS
an
A ROUTER
K
h
NETWORK CARDS
A MODEM
M
ud
da
s
si
Understand
the role of
the browser
and Internet
server
32
13
THE INTERNET
93
91
2
LANS and WANS
WEB BROWSER
SERVER
2)
93
91
2
32
13
A LAN is a computer network limited to a

small area such as an office building,
university, or even a residential home.
M
ud
(0
an
da
s
si
K
h
LANS AND
WANS
Most mid to large-sized businesses today

use LANs, which makes it easy for
employees
to
share
information.
Currently, the most common type of LANs
are Ethernet-based and use software from
Novell or Oracle. However, with the
emergence of wireless networking,
wireless LANs have become a popular
alternative.
2)
93
91
2
A wide area network (WAN) is a network
32
13
that covers a broad area (i.e., any

telecommunications network that links
(0
across metropolitan, regional, national or
LANS AND
WANS
an
international boundaries) using leased
M
ud
da
s
si
K
h
telecommunication lines.
2)
93
91
2
M
ud
an
da
s
si
K
h
Internet
(0
32
13
The Internet is a global system of

interconnected computer networks that use
(TCP/IP) to link several billion devices
worldwide.
It is an international network of networks that
consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government packet switched
networks, linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless, and optical networking technologies.
The Internet carries an extensive range of
information resources and services, e.g., the
inter-linked
hypertext
documents
and
applications of the World Wide Web, the
infrastructure to support email, and peer-topeer networks for file sharing and telephony.
2)
93
91
2
M
ud
an
da
s
si
K
h
Network
Components
(0
32
13
A Router
A device that transfers data from one
network to another in an intelligent way.
It has the task of forwarding data
packets to their destination by the most
efficient route.
In order to do this, the router has a micro
computer inside it. This holds a table in
memory that contains a list of all the
networks it is connected to, along with
the latest information on how busy each
path in the network is, at that moment.
This is called the 'routing table'.
93
91
2
2)
A Router
When a data packet arrives, a router does:-
32
13
Reads the data packet's destination address

Looks up all the paths it has available to get
(0
to that address
an
Network
Components
K
h
Checks on how busy each path is at the
moment
M
ud
da
s
si
Sends the packet along the least congested
(fastest) path
2)
93
91
2
A Router
Other tasks the Router can perform:
Exchange protocol information
32
13
across networks
Filter traffic - helps prevent
(0
unauthorized intrusion by
Network
Components
an
malware
K
h
Routers are also needed to enable a
M
ud
da
s
si
computer to connect to the internet,
after all, the internet is just one vast

external network.
2)
93
91
2
A Router
32
13
If the data packet has a destination

address outside the local networks, then
the router may send it to the internet
(0
modem and then on to the ISP's router at
Network
Components
an
the other end of the line. Their router will
K
h
then pass forward the data packet
M
ud
da
s
si
towards its destination. For a computer
say in the UK to connect to a web server

in the USA the data packet will pass
through many routers around the world.
10
2)
93
91
2
32
13
Network Cards
Network cards are needed if the
(0
computer does not have a built-in
Network
Components
an
network chips on the motherboard.
K
h
They allow the signal from the
M
ud
da
s
si
network to be transmitted to the
machine this could be via a fixed

cable, infra red or radio waves.
11
2)
93
91
2
(0
32
13
A Modem
It converts the digital data from the
computer into a continuous analogue
wave-form that the telephone system
is
designed
to
deal
with
(MODulation). The reason for this is
that the telephone system was
originally designed for the human
voice i.e. continuous signals.
The modem also converts the
analogue signal from the telephone
network back into digital data that
the computer can understand.
(DEModulation). Hence the word
MODEM.
M
ud
da
s
si
K
h
an
Network
Components
12
2)
93
91
2
M
ud
an
da
s
si
K
h
Network
Components
(0
32
13
A Modem
The Modem is a hardware device that
enables a computer to send and receive
information over telephone lines by
converting the digital data used by your
computer into an analog signal used on
phone lines and then converting it back
once received on the other end. In the
picture below, is an example of
an internal expansion card modem.
In addition to telephone modems, radio
has now become very popular as a means
of connecting to the internet. The device
that allows you to do this is called the Wi-Fi
modem
13
2)
93
91
2
M
ud
an
da
s
si
K
h
Web
Browsers
(0
32
13
Web browser is a software application

used to locate, retrieve and also display
content on the World Wide Web,
including Web pages, images, video
and other files.
The major web browsers are Firefox,
Google Chrome, Internet Explorer,
Opera, and Safari
14
2)
93
91
2
M
ud
an
da
s
si
K
h
Web
Browsers
(0
32
13
Web browsers are software that allow a user to

display and interact with web pages and files
from the internet.
The software interprets the coding language of
the websites and displays the translation
instead of showing the actual coding.
Consequently, a user can simply launch a web
browser by clicking on the appropriate icon
from the desktop and there is no need to know
the commands which are required to interpret
the website coding once it has been accessed.
15
2)
93
91
2
M
ud
32
13
(0
an
K
h
da
s
si
Client /
Server
Architecture
A network architecture in which each

computer or process on the network is either a
client or a server.
Internet server (web server) is a special
computer, on which websites are stored. Web
Server is constantly switched on and
connected to the Internet so that each Internet
user around the world can access website at all
times. This computer is built up with selected
high quality components, which can endure
incessant work and high load.
Clients are PCs or workstations on which users
run applications.
16
2)
32
13
93
91
2
M
ud
da
s
si
K
h
an
(0
Client /
Server
Architecture
17
2)
93
91
2
M
ud
an
da
s
si
K
h
Web Server
(0
32
13
Web server is a special computer, on

which websites are stored.
Web Server is constantly switched on
and connected to the Internet so that
each Internet user around the world
can access website at all times.
This computer stores:
Websites
Images & Videos
Files
18
2)
93
91
2
M
ud
an
da
s
si
K
h
Web Client
(0
32
13
Web client is a computer, on which user

actually works. It has web browser to
locate, retrieve and display contents on
web servers.
The user logs onto a client computer
which then connects to the server,
verifies the user and then allows them
access to the files stored on the server
that they have permission to access.
19
2)
93
91
2
HTML Hypertext Markup Language
K
h
an
(0
What is Protocol?
M
ud
da
s
si
show
understanding
of what is
meant by
Hypertext
Transfer
Protocol (HTTP)
& HTML
32
13
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
20
2)
M
ud
an
da
s
si
K
h
HTML
(0
32
13
93
91
2
HTML is the "mother tongue" of your

browser.
HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language)
is the authoring language, used to
create web pages and other
information that can be displayed in a
web browser.
The websites are developed in HTML
and stored on Web Servers. When User
types the URL of website, browser
locates and fetches the website from
server on clients computer and displays
contents.
21
2)
93
91
2
M
ud
an
da
s
si
K
h
HTTP
(0
32
13
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol),

the underlying protocol used by the
World Wide Web. HTTP defines how
messages
are
formatted
and
transmitted, and what actions Web
servers and browsers should take in
response to various commands. For
example, when you enter a URL in
your browser, this actually sends an
HTTP command to the Web server
directing it to fetch and transmit the
requested Web page.
22
2)
93
91
2
M
ud
an
da
s
si
K
h
Protocol
(0
32
13
A protocol is the set of rules that define

how devices communicate.
how the communication will start
the transmission speed
the significance of the bits being
transmitted
how the bits will be delivered (one at
a time or in groups of 16 for
example)
error checking procedures used
The Internet Protocol is known as
TCP/IP.
23
32
13
93
91
2
2)
WEB PAGE MAIN FOUR COMPONENTS
M
ud
da
s
si
K
h
an
(0
Distinguish
between
HTML
structure and
presentation
24
2)
93
91
2
The makeup of a webpage could be viewed as a
32
13
combination of the following four elements:
Content is the collective term for all the
Distinguish
between
HTML
structure and
presentation
(0
browser-displayable information elements such
an
as text, audio, still images, animation, video,
K
h
multimedia, and files (e.g., Word, PowerPoint,

PDF, etc.) of web pages. Content does not
require any additional presentational markups
M
ud
da
s
si
or styles in order to fully convey its message.
25
2)
93
91
2
HTML on content to convey meaning and
(0
to describe how blocks of information are
an
structured to one another. Examples:
K
h
"this is a list (ol, ul, li), "this is headings

and subheadings" (<h1>, <h2>, ..., <h6>),
si
Distinguish
between
HTML
structure and
presentation
32
13
Structure refers to the practice of using
M
ud
da
s
"this section is related to" (<a>), etc..
26
2)
93
91
2
Presentation (or Style) refers to anything

is presented. Examples: size, color,
an
(0
margins, borders, layout, location, etc.
K
h
Behaviour (or Interactivity) refers to the

employment of client-side script (e.g.,
Distinguish
between
HTML
structure and
presentation
32
13
related to how the content and structure
si
JavaScript)
to
create
interactivity
M
ud
da
s
between the webpage and its users.
27
2)
93
91
2
Often, a clear distinction between content

could also be viewed as the information
(0
with its semantic coding as well as its
an
structure. In practice, the makeup of a
K
h
webpage can simply be viewed as a

combination of three elements: Structure,
Distinguish
between
HTML
structure and
presentation
32
13
and structure is difficult, because content
M
ud
da
s
si
Presentation, and Behavior.
28
term
essentially
refers
to
the
32
13
The
93
91
2
2)
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HTML

STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION
"separation of the content made meaningful
Distinguish
between
HTML
structure and
presentation
by structure and the presentation, or
(0
simply the "separation of the structure
M
ud
da
s
si
K
h
an
(HTML) and presentation (CSS)".
29
M
ud
da
s
si
K
h
an
(0
32
13
93
91
2
2)
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HTML

STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION
30
si
K
h
an
(0
32
13
93
91
2
2)
M
ud
da
s
Understand
concept of
MAC address,
Internet
Protocol (IP)
address and
cookies
31
93
91
2
2)
BASIC CONCEPT OF MAC ADDRESS, INTERNET

PROTOCOL (IP) ADDRESS AND COOKIES
Protocols
are
the
32
13
TCP/IP
rules
used
for
devices
to
(0
communicate. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control
an
Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is a set of rules that
K
h
looks after data transmission on the internet. TCP/IP
allows networks of different types to communicate
M
ud
da
s
si
with each other.
32
93
91
2
2)
BASIC CONCEPT OF MAC ADDRESS, INTERNET

PROTOCOL (IP) ADDRESS AND COOKIES
M
ud
da
s
si
K
h
an
(0
32
13
An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a unique 32-bit reference number

that is allocated to devices on a computer network that uses the
Internet Protocol.
IP addresses are stored as 32-bit numbers
= 4 billion possible unique IP addresses

For our convenience IP addresses are usually displayed as a series of 4
decimal numbers, each one representing 8 bits of the original binary
address.
32-bit binary version: 110010011010000001011011011111111
11001001 201
10100000 160
01011011 91
01111111 127
decimal version: 201.160.91.127
Some IP addresses are reserved for private network ranges e.g.
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
33
2)
93
91
2
MAC ADDRESSING
In computer networking, a Media Access Control address (MAC
32
13
address) is a unique 48-bit number assigned to a network

interface card (NIC) to identify it on a LAN. Because they are so
an
48-bit binary version:
(0
long, MAC addresses are usually displayed in hexadecimal.
K
h
000000000000100101111100111100011111011110000101
hexadecimal version: 00-09-7C-F1-F7-85
M
ud
da
s
si
MAC addresses are stored as 48-bit numbers
= 281 trillion possible unique MAC addresses.
34
93
91
2
2)
COOKIES
(HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie)
32
13
A cookie is a small piece of data sent from a
(0
website and stored in a user's web browser while
an
the user is browsing that website. Every time the
K
h
user loads the website, the browser sends the

cookie back to the server to notify the website of
user's
si
the
previous
activity
In
computer
M
ud
da
s
networking.
35
2)
93
91
2
K
h
an
(0
32
13
Thank you
M
ud
da
s
si
By Muddassir Khan
Info.Muddassir@gmail.com
0321-3939122
36

Internet Principles Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Internet Principles Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2)

Computer Science 2210

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

1. Understand the role of the browser and

2. Understand what is meant by hypertext

transfer protocol (http) and HTML

OBJECTIVES: 3. Distinguish between HTML structure

address, Internet Protocol (IP) address

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

LANS and WANS

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

A LAN is a computer network limited to a

Most mid to large-sized businesses today

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

A wide area network (WAN) is a network

that covers a broad area (i.e., any

across metropolitan, regional, national or

international boundaries) using leased

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

The Internet is a global system of

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

When a data packet arrives, a router does:-

Reads the data packet's destination address

Checks on how busy each path is at the

Sends the packet along the least congested

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

Filter traffic - helps prevent

Routers are also needed to enable a

computer to connect to the internet,

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

after all, the internet is just one vast

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

If the data packet has a destination

modem and then on to the ISP's router at

the other end of the line. Their router will

then pass forward the data packet

towards its destination. For a computer

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

say in the UK to connect to a web server

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

Network cards are needed if the

computer does not have a built-in

network chips on the motherboard.

They allow the signal from the

network to be transmitted to the

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

machine this could be via a fixed

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

Web browser is a software application

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

Subject Teacher: Muddassir Khan

Web browsers are software that allow a user to