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For Additional Information on Soils, Contact:
West Virginia Conservation Agency
Watershed Resource Center
1900 Kanawha Blvd., East
Charleston, WV 25305
Charleston, WV 25305‐‐0193
304 558 0382 / 800 682 7866
304.558.0382 / 800.682.7866
FAX: 304.558.0373
wrc@wvca.us / / http://www.wvca.us/wvwrc
http://www.wvca.us/wvwrc//
What is Soil?
Soil is the combination of
weathered rock fragments,
g ,
newly formed clay minerals,
and the decaying remains of
p
plants and animals. Air, water,
, ,
and microorganisms are also Photo Credit: L. Clarke/Corbis
part of soil.
f l
SOIL LAYERS
Surface Soil: Subsoil: Parent Material:
A teaspoon of good soil
contains between 100
million & 1 billion bacteria.
Most are decomposers,
M t d
some are nitrogen‐fixing,
some are pathogenic, and
th i d Bacteria dot the surface of strands
of fungal hyphae.
others can break down Credit: R. Campbell. In R. Campbell. 1985. Plant
gy ; 49
Microbiology. Edward Arnold; London. P. 149.
pollutants.
ll t t Reprinted with the permission of Cambridge
University Press.
Fungi
Fungi are microscopic cells that
usually grow as long threads or
strands called hyphae, which push
their way between soil particles,
roots, and rocks.
Mushrooms are the fruiting
h h f ii
structures of fungi.
Fungus beginning to decompose leaf
They are decomposers, help
Th d h l veins in grass clippings.
plants absorb nutrients, and can Credit: No. 48 from Soil Microbiology and
Biochemistry Slide Set. 1976. J.P. Martin, et al., eds.
both cause and control disease. SSSA, Madison WI.
Protozoa
Single celled animals that feed on
Single‐celled animals that feed on
bacteria, other protozoa, soluble
organic matter, and fungi.
Several times larger than bacteria –
S l ti l th b t i up
to 1/50 of an inch.
Ciliates, Amoebae, & flagellates.
, , g
Mineralize nutrients for plants,
regulate bacteria populations, control
Flagellates have one or two flagella which disease and are food for other soil
disease, and are food for other soil
they use to propel or pull their way through organisms.
soil. A flagellum can be seen extending
from the protozoan on the left. The tiny
specks are bacteria.
Credit: Elaine R. Ingham
Nematodes
Non‐segmented worms
Non segmented worms
typically 1/500 of an inch
in diameter & 1/20 of an
inch long.
Bacterial feeders, fungal
, g
feeders, predatory
omnivores, and root
feeders.
A predatory nematode consumes a smaller
nematode.
d
Credit: Kathy Merrifield,
Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Arthropods
Arthropods get their name from
jointed (arthros) legs (podos).
They are invertebrates which
means they have no backbone
th h b kb
and have an exoskeleton.
Range in size from microscopic to
g p
several inches.
Several thousand species may live
in a square mile of forest soil.
in a square mile of forest soil
This 1/8 of an inch long spider lives near the soil
surface where it attacks other soil arthropods.
The spider's eyes are on the tip of the projection
above its head. Walckenaera
above its head Walckenaera acuminata.
acuminata
Credit: Gerhard Eisenbeis and Wilfried Wichard. 1987. Atlas on the
Biology of Soil Arthropods. Springer‐Verlag, New York. P. 23.
Shredders
Shredders chew up dead plant matter as they eat bacteria and fungi on the
surface of plant matter. Examples are millipedes, sowbugs, and certain mites.
root worms.
root worms become a major crop pest if its population is not controlled by other
organisms.
i
Credit: Ken Gray Collection, Department of Entomology, Oregon State
University, Corvallis.
Fungal Feeders
Fungal feeders:
Anthropods that graze on
fungi which include
springtails, some mites,
and silverfish.
Responsible for a large
f ti f t i t
fraction of nutrients This pale‐colored and blind springtail is typical of fungal‐feeding
springtails that live deep in the surface layer of natural and
available to plants. agricultural soils throughout the world.
Credit: Andrew R. Moldenke, Oregon State University, Corvallis
Earthworms
Major decomposers of dead and
organic matter.
Fragment organic matter and
recycle the nutrients.
l th t i t
7,000 species in the world.
Range in size from an inch to 2
f h
yards.
Usually an indicator of soil
health.
Physical Properties of Soil
Color
Texture
Structure
Internal Four main types of soil structure
(the arrangement of aggregates in a soil):
Drainage •Platy ‐ common with puddling or ponding of soils
•Prismatic (columnar) – common in subsoils in arid
Depth
p and semi‐arid regions
•Blockyy – common in subsoils especially in humid
p y
regions
•Granular (crumb) – common in surface soils with
high organic matter content
Color
Caused by organic content, drainage
conditions, and degree of oxidation or
weathering.
Surface soils:
‐ Dark indicates a high organic content,
but can originate from parent material.
‐ Light or pale soils generally indicate
highly leached conditions.
Subsoil:
‐ Red & brown show free movement of
air & water. Show degree of iron
oxidation.
Credit:
‐ Grey & yellow indicate slow internal
drainage. cap.binghamton.edu/strats.cgi
Texture Texture is the relative distribution of different
sized soil mineral particles less than 2.0 mm in
diameter.
diameter
It depends on the amounts of sand, silt, and
clay present.
Sand: Mineral particles of soil greater then .05
mm in diameter up to 2.0 mm.
Silt: .002 mm to .05 mm in diameter. Feels
Silt: 002 mm to 05 mm in diameter Feels
floury when dry and is not slick or sticky when
wet.
An easy way to help determine what type of soil you
have is to simply feel it to determine texture and thus Clay: less than .002 mm. Slick and sticky when
Clay: less than 002 mm Slick and sticky when
what the primary makeup of the soil is. Grab a baseball wet. Will hold the form into which it is
size portion of the soil in your hands and wet the soil with
water, working the moist soil with your hands. The
molded.
stickier it is, the more clay there is. The soapier the soil
feels the higher the silt content Grittiness is indicative of
feels the higher the silt content. Grittiness is indicative of Loam: Contains 7‐27% clay, 28‐50% silt, and
Loam: Contains 7‐27% clay 28‐50% silt and
sand. The soil texture triangle to the right shows the 12
major soil texture classes and what percent of each type
52% sand.
soil makes them up.
Credit: SoilSensor.com
Main WV Surface Soil Classes
Silt Loam: Silt dominates & feels
fl
floury.
Loam: Equal in sand, silt, and clay.
Silt Clay Loam: Somewhat slick or
sticky when wet, but silt is the
dominate part.
dominate part
Sandy Loam: Feels sandy, but contains
silt & some clay which holds soil
together when moist.
Clay: Clay dominates. Hard when dry &
sticky when wet.
Resources:
Soils & Fertilizers Powerpoint
Soils & Fertilizers Powerpoint Developed by:
Larry G Campbell
Larry G. Campbell
WVU‐‐Harrison County Extension Agency &
WVU
WVU Assistant Professor
jcampbell@mail.wvu.edu
WVU‐‐Harrison County Extension Office
WVU
3
301 West Main Street
Rooms 507 Courthouse
Clarksburg, WV 26301
(304) 624‐‐8650
(304) 624