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Usually associated with younger Tertiary formations such as the Miocene or Pliocene Age Sands
Approximately 70% of the worlds oil and gas reserves are contained in poorly consolidated reservoirs where solids
production is likely to become a problem during the life of the field.
[JPT October 1998, Page 80 ]
GAS FIELD
On-Shore Italy
Sand
Thin Sand-Shale
Interbeds
Sand-Shale Interbeds
Reservoir Depth
500-4800 m
600-3500 m
1200-1700 m
Formation Sand
Size
30-350 m
20-150 m
50-150 m
200-8000 mD
20-500 mD
200-2000 mD
Lithology
Permeability
Cumulative Completions
120
1800
100
1500
80
1200
60
900
40
600
20
300
0
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Year
Wellbore fill
Production Loss
Oil and
Water Flow
Water Production
Overburden
Cementing
Capillary
Drag
Primer:
Sand Production:
Sand Probe
PERFS CLEAN-UP
D50=40- 60 m
200
180
FINES REMOVAL
D50=3 - 7 m
CONTINUOUS
SAND
INFLUX
D50=18 m
2/16"
160
3/16"
140
9/16"
6/16"
4/16"
S=
5/16"
-17
10/16" 11/16"
120
12/16"
8/16"
CHOKE SIZE
=0
80
100
S=
80
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Drawdown control
Reduction in production rate will reduce drag forces and
drawdown to provide reduced risk of sand production
Procedure:
Attempting to establish
maximum flow rate in
conjunction with stable arch
Low Strength
Sand
Higher Strength
Sand
Slotted Liner
(3-6%)
Wire Wrap
Screen (6-12%)
Dual Screen
Prepack (3-6%)
Slim-Pak
Screen (3-6%)
Expandable Screen
(15-30%)
Gravel Pack
Consists of sized particles
Gravel
Pack Sand
Formation
Sand
Chemical Methods
Resin-Coated Sand
Junior Production Engineering/Sand Control
Rev. 00 - Jan. 05/EP
Page 17 of 88
90
80
P o o rly S o rte d S a n d
W e ll S o rte d S a n d
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 .1 0 0 0
0 .0 1 0 0
0 .0 0 1 0
0 .0 0 0 1
G r a in D ia m e te r (in c h e s )
Uniformity coefficient:
C= D40/D90
C> 5
1 .2
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0 .0
0
10
12
14
16
R a tio o f M e d ia n G ra v e l P a c k S a n d D ia m e te r to
M e d ia n F o rm a tio n S a n d D ia m e te r (D 5 0 / d 5 0 )
GRAVEL PACK
Saucier 5-6 x D50
18
20
FRACPACK
One size larger than Sauciers Criteria
Grain
Diameter Range
(inches)
.1320 - .0787
.0937 -.0661
.0787 - .0331
.0661 - .0331
.0469 - .0280
.0469 - .0232
.0331 - .0165
.0232 - .0165
.0232 - .0117
.0165 - .0098
.0117 - .0083
Median
Median
Grain Diameter Grain Diameter
(inches)
(microns)
.1054
2677
.0799
2029
.0559
1420
.0496
1260
.0388
986
.0351
892
.0248
630
.0199
505
.0175
445
.0132
335
.0100
254
Permeability
(darcies)
2703
1969
652
518
391
398
136
138
100
61
32
z1
Screen Selection
Gravel pack and Prepack Screen
For 20/40 mesh sand the smallest gravel is the 40 mesh which has a
D50 of 0.0165
0.0165 x 70% = 0.01155 or 0.012 opening (12 gauge)
airplane @ 20)
MULTI-POSITION SERVICE
TOOL
GRAVEL PACK
PACKER
FLOW SUB OR CLOSING
SLEEVE
BLANK PIPE
SCREENS
O-RING SUB
TELLTALE SCREEN
SUMP PACKER
Closing Sleeve
Lower Seal Bore
Check Valve
Indicating Collet
Wash Pipe
Indicating Collar
Perforations
Screen
PBR
Sump Packer
Seal Assembly
- Drop Ball
- Apply Pressure, set begins
at 1,000 - 1,200 psi
- Pressure Test Annulus and
pull test to test set.
Quantum Packer
Set Position
Ball Seated
on Ball Seat
Fluted Crossover
Sub
Ball Seat is
Shifted Open
Circulating Ports
are Open
Check Valve
Allows Only
Upward Flow
To Reverse Out:
- Apply enough annular
pressure to overcome
hydrostatic in the pipe.
Typically 500 psi.
- Pick up service tool until
pressure falls off. This
occurs when crossover
port clears the top of
the upper packer bore.
- Continue pumping
- Check valve prevents
slurry from entering the
inside of the washpipe.
- If annular fluid density is
greater than the D.P.
fluid density, 500 psi back
pressure must be trapped
on the tubing side to keep
check valve closed.
Casing Cleaning
Prior to gravel packing the casing
should be thoroughly cleaned
with a bit and a scraper to
remove any dirt or scale
Circulation of completion fluid,
mud solvents, scouring material,
acid, and caustic solutions may
be required to fully remove these
material
The casing should also be
pressure tested for leaks on older
wells
Brine
Fresh or
Seawater
Gel pill
Chemical
Fresh or
Seawater
Caustic
Fresh or
Seawater
Gel pill
Drilling Mud
NTU
well returns
irreducible minimum
Injection fluid
Time (hrs)
Fluid Filtration
Clean completion, workover, injection, and treatment fluids are
imperative to avoid formation damage and gravels permeability
reduction.
Ideally, all solids larger than 1/6 of the average pore size of the
productive formation should be removed from fluids.
Methods of determination
= k
From Kozeny:
Dpore
From Coberly:
Dpore
= D50/6.5
SEM measurements of pore throat diameters from closely spaced core samples
Filtration Systems
System Layout
Perforating
Each shaped charge exerts up to 4 million psi on the reservoir.
This force crushes and compacts the reservoir rock and perforating
debris can plug perforating tunnels.
Result:
Limited leakoff and
poor injectivity
Clean Perforations
Limit damage both within and surrounding perforations
Low debris/carrot free charge
Underbalanced perforating
Crushed zone removal
Limit use of fluid-loss control material in
empty perforations
Perforation Cleaning
Underbalanced Pressure
selected on formation permeability and
Oil Wells
Gas Wells
Backflow
When perforating is performed overbalanced a
period of backflow is sometimes used to clean
up the perforations with a dedicated string
2
Perfs diameter (in.)
1.6
Perfs Diameter
Linear
Flow
20
16
1.2
12
0.8
0.4
0
0
Radial
Flow
Effective spf
10 11 12 13 14 15
SKIN
Cement
Casing
Gravel Pack Sand
Screen
Permeability
Flow Rate
3/8 Diameter
1/2 Diameter
3/4 Diameter
Material
(mD)
(bpd/perf)
Perforation
Perforation
Perforation
Formation
1,000
450
190
64
10
27,760
9,280
2,091
0.4
10
55
21
Sand
20/40 Mesh
Gravel
P =
119,000
0.888 L Q
Q
+ 9.1 10 13 L
KA
A
Casing
Filtercake
Formation
Cement
Damaged Zone
Implication is that
perforations may not be
completely filled with gravel
and may not bypass the
damaged zone
Actual Wellbore
Without Leakoff
Fluid Loss
Filter
Cake
Pov
Sand
Uncontrolled Fluid Loss
if BRINE or HEC (linear
polymer) are used
Collapse due to
aqueous fluid - clay
interactions
Due to its large flow area the OHGP has a better inflow performance than ICGP
The difference between the OHGP and the ICGP deliverability can be negligible
at low rates but it becomes more marked at high rates
Pressure losses due to incomplete filling of perfs are negligible for high
permeability formations whereas they are extremely high in low permeability
formations
Must keep area outside the screen larger than area inside the screen;
especially in deviated wells where is much easier to create sand bridge
STANDARD
FRAC-PACK
GRAVEL PLACEMENT
P<Pfrac
Kd
GRAVEL PLACEMENT
P>Pfrac
Kf
FracPack Technique
Used to bypass damage in
the near wellbore area
Mini-Frac used to gather
data about the formation to
fine-tune the Frac design
Short (10 < L < 100 ft),
Wide Fracs
Tip Screen-out designed to
widen the frac and allow a
high sand concentration at
the wellbore
Preliminary Test:
Step Rate Test (generally with brine)
Fracturing pressure
Propagation pressure
Closure pressure
SRT
BHP
Frac
Extended
Frac
Matrix
Injection Rate
Break
Down
P
Ppropag
Frictions
PNET
ISIP
PBreakDown = 2 (/(1-))(o-p) + p
PBreakDown = 2 (o-p) + p
PClosure
= (/(1-))(o-p) + p
Pclosure
[mud]
[brine]
Time
0-0.5
0.22-0.33
0.25-0.35
o = sigma overburden
p = sigma pore
= Poissons coefficient
Preliminary Test:
Injection Test (with carrier fluid)
leak off coefficient (from fall-off)
FracPack
Final Design and Execution
Frac model calibration by measured data from Step Rate Test
and Injection Test (Pfrac, Pc, Ct)
Main Treatment:
Pumping of designed treatment
Changing of the pumping parameters if TSO is not
achieved (pump rate reduction, open return flow)
Fall off to close the fracture
POOH workstring and RIH completion tubing string
Clean up
Barbara C 24 Livello Q
HRWP
Pressione (psi)
Tbg Pressure
Annulus Pressure
Mix Ratio
Flow in
Return
2200
11
2000
10
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
14.52.48
0
15.07.12
15.21.36
15.36.00
15.50.24
16.04.48
16.19.12
Time (hh:mm:ss)
16.33.36
Tbg pressure
Annulus pressure
Time (hh:mm:ss)
Mix ratio
08:29:09
08:27:41
08:26:13
08:24:45
08:23:17
08:21:49
08:20:21
08:18:53
08:17:25
08:15:57
08:14:29
08:13:01
08:11:33
08:10:05
08:08:37
08:07:09
08:05:41
08:04:13
08:02:45
08:01:17
07:59:49
07:58:21
07:56:53
07:55:25
07:53:57
07:52:29
07:51:01
07:49:33
07:48:05
07:46:37
07:45:09
07:43:41
07:42:13
07:40:45
07:39:17
07:37:49
07:36:21
07:34:53
07:33:25
07:31:57
07:30:29
07:29:01
07:27:33
07:26:05
07:24:37
07:23:09
07:21:41
Pressione (psi)
1200
12
1000
10
800
8
600
6
400
4
200
2
0
0
FLOW EFFICIENCY
100
Total
26
Total
25
Range
Range
Average FE %
80
60
70-114
40
Total
22
80-97
Range
20-90
20
0
FRAC-PACK
ICGP
OHGP
Junior Production Engineering/Sand Control
Rev. 00 - Jan. 05/EP
Page 61 of 88
CF100%
ICGP FracPack
1.0
TCP
OHGP
0.8
CF=85-100%
0.6
ICGP
0.4
CF=30-50%
0.2
0.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
OHGP
(Sauciers Criteria)
recommended for:
high productivity wells
laminated reservoir
requires DIF for drilling and underreaming (no damage)
requires stable boreholes
S.
V.
CSG size 7
NO SAND CONTROL
SHORT SELECTIVE STRING
ICGP
ICGP
ICGP
F
V.C
SHORT STRING
ICGP
CASING
SHOE
OHGP
LONG STRING
ICGP
OHGP
CASING
SHOE
PERFORATING
LAYER "A"
SCRAPER /
TAPER MILL
PERFORM HRWP
LEVEL "A"
RIH GUNS
PERFORATE
LEVEL B"
RIH GP ASSY
w PROD TBG FOR LEVEL A
YES
MULTI-ZONE
COMPLETION
NO
NO
LOWEST ZONE
COMPLETION
YES
YES
D50 FORMATION
SIZE < 55 m
NO
YES
YES
RES. FLUID
CONTACTS
DEFINED
NO FINES MIGRATION?
YES
GEO-SECT. DEFINED
NO
NO
YES
MULTYLAYERED
NO
NO
YES
ACTIVE
SHALES
SHALES CAN BE
ISOLATED OR STABILIZED
NO
YES
NO
PAY-ZONE > 25
ft vert
YES
OPEN HOLE
COMPLETION
CASED HOLE
COMPLETION
YES
GAUGED HOLE
FORMATION GRAIN
SIZE - D10 > 150 microns
NO
NO
MAXIMISE
NO
COMPLETION ID
YES
ZONAL ISOLATION
REQUIRED
NO
YES
YES
NO
OPERATING WINDOW
BETWEEN PORE PRESSURE
AND Pfrac > 600 psi
CASING SHOE
APPROPRIATELY SET
Available:
No damaging DIF
Effective matrix stimulation (back-up)
NO
YES
REMEDIAL JOB
EXPANDABLE
SYSTEM
OPEN HOLE
GRAVEL PACK
Sand wash
Fracture or GP Treatment
Sand wash
>50
For 2 3/8
Tubing
0.957 I.D. x 1.63 O.D.
Flow Profiles
Q
Rate (Q)
BOPD
144
P Through
Blank
PSI
0.84
Velocity Through
Pack
Ft/Min
0.0016
288
2.83
0.0055
432
5.80
0.0111
576
9.68
0.0185
720
14.4
0.0277
1440
49.8
0.0924
2160
103.4
0.196
Q
Fluid = 1 cp
40/60
100
Settling Velocity
Ft / Min
20/40
12.6
40/60
4.0
7 5/8
Csg.
Short Interval
Lack of previous sand production
Upper zone of multiple completion
Limited sand production tendency
High reservoir pressure
Good sand quality with vertical permeability
Preflush Stage
Preflush fluid is applied to condition the formation to accept resin.
Resin Stage
Low viscosity resin with an affinity for silica surfaces coats each individual grain of
sand.
Catalyst Stage
Formation
Liquid Resin-Coated
Proppant Entering Perforation
and Filling Casing
Casing
Liquid Resin-Coated
Proppant During Placement
Hardened Resin-Coated
Proppant