منهج الصف الثانى الثانوى بالكامل 2017

:
Quantity
c.g.s m.k.s
Length
Cm
Meter
1 cm = 102 meter
Mass
gm
Kg
1gm = 10-3 kg
Time
Sec
Sec
1 sec = 1 sec
2
2
Area
cm
m
1 cm2 = 10-4 m2
Volume
cm3
m3
1 cm3 = 10-6 m2
1 gm / cm3 = 103 kg / m3
Density
gm/cm3
Kg/m3
Force
Dyne
Newton
1 dyne = 10-5 N
1 dyne / cm2 = 10-1N/m2
Pressure
Dyne/cm2
N/m2
Energy ( Work ) ) (
erg
Joule
1 erg = 10-7 J
1 erg/ sec = 10-7 Watt
Power
erg / sec
J/sec = Watt
Magnetic Field
gauss
Tesla
1 G = 10-4 T
************************************************************************
1 Kilo(k) = 103
1 mega(M) = 106
1 giga ( G ) = 109
1 Tera = 1012
1 milli (m) = 10-3

1 micro ( ) = 10-6
1 Nano ( n ) = 10-9
1 Pico ( P ) = 10-12
: :
r S
-1
s
r
sr
************************************************************************
-2
c
Sin =
900 -
a
a
c
Cos =
b
c
tan =
sin a
cos b
Sin = cos ( 900 0 )
cos = Sin ( 900 0 )
Cot = tan ( 900 0 )
Sin(- ) = - sin
cos(- ) = - cos
tan(- ) = - tan
900
Sin2 + cos2 = 1
mohamed_ahmed9981@yahoo
01094701202
-3
-4
:
tan
0
Cos
1
Sin
0
1/2
1/ 3
3/2
2/2
2/2
1/2
0
3/2
00
300
450
600
900
************************************************************************
:
100 = 1
1
= 0.1
10
1
= 10-2
= 0.01
10 10
1
= 10-3
0.001
10 10 10
1
0.0001
= 10-4
10 10 10 10
1
10 5
0.00001
10 10 10 10 10
10 n
10 n m
m
10
= 10-1
01094701202
101 = 10
102 =10 10 = 100
103 = 10 10 10 = 1000
104 = 10 10 10 10 = 10000
105 = 10 10 10 10 10 = 100000
10n 10m = 10n + m

:
y =mx+c
y x
m c
y
:
y y 2 y1
x x 2 x1
Y
X2 Y2
X1 Y1
m tan
. x
C
X
************************************************************************
y = m x - c :
Y
C
Y :
y y 2 y1
x x 2 x1
m tan
Y
B Y = 0
0=mxc

mx=c
c
x
X
B
************************************************************************
Y C = 0
Y
:
Y=mX
: ( 0 , 0 )
y y 2 y1
x x 2 x1
m tan
************************************************************************

01094701202
:
.
.

.
.
.
" "
..
( ).

.
.
.

( ) 1
:
.
.
( ) 2
:
01094701202

( )
( ) 3
( )
:
"
".
()d
" "
.
()A
"
" "
"
"
( ) =5 cm

5 cm =
()
= 5 cm
=10 cm
( ) ( )
A B C A A
( ) .

"
"
= 4 = 4 .
=
01094701202
( )
()T
"
"
"
" "

"

=
=

n
1
1
t
T = 4 tA :
t
T
4TA
n
( )Hz
/ / sec-1
()
1=0.2 sec
2 500 HZ
3
300

. 0.2sec

500 .
= 2.5 Hz
1= .
2=0.02 s 50 .
3. .
4 .
( ) ( ) T

=

1
=
: =
1
T
45
Slope = T = 1 :
01094701202
s-1
1
T

-1
s s

( )1 0.002 s .
= 4 .
( 4 = )
1
1
125HZ
T 0.008
T = 4 0.002 = 0.008 s
******************************************************************************
( )2 1200 3 s .

1200
=
400 HZ

3

3
=T
=
0.025S

1200
******************************************************************************
( )3 : C B
0.8 s . . . 16 s
50 .
=
t
0.8
1.6 s
1
n
2
1
1

0.625 Hz
T
1.6
t
16
n
10
T
1.6
t nT 50 1.6 80 s
T
******************************************************************************
1
1

:
( )4
80
4
( 4 = )(
1
1
1
1
20Hz
=
= 0.05 s,

T=4
T 0.05
80 20
******************************************************************************
( )5 1200 20 cm

1
1
= A = 20
5 cm
=
4
4
1 1
n 1200
0.05s
20Hz ,

T
20
t
60
01094701202

(
)
:

.
.
.
.
.

-1 ( )
-2 t .........
************************************************************************

.
( ) 1

m

m .

m
.
+A

( ) .
01094701202
-A
"
"
" "
" "
" "
" "
-A
-A
()2
()1
:
( = ) A .
A,B .
( )1 = A,B
( )2 = A,B
= =
2
= 2 = 2 A
:
= =

( =

n
)
( =

t
X
n
()
()

1s

( . )
01094701202
1s
()

= 2 m
= 2m
0.25m = 0.5 m
1
2
=18 cm = 9cm

.

.

.

"
"
.
: .
( ) 2

m

( .) a
m
) b ( X = + A
:

.
m ) c ( X = - A
:
m
. x = 0
.
( ) d
01094701202
11

( )
.

.
"

"
" "
" "
" "
" "
1
=
2
= =
()

= 5cm
=5 cm
= 1.2m
= 5cm
0.6m
=15cm

.
.
:
.
01094701202
11

.

.

-1 = 105m

0.375s :
= 15 = 1 16
n
15

40Hz
t 0.375
X 105
7m
n
15
1 1
T
0.025s
40
******************************************************************************

-2 :
2
X 5 10
0.25m

n
2
n
2

10 4 Hz
3
t 0.2 10
= = 610-2 m
)d(cm
6
)t(ms
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
50cm
******************************************************************************
01094701202
12
.

.
. .
( ) :
( ) .
.

.
.

.
.
4
5

..
.

.

.
.
01094701202
13
( )
V T
X
X = , t = T
V (1) :
t
X=
1 V ( 2) :
T
1
2 :

T
t =T
= ) V (
()V
" "
:20 m/s .
: = . 20 m
.......
( )
( ) v = ( ) ,
(
( )
)

.
.
1=2
V1 = V 2
v2
v1
11= 22
1 2
1 , 1
v1 , 1
2 , 2 .
v2 , 2 .
1 2
V 1 1

2 1
V 2 2

:
v
:
slope = = v
slope
.
1
: ) (
01094701202
14
()
2
3

( )1 300 / =
6000)1A = 10-10m (
3 108
V

0.5 1015 Hz
3
10
6 10 10
******************************************************************************
( )2 480 Hz 12 m
,
= 12
X 12

1m , V 1 480 480m / s
n 12
******************************************************************************
( )3 15 3 s 0.7 m

n 15

5Hz , V 0.7 5 3.5m / s
t
3
******************************************************************************
( )4 256 , 512
1 2 256 1
0.5
2 1 512 2
******************************************************************************
( )5 425Hz , 680Hz 30cm

.
1 2
680 1 0.3

680 1 425 1 127.5 1 0.5m

2 1
425
1
V 680 0.5 340m / s
******************************************************************************
( )6 170Hz 340m/s
. 10 %
340
V 340 170
2m
170
10
= 0.2
2 =
100
2 2 0.2 2.2m ,
V2 2 170 2.2 374m / s
01094701202
15
( )7 ,
30 3 . 2.1 m

X 2.1
n 30

0.07m
10Hz
n 30
t
3
1 1
T
V 10 0.07 0.7m / s
0.1s
10
******************************************************************************
) )8

( ) ( )

B
A
AB

6cm
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.01

15cm
2
5 10 2 0.05m
= =
6 102
2
X 15 10
n
3
= 0.03m
t 0.06
0.02s ,
n
3
1
1

50Hz
T 0.02
AB 0.05 =
V 50 0.05 2.5m / s
******************************************************************************
)(m
1
2
4
5
8
( ( )9 )2114 10
:
(Hz) 500 250 X 100 62.5 50
1
() ) ( ,

( . ) : X
1 -1
) (m
1
0.5
0.25
0.2
0.125
0.1
)(Hz
500
250
X
100
62.5
50
T
X= 125Hz
1
) (
slope
100 250
V = Slope = V
0.2 0.5
V 500m / s
01094701202
16

:
( ) .
( ) .
( ) .
******************************************************************************
: 1 :
)1 .

)2 .
.
)3 .
)4 .
)5 .
)6 .
)7
)8 .
)9 .
)11 .
)11 .
)12 .
)13 .
)14 .
)15 .
)16 .
)17 .
)18 .
)19
.
)21 .
)21 .
: 2
)1 .........
( - - - )
( - - )
)2 ...........
)3 ........
( - - - - )
)4 ........
( - - - )
)5 ( .. / / / )
)6 ........
01094701202
( 1 2 3 )
17
)7 OPQRS 50
P , O .
2
(
25
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
50
25
200
100
P
)t(s
)X(mm
100
O
-100
)8
- 6 cm - 4 cm - 3 cm - 2 cm ( .......... ) 6 cm
)9 ...........
( ) 50 Hz - 500Hz - 250 Hz - 125 Hz -100 Hz
)11
X Y
() P Q - 2 P Q - X Y - 2 x Y
)11 5
X , Y ) 0.1 Hz - 0.2 Hz - 5 Hz - 10 Hz - 50 Hz (...........
Y
)12 150 / 1500

( ) 0.001 m - 0.01 m - 0.1 m - 1 m - 10 m
........
)13 ............
( - - )
)14 T ..........
( / / )
)15 20cm .........
( ) 40cm 30 cm 20cm 10cm
)16 .......
( / / )
)17 ......
( / / )
) 18 0.2s
( ) 40 / 45 / 50 / 55
Hz ...........
1
) V
)19 / V / V / V ( ........
)21 ......
( ) b,d / b,c / a,b / a,b,c
)21 .............
( )
)22 ......
( )
)23 ( ...... / / / )
((1:44:11:22:1
)24 ......
( )
)25 ........
)26 10 cm ) 15 cm / 5 cm / 20 cm / 12 cm (..
)27 0.5m 666 Hz
) ( 346 m/s 330 m/s 333 m/s 338 m/s
...........
01094701202
18
( )
)28 .............
)29 0.1 s
) ( 10000 1000 100 10
......... 100 s .
)31 340 m/s 225 Hz
3
3
4
(
20
2
4
3
........
)31
)32
)33
)34

) ( 1 m/s 0.2 m/s 0.5 m/s 0.25 m/s
0.5 m .......
. 90
) ( 0.6 Hz 1.5 Hz 60 Hz 90 Hz
.........
256Hz 512 )1 : 1 / 1 : 2/ 2 : 1( ......
) 1 : 3 / 3 : 1 / 1 : 2 / 2 : 1( ............
( )
.......
2
)35 1 1 v1 v1 .........
3
2
1 1
1 1
3
2
3
1 1
1 1
3
2
: 3 :
-1 . 5 cm
-2 = . 0.25 m
-3 = . 15 cm
-4 = . 30 cm
-5 = . 15 m/s
-6 = . 24 cm
-7 = . 20 cm
-8 . 30 cm =
-9 = . 0.02 s
-11 1200 .
-11 = . 6 cm
-12 = . 50 Hz
-13 . 5 m =
-14 256 .
: 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
01094701202
19
: 5 :
2 .
1 .
5 .
4 .
8 .
7 .
11 .
11
14 .
13 .
17.
16 .
19 .
3 .
6 .
9.
12 .
15 .
18 .
: 6 :
1 ( : )
2
( : ) .
: 7
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
: 8
-1 :
( )
()
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
(

A
.
B

:: 9 :
-1 50 5 s 2 m
[ ]10Hz

[ ]0.04m

:
[ ]0.1s

[ ]0.4m/s

******************************************************************************
-2 3108m/s 0.03 sec
[ ]4.5106 m/s

******************************************************************************
- 3 15 10 9 m
]0.9 m[
[ ]0.25 HZ
: ]4 sec[
[]0.225 m/s
01094701202
21
- 4 300 HZ 0.99 km
[]1.1 m
3 s
******************************************************************************
-5 1.1KHz 330m/s
[ ]0.3m
.
******************************************************************************
-6 960
[ 300 ]
100 m 320 m/s
******************************************************************************
-7 600 m/s 3 m
[]200 HZ

******************************************************************************
-8 1200 20 cm :
] 0.05 s[
[]20 HZ
[]5 cm
******************************************************************************
]0.25 sec[
[]4 HZ
-9 16 4 sec :
******************************************************************************
-11 100 HZ
[ ]0.19 sec
.
******************************************************************************
-11 5000A 3108m/s
[ ]61014Hz

************* *****************************************************************
:: 9 :
-12 X t
()
)X(m
0
3
4
0 -4 b
0
-2

t10 (s) 0
a
10 20 30 35 40
() :
[ ]4m

[ ]0.05s , -3m
a, b
[ ]2.5Hz

[ ]0.4s

******************************************************************************
-13 6000 m/s 5000 m/s
[ ]18105m

******************************************************************************
-14 500Hz
[]28 m
10 1400 m/s .
:: 9 :
- 15 3105km/s 7500A4000A
[ ]41014Hz , 7.51014Hz
.
******************************************************************************
-16 412 Hz 14m

[ ]288.4m/s

******************************************************************************
-17 7 m 4 m
[]7:4
.
01094701202
21
-18
:

A B
[ ] 0.4 m , 4 m , 25 Hz , 0.04 s , 4.5 waves , 100 m/s , 0.02 sec
******************************************************************************
-19 1.6 cm , 10 m
[]32 : 20000 HZ
320 m/s
******************************************************************************
2
-21 Hz
3
66
[]50 m
3 sec .
******************************************************************************
-21 20m
0.1s
[ ] 4 m , 40 Hz , 160 m/s
.
******************************************************************************
- 22 :
)
)
) 8 Hz
[ ] 4 cm , 40 cm , 3.2 m/s
******************************************************************************
-23 :

X ...........

5
[ , 10 cm
4
] 20 cm , 0.1 s , 7.5 cm ,
******************************************************************************
1
1.96km
-24 s
140
7s :

[ ]2m , 1m , 18m

******************************************************************************
-25 ( ) 320 ,256 Hz
[ ]0.25m
320m/s
******************************************************************************
- 26 :
A,B ...... .......
...cm = A,B
.s =
= .cm
= .m/s = .... ....
[ , ] 25m/s , 4cm , 0.2 sec , 10cm =
01094701202
22
-27 12m/s 4Hz

[ ]1.5m , 21m
.
******************************************************************************
- 28 32 40s
63m [ ] 9 m , 1.25s , 0.8Hz
*****************************************************************************
( -29 . )1996
( )cm ( )s :

[ ] 25 cm , 25 Hz , 3 cm , 62.5 m/s
******************************************************************************
[] 25 Hz
-31 0.01 s .
******************************************************************************
-31 120 6s :

8 cm
[ ]20Hz , 0.05s , 4cm

******************************************************************************
:: 11 :
( -32 )2111 6 cm 9 cm
[]12 cm , 0.6 m/s
100 .
******************************************************************************
( -33 )2118 3.6 km 300 HZ
[]1 m
12 sec .
******************************************************************************
( -34 )2117 1.5 m/s
60 m 30
[ 1200]
.
******************************************************************************
( - 35 ) 2116
[]3:2
6 cm 4 cm .
******************************************************************************
( -36 )2115 15HZ
[ ]45 m/s
. 1.5 m
******************************************************************************
( -37 )2114
[ 8]
5m 512 HZ 320 m/s
******************************************************************************
01094701202
23

( )
3108 m/s

.

:

.
"
"

" : = "
:

"
()
()
"
"
"
"
:

.
01094701202
24

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5
.

: = = .

:
.
.

"
".
( )
( ) .
"
"
:
.

) sin ( sin (
) )v1( ) v2 (

( )1n2 :
sin V1
= 1n2
sin V 2

"
."
01094701202
25

1
. ) (
.

2
.
.
.
3
.
.
4
.

( ) (
)

( ) (
)

()1n2
-:
sin V1
sin V 2
1n2
" "
" "
sin , sin
:=0.86
= 0.86
. : = 0.86
V1

V2
= 1n2
V1
V2 .
01094701202
26

1
1n 2
1n 2 2 n1 1
2 n1
sin V 1 1 1
:
= 1n2
sin V 2 2 2

.
( . )
:
= 1.33
= 1
= 1.5
( ) .
.
()n
-:
" ( )sin (" )sin
" "
sin C
n
sin V
C 3108 m/s V .
:= 1.5
= 1.5:
= 1.5
1
2
3
c
V
.
= 1
sin , sin
1

V
.
n C = V = .
sin
=n
sin
= Slope
.
( . )
01094701202
27
:-
.
.
= . 1

( )
.

: n1 n2
V1 V2
C
C
n2
n1

V2
V1
n2 C V 1
n2 V 1

(------------)1
n1 V 2 C
n1 V 2
V1
: ( 1n2 = ----------- )2
V2
n2
n
=
:
1 2
1 2
n1
n2
sin
=, 1n2
,
n1
sin
sin n 2
, n1 sin = n2 sin
sin n1
= 1 n2
( " )1
"
( )2
.
:
=
()1n2
" "
= 0.86
: 0.86
01094701202
28
1
2
( )n1 sin = n2 sin

)=0 (
.
( )n2sin =0 (.) = 0

.

-:
1

1 .
. 2
2 = 1 .
2
. 1 = 2

.
.

.
2 = 1
. 1 = 2

( . )
01094701202
29

-1 600 300
.
sin sin 60
1.0732
1 n2
sin sin 30
******************************************************************************
3
5
=
-2 =
2
2
.
n2
5 2
5

n1
2 3
3
n1
3 2
3

= 2n1

n2
2 5
5
=
1 n2
******************************************************************************
-3 30 2108m/s

3108m/s :
C 3 108
n
1.5 ,
8
V 2 10
sin
sin 30
1.5
\ 19 47
sin
sin
******************************************************************************
-4 3 ,
30 2cm
90 30 60
30
1cm
3
sin
sin60
n
3
3 2
sin
sin
sin
3
1
sin 2 30
2
3
1cm
: ( ) = 30 =
1 1
2cm sin
2
( ) = 4 1 3cm :
******************************************************************************

=
=

.

.
01094701202
31
:

.

()
)(
.
( )S
.
( S1 )S2
.
.

S
-:
-
.
. [
.]

s1( )s2

" "

S1 S2
S1 S2
S1 S2
S1 S2
1
5
3
1
...... ) m + )

...... 2 m
2
2
2
2

.
( ) m
= m 1 ...... 2
( ) :
R
d
( ) ( )R
( )d s1( .)s2
01094701202
31

( )1 :

.

.
( )2 :

( )
( )

( ) ( )

.
.
m =
1
) =
2
) m+
( )3
= m
R
d
( )1
" "
R
d
)2
" "
( )3
=y d = R
" "

() . y R
d

01094701202
32

.
.

.
= m
1
(
d
) y )y(
)d( ( )d
.

-1 0.00015 m
0.75 m 0.003m
.
yd 0.003 0.00015
y

0.6 10 6 m 6000 A0
d
R
0.075
******************************************************************************
-2 0.0001 m
0.8 m 5000 .
R 5000 1010 0.8
0.004m 4mm
0.0001
******************************************************************************
-3 2mm
1m 510-4m
3108m :
R
yd 5 104 2 103
y

10 6 m
d
R
1
8
C 3 10

3 1014 Hz

6
10
******************************************************************************
01094701202
33
:

:
( ) . ( ) .

.
:

.
( )
.

" (
)
( ) ".

"

" .
1
2

"

"
"
. "
. .

.

.

.

.
.

01094701202
34

.
.

.

.
.

.
.
.

.

.
.

.

.

.
:
.
.
.

( ) ( ).
.
01094701202
35
sin
=n
sin
()
n2
n1
=1n2
------------
R
d

( )1 .
( )2 .
( )1 .
( )2 .
( )3 .
( )1 .
( )2 .
( )3 .
( )1 ( )
( )2 ( .)
( )3 ( . )
: 1 :
)1
)2
)3
)4
)5
)6
)7
)8
)9

"
"

)11 =
)11 .
)12
.
)13

)14 .
)15
)16 .
)17 .
)18 .
: 2
)1 ........
( )
)2 ( ... )
01094701202
36
( )60 / 30 / zero
)3 30 ..........
)4 ......
( / / / )
( / / )
)5 .......... .
)6 A B
A
..........
-1 A B
30
()0 / 30 / 60 / 90
-2 B A ......
B
()0 / 30 / 60 / 45
)7 ( )ng = 1.5 (.......... )nw = 1.33
( / 1 / 1) 1
.
)8
( )
......
)9 =
( )
.......
)11 X Y .......... X
( / / )
. )Y(
8
)11 = ..........
9
( / /)
.
sin
.........
)12
sin
( / / / )
)13 60 3
( ) 450 /30 / 60 / 90
..........
)14 60o 45o
( ) 1.5 1.22 1.7 2.44
..........
)15 n1=1.5 n2=1.65
( ) 0.91 1.1 1.5 1.65
1n2..............
)16 .....
( )
)17
( / / )
..........
)18
( )
. .........
)19 .......
. . . . ( / / )
)21 .......... Y
)21 140 ..........
( ) 20 / 40 / 35 / 70
( )
)22 .......
( )
)23 ...........
0
)24 600 300 50 ) 100 25 26.8 90 (...
)25 600
( / 600 / 600) 600
........
01094701202
37
)26 ) 1n2 ( ...........
V2
n
n
( / 2 / n1 n2 / 1
V1
n1
n2
)27 600 300

........
1
(
2
2 /
) 2/ 3 /
)28 48.50 1.5

( ) 400 350 300 200
............
)29

2 108 m/s :
-1 .......... =
( ) 2 / 1.93 / 0.75 / 1.5
-2 ....... m/s =
( ) 3.3108 / 3.8108 / 1.33108 / 2.7108
: 3
)1 .
)2
)3

)4
)5 .
)6 .
)7
)8
)9

)11 .
)11 .
)12 .
)13 .
)14
)15 .
: 4
)1
)2
)3
)4
)5
.
.
.
.
.
: 5
)1
)2 .
01094701202
38
)3 .
)4 .
: 6 ( )
)1
)2
)3
)4
)5
)6
.
( )d .
.
.
.
.
: 7
)1
)2
: 8
( )1
( )2
( )3
( )4
( )5
( )6
.
.
.
.
.
.
( )7
( )8 .
( )9.
( )11 .
( )11 .
( )12
()13
()14
()15
()16
()17
()18

.
.
.
.
.
: 9
)1
)2
.
()
)3 ( : ) .
() = 0.8
)4 () 1.4 =
)5 = .
)6

)7
.
)8
()
()
()
100 cm . 0.01 mm
)9
01094701202
39

: 1 -11 :
-1 1.5 30
[ \] 19 47
.
******************************************************************************
3
4
-2
2
3
:
9
8
8
[ ]
9
[ ]
******************************************************************************
-3 45
. 1.4

[ ] 45 , 30.34
-4 :

A B
3108m/s
35
4m
B
3m
[]2.310-8s - 1.37
******************************************************************************
-5 7070 45
[ ]30 , 1.414
5000 .
******************************************************************************
-6 5600
4
3
[ ] 4200A
******************************************************************************
5cm
-7

7cm
[]1.13
230
******************************************************************************
-8 30 30
[] 3
.
******************************************************************************
( -9 )2112 60
3
[ ] 90
******************************************************************************
01094701202
41
-11 2108m/s
[ ] 1.5
. 3108m/s
******************************************************************************
( - 11 . )2111 41014Hz
1.5 ]510-7m [ 3108m/s
******************************************************************************
-12 1.12
[ ]1.31
1.47
******************************************************************************
-13 C , B 900
. C
0
[ ] 60
******************************************************************************
-14 320
[ ] 1.5
210 .
******************************************************************************
-15
A B
B B
B
B , A .
[ ] 600 , 900
******************************************************************************
-16
: .
[ ] 380 , 52.880
******************************************************************************
( -17 )2117 30
[ ] 22
1.33 :
8
8
[ ]2.2510 m/s
/ 310
******************************************************************************
( -18 )2111 ( )sin
( )sin :
sin
0
0.15
0.3
a
0.6
0.75
0.9
sin
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
b
)sin( ( )y ( ) sin ( )x :
a,b
[ ] 1.5 ,0.6 ,0.45

******************************************************************************
01094701202
41
: 1 -11 :
-19 0.00015m
0.75m 0.002m
[ ]7.51014 Hz
3108m/s
-21 0.275mm
550nm 600nm 400nm
:
[ ] 310-4m

[ ] 210-4m

******************************************************************************
-21 5000A =
2mm = = 1m:

14
-4
8
[ ]610 Hz , 2.510 m
310 m
******************************************************************************
( -22 )2113 0.15mm
0.75m 51014 Hz 3108 m/s
[ ] 310-3 m

******************************************************************************
( -23 . )2113 2mm
120cm 3mm
[ ] 5000A

******************************************************************************
( -24 ) 2113
= 1m ( )y
1

d
48
30
24
15
12
(y 10-3 (m
10
2.5
1
) 10 4 (m 1
d
1
)y(
d
a,b

[] 6010-3 , 510-4 , 6000A0

******************************************************************************
01094701202
42
:

( )
( )
( ).

( ).

900

( )c ( )

( )
( ) c

90
.
.

n1 sin = n2 sin
, = 900
n2
1 n2
n1
= c
sin C
1
n
n1 sin c = n2 sin 90
= n =
90
n
n
= sin c
:
1
n
sin C
, n1 = n
) = 1 ) n2
1
sin C
= .
01094701202
43
( )
.

()n
1
sin c
=n
Slope = n sinc = 1
()sinc
:= 49
: = 490 = . 90
1
=
sin 49

.

( ) 24
.

( ) 42 .
n
sin 2 n , n
n1
n
2 .
n1
(2008 )
.
1
= n
sin c
01094701202
44

)1 12cm ,
= , 1.5
, 1.2 =
.

1
1
, c 41.8
n
1.5
r
tan c , r 6 tan 41.8
6
r 5.36cm
1
1
c 56,
n
1.2
r
tan c
r 6 tan 56
6
r 9cm 2r 2 9 18cm
sin c
sin c
r 6cm

9cm .
******************************************************************************
)2 1.33 1.6 .
.
1
) sin c
0.625 c 38.680
n
1.6
1
1
) sin c
0.7519 c 48.750
n
1.33
n
n
1.33
sin c
0.83
n
n
1.6
c 56.230
******************************************************************************
)3 48.120 410

1
1
n1
n1
sin C
sin C
1
1
n2
n2
sin C
sin C
n2
1
1
0.88
n1 sin 48.12 sin 41
sin C
C 61.64 0
******************************************************************************
01094701202
45
)4 1m
(
) 2
1m
1
1
c 45,
n
2
r
tan 45 r 1m
1
sin c
1m
r
.: = 2m
******************************************************************************
)5 6cm
8cm .
90

8cm =

( ) c
bc 8
1
10
, n
1.25
ac 10
sin c 8
8cm
c
6cm
ac (ab) 2 (bc) 2 ac 36 64 10cm, sin c
******************************************************************************
( )6 . )1996 ( )sin( , )sin ,
:
sin
0
0.35
0.5
0.65
0.77
0.87
0.95
0.99
sin
X
0.23
0.33
0.43
0.51
0.58
0.63
y
)sin( ,
( )sin :
.
x,y

( )1 :
0 = x 0.66 = y( )2 :
0.65 0.35 0.3
1.5
0.43 0.23 0.2
sin
n 1.5

sin
1
1
( )3
1.5 slope
0.66
******************************************************************************
01094701202
46
( ).
-1
:

.
( )
[ ]
:

.

.

(.
)

( ) [ ]
-2 ( )
: .
" : ( )
"
:

.
:
.
.
-:

.
.
01094701202
47
-3
" ")45, 45, 90(

1.5 42 = .
( ) .
90 180
( )
.

180
90
45
45
45
45
45
45
90
45
180

()
45 =
()
[
] 42 .180
( ) . 90

. 100%
1
).
.

2

( .
)
01094701202
48
:
.
:

.
.
-1
:
:
( )1 . 60
( )3 .
( )2.
( )4 .

.
( )ab
.
) 1 , 2 ( . ab
) 3 , 4 (
. ) 1 , 2 (
)cd( ) 3 , 4 ( .
)bc( )abcd( .
( )cd )ab(
()
(.)( )2( )2( )1( )1
)1( :

)1(
()1

()2

()2

2 1 A

( )
A = 1 + 2
1 2 A
((A

.

)A(
= 1 + 2 - A
()

.
32

.32
01094701202
49
X
A

:
( )bxce
( ( 180 =
) + = 180 --------(1
(180 = )bec
)1 2 e 180 (2
1 2
A e 1 2 e
d
e
A = 1 + 2
******************************************************************************

( ) ()bMc
) 1 2 (1), 1 1 1 1 1 1 (2
) 2 2 2 2 2 2 (3
2 31
) 1 1 2 2, 1 2 ( 1 2
A 1 2
= 1 + 2 - A
*****************************************************************************

sin1 sin1 sin1 sin1

sin1

( )sin1
)sin1(
sin 1
n
= Slope
sin 1
sin1
sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2

Sin2
sin 2
n
= Slope
sin 2
()sin2
((sin2

01094701202
Sin2
sin 1
sin 2
sin 1
sin 2
51
:
.
n .
.
)( 1
( 0 = 1 )
0 > 1

A 1 1
sin 1
sin 1
A = 2
1 = 1 = 0
) ( 2
c < 2
( c > 2 )
( )
sin 2
sin 2
)( 2
2 = 900
2 = 0

A = 1 + C

A = 1
2 = c
2 = 2 = 0
01094701202
51

( -1 . )1999 1.5

a
60
)ac(
30

1
1
0.667 c 41.8
n
1.5
sinc
60 = )ab(
=
= .60
30 = )cb(

n1 sin = n2 sin .:1.5 sin30 = 1 sin
.: = 48 .6
48 .6 = )cb(
a
60
30
60
60
30
30
60
******************************************************************************
-2 = 1.5
= 1.3 .
45
0
.

n
n
1.3
c 630
1.5
n= sin c
sin c
45 =

n1 sin = n2 sin
.:1.5 sin45 = 1.3 sin
.: = 55
*****************************************************************************

01094701202
52
-3 2 =
.

.

n
n
n= sin c
c 45 0
1
2
sin c
= 45
. 90 =
******************************************************************************
( -4 ) 2111
)
(
1.5
sin1 = n sin 1
sin 45 = 1.5 sin 1
1 = 28o
73o
90o
( )41.8o
28o
n sin 2 = sin 2
1.5 sin 28 = sin 2
o
2 = 45o
28
45o
28o
45o

73o 73o

******************************************************************************
1 2
sin 1
n 1 1 n
:
sin 1
A = 1+ 2 1 2 A
sin 2
n 2 2 n
sin 2
: 1 2
*****************************************************************************

1
A
.
01094701202
53
= 1 + 2 - A
( )1 )(
max
= 1 + 2 A -------

( ) 1
.

:
1
) 1(min
) 1(max
max
) 1 (min .max
( ) max ) 1 ( max
.
1
o
.

o (
).

o
1
o
.
()
( ) :
= )1( (.)2
( = )1 (.)2

.
()o
.
( )o 25 =
.25 =
25 = .
:
******************************************************************************
: ( )2 (( 1
2
a
A = 1 + 2
1 2 :
01094701202
54
1
b
0
A
()a
1 = 0
= = .
1 = 1 = 0
( )
A = 2
= 1+ 2 A ,
= 2 A
= 2 - 2

()b
2 = 2 = 0
( )
.: 1 = A
= 1 A
= 1 1

()c
A
( )ab
2
=2 = 1
1 1
*****************************************************************************

:
1 = 2 = o
A
o o
o = o + o A
o = 2 o A
1 = 2 = o
0 = 1 + 2 A
A
0
2
A = o + 2
A = o + o
A = 1 + 2
o A
sin
n
A
sin
o A

o A
sin
2
sin sin
2
2

A
sin
2
sin o
n
sin o
A
2
o
sin
sin
Slope = n
( )o

A
01094701202
55

" "
:
[ ]

.
( )o )A(
( )n
1
. n
. ( )o ( )n
( )n
( ) :
.
.

( . )n( )
( . )( )

sin 1
sin 2
n
.
2
1
sin 1
sin 2
1 = 2 1 = 2

1 . 2
4
5

.
.

.
.

01094701202
56

-1 : 1.5
,
sin 1 sin 60
sin 1
1 35.26 0
n
1.5
,
60 = 35.26 + 2 2 = 24.74
1
1
sin c
c 41.810
n 1.5
2 < c
A = 1 + 2
.
Sin 2 = n sin2 2 = 1.5 sin 24.74 = 38.880
= 1 + 2 - A
= 60 + 38.88 60 = 38.880
******************************************************************************
-2 60 45 =
.
2 :
1
sin 1
sin 45
1
2
2 2 sin 1 1 30
sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
2
A = 1 + 2 60 = 30 + 2 1 = 2 , .: 2 = 30
.: 1 = 2 = 45
.: = 1 + 2 A , .: = 45 + 45 - 60 = 30
******************************************************************************
-3 : ( )P
230 ( )Q QR
, , .
A = 1 + 2
,
60 = 23 + 2
c = 2 = 60 23 = 370
1
1
1.66
sin c sin 37
******************************************************************************
-4 300 ,
. 3
1 = 30
30 = 1 + 0
sin 1
sin 1 3 sin 30 1 60 0
sin 1
A = 1 + 2
n
******************************************************************************
( -5. )2111 )1(
( ) , :
)
)
)
() :
2 = 1 = 48.5
01094701202
57
()
.: 37 = 2 48.5 A
.: A= 60
()
o = 2 1 A
37
o A
sin
sin 48.5 1.5

n
sin 30
A
sin
2
48.5
*****************************************************************************
-6 3 30
, .

.: 1 = A = 30
2 = 2 = 0
sin 1
sin 1
n
3
1 60
sin 1
sin 30
*****************************************************************************
-7 120 ,
4
8 3
=
=
9
3
n2
8 3
3
2 3
n1
9
4
3
o A
o 120
sin
sin
2
2
2 3
A
3
sin 60
sin
2
1n2
1n 2
o 120
2 sin
2 3
2
sin o 120 1
3
2
3
o 120
90 o 120 180 o 60
2
*****************************************************************************
-8 45 ,
. 3 108 m / s .
.: 1 =0 , 1 = 0

A = 1 + 2
.: 2 = A = 45
.: 2 = c = 45

1
1
1.414
sinc sin 45
C
C 3 10 8
V
2.1 10 8 mls
V
n
1.414
******************************************************************************
-9 ( ) 400 , 600
.
A616
1 1
60 40
0
0
50
2
2
20 A 100 60 40 0
0
******************************************************************************
01094701202
58
:
( ) :
10.
.
10 .
= ) /180( = .

o A
sin
n
A
sin
2
=

o A
o A
A
A
sin
,
sin
2
2
o A
n
nA o A o nA A
A
) o = A ( n 1
( )o
( )o
( )A

)o=A(n1
o
= Slope
= n 1
A
A
()n-1( )o

. )A(
()n(.)
()( )
n-1
) o= A ( n 1
o
= Slope
=A
n 1
o = An A
o
= Slope
=A
n
( )o
( )n

1
)o 1
A
1
= Slope
A
(n
( )n
()o
0 = -A
01094701202
59
= 1
.
: .

( )A
( )n

sin 1 sin 2
sin 1 sin 2
o A
1 2 A
)o = A(n-1

1 = 2 , 1 = 2

o A
sin
n
A
sin
2

-:
)(o)r = A ( nr 1
:
)(o)b = A (nb 1
:
nr : nb .
) (o)b (o)r = A(nb nr

[ ] (o)b (o)r :
( )

: = 3
3 =

01094701202
. )A(
.
61
nb nr
: ( ) ny :
2
(o )b (o ) r
: (o)y :
2
()ny
ny
(o)y

******************************************************************************

) (o)r = A ( nr 1
) (o)b = A (nb 1
) (o)b (o)r = A(nb nr

( ) :
)(o)y = A( ny 1
(o)y (o)r (o)b ( ) ny ) nb( () nr
nb nr
ny 1
(o)b (o)r
) A(nb nr
(o) y
)A(ny 1
( ) :
()
.
.
: = 0.8
= 0.8

( )
******************************************************************************

n2
1 :
n1
o = A ( 1n2 1) = A
:) = 1 + 2
= 1 2
)
01094701202
61

-1 8 1.52 1.54:
) )
)
(o)b = A( nb 1) = 8 ( 1.54 1) = 4.32

(o)r = A( nr 1) = 8 ( 1.52 1) = 4.16
(o)b (o)r = 4.32 4.16 = 0.16
)
)
nb nr 1.54 1.52
1.53
2
2
nb nr 1.54 1.52 0.02

0.0377
ny 1
1.53 1
0.53
ny
******************************************************************************
-2 1.5
4

3
( ) n 1 . ) n 2 (
n2
1.5
9
1 n2
4
n1
8
3
9
A
1)
A 8o
8
8
1
n
=sin c
n2
1 n2
n1
( .)
=sin c
= 1 + 2 A

o A
sin
n
A
sin
2
)o A(n 1
nb nr
ny 1
01094701202
.
( )1 .
( )2 .
( )3 .
()1 ( )n( )
( )2 ( )( )
().............
= (o)b (o)r
) A(nb nr
(( ) y A( n y 1) 1 A
62
( )1 .
( )2 ( . )
( )1 ( . )
( )2 (. )
( )3 .
( )1 .
( )2

( )
: 1
)1 .
)2 ( ) 90
)3
.
)4
)5

)6 .
)7 .
)8 = .
)9 .
)11 10 .
)11 .
)12
)13
)14 .
: 2
( ) 45 / 30 / 60
)31 2 ..........
)31
( / 900 / / )
......
)32 ( ........... /
/ / )
)33 ......
.
()
()
()
( )
30
)34
()0.25 /2 / 1 / 0.5
..........

)35
o
o
o
0
( 42 / 45 / 90 / 180 ) . ..

)36
1.5 ( )
40
( ) 800 / 50o / 10o / 15o
o
)37 48.2o
) ( 1.85 / 1.82 / 1.63 / 1.5
58.8o .......
01094701202
63
( / / )
)38 .......... .
)39 ( ......... / / )
)41 6 3 ..........
) )1.5 / 1.6 / 1.7 / 1.8
)41
( ) 60 / 45 / 30
..........
: 3 :
)2 . 30o =
)1 = . 40o
)4 = . 0.2o
)3 . 35o =
)6 = . 0.2
)5 = 1.5
)7 = 0.08
: 4 :
)1
)2 ( ) . 90o
)3 .
)4 .
)5
)6
)7
.
: 5 :
)7 ( )1 .
)8 .
)9
)11
.
)11 42
) .
)
: 6 :
)1
)3 .
)5 .
)2 .
)4 .
)6 .
: 7 ( ) :
)4 .
)5 .
)6 .
)1 .
)2 .
)3 .
01094701202
64
: 8 :
)1 .
)3
)5
)2
)4 .
: 9 ( ) ( ) x :
) )60 ( ( )50
(
( )25 ( .) 35
) .
(
)
(
.
) ( = .
)
(
) ( 1 A
1 . 2
A
) ( .
) ( ( ) .
) ( .
: 11 :
1
)2 .
)1 .
)4 .
)3 .
)5 ( ).
)6 .
: 11
( = 1 + 2 A )1
( A = 1 + 2 )2
( )3 ( ) )1( .
( )4
o A
sin
n
A
sin
2
( )5 ) o = A ( n 1
( )6 .
: 12 :
() ( )1 )2( . )A(
() ( )1 (. )
() ( ) o ( ) n
.
01094701202
65
: 13 :
() .
() = = .
() ( ) n = 1.5
() .
() ( . )
( ) .
: 14 :
()
(o )b (o ) r
2
( )
() )A(n1
o A
sin
A
sin
2
( )
nb nr
2
()
nb nr
ny 1
( ) ) A ( n b nr
: 15 :
()
()
()
( )
: 16
( )1
.
() S , P
() R , Q
()
( ) 2 .
( )3 .
( )4
( )5
( )
( )6
.
( )7

.
01094701202
66
: 1-17
-1 1.333 1.309
[ ]79.11
.
******************************************************************************
-2 2.4 1.6 = :
2
[ ]
.
3
[ \] 24 37\ - 38 41
.
[ \]41 48
.
8
8
[ ]1.2510 m/s
310 m/s
******************************************************************************
-3 25 43 :
[ ]2.366, 1.466

[ ]0.619

[ ] c 3828

8
8
[ ]2.04610 m/s
310 m/s
******************************************************************************
-4 55 = 1.4
[]1.709

******************************************************************************
-5 1.33
[ ]
60
******************************************************************************
-6 : ( )n = 1.5
:
) = 60
) = 45
******************************************************************************
-7
2m
[]4.56 m
= 1.33
******************************************************************************
-8 30o 22o
[ ] 48.5o
.
******************************************************************************
-9 51014 Hz y , x 4000Ao , 5500Ao
. . y , x . x , y
[ ] 2.75108 m/s , 2108 m/s , 1.4 , 0.7 , 44.4o
.
******************************************************************************
]96 [ -11 = 42 = 48
[ ]64.2 , 0.9
.
******************************************************************************
: 2-17 :
-11 60 30
[ ]51
1.6
******************************************************************************
01094701202
67
-12 19
[]1.52

******************************************************************************
-13 60
[]1.15
.
******************************************************************************
-14 2 = 45
[]30
.
******************************************************************************
-15 1.5
[ ]0

******************************************************************************
-16 60
[ ]30 , 2
= = 45
******************************************************************************
-17
1.4
.

[ ]44.4
******************************************************************************
-18 60 1.6
[ ]71.45

******************************************************************************
-19 2
60
= n
50
60
65
******************************************************************************
-21 1.5

.
30
[ ] 48.59o
******************************************************************************
( -21 ) 2115
[]1.414
45 :
8
[]2.12210 m/s
/ 3108
******************************************************************************
( -22 )98 2112 72
30 :
[ ]42

[ ]1.49

[ ]0.745
( ) sin42 = 0.669
o
01094701202
68
( -23 . )2112
1.5

[ ]0 - 60

******************************************************************************
( -24 . )2111 60
[ ] 60 , 60
3 .
******************************************************************************
( -25 . ) 2116
60

( ) (
)42
30
[ ]48.6
******************************************************************************
( -26. 2114 )1997 :

42
[ , ]
)
******************************************************************************
( -27 ) 2111
42
*****************************************************************************
( -28. )2115
42o
45
*****************************************************************************
-29 30 :
[ ]45
]1.414[
]45 [
******************************************************************************
- 31 60 2
[ ]30 , 45

******************************************************************************
-31 60o 1.5 1.3
[ ] 10.2o , 35.1o
. .
******************************************************************************
-32 1.732
[ ]32.357 , 60
1.2
******************************************************************************
( -33 ) 2111 1
1
2
b )a ( )b( ) c (
60 a

c
( )a , b, c .
= ]60o , c , 1.498[ 37
b 2
60
01094701202
69
) 2111 ( -34
:
[ ]48

[]60

[ ]1.486

36
1
48
******************************************************************************
-35 45
1.67 450nm 1.64
[ ]73.07 , 68.1
700nm
: 3-17 :
( -36. )97 4o 1.5 ]2[
******************************************************************************
( -372111 )2119 1.5
[]8
2 1.2
******************************************************************************
-38 10 8 1.5
() () ]1o,9[
******************************************************************************
( -39 . ) 2119 10
[]1.1
1.66 1.55 :
[]0.18

******************************************************************************
( -41 )2117 10 1.72 1.54
[ 7.2 5.4 ,]
:
[]1.63

[]0.285

******************************************************************************
( -41 )2114 0.06 3o
[ ]0.02

******************************************************************************
( -42. )2114 A
( )o :
A
2
3
4
5
6
7
()o
1
1.5
X
2.5
3
3.5
)A( ( )o

:
[ ]1.5

[ ]2
X
******************************************************************************
-43 ( )o )n(

n
1.2
1.4
a
1.8
2
2.2
()o
1.4
2.8
4.2
5.6
b
8.4
) n( ( )o
:
[]7
.
[ ]1.6 , 7
a,b
01094701202
71
"
"
"
"

()1 : . . .
( )2 : . .
( )2 .
( )1 .
******************************************************************************
:

, .
:
m
m Vol .
Vol
[]kg/m3
:

) " ".
) " ".
= .103 kg/m3
: : )1m3( = .1000kg
Vol
Vol
1 .
2
3
01094701202
m
Vol
m Vol

slope

.

.

.
71
:
3
3
1040kg/m 1060kg/m

( )

( )

.
:

1020kg/m3
.
.

1

.
(
2

)

3
.
.
4

) 1020 kg/m3 (
( )
.
.

( )
4C
( )1000 kg/m3 = 4C
1000
:2.7
: : = 2.7
: = 2.7
1 .
gm/cm3
01094701202
72

= ( . 1000 ) 1000
:
kg/m3 [ ]gm/cm3 1000
gm/cm3[ ]kg/m3 1000
3
1 ( 10-3 = 3 1111 = )liter
= gm/cm3 ( 1 . ) gm/cm3
= kg/m3 ( 1000 . ) kg/m3
( ) Fg mg : . Fg Vg
m
V Vspace
( ) :
Fg mg : Fg (V VSPACE ) g
:
= VoL1 + VoL2Vol
= m1 + m2M
:
:
V V1 V2
m2
m1
1 2
:
M m1 m2
V v1 v2
) ) Vol :
= ] VoL1 + VoL2 [ VolVol

( )1 0.6 100Cm3 =
103kg/m3
= = 600kg/m3 = 103 0.6
3
( )100Cm m Vol 600 (100 10 6 ) 0.06kg :
******************************************************************************
( )2 , 200gm 8 103kg/m3
= 8 1000 = 8000 kg/m

0.25 10 3 m3
m
m 200 10
VOL
Vol
8000
******************************************************************************
( )3 6kg 56kg 69kg
.
01094701202
73

63 69 6
=
50 56 6

1.26
******************************************************************************
( )4 0.68
( ) 9.8 m/s 103kg/m3
0.68 1000 680kglm3
m
m V 680 10 3 0.68Kg
V
Fg mg 0.68 9.8 6.664 N
******************************************************************************
( )5 1lit B A 1400kg/m3 A= 800kg/m3
B= 1800kg/m3 .A
= Vol A + Vol B = 10-3 m3 , Vol Vol

-3
-3
) 10 = Vol A + Vol B Vol B = 10 Vol A -------(1
= mA + mB ,m
m = Vol
) = A Vol A + B Vol B 1400 10-3 = (800 Vol A)+(1800 Vol B) -------(2 Vol
Vol B 1 2
]) 1.4 = 800 Vol A + [1800 (10-3 Vol A
1.4 = 800 Vol A + 1.8 1800 Vol A
0.4 = 1000 Vol A
Vol A = 4 10-4 m3
******************************************************************************
( )6 0.5kg 6.4 2.6 , 19.3
1000 kg/m
m1
M m1
M m1 m2
0.5
3
3
1 2
6.4 10 19.3 10 2.6 103
10 :
m
) 0.5 m1 2.6m1 19.3(0.5 m1
0.5
1
6.4 19.3
2.6
50.18
50.18
0.5 2.6m1 19.3 0.5 19.3m1 9.65 16.7m1
6.4
50.18
50.18
6.4(9.65 16.7m1 ) 0.5 50.18 61.76 106.88m1 25.09
36.67
106.88m1 61.76 25.09 36.67 m1
0.343Kg
106.88
******************************************************************************
( )7 0.5litre 1.8 0.8
0.2litre ( = )103kg/m3
=
1 0.8 1000 800 kg/m , 2 1.8 1000 1800kg/m3
= m1 + m2 , m = Volm
01094701202
74
= 1Vol1 + 2Vol2 Vol

) 0.5 = (800 0.2) + (1800 0.3
= 1400 kg/m3
0.5 = 160 + 540 ,
1400
1.4
1000
******************************************************************************
( )8 2N 210-4 m3 , 2707kg/m
10 m/s
Fg (V VSPACE ) g
2 = 2707 ( 2 10-4 V SPACE ) 10

V SPACE = 0.0001260 m3
******************************************************************************
( )9 100cm 800 kg/m 100cm 1000kg/m
920kg/m .
Vol = (Vol)1 + (Vol)2 = ( 100 + 100 ) 10-6 = 200 10-6 m

m = m1 + m2
Vol = 1(Vol)1 + 2(Vol)2
)920 Vol = 1000 ( 10010-6) + 800 ( 100 10-6
0.18
= Vol
= 1.9510-4 m
920
20010-6 1.9510-4
Vol
2.17% = 100
= 100
=
200 10-6
(Vol )
******************************************************************************
: ()P

" " "
"
Fsin
Fcos
Fsin
A
F sin
A
01094701202
75
F mg
A
A
Fcos
F cos
A
" ( )F ( )A ( )m :
( N/m2 ) (kg.m-1.s-2 = )J/m3
1=30 N/m2
2

= 30 N

5105
= 5 105 N/m2
: =
: .

[ ] P F
( ( )A )
P 1
F A

1
[ ] P ()F
A
( )
slope
slope PA F
( )
.
()1

80Torr
120Torr
= 120/80
: = 120Torr
= 80Torr

()2
.
( ) P F
A
1
( )
.
( ) .
01094701202
76
2
3
( ) P 1 ( )
( ) P 1
A

X (A) ) (h ) ) .
.
:
( = ) X ) h (
Fg = mg
( )A ( ) Fg :
m = Vol
m
Fg = A h g
Vol = A h
Fg
Ahg
P :
P
P=gh
h
)Pa( ( ) :
P = Pa + gh
( )P - Pa = gh ( )P - Pa P :

P = gh
"
"
"
= 1.3105 N/m2
:
= . 1.3 105 N

( )P
( )h

P
h
P
( )P
( )h

Pa
01094701202
77
P = gh
P
slope
g
h
slope

g
P
g
h
slope

g
Pa
slope

( : )h ( )P h ( . )
( : ) h ( )P ( ( . ) . )
( ) ( .)
( ) 2117
: A,B C
: C
A B A
B
B
A B
)h(m
.
)P(N/m2
: A,B

: A B A
. B
A ( ) h =0 ( . ) P = 0
B ( ) h =0 P
B
A
)P(N/m2
)h(m

Slope ) A > Slope ) B
B
g) A > g) B
C
g) A > g) B
)h(m
6 = g) A .
******************************************************************************
A
)P(N/m2

.
h P (. )P h
h . P = g h

= gh
.

.
.

(.)P h
01094701202
78
= )Fg( ( )m ()g
= r2
=
=
=

.
[ ] .

:
F = P. A = g h A P = g h
.
( ) P ( ) Pa
).) p = P Pa

-1

-2 .
-3
.
-4
.

( )1 1000cm2 400N
.
F
400
0.4 104 N / m 2
4
A 1000 10
******************************************************************************
( )2 2700kg.m-310cm, 20cm ,25cm
, :
10cm
( )g = 10ms-2
20cm
25cm
Vol=25201010-6=510-3m3
m=Vol=2700510-3=13.5kg
Fg = mg = 13.510 = 135N
F
135
2700N / m 2
4
A 25 20 10
10cm 20cm
F
135
P
6750N / m 2
4
A 20 10 10
01094701202
79
( ( )3 )1994 10cm 10cm, 20cm, 30cm

.
= P P
F1 F2
m1 g m 2 g
(Vol )1 (Vol )2
A1 A2
A1
A2
A1
A2
6
6
10 10 10 10
30 20 10 10
4
10 10 10
A2
4
2
A2 30 20 10 m
))2030
******************************************************************************
( )4 ]2m, 3m [ 0.8m
= 1m = g=10m/s2 , 0.8
1000kg/m3 1.13105N/m2 :
Pa

= 0.81000 = 800kg/m3

P
=
P
+
gh
+
gh
1m
[ P = 1.13105 + ]800101[ + ]1000100.8
P =117300 N/m2

0.8m
2
2m
A = 2 3 = 6m
3m
F = P A = 117300 6 =703800 N
******************************************************************************
( )5 100cm 20cm
g=10m/s2 13600kg/m3
1000kg/m3
Pa
Pa + 2 g h2 P = Pa+ 1 g h1
+ 2 g h2 P = 1 g h1
P = 1000101+13600100.2
0.2m
P = 37200 N/m2
******************************************************************************
( )6 100m
80cm = g=10m/s2
22
, 1030 kg/m3
1m
22
(0.4)2 F= 517943N
7
01094701202
h=100m
Pa P = Pa+ 1gh1
= 103010100 P = g h
P = 103104 N/m2
F = P A=P r2 = 103104
81
( )7 1.013105N/m2
g=9.8m/s2 1030kg/m3: 21cm
50m
3m 1m .
Pa = 5010309.8=5.047105 N/m2 P = Pa+ g h

22
F = P A = P r2= 5.047105 (0.21)2=69.9103N
7
5
= 1.013 10 + 5.047 105 = 6.06 105 N/m2 P = Pa + g h
F = P A = 6.06 105 31=1.8 106 N
=
******************************************************************************
( ( )8 )2113 ( )P ( )h

)h(m
4
8
12
16
20
5
2
) P10 (N/m
1.4
1.8
2.2
b
3
()

() : ( )b 16m
2
( )10m/s
)P105 (N.m-2
()
() b =2.6105(N/m2)
Pa= 1105N/m2 :

3
(3 1.4) 105
20 4
5
1.5 10
0.1 105
16
slope
2.
5
2
P=gh
P slope 0.1 10 5

1000kg.m 3
gh
g
10
)h (m
20
16
12
1.
5
4
********************************************************
**********************
1
( )9 (:) ()
(
0.
5
= 800 kg/m3 ( )103kg/m3)
A,B ( .)
() = Pa + gh Pa =
.
() :
=
= ghgh
800 h= 10000.5, h = 0.625m
) A B
A B
01094701202
81
50cm
A

.

:
.
.
:
:

( ) .

.

= A = B = C . D
.
:
.
:
:
. U
: .
:
.

.
( ) .
hw ho .
:
= B A
, = Pa + w g hw Pa+ o g ho
oho = whw
o
hw
w
ho
o
(
w
hw
ho

01094701202
W hW
ho
82

: A
B
1 h1 = 2 h2 + 3 h3
=
h2
h1
.
( ) d
) ) d
= + 2d = d + d =
=
=
h2
= A2
h1
A1

d 2d
= + 3d = d +2d =

:
.
h3

( )1
25cm

0.78 , 1
h2
A,B
PA = PB
= 2h2 1h1
100025 = 780 h2 , h2=32.05cm
******************************************************************************
( )2 900kg/m3
6cm :
2cm2 =
13.5cm
h
900
13.5
12
3
800kg / m
= Vol = Ah m
= 800210-413.510-2 = 0.0216kg
******************************************************************************
( ( )3 )92 2cm2 ,
9cm3 . 3.6cm
1000kg/m3 900kg/m3
h1
2 = 800 kg/m3
h3 = 4cm
01094701202
= 2 h2) , 1000 3.6 = 2 4.5 kg/m3 )1 h1

, 800 4.5 = 900 h3 ,2 h2 ( = 3 h3 )
= h3A= 42=8cm3Vol
83
( )4 8cm

2
:
=
3

4+y
2y
y
:
y+4 =
2y
h
2
2y

y 2cm
h
3 y4
6 = 4 =
******************************************************************************
( )5 2cm2 ,1cm2
0.5cm 13600kg/m3
1000 kg/m3
A1 h1 = A2 h2 , 2 0.5 = h\ 1 , h\ =1cm

= 0.5 +1 = 1.5 cmh
= 2 h21 h1
1.5 13600 = 1000 h2
h2 = 20.4 cm
******************************************************************************
:
.
.
0.76 m ( ) .
.

.
0.76m
Pa

= A B
= A . ) Pa(
= B . 0.76 m
2
0.76 m 1 m
.
:
"
"

"
01094701202
84
() Pa
"
"

"
1m2 ".
0.76 m
2= 1.013105 N/m2
3=1.013105

= 1.013105 N

0.76 m

.
:
. 76 cm

.

.
.

.
.

.

.
( )
.
.
.
:

= A
Pa = PA = g h

h1
h2 :
=
:
= 13595 kg/m3
= P
g = 9.81 m/s2
) g ( h 1 h2
h = 0.76 m
= ) h g ( h
=
- h
( h
.H
Pa = 13595 9.81 0.76 = 1.013105 N/m2
01094701202
85

()

()

()
.
.
( )
.

2
.
.
3
( ) P = g h

:
0.76cm

4
0.76
.

5

( ) h 1
:

( ) h 1 0.76m
10m
6

7

8
.

01094701202
86
()Pascal
1 /
()1N/m2
()Bar
105/
((105N/m2
()Torr
1
()1mmHg
Pa = 1.013105N/m2
Pa (1Atm)= 1.013105Pascal
10/
Pa = 1.013105N/m2
Pa = 1.01310510-5
Pa(1Atm) = 1.013Bar1
Pa = 76cmHg
Pa = 760mmHg
Pa(1Atm) = 760Torr1
:

=

1= 76 cm Hg
4=1.013
5=3

76cm 1m2
1.013105
1m2

= 3.039 105 = 3 1.013105

( )1 100m 74cm
3
1.25 3/ 13.6103/
01094701202
- h
( h
( = 1.25 100 13600 ( 0.74 h

( = ( 1.25 100 ) 13600 = 0.0092 ( 0.74 h
= 0.74 0.0092 = 73.08 cm Hg h
87
( )2 1.013105N/m2 1000kg/m3
. 9.8m/s2
Pa = g h
5
h = Pa g = 1.01310 ( 1000 9.8 ) = 10.6 m .
******************************************************************************
( )3 50 cm Hg . N/m2
50 1.013 10 5
0.67 10 5 N / m 2
76
******************************************************************************
( )4 76cmHg 74.8cmHg
1.2kg/m3 . 13600kg/m3
= 2 h21 h1
13600 1.210-2 = 1.2 h2

h2=136m
******************************************************************************
( )5 76cmHg
13600kg/m3 1000kg/m3
= PaPa
= 2 g h2 1 g h1
13600 0.76 = 1000 h2
h2 = 10.336 m
******************************************************************************
()p
)P(
U

1
2
3
.
.

( )

.

01094701202
88
< Pa :P
PA = PB
= PaP
Pa P = P
= zero
> Pa :P
PA = PB
= Pa + PP
= Pa P P = P
P = gh
PA = PB
+ Pa = P P
Pa = P P = P
P = + gh
cm Hg
= PaP
Pa P = P
= zero
= Pa hP
Pa P = P
)P = + h (cm Hg
= Pa hP
Pa P = P
)P = h (cm Hg

=3 = 4
2 ( +10) .
) 10. )
3 .
= .
4-3() .
. 3

( )1
+6.8cm 76cm Hg = =
1000 kg/m3 = 13600 kg/m3
6.8cm
g
h
=
g
h
1
1
2
2
6.8cm
13600 h1 = 1000 6.8, h1= 0.5cmHg
P = Pa + h ,
P = 76 + 0.5 = 76.5cmHg
******************************************************************************
( )2
38cm :
2

/

2
3
, 76cm Hg = = g = 9.81m/s ,13600 kg/m
01094701202
89
P = Pa + h = 76 +38 =114cmHg
P = 1140 mm Hg = 1140 torr
P = Pa + gh = 1.013105 + 13600 9.81

P = 11410-2 136009.81=1.52105N/m2
P = 1.52105 Pascal = 1.52 bar
1.52 105
P
1.5 Atm
1.013 105
114
P
1.5 Atm
76
)Atm(
******************************************************************************
( )3 13600 kg/m3 1000 kg/m3 76cm Hg
9.81m/s2 1 2 N/m2
= 7610-2136009.81= 1.013 105N/m2Pa = gh

1
) = 1.013 105 (136009.811010-2P = Pa gh
= 0.879105N/m2
2
= 1.013 105 + (10009.811010-2 ) = 1.022105N/m2P = Pa + gh
******************************************************************************
( )4
= 13
= 2h2 h1 , 13 = 2gh2 1gh1

= h2, 13 h1
13 =

******************************************************************************

( )
.

.
.

.
.

.
01094701202
91
Pa
A
h :
P = P1 + g h
( ) P1
( ) g h . A
P1
h
A
P =P1 + gh
)(1
Pa

. P AP = P1 + g h + P
P1
h
A
P =P1+ gh +P
.
)(2
( ) .

1

2
.

.

a A

f P
f
a
P1

F :
F
A
P2

=
F f
F A
P =
A a
f
a
A
a F f

01094701202
91
F=PA
f=Pa

a
( )1 y1 f
y2 F
W1 = f y1
, W2 = F y2
( )2 :
=
Fy 2 fy 1
F
y1
f
y2
y2
y1
a
y2
y1
a
A
f
F
a
A
f
F
gh
a
A
f
F
gh
a
A
) (
()
F
A
R2
D2
y1
V1
2
f
a
y2
V2
r
d
R : r
D d
V1 V2 .
()
A a
F f
15
: -1 . 15 =
-2 . 15 =
-3 15=
01094701202
92

( )F ,

( )f
F
f
slope
1
2
3
4
5

F f
F A
( ) A a
A a
f
a

F f
( )1 .
%100
( )2
a
.

6

7 .
.

:)

.
) F=PA .

= .
F f

A a
A R 2
:

a r 2
01094701202
93
.
(a ( ( )f ( )y1
( )A ( ) F (: )y2
=
A y2 = a y1

f=mg
:
F=Mg

= = = = 1

-1 1000cm2 25cm2
1.5 Ton
F f
mg f
1.5 1000 9.8 f

f 367.5N
A a
A a
1000
25
A 1000

40
a
25
******************************************************************************
( -2 )95 2cm 200N 24cm
=3.14 , 10m/s2 :

A R 2
144 104

144
2
4
a
r
1 10
F mg
m 10

144
m 2880kg
f
f
200

f 200
200
P 2
6.369 105 N / m 2
4
a r
3.14 10
******************************************************************************
-3 1500kg 0.2m2
40cm2 2.5m
800kg/m3 g = 10m.s-2
A, B
= B A
f
F
gh
a
A
f
1500 10
800 10 2.5
4
40 10
0.2
f 220N
01094701202
94
2.5
-4 (200 , 10)cm2 ( )g = 9.8m.s-2:

) 1 ton
) .
) 1cm
( F = m g = 11039.8 = 9800N)
F f
9800 f
( )
f 490N
A a
200 10
A 200

20
a 10
y1
y1
( 20 y1 20cm)
y2
1
******************************************************************************
-5 F f
f
5
10
X
25
40
50
F
80
160
280
Y
640
800

: X,Y
20N
2cm
24
X=17.5N , Y=400N
800

F 640 400
slope
16
f
40 25
700
600
500
F mg
m 9.8

16
m 32.65kg
f
f
20
400
300
y1
24
16
y 2 1.5cm
y2
y2
200
100
A R
R
2 16
a r
4
2
R 16 4 64 R 8cm
2
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
******************************************************************************
01094701202
95

: 1
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 1m2 .
-9 0.76m
.
-11
.
-11 .
-12 .
-13 .
-14 .
-15 120Torr .
-16 80 Torr .
: 2
-1 ......
( )
.
-2 ......
( )
-3
( )
...........
-4 ...........
( )
( ) 7600 760 7.6 0.76
1.013 -5 ........ .
-5
( ) 760 1.013 76 10
-6 ..... .
-7 ...........
( )
.
-8 P ........
( )
-9 ..........
( )
-11 ..........
( )
.
.
01094701202
96
-11 9 : 2
( ) 4 : 18 4 : 81 81 : 4 9 : 2 2 : 9
........
-12 ......
( )
-13 1 : 1
.. ( )
) ( kg m s2 kg m-1s-2 kg m s-2 kg m-2 s-2
-14 .......
-15
A
.........
)(ABCD
B C D
-16 ......
( N/m ) .
.
-3
-2
-2
-1
-3
-17 ( N m J m N m N m kg m )
-18
100 ...
) ( 104 / 100 / 1000 / 2000
5
5
( 10 76 1.013 10 760 )
-19 ...........
( )
-21 ..........
-21 ........
( - . )
-22
....... .
(
)
-23 ..........
( )
-24 .......
( )
-25 ......
( ) .
-26 (... / U / / )
( )
-27 ......
( )
..........
( ...... )
-28 :
CO
0.76 m Hg
...... ) 8000 800 80 8 (
4 cm
-29 ......
( )
2
: 3 -:
-1 .
01094701202
-2 .
97
-3 .
: 4 -:
-1
-2
-3
-4
.
( : )
.
( : ) .
: 5 -:
-2 .
-1 .
-4 .
-3 .
-6 .
-5 .
-8
-7 .
-11
-9 .
-12 .
-11 .
-14 .
-13 .
-16 .
-15 .
-18
-17 .
-19 -21 . .100%
-21 .
-22 .
-23 ( ) .
-24 .
-25 .
-26 .
-27 .
-28 .
-29 .
-31 .
-31 .
-32 .
-33 .
-34 .
-35 .
-36 .
-37 .
: 6 -:
-1
-4 .
-7
-9 .
-11 .
01094701202
-2 .
-5 .
-8 .
98
-3.
-6 .
: 7 -:
-2 . 100 N/m2
-4 . 200N/m2
-6 1.013 105 N/m2 =
-8 1.013 Bar
-11 200
-12 120 Torr
-14 .80 Torr
-1 =103 kg/m3
-3 2.7 =
-5 76 cm Hg =
-7 1.013 105 Pascal =
-9 3 =
-11 = 5.
-13 . 30 cm Hg
-15 . 120/80
-16 . 500 =
-17 = . 5 105 N
: 8 -:
-1
-2
-3
-4
.
.
.
.
: 9 ( ) -:
-1 .
-4 .
-2
-5
-3 .
-7
-6 .
: 11 , -:
()
()
()
Kg/m3
mm Hg
atm
() J/m3
() Kg/m.s2
() N/m2
()
()
()
pascal
torr
bar
: 11 -:
-1 P h . P = Pa + gh :
-2 .
-3 .
C
-4 :
() A , B , C
()
B
35 m
2
( ) g = 10 m/s , = 1000 kg/m3
15 m
-5 ,
A
:

()
.
() .
() ( ) F ( . ) A
01094701202
99
)(1
-6 :
() ( . ) A
() ( ) 2
h
() A
() ()h
( 0.76 m 13600 kg/m3 = g
) 10 m/s2
-7
-
- = .
- = .
-8 .
-9 .
-11 -: .
-11 80 100
:
3 12 . -12 ( ) = : :
....... .
....... .
........
....... .
(2
)
: 1-12 :

) =13600kg/m3, g = 9.8m/s2 = 1000kg/m3, (Pa =1.013 10 Pascal ,
5
[ ] 2700 kg/m3 , 2.7

-1 . 270 kg 0.1m3
******************************************************************************
-2 200
[ ] 0.064 m
19103 kg/m3
******************************************************************************
[ ] 53.2 kg
-3 60 liter 10 kg 0.72
******************************************************************************
- 4
)m(kg
() () m 89 178 356 445
3
( ) Vol
Vol (m ) 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05
3
[ ]8900 kg/m
()
******************************************************************************
-5 b a 1.2 , 1.6
[ ] 7.5 liter from a , 7.5 liter from b
15 . 1.4
01094701202
111
: 2-12 :
-6 1000cm2 4000N
[ ] 4104 N/m2
.
******************************************************************************
-7 15N 2 cm2 300
[]64952 N/m2
.
******************************************************************************
-8 , (8 , 5, 4 ) cm 1.25 kg
[ ] 7812.5 kg/m3 6125 N/m2 3062.5 N/m2
.
******************************************************************************
-9 0.4m2 100cm
[ ] 111100 N/m2 , 44440 N
. 1.013105N/m2 =
******************************************************************************
-11 50m
1030kg/m3 1.013105N/m2 = ] 606000 N [ . g = 9.8 m/s2
******************************************************************************
-11 (10 , 20 ,50)m 76 cm Hg
1000kg/m3 13600kg/m3 9.8m/s2
[ ] 591300 N/m2 , 1.18108 N
.
******************************************************************************
-12 15m g = 9.8 m/s2
5m . 1000kg/m3 1.013105N/m2 =
[ ] 248300 ,
. g = 9.8 m/s2
******************************************************************************
-13 2cm 0.8gm/cm3 8cm
[ ] 940.8 N/m2
.
******************************************************************************
-14 8m 1.5m 920 kg/m3 76cm Hg
13600kg/m3 g =9.8m/s2
[ ] 72128 N/m2 , 173428 N/m2 , 8713022.72 N
.
******************************************************************************
-15
[] 20.26 m
3Atm . g = 10 m/s2 1.013105N/m2 =
******************************************************************************
-16 18cm,10cm 4cm
. . g = 10 m/s2 1.013105N/m2 =
[ ] 400 N/m2 , 1830,6 N
******************************************************************************
-17 13600kg/m3
g=10m/s2 .
*****************************************************************************
-18 3.4 .
[. ] 35.145 m
.
01094701202
111
-17 :
A
[ ] 1.6 105 N/m2
******************************************
-18 1030 kg/m3 :
A
- 50 m .
- .
2
2
[ ] 504700 N/m 606000 N/m 9.1 m
- 92 .
******************************************************************************
-19 2m2 0.8m
2m
[ ] 17248 N/m2 , 34496 N
0.8 1000 kg/m3 . g = 9.8 m/s2
******************************************************************************
-19 40m , 8cm
. 1030kg/m3
[]403760 N/m2 , 203033.6 N
.
******************************************************************************
-21 12
. 7040cm
1000 kg/m3 13600 kg/m3 76 ] 3.4069105 N , 124.1585 m [ .
******************************************************************************
6 -22 3m
0.5m 112.7103 N/m2
[ ] 3m , 200.9103 N/m2

******************************************************************************
-23 50 cm 20cm
[ ] 27200 N/m2
( ) g = 10 m/s2
: 3-12
-24 U
[ ] 23.75 cm
19 cm 800 kg/m3
******************************************************************************
-25 30 cm
[ ] 20 cm
800 kg/m3
******************************************************************************
-26
[ ]5 cm
0.8 1 cm .
******************************************************************************
-27

2.4 cm ( ) 0.8
[ ] 9 cm , 0.0144 kg
01094701202
112
-28 4cm2,2cm2
[ ] 20.4 cm
0.5cm =13600kg/m3.
: 4-12 :
-29 76 cm Hg 71cm Hg
[ ] 523 m
=13600kg/m3=1.3 kg/m3
******************************************************************************
-31 74cm Hg 200 m
[ ] 75.9 cm Hg
. 1.3 kg/m3
: 5-12 :
-31
20cm bar , cm Hg :
[ ] 56 cm Hg , 0.7464 bar
)) Pa = 76 cm Hg
******************************************************************************
2
-32 0.02 : /
[ ]1.02 atm , 1.033105 N/m2 , 775.2 torr
( ) Pa = 76 cm Hg
******************************************************************************
-33 0.03 atm
[ ] 1.03 bar , 77.28 cm Hg
: (. ) 105 N/m2
******************************************************************************
-34
[ ] 1.053 105 N/m2
. 3 cm
******************************************************************************
-35 :
100 kpa
h
[ ] 0.38 m
: 6-12 " " :
-36 1 kg
[ ] 62.5 104 N
2cm,500cm g = 10 m.s-2
******************************************************************************
-37 50cm2, 2cm2
. 2cm
[ ] 25 , 392 N , 0.5 m
******************************************************************************
-38 2000 kg 10 cm2 =
[ ] 0,1692 m , 16.92cm
218 N = .
******************************************************************************
-39 10 cm 1 cm
200N . .
[ ]2040 kg , 6.4105 N/m2
01094701202
113
-41 4cm2 200N 1200cm2

g = 10 m/s2 -:
. . 5 cm
[ ] 60000 N , 6000 kg , 300 , 15 m
.
******************************************************************************
-41 10cm 800N ( 100cm
) 10m/s2 .
[ ]8000 kg , 1.019105 N/m2
******************************************************************************
-42 2 cm 32 cm
[] 2.237105 N/m2
( 1800 kg ( 10m/s2
******************************************************************************
-43 1:20 50N :
( ( 10m/s2
[ ] 400 , 2000 kg , 400 cm
1 cm
******************************************************************************
-44 650kg =
f
0.1m2 15cm2 =
0.8 ( )f
1.5m
= 1000 3/
A
B
. 9.8m/s2
[ ] 77.91 N
******************************************************************************
-45 3 0.1 m2
200 N (
( 10m/s2
[ ] 1.3 10-3 m2
******************************************************************************
-46 :
F = 200 N
f = 40 N
F = 250.32 N
A = 10 cm2
A = 10 cm2 10 kg
f = 100N
a = 4 cm2
y2
y1 = 5cm
2 cm
a
b

L= 900 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2
4cm
g = 10 m/s2
[ ]1 cm , 100180N/m2 , 800 kg/m3
01094701202
114
:
: .
.
( )
.

" "

[ ] .
( )

.
.

.
.

.
.
( ) ( )

.
:
.
( )
( ) :
.
( )
.
"
01094701202
115
"
"
()QV
"
()Qm
"
".
"
".

( ) ( ) VOL ( ) m ( ) V
( ) x ) t ( ) A ( -:

m
Qm
t
m VOL
:
VOL
t
VOL Ax AVt
QV
AVt
t
VOL Ax AVt
x = V t
AVt
QV
Qm
Qm = A V = QV
QV = A V
m /s

( .)
( )

kg / s

( )
( .)
( )
= 5 kg/s
= 0.02m3/s

= 5 kg
= 0.02m3
= .
( )
.
01094701202
116
[ ]
A1
A2
( )
.
V1
V2
A1 . V1 QV = A1V1 :
X2
X1
Qm = A 1 V1
A2 V2
QV = A2V2 :
Qm = A2 V2
A1V1 = A2V2
V1 A 2
V2
A1
A1 V1 = A2 V2
" " "

1
(
A
) V
1
2
1
A

A1 V1 = A2 V2

1
( ) V

A
1
V
A

1
V

A

.

01094701202
117

4 .
.

5

.

6
:
1
Q A
V
:
1
A Q
V

t :
Vol = QV t = AV t
m = Qm t = A V t
t :
= ( )V ()T
( )A = r2 :
V1
A2
V1 r 2 2
V2
A1
V 2 r1 2
= T
Q
n
(\ ) A
V\ :
\A1V1 = n A\V

:
AV = A1V1 + A2V2 + A3V3 +
400/
/3 100
01094701202
A1 V1
\V
V2 V1
V3
400 103
60
100
Q
60
118

-1 /3 0.012 ,
. 1cm2
0.012
2 10 4 m3 / s
60
QV 2 10 4
QV AV V
2m / s
A 110 4
QV
******************************************************************************
1
1
-2 ,
4
2

Vo l QVt
QV (QV )1 (QV ) 2 (QV )3
(Vo l)1
(Vo l) 2
(Vo l)3
Vo l
t
t1
t2
t3
1
1
1
1
1

1 2 4
t
t1
t2
t3
t
1
t
hour
7
******************************************************************************
( -3 )1991 4cm 2 10m/s
, 1mm2
A1V 1 n A2V 2 4 10 4 10 100 1 10 6 V 2

4 10 4 10
V 2
40m / s
100 1 10 6
******************************************************************************
-4 2.4cm 6m/s
34.56m/s
V 1 A2
V1 r22
V 2 A1
V 2 r1 2
6
r22
6 (0.012) 2
2
r 2
25 10 6
2
)34.56 (0.012
34.56
r 2 25 10 6 5 10 3 m
******************************************************************************
-5 2cm 0.1m/s 1cm:
( )
. = =3.14 , 1000kg/m
01094701202
119
V1
A2
V1 r2
V 1r1
2 V 2
V2
A1
V 2 r1
r22
0.1104
0.4m / s
25 106
V 2
-5
-4
QV = A1V1 = (r1) V1 = 3.14 10 0.1 = 3.14 10 m /s

VOL = QV t = 3.14 10-5 60 = 1.884 10-3 m3
-5
-2
Qm = A1 V1 = QV = 1000 3.14 10
= 3.14 10 kg/s
m = Qm t = 3.1410-2 60 = 1.884 kg
******************************************************************************
1
-6 0.08m/s 150
8
,
A1V1 = n A\V\ , (r1)2V1 = n (r2)2V2
1
r1 2
2
V2
r2 = r1
(r1) 0.08 = 150
8
64
64 0.08
0.034m / s
150
V 2
******************************************************************************
-7 , 0.33m/s 0.7cm
0.35cm 30

A1
A1= (r1)2 = 3.14 (0.710-2)2 = 3.144910-6 m2
\A
2
-8
-2 2
A = (r) = 3.14 (0.3510 ) = 3.14353510 m

\ A1V1 = n A\V
A1V1 3.14 49 106 33 102
\
V
0.044m / s
\ nA
30 3.14 35 35 108
: :

******************************************************************************
( -8 )2112 :
= , 30cm
,2m/s = 3m/s = 15m/s
= 20cm =15cm = 10cm =
5cm :
,
( ) Q = AV= r2 V = 3.14 (0.3)2 2 = 0.5652 m3 /s :
V = r 2 V r 2
() :V = A VA
2
2
(0.3) 2 = (0.2) V
= 4.5m/sV
( ) :
01094701202
V + AV + AV = AVA
111
) ( A= r2 :
V + r2 V + r2 V = r2 Vr2
+ (0.5)2 15 (0.2)2 4.5 = (0.15)2 3 + (10)2 V
+ 0.03750.18 = 0.0675 + 0.01 V
= 7.5 m/sV
*****************************************************************************
-9 10 cm 5cm , 2cm , 1cm
0.3 m/s , 0.8 m/s , 2m/s : ,
.
r2 1V1 = r2 2V2 + r2 3V3 + r2 4V4

( 510-2 )2 V1 = ( 0. 510-2)2 2 + ( 110-2)2 0.8 + ( 2.510-2)2 0.3
2.510-3 V1 = 510-5 + 810-5 + 1.87510-4 = 3.17510-4
V1 = 0.127 m/s

VOL)1 = QV1 t = A1 V1 t = r1 V1 t = 3.14 ( 510 ) 0.127 30 = 0.0299 m3
VOL)2 = QV2 t = A2 V2 t = r22 V2 t = 3.14 ( 0.510-2 )2 2 30 = 4.7110-3 m3
VOL)3 = QV3 t = A3 V3 t = r32 V3 t = 3.14 ( 110-2 )2 0.8 30 = 7.53610-3 m3
VOL)4 = QV4 t = A4 V4 t = r42 V4 t = 3.14 ( 2.510-2 )2 0.3 30 = 0.0177 m3
******************************************************************************
-2 2

.

.
.

.
.

.
.
:

.

.
" "
01094701202
111

V :
.
.

. V
.
V
:
) :

.
) :

.
.
( )VS
d F ( ) A
V :
( )
(F V ---------------- )1
V
(F A --------------- )2

1
F --------------- )3(
d
1 2 3
AV
AV
F VS
d
d
Fd
AV

VS
N.s/m2 kg/m.s )Pa.s ( )J.s/m3(

-1 ( ) .
-2 ( . )
1m2
:
1m/s
-1 -1
= 0.001 kg.m .s
0.001 = 1m .
01094701202
112

( )1
" "
F
A
VS
V
d
( )2
" "
F
V
VS
V
d
AV
d
( )3
" "
F VS
( )4

F
" "
= F d = vs A V
AV
d
1
d
VS
=
vs
*
(1)
.
* :
.
.*
(2)
.

*

()
.
* :
.
.
(3)
.

(
:

)
.
.
01094701202
113
1
(
d
) F
.

.
( )

.

.
3
4
5

7
.
.
8

.
9

11

11
12
13
14
=15/
: = / 15

0.01 m2 12.5 m/s
2mm 4 kg/m.s
01094701202
AV
4 0.01 12.5 102
F
2.5N
d
2 10 3
114
F VS
: 1
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8
.
-9 .
: 2
-1
( )
.........
2 -1
-1
-1 -1
) ) kg.m .s kg.m.s kg.m.s kg.m .s
-2 ..............
3
2
3
3
( ) m .s m /s m /s m
-3 ...........
3
3
( ) kg / s kg m /s m
-4 .....
-5 . ..........
( )
.
-6 . .......
( )
-7 ........
.
.
.
.
-8 ...........
( )
-9 .......
( )
( )
-11 .......
-11 (..... )
-12
( )
........
-13 .......
( 4 )
-14 .......
( )
-15 ........
( )
( )
-16 ........
01094701202
115
-17 1 : 2
( )1:41:22:14:1
............
( )
-18 ........
-19 ........ ( )
-21 ( ......... )
-21
...........
-
-
( -) ( )
-
-22 ........
.
.
.
.
-23 ........
( )
-24 .........
( )
.
N.s.m-2 -25 .........
( )
: 3 :
-1
-2
-3
-4
= . 3 10-3 kg/s
= . 4 10-3 m3/s
= . 0.003 kg . m-1 . s-1
15 mm/h =
: 4 :
-1
.
-2
.
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
-9 .
-11
.
-11 .
-12 .
01094701202
116
-13 .
-14 .
-15 .
-16 .
-17 .
-18 .
-19 .
-21 .
-21 .
-22 .
: 5 :
-1 .
-5 .
-7 .
-2 .
-5 .
-8 .
-3 .
-6 .
-9 .
: 6 :
-1 .
-2 .
: 7 :
-1 .
-2 .
-3
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
-9 .
-11 .
: 8 ( ) :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 ( ) .
: 9 :
( )1 (. ) .
01094701202
117
( )2 .
: 11 :
-1 (.
)
-2 ( ) .
-3
: 1 -11 :
( )1 1.2 cm 3 m/s
[ ] 0.4 cm
. 27 m/s
******************************************************************************
( )2 1.5cm 0.2m/s
0.5cm .
[ ] 1.8 m/s , 8.510-3 m3
)) = 3.14
******************************************************************************
( )3 10cm 2.5cm 1m/s

[ ] 16 m/s , 471 kg
1000kg/m3 )( = 3.14
******************************************************************************
( )4 V m/s r cm
[ ] 64 V m/s
. r 4
******************************************************************************
( )5 310-3 m3/s
[ 300 ]
10 m/s . 1 mm2
******************************************************************************
( )6 0.5 cm 0.4m/s 0.2 cm
[ 10 ]
0.25 m/s .
******************************************************************************
[ ] 1 cm2
( )7 18 . 3m/s
******************************************************************************
( )8 1cm 0.1m/s
0.5 cm
( 3.14 = ) = . 1 gm /cm3
m
[ 31.4 gm / s
t
] V2 = 0.4m/s , QV = 31.4 cm3/s ,
******************************************************************************
( )9 15 cm 6cm
[ 25 ]
.
******************************************************************************
( )11 2cm 5m/s : .
[ ] 0.0942 m3 , 212.3 min
20 m3 ( . ) = 3.14
******************************************************************************
( )11 0.0002 m2 4 m/s
[ ] 810-4 m3/s , 1 m/s
.
******************************************************************************
01094701202
118
( )12 3 cm2 30 cm/s

310-5 m2 0.05 cm/s
[ 6000 ]
.
******************************************************************************
( )13 6 liter/min 4 m/s
[ ] 2.510-5 m2
.
******************************************************************************
( )14 2 cm 3 m/s
[ ] 30 m/s
1mm .
******************************************************************************
( ) 15
[ ] 2.5 cm
4.427 m/s . 8.710-3 m3/s
******************************************************************************
( )16 . 2 cm2
12.52 m/s ( ) = . 1000 kg/m3
[ ] 150.2410-3 m3 , 150.24 kg
******************************************************************************
( )17 2.5cm2 10cm3/s
. 40 m/s
[ ] 4 cm/s , 0.05 cm
******************************************************************************
( )18 2 m/s
[ ] 6 m/s
.
******************************************************************************
( )19 4cm2 0.7 mm
5cm3/s .
[ ] 1.25 cm/s, 324.97 cm/s
******************************************************************************
1
( )21 100 4
[ ] 7.210-3 m/s
0.045 m/s .
******************************************************************************
( )21 () 50 cm2 () 15cm2
() 10 cm2 ( ) 4m/s( ) 6m/s
[ ] 11 m/s
() .
******************************************************************************
( )22 ( ) v ( )A
:
)
v
(
()
v (m/s) 40
20 10
5
4
2
1
) A ( cm
1
2
4
8 10
( )
A
() :
5 cm
.
.
( ) 1000 kg/m3
2
[ ] 8 m/s , 0.004 m3/s , 4 kg/s

******************************************************************************
01094701202
119
: 2 -11 :
( )23
10N 3m/s
.
[ ] 2.083 N.s/m2
40 cm
V=3m/s
20cm
5cm
******************************************************************************
( )24 8 cm
0.8 kg/m.s :
2
() 0.5 m 2 m/s 2 cm
[ ] 53,3 N ,
() .
******************************************************************************
( )25 0.01m2 2 mm
[ ] 0.04 kg/m.s
2.5 N 12.5 m/s .
******************************************************************************
( )26 10cm2 1mm
[ 2000]
20 gm.cm-1.s-1 . 1cm/s
******************************************************************************
( )27 10 cm 10 cm/s
[ ] 0.05 cm
200 0.01gm.cm-1.s-1 .
******************************************************************************
01094701202
121
( )

.
( )

-:
"
( )
"
()
1827

.
-1
.
:

:
.
.

.
:
.
:

.
01094701202
121
-2 ( )
:
:
( )
( ) .
.
:
.
:

.

.
:
( )
-3
2 .
3

4
.
.

( )1

.

.
( )3
( )2
( )
VOL

( )4
.
01094701202
122
:

.
A
B
.
.
A ( )
B .
A B
.
A B .

( )1 ( : )
( )2 A ( : ) .
.
) Pa ( . cm Hg
A B A
.
( ) A B B
A
A
) VOL (1
) VOL (3
) VOL (2
) P1 = Pa (
( ) P3 = Pa h
( ) P2 = Pa + h
( VOL)1
(VOL)3
( VOL)2
( : ) h
P , VOL .
1
) Vol ( ) (
P
1

Vol
01094701202
123

: ( ) PVol
"
."
(VOL ) 2
P1
P2
(VOL )1
"
"
1
P
P VOL = const
Vol
P1 ( VoL )1 = P2 ( VoL)2

1
.
.

1
2
) P
(

VOL

( )1 300 cm3 20 cm Hg , 60 cm Hg
.
P1 ( VoL )1 = P2 ( VoL)2
20 300 = 60 ( VoL)2
20 300
= 100 cm3
60
= ( VoL)2
******************************************************************************
: 1 -:
( = ) ..... =(Vol) 2 =(Vol) 1 .
=
= P 1 + P2 + P 3
P (Vol) = P1 (Vol) 1 + P2 (Vol) 2 + P3 (Vol) 3

) (Vol P1 (Vol) 1 + P2 (Vol) 2 = P
( )2 15Liters 12cmHg
10Litres 50cmHg 5 liter
, .
01094701202
PVol = P1VOL)1 + P2VOL)2
P = 136cmHg
124
P 5 = 1215 + 5010
( )3 2 atm
, 3 atm .
( = P1 + P2P )
( = 2 + 3 = 5 atmP )
******************************************************************************
: 2
V1 V
-:
:
= V
V2 = V V1
P2 = Pa
******************************************************************************
( )4 500 cm3 2
10 cm

= 10 10 10 = 103 cm3
= 103 500 = 500 cm3

500 cm3

+ P 2 V2 = P1 V1 P V
500cm
P 103 = 2 500 + 1 500
1000 P = 1000 + 500 = 1500
P = 1.5
******************************************************************************
3
: 3 -:

-:

P1 = Pa
P2 = Pa+ hg
4
= = r3
3
( )5 0.2cm3 20m
1.013105N/m2 g = 9.8m/s2 , 1000kg/m3
P2=Pa
?=VoL2
P1= Pa + gh
P1 = 1.013 105 + 1000 9.8 20
P1 = 2.973105N/m2
P1 ( VoL )1 = P2 ( VoL)2
h=20m
2.973 10 0.2
5
= 0.587cm3
??=P1
VoL1=0.2cm3
01094701202
125
1.013 10
= Vol2
: 3 -:
()h ()

h
h
2
1
2
1
h
P1 ( VoL )1 = P2 ( VoL)2
P1 ( VoL )1 = P2 ( VoL)2
Pa 1 = (Pa + h ) 2
Pa 1 = (Pa h ) 2
( )6 10cm
15cm : :
: ( )76cmHg
P1 ( VoL )1 = P2 ( VoL)2
) P1 (A h1) = P2 (A h2
76 15 = ( 76 + 10 ) h2
P1=Pa
h2 = 13.25 Cm.Hg
P1 VoL1 = P3 Vol3
) P1 ( A h1 ) = P3 ( A h3
P2=Pa+h
76 15 = ( 76 - 10 ) h3
P3=Pa- h
h3 = 17.27cm.Hg
******************************************************************************
( )7
10cm . P0
P1 ( VoL )1 = P2 ( VoL)2
4
P
5 o
= P2
Po 20 = P2 25
P1 VoL1 = P2 VoL2
4
P
3 o
= P2
Po 20 = P2 15
A
4
4
75
PO 10
P0 PO
cm.Hg
3
5
4
01094701202
126
: 4 A
A m
-:
=
( P = Pa ( m g A
******************************************************************************
( )9 4kg 400cm3
20cm2 1.013105 N/m2 :
: 1kg ( )g = 10 m/s2 , 5103 kg/m3
4 kg
= )P1(
m g
4 10
4
2
= (. )
2 10 N/m
4
A
20 10
m g
5 10
4
2
2.5 10 N/m
4
A
20 10
P1 = 1.013105 2104 = 8.13104 N/m2

P1 ( VoL )1 = P2 ( VoL)2
8.13104 400 = 1.013105 ( VoL)2
( VoL)2 = 321 cm3
= 1kg (. )
P3 = 1.013105 2.5104 = 7.63103 N/m2

P1 ( VoL )1 = P3 ( VoL)3
8.13104 400 = 7.63103 ( VoL)3
( VoL)3 = 426.2 cm3
******************************************************************************
: 5 :-
( )
.

P = Pa
P = Pa- h
P = Pa+ h
******************************************************************************
( )11
1cm2 75cm
9cm
25cm
, 9cm
59 cm
59cm
75cm

.
01094701202
127
P2 =75 59 = 16cmHg
( VoL)2= Ah = 1 ( 16 + 9 ) = 25cm3
16 25
= 5.33cm3
75
******************************************************************************
( )11
. 2 cm Pa=76cmHg
= ( VoL)1
P1 ( VoL )1 = P2 ( VoL)2
P1Vol1 = P2Vol2
76 6 = P2 4
P2 = 114 cmHg
P = P2 Pa = 114 76 = 38 cmHg
P
2 cm 2 cm
= 4 + 38 = 42 cm
: 5A :
P1= P
-a
----------------------- (Vol) 1
----------------------- P2 = Pa+ hg
(Vol) 2
-------------h
(Vol) 2
(Vol) 1
--------) (Vol
(V ) = (V ) 1 (Vol) 2
ol ol (Vol) -:
----------------h1
=
----------------A

----------------------- , 200cm3
( )12 , 3m 250cm3
----------------------- .
--------h1- ----------) ( g = 9.8 m/s2 , water = 103 kg/m3 , Pa = 1.013105 N/m2
5
2
-----------------------P1 = Pa = 1.01310 N/m
3
-----------------------( VOL)1 = 250 cm
P2 = Pa + g h
-----------------------5
3
= 1.01310 + ( 10
9.8 3 ) = 1.307105 N/m2
----------------------- P1 ( VoL )1 = P2 ( VoL)2----------------------5
5
1.01310 250 = 1.30710 ( VoL)2
( VoL)2 = 193.76 cm3
(VOL ) 250 193.76
0.28cm
A
200
: 6:-
P1
P
2
m1 m2
( )13 2 kg 10 atm ,
.
P1 P2
10 1

m2 0,2kg
m1 m2
2 m2
01094701202
m1 m2 = 2 0.2 = 1.8 kg
128
:
.
.

:

( )

2cm 3cm
.
" " .
"
"
:
)(Vol
(Vol)t (Vol)0
(Vol)0 t
(Vol)0 t
: (Vol)0 0C
( )t .
: ) K-1 ( 1-
V
0C .

0C .
1
1
:=
273
: 0C
1
=
273

.
.
01094701202
129
. - .

30cm 1mm

( ) .

.
.
.

0C . (Vol)0
100C
. (Vol)100
(Vol)100 (Vol)0
( ) V :
V
(Vol)0 100
.
( ) Vol
VoL
(VoL)100C
) t (
.
(VoL)0C
0K
tC
100
1
( )1 ( ) V =
273
( )2 ( T
-273C
) Vol

1

273

0C

" ( ) "
01094701202
131
VoL
ABC ADE
BC DE
AC AE
,
DE = (Vol)2
BC = (Vol)1
,
AE = T2
AC = T1
Vol
CONST
T
VolT
(VoL)2
(VoL)1
tC
t2
E
E
C
t1
(Vol)1 (Vol)2
T1
T2
A
-273C

()1 : :
) T ( : .
( ) t .
V100 V0
V0 L
()2 : ( VOL)0 :
V0 100 (VOL ) t
T = t + 273
(VOL )1 1 (V )t1
()3 : ( VOL)0 :
(V0 L ) 2 1 (V )t2
(VOL )1 T1
()4 : (VOL ) 2 T2 :
(VOL ) 1 (VOL ) 2
) (VOL
()5 : :
T1
T2
T
()6 : (VOL)1 :
(VOL ) 2 (VOL )1
100
(VOL )1
01094701202
131
()7 : :
:
= .
()8 : (VOL)1 A
-
: =

(VOL ) 2 (VOL )1
A
()9 : )VOL(1 25% :

)VOL(2 :
(VOL)2 = (VOL)1 + 0.25 (VOL)1 =1.25 (VOL)1
******************************************************************************

( )1 50 cm3 390 K , 35 cm3
.
t = T 273 = 390 273 = 1170C
(Vol) t (Vol) 0
50 35
1
V
K 1
(Vol) 0 t
35(117 0) 273
******************************************************************************
( )2 100 cm3 25oc 118.5 cm3 800c
, .
(VOL )1
1 (V )t1
(V0 L ) 2
1 (V )t 2
1 (V ) 25
100
1
V 0.00366 K 1
K 1
118.5 1 (V ) 80
273
*****************************************************************************
( )3 100c 293oc .
(VOL )1
T
1
10 273
283
1
(VOL ) 2
T2
(VOL ) 2
293 273
566
566
2lit
283
(VOL ) 2
******************************************************************************
( )4 17C 100C 2.5cm3

T1 = 17 + 273 = 290k
, T2 = 117 + 273 = 390K
? = (Vol)1
, (Vol)2 = (Vol)1 + 2.5
(Vol)1 T 1
(Vol)1
290
(Vol)1 7.25cm 3
(Vol)2 T 2
(Vol)1 2.5 390
VOL T
2.5
100
290 2.5
VOL )1
7.25cm3
VOL )1
T1
V0 L )1 290
100
******************************************************************************
01094701202
132
( )5 5460 cm
,1 C ,
. 250cm
(VOL )1
T
5640
10 273
273
1
(VOL ) 2
T2
(VOL ) 2
100 273
373
(VOL ) 2 7460cm 3
(VOL )2 (VOL )1 7460 5460
8cm
A
250
******************************************************************************
15C , 87C
( )6

T1 = 87 + 273 = 360k
T2 = 15 + 273 = 288K
( Vol)1 T1
( Vol)1
288
( Vol)2 T2
( Vol )1 Vol\ 360
\Vol
( Vol)1
4
1
100 25%
( Vol )1 Vol\ 5
( Vol)1 4
******************************************************************************
,
( )7 30cm 6 cm c
.

: =
:
T1 = 27 + 273 = 300k
,
? = T2
(Vol)1 = 12 cm
,
(Vol)2 = 30 6 = 24 cm
(VOL )1
T
12
300
300 24
1
T2
T2 600 K 327 0 c
(VOL ) 2
T2
24
T2
12
******************************************************************************
( )8 500 cm3 350 cm3
, 900 cm3 , 270 C .
01094701202
(VOL ) 1 (VOL ) 2
) (VOL

T1
T2
T
900
500
350
T
)(27 273) (27 273
900 850
T
300
300 900
T
317.6 K 44.6 0 C
850
133
:
.
.

:

X Y ) 1 ( P1 = Pa
. )t1 (

.

X .
) t2(
)h( t1t2
) 2 ( P2 = Pa + h

.
()1
h
Y
. - h .
()2
"
"
.
P
( ) P :
P P0
)P0 ( 0C
P t
) t (
P = constant P0 t
P = P P0 t
P :
: ) K-1 ( 1-
P P0 t
P
P P0
t
P 0 t
P0 t
P
0C .

0C .
01094701202
134
1
:=
273
: 0C
1
.
=
273
:
******************************************************************************
.

1
= .
7

1

7
(
)
.
.
) Pa ( .
. X
0C
. X P0 = Pa h
X
P100 = Pa h
P100 P 0
( ) P :
P
P 0 100
.

P
P1000C
( ) t ) P (

0
P0 C
( )1
P T :
tC
( )2 ( ) P =
1
273
01094701202
135
0K
100
-273C


1

273

0C

" ( ) "

ABC ADE
:
BC DE
AC AE
DE = P2
BC = P1 ,
AE = T2
AC = T1 ,
P1 P 2
P

const
T1 T2
T
P = T const ,
PT
1
2
P
D
B
P2
P1
tC
C
t2
t1
A
-273C

.

.

.

0C .
( )1 33 cm Hg 182C
, 55 cm Hg .
01094701202
136
P
P P0
55 33
22
1
t
K 1
P 0 t
P0 t
33 182 6006
273
******************************************************************************
( ) 2 30C 3 atm
-172 C
P1 1 Pt1
3 1 30P
1

P
K 1
P2 1 Pt 2
1 1 172P
273
******************************************************************************
( )3 , 59.8 cm Hg 26 C , 130 C .
P1 P2
59.8 273 26
59.8 403
P2
80.6cmHg
T1 T2
P2
273 130
299
******************************************************************************
( )4 4atm 0 C , 60 C
.
P1 P2
P
4
213 4
2 P2
3.1atm
T1 T2
273 213
273
******************************************************************************
( )5 27C 75cmHg
( ) 3C
13600Kg/m3
1. 2kg/m3
P1 T 1
75 300
P 2 67.5cmHg
P2 T 2
P 2 270
P = 75 67.5 = 7.5 cmHg

136 7.5
850m
1.2
h2
P = P1 P2
,
)2 g h2( = )1 g h1(
13600 7.5 10-2 = 1. 2 h2
******************************************************************************
( )6
10 cm 63
5cm 13.8cm

P1 P2 P3
T1 T2 T3
Pa - 10
Pa + 5
Pa + 13.8
=
=
273
336
T3
36Pa 3360 = 273Pa + 1365
Pa =75 cm
t3 = 99.96 OC
01094701202
137
, T3 = 372.96 K
80 T3 = 336 88.8
( )

( )1 ) P (
( ) t C

( )2
-273C
( )1 ( ) VOL
( ) t C

( )2
-273C
.
(VoL)100C
VoL
(VoL)0C
P100C
PC
0K
tC
100
tC
100
-273C
0K
0K
-273C
"
"
0K
"
"
: = 273C

273C =
= 273C

-1 .
-2 .
-3 = .
.
:
( ) 273C .
.
01094701202
138

. .
.
( ) m ( ) m ( ) m ( )
) P ( ( ) T ( ) VOL ( ) VOL - ( ) VOL
) P ( ( ) T ) P ( ( ) T
( ) - ( )
(Vol)1 T 1
(Vol)2 T 2
(VOL ) 2
P1
P2
(VOL )1
P1
T1
P2 T 2
VOL
VOL
1
P

. .

.

.

.
.

.
.
.
.
3
4
5
6
8
9

.
.
01094701202
139
.

.

:

.

1
P
Vol
)P(Vol
const
P 2( Vol)2 T
T2
T
P ol)1
P1( V
(Vol) T
T
P
(Vol) const
T1
(Vol)

" ".

()1 : ( ) STP :
P = 1.013105 N/m2
T = 273 K
P1
P2
()2 : :
1T 1 2T 2
P1
P2
()3 : ( ) :
m1T 1
m2T 2
PV OL
P1 (VOL )1 P2 (VOL ) 2

()4 : :
T1
T2
T
******************************************************************************

( )1 ( )S.T.P 150cm3 77C

T1 = 273K
T2 = 273 + 77 = 350K
(Vol)1 = 150cm3,
(Vol)2 = ? ,
,
,
P1 = Pa
P2 = 2Pa
P1(Vol)1 P 2(Vol)2
Pa 150 2 Pa (Vol ) 2
(Vol ) 2 96.15cm 3
T1
T2
273
350
***************************************************************************
( )2 0C 1.293kg/m3 76cmHg 30C
78cmHg
01094701202
141
P1
P2
76
78
2 1.196kg / m 3
1T1 2T2
1.293 273 2 303
*****************************************************************************
( )3 10 gm 70 C 2 Pa 270 C
1.5 Pa .
P1 (VOL )1
) P (V
2
1.5
2 OL 2
m2 7 gm
T1m1
T2 m2
10 280 300 m2
7 - 10

30% = 100
= 100
=
10

****************************************************************************
( )4 28 cm3 10.13 m ,
70 c ( 270 c
, 1000kg/ m3 , 10 m/s2 ) 1.013105 Pa
P1(Vol)1 P 2(Vol) 2
T1
T2
5
(1.013 10 1.013 1000 10) 1.013 10 5 (Vol ) 2
273 7
273 27
3
(Vol ) 2 60cm
******************************************************************************
( )5 , 300cm3 , 600cm3 ,
76cmHg 27C
100C 27C
PV OL
P1 (VOL )1 P2 (VOL ) 2

T1
T2
T
76 (600 300) 600 P2 300 P2
300
400
300
P2 92.2cmHg
******************************************************************************
( )6 82.6 cm3 640 mm Hg
250 c 0.09 kg/m3 STP
P1
P2
1T 1 2T 2
640
760
1 298 0.09 273

1 69.4 10 3 kg / m 3
m VOL 69.4 10 3 82.6 10 6 5.7 10 6 Kg
******************************************************************************
01094701202
141

: 1
( )1 .
( )2 .
( )3 .
( )4 .
( )5 .
* .
( )6
.
( )7 ( )1/273
.
* .
( )8 .
* .
( )9
.
( )11 .
* ( )1/273
.
( )11 .
*****************************************************************************
: 2
( )
( )1 ........
( )2 ( )
( )3 ( )P ( )V ( )2V .........
2P
P
)P - 2P(
3
2
( )4 2 litre 2 atm ...... 1 atm
( ) 1 litre 2 litre 4 litre 1.5 litre
( )5 : ( )A 1
12 cm
( 2 cm ) () B
......... ) 6 5 4 3 (
( )6 .....
12 cm
( )
1( )7 ..... = .
2 cm
) ( - 273 1/273 273

( )8 .......
A
B
) ( 310 K 373 K 37 K 0 K
( )9 .......
.
. .
. - .
01094701202
142
( )11

( )X ( )Y
.............
( )
10 cm
30 cm
Y
)P (atm
( )11
( )B..m
( ) 1.2 1 4 1.5
T=273 K
B
)VOL (m3
( )12 10C
) ( 293 C 160 C 80 C 20 C
..........
( )13 ..........
.
. .
.( )14 .......
( )
( )15
( )
........ .
( )16 ......
( )
( )17 .....
( )
( )18 .......
( )
( 250 cm3 )19 44C ..........
( ) 200 cm3 215 cm3 300 cm3 320 cm3
.
( )21 27 C .......
( ) 373 C 600 K 150 C
( )21 = 0 C ......... .
( ) 273 K 273 C 373 K 373 C
0.6
1
( )22
5
.........
( )
( )23 7.7 cm3 15 m 1030 kg/m3

4 C 32 C 1.013105 N/m2
( ) 23 cm3 21.4 cm3 12.9 cm3 2.5 cm3
10 m/s2 ..............
( )24 3 kg 5 atm
..............
4
1
1
3
( kg kg kg kg
5
3
5
5
( )25 ...........
( )
: 3 :
k 1
273
.
( )1
1
k 1
273
( )2
1
( )3 = . 273 o C
01094701202
143
: 4 :
( )1 .
( )2 .
( )3 .
( )4 .
( )5 .
( )6 .
( )7 .
( )8 .
( )9 .
( )11 .
( )11 .
( )12 .
( )13 .
( )14 .
( )15 .
( )16 .
0
( )17 . 0 c
( )18 .
******************************************************************************
: 5 :
( )1 .
( )2 .
( )3 .
( )4 .
( )5 .
( )6 .
( )7 .
( )8 .
( )9 .
( )11 .
******************************************************************************
: 6 :
-2 .
-4 .
-6 .
-8 .
-11
-1 .
-3 .
-5 .
-7 .
-9
: 7 :
( )1 .
( )
( )2 .
( )
01094701202
144
: 8 :
( )3 .
( )2 .
( )1 .
( )4 .
******************************************************************************
: 9 ( ) :
( )1 .
( )2
.
( )3 .
( )4
.
( )5 .
******************************************************************************
: 11 :
( )1 :

( . )
******************************************************************************
( )2 , :
() .
() .
******************************************************************************
P
( )3 :
P 0 t
******************************************************************************
( )4
******************************************************************************
( )5
)VOL(cm3

:

.
t C
0.0
******************************************************************************
( )6
)P(N/m2
:
() .
P100C
() ) (A
P0C
t C
01094701202
145
0.0
100C
( )7 :
)(2
)(1
)(4
)(3
() .
() .
() .
******************************************************************************
( )8 :
()
)P(N/m2
()
)VOL(m3
( )
)VOL(m3
TK
TK
()
)P(N/m2
)P(N/m2
( )
)VOL(m3
()
)VOL(m3
)VOL)0
t C
1
)( N-1 m2
P
t C
" ( )P ) T K( , )VOL( , ,
( ) t C
******************************************************************************
( )9 00C 1000C :
-
97
103
116
123
V0L(cm3) 90
0
.
0
20
40
80
100
t C
.
..
- ...
TK

..
..
..
T K/VOL
-

- )V( .
******************************************************************************
( )11 :
-
-
-
- .
******************************************************************************
01094701202
146
( )11 :
( )V
()
()
()
******************************************************************************
( )12

******************************************************************************
( )13 ( )
******************************************************************************
( )14 :
() .
() .
() .
******************************************************************************
( )15 .
******************************************************************************
( )16 :
( VOL)2
t2
0 C
65 C
..
()17
...........
425 cm3
200 cm3
P2
t1
( VOL)1
P1
76 cm Hg
..
78 cm Hg
10 C
26 C
89 C
5 liter
3335 cm3
400 cm3
80 cm Hg
92 cm Hg
104 cm Hg
()18
10 cm
10 cm

:
() 2 cm Hg .
() 2 cm Hg .
() .

70 cmHg 0C
:
() .
() . 20K
() 20K
)P(N/m2
( )19
( )

A
B
)VOL(m3
01094701202
147
: 1-11 :
( )1 350 cm3 2 atm .
[] 700cm3
******************************************************************************
( )2 3 cm3 90 m
( 10 m 1000kg/ m3
[] 30cm3
9.8 m/s2 ) .
******************************************************************************
( )3
[ ] 0.5 atm
.
******************************************************************************
( )4 600cm3 ] 800 cm3 [ .
******************************************************************************
( )5 800cm3 76 cmHg
[] 1620.68 cm3
0.5105N/m2 13600 kg/m3 . 9.8m/s2
******************************************************************************
( )6 1cm 10 cm

[ ]10.27 cm
. 75cmHg
******************************************************************************
( )7 15cm
20cm 24cm
[ ]75cm Hg , 30 cm
.
******************************************************************************
( )8

75 cm Hg
.
[ ] 100 cm Hg
******************************************************************************
( )9 10 lit 15 cm Hg 250 C
50 cm Hg 5 lit 120 cm.Hg
[ ] 9 liter

******************************************************************************
( )11
2 atm

-1 ( ) -2
1
2
1
2
3
]
[ atm , atm
3
3
******************************************************************************
( )11

( ) = ( )
01094701202
148
75 cm Hg
( )12

20 cm ( 75 cm Hg
20 cm
)
10 cm
.a .
cm
Hg
.b
. 10 cm
[ ] 75 cm Hg , 150 cm Hg
******************************************************************************
( )13 1cm2 76 cm 5 cm
6 cm
66 3
[ cm
76
******************************************************************************
: 2-11 :
( )14 600 cm3 200c 600c [ ] 681.9 cm3
******************************************************************************
( )15 27C 57C
[ ]10%
.
******************************************************************************
[ ] 146.5 K
( )16 2 litre 200c. 1 litre
******************************************************************************
( )17 25 cm 2 cm
10 cm 270 c ] 4170c [ .
******************************************************************************
( )18 50 cm 270 c
[]0.0035 k-1
990 c 62 cm .
******************************************************************************
( )19 77C 84cmHg
5Litres 127C 72cmHg )20/3( liter
[]0.0035 k-1

******************************************************************************
: 3-11 :
( )21 0 C 91 C 40 cm Hg
[] 60 cm Hg
0 C
******************************************************************************
( )21 273C
[ ]152cmHg, 1/273K-1

******************************************************************************
( )22 3 atm ()10 C
[ ] 3.424 atm
) 50 C ( .
******************************************************************************
( )23 STP 3000 c
[ ] 159.5 cm Hg , 2.126105 N/m2 , 2.0989 atm
( ) cm Hg , N/m2 , atm
******************************************************************************
01094701202
149
( )24
44 mm 39 C
56 mm
-1
[ ]0.0035k
( ) 74.4 cm Hg
******************************************************************************
: 4-11 :
( )25 800 cm3 23 C 300 torr 227 C
[ ] 800 cm3
. 600 torr
******************************************************************************
( )26 60 cm Hg 27 C 380 m3
[ ] 273 m3
( ) STP
************* *****************************************************************
( )27 2102 m3 1
20 C 0.8 50 C
[ ] 190.27 m3
.
******************************************************************************
( )28 1.25 kg/m3 STP 24 C
[ ] 1.1 kg/m3
0.97105 N/m2
******************************************************************************
( )29 4 C ( )
31.7 C 7.7 cm3 = 13.6 m
[ ] 3 cm3
13600 kg/m3 75 cm Hg . 1000 kg/m3
******************************************************************************
( )31 7C 1001 cm3 77 cm Hg :
- 47C .
- 47C .
- 47C . 50 cm Hg
[ ] 143 cm3 , 11 cm Hg , 100.1 cm3
******************************************************************************
( )31 800 cm3 27C 75 cm Hg 1000 cm3
65 cm Hg 57C .
[ ]1015.4 cm3 ,
******************************************************************************
( )32 50 g 100 cm Hg 30 C
15 C 85 cm Hg .
[ ] 5.3 g
******************************************************************************
( )33 20 C 74 cm Hg 27 C
[ ] 0.997
76 cm Hg .
******************************************************************************
01094701202
151
: 5-11
( )34 :
() )P( 400
( ) VOL .
2
()
320
2.5
160
5
80
10
) P 10 ( N/m
)VOL(m3
3
[ ] 3.33 m
() 240 .
******************************************************************************
( )35 :
3
P10 K Pascal
a
400
320
160
80
3
Vol m
1
2
2.5
5
10

[ ]800K pascal
:) a
)
******************************************************************************
( )36
3
.a )VOL( VOL(cm ) 10.7 11.1 11.8 12.9 13.3
( ) t .
20
30
50
80
90
t C
.b :
13 cm3 . . 3
0
-3 -1
[ ] 10 cm , 81 c , 3.710 k , - 2730c
******************************************************************************
( )37 ()VOL ( ) t
:
3
) VOL(cm
() )VOL( 107 114 121 128 142
( ) t .
20
40
60
80 120
t C
() :
0
0
0 c , 100 c3
3
-1
[ ]135 cm , 100 cm , 0.0035 k
. .******************************************************************************
( )38
:
) P (cm Hg
b
71
76
78.5
86
88.5
93.5
0
10
30
a
70
80
100
t C
() )P( ( ) t .
() :
( ) a ( ) b0
-1
[ ] 40 c , 68.5 cm Hg , 0.00365 K
. .******************************************************************************
01094701202
151

منهج الصف الثانى الثانوى بالكامل 2017

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منهج الصف الثانى الثانوى بالكامل 2017

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:

1 milli (m) = 10-3

Sin = cos ( 900 0 )

cos = Sin ( 900 0 )

Cot = tan ( 900 0 )

680 1 425 1 127.5 1 0.5m

)12 150 / 1500

-27 12m/s 4Hz

( )n1 sin = n2 sin

)26 ) 1n2 ( ...........

)27 600 300

)28 48.50 1.5

[] 6010-3 , 510-4 , 6000A0

ac (ab) 2 (bc) 2 ac 36 64 10cm, sin c

" ")45, 45, 90(

sin1 sin1 sin1 sin1

sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2

sin 48.5 1.5

) (o)b (o)r = A(nb nr

) (o)b (o)r = A(nb nr

(o)b = A( nb 1) = 8 ( 1.54 1) = 4.32

1 ( 10-3 = 3 1111 = )liter

= 8 1000 = 8000 kg/m

0.68 1000 680kglm3

= Vol A + Vol B = 10-3 m3 , Vol Vol

= 1Vol1 + 2Vol2 Vol

0.5 = 160 + 540 ,

2 = 2707 ( 2 10-4 V SPACE ) 10

Vol = (Vol)1 + (Vol)2 = ( 100 + 100 ) 10-6 = 200 10-6 m

( ( )3 )1994 10cm 10cm, 20cm, 30cm

Pa = 5010309.8=5.047105 N/m2 P = Pa+ g h

= 2 h2) , 1000 3.6 = 2 4.5 kg/m3 )1 h1

( = 1.25 100 13600 ( 0.74 h

13600 1.210-2 = 1.2 h2

P = Pa + gh = 1.013105 + 13600 9.81

= 7610-2136009.81= 1.013 105N/m2Pa = gh

= 2h2 h1 , 13 = 2gh2 1gh1

-4 (200 , 10)cm2 ( )g = 9.8m.s-2:

[ ] 2700 kg/m3 , 2.7

-41 4cm2 200N 1200cm2

" " "

A1V 1 n A2V 2 4 10 4 10 100 1 10 6 V 2

QV = A1V1 = (r1) V1 = 3.14 10 0.1 = 3.14 10 m /s

A1= (r1)2 = 3.14 (0.710-2)2 = 3.144910-6 m2

A = (r) = 3.14 (0.3510 ) = 3.14353510 m

= 20cm =15cm = 10cm =

( ) Q = AV= r2 V = 3.14 (0.3)2 2 = 0.5652 m3 /s :

r2 1V1 = r2 2V2 + r2 3V3 + r2 4V4

N.s/m2 kg/m.s )Pa.s ( )J.s/m3(

] V2 = 0.4m/s , QV = 31.4 cm3/s ,

( )12 3 cm2 30 cm/s

[ ] 8 m/s , 0.004 m3/s , 4 kg/s

P (Vol) = P1 (Vol) 1 + P2 (Vol) 2 + P3 (Vol) 3

PVol = P1VOL)1 + P2VOL)2

P1 = 1.013105 2104 = 8.13104 N/m2

P3 = 1.013105 2.5104 = 7.63103 N/m2

(VOL ) 250 193.76

()9 : )VOL(1 25% :

t = T 273 = 390 273 = 1170C

(VOL )2 (VOL )1 7460 5460

P = 75 67.5 = 7.5 cmHg

13600 7.5 10-2 = 1. 2 h2

1 298 0.09 273

) ( - 273 1/273 273