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Figure A.15.3.
Mortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe WASH services (per 100 000 population), 2012a
SITUATION
Figure A.15.1.
Major causes of WASH-service-related mortality, 2012
Protein-energy Intestinal nematode
malnutrition infections
Diarrhoeal
diseases
Deaths (thousands)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
AFR
AMR
SEAR
EMR
EUR
WPR
Mortality rate
(per 100 000 population)
<5
514
1539
4069
70
REFERENCES
Unless otherwise noted, all statistics in text, table and figures are
taken from: Preventing disease through healthy environments. A
global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (http://apps.who.int/iris/
bitstream/10665/204585/1/9789241565196_eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed
3 April 2016) and from: Preventing diarrhoea through better water,
sanitation and hygiene. Exposures and impacts in low- and middleincome countries. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015 (http://
apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/150112/1/9789241564823_eng.
pdf?ua=1&ua=1, accessed 19 April 2016).
750 1500
3000 Kilometres
WHO Member States with a population of less than 250 000 in 2012 were not included in the analysis.
Table A.15.1.
Mortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe WASH services (per 100 000 population), 2012a
Table A.15.1. Mortality rate (per 100 000 population) attributed to exposure to unsafe WASH services, 2012
AFR
AMR
EUR
Mauritius
0.9
Bahamas
0.1
Algeria
Cabo Verde
2.4
Barbados
0.2
4.5
Chile
0.2
Botswana
9.2
0.2
Gakidou E, Oza S, Vidal Fuertes C, Li AY, Lee DK, Sousa A et al. Improving
child survival through environmental and nutritional interventions.
The importance of targeting interventions toward the poor. JAMA.
2007;298(16):187687 (http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.
aspx?articleid=209285, accessed 3 April 2016).
Namibia
9.8
Uruguay
0.3
12.1
Canada
0.6
South Africa
EQUITY
Within countries, inequalities in mortality rates
exist between urban and rural areas, between
slums and formal settlements, and between highsocioeconomic status and low-socioeconomic
status population groups.3,4
DATA GAPS
National estimates of mortality from inadequate
WASH services are based on the prevalence of
use of inadequate water and sanitation, along
with hand-washing prevalence, in combination
with relevant health statistics and epidemiological
data. Data on access to water and sanitation are
available from household surveys for most LMIC.
Data on hand-washing prevalence observations
are available for only about 20 countries and
require additional assessments, but show
consistently low hand-washing prevalences. For
many LMIC only limited quality data are available
Rwanda
Ghana
19.4
0.6
20.0
Argentina
0.7
Gambia
21.0
Costa Rica
0.7
Swaziland
22.7
Cuba
0.7
Zambia
24.5
Colombia
0.8
Liberia
Senegal
25.0
Suriname
0.8
25.4
Brazil
1.1
Malawi
26.1
Mexico
1.1
Madagascar
26.6
Belize
1.2
Zimbabwe
27.1
1.3
27.6
Peru
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
1.3
1.8
Lesotho
28.3
Ecuador
Dominican Republic
1.9
Jamaica
1.9
Paraguay
2.3
El Salvador
2.4
Nicaragua
3.5
28.1
Comoros
28.6
Mauritania
28.9
Ethiopia
Uganda
29.6
Benin
32.2
Kenya
32.5
Eritrea
34.9
Mozambique
Togo
37.9
30.3
37.9
Guinea
40.7
Burkina Faso
40.9
Cameroon
40.9
Cte d'Ivoire
Congo
44.1
Guinea-Bissau
48.9
South Sudan
50.0
Nigeria
50.9
Equatorial Guinea
Mali
72
Guyana
4.0
Panama
4.1
7.0
Honduras
7.9
Guatemala
9.2
28.5
Haiti
48.1
SEAR
Maldives 0.6
57.3
DemocraticPeoples
People's
Republic
of ..
Democratic
Republic
of Korea
1.4
Thailand
1.9
Sri Lanka
3.3
Burundi
68.4
Indonesia
3.6
Niger
69.2
Bangladesh
6.0
Bhutan
7.1
61.1
Sierra Leone
90.4
Chad
Central African Republic
92.8
Timor-Leste
10.3
Myanmar
10.4
107.8
Nepal
12.9
Angola
111.2
India
102.3
27.4
Hungary
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Estonia
Greece
Iceland
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
Montenegro
Poland
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
The former
Yugoslav
of ..
The Former
Yugoslav
RepublicRepublic
of Macedonia
Austria
Italy
Luxembourg
Portugal
Albania
Belarus
Finland
Georgia
Netherlands
Russian Federation
Cyprus
Ireland
Serbia
Spain
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Belgium
Czech Republic
France
Israel
Norway
Denmark
Turkey
Germany
Armenia
Sweden
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Azerbaijan
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
EMR
0.0
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Kuwait <0.1
Qatar <0.1
United Arab Emirates <0.1
<0.1
Bahrain
0.1
<0.1
Saudi Arabia
0.2
<0.1
Lebanon
0.4
Oman
0.4
<0.1
Libya
0.6
<0.1
Tunisia
0.8
<0.1
0.9
Jordan
1.0
<0.1
Egypt
1.6
<0.1
1.8
<0.1
Morocco
3.4
Iraq
3.9
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
13.0
Yemen
0.1
Pakistan
20.7
0.2
Djibouti
26.4
0.2
Afghanistan
34.6
Sudan
34.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
Somalia
98.8
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
WPR
Australia
<0.1
0.4
Japan
0.1
0.5
Singapore
0.1
Republic of Korea
0.2
0.5
China
0.4
0.5
Malaysia
0.4
0.8
New Zealand
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.9
1.1
Fiji
3.0
1.1
Mongolia
3.1
1.2
Philippines
5.1
1.8
Cambodia
5.6
2.1
Solomon Islands
10.4
5.8
12.4
7.5
13.9
2.4
WHO Member States with a population of less than 250 000 in 2012 were not included in the analysis.
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