Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pre-Intermediate
BUSINESS G
& PRACTICE
Nick Brieger & Simon Sweeney
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Contents
Introduction
G ram m atical Terms
v
vi
G ram m ar
Language Form
Unit 1 Be (1) am /is/are
U nit 2
Be (2) was/were/have been
Verbs Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit 8
Unit 9
Unit 10
Unit 11
Unit 12
Unit 13
Unit 14
Unit 15
Unit 16
Unit 17
Unit 18
Unit 19
Unit 20
Unit 21
Unit 22
Unit 23
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
24
25
26
27
2
4
Main Tenses
The Present C ontinuous Positive I am working.
6
The Present C ontinuous Negative I am not working.
8
The Present Continuous Question Are you working?
10
The Present Sim ple Positive I work.
12
The Present Sim ple Negative I dont work.
14
The Present Sim ple Question Do you work?
16
The Present Continuous vs. The Present Sim ple I am w orking/l work.
18
Positive and Negative Im peratives Work. Dont work.
20
The Past Sim ple Positive I worked.
22
The Past Sim ple Negative I didn't work.
24The Past Sim ple Question Did you work?
26
The Past C ontinuous I was working.
28
The Present Perfect S im ple I have worked.
30
The Present Perfect Continuous I have been working.
32
The Present Perfect w ith For, Since, Ever and Never I have
worked for/since ...
34
The Past Sim ple vs. The Present Perfect Sim ple I worked/l
haveworked.
36
The Past Perfect I had worked.
38
The Present Tenses and The Past Tenses I work, I am working, I worked, I have worked. 40
The Future w ith W ill and S hall I w ill/sh a ll work.
42
The Future w ith Going To vs. Present C ontinuous I am going to w o rk/l am working.
44
The Future w ith W ill vs. Going To vs. Present Continuous
I
w ill w o rk/l am going to w o rk/l am working.
46
C onditional I If I work, I w il l...
48
C onditional II If I worked, I w o u ld ...
50
Tense Review 1
52
Tense Review 2
54
Verbs Unit 28
Unit 29
Unit 30
Other Forms
Infinitive + To to make
Verb ...ing m aking
Infinitive + To o r Verb ...ing to make o r m aking
Verbs Unit 31
Unit 32
Unit 33
Unit 34
Unit 35
Unit 36
Unit 37
Unit 38
Verbs Unit 39
Unit 40
Unit 41
Voice
Active I make.
Passive It is made.
Active vs. Passive I m ake/lt is made.
Verbs - Other
Unit 42 It Is/They Are vs. There Is/There Are
Unit 43 Have and Have Got
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56
58
60
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
Unit
U nit
Unit
U nit
Unit
Unit
Unit
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
Nouns
Unit 61
Unit 62
Unit 63
Unit 64
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
201
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Introduction
Targets and objectives
Business Grammar & Practice: Pre-Intermediate is for pre-interm ediate to intermediate speakers
of English who need to m aster the type of English used in professional situations. Whether you are
studying to enter the workplace or already using English at work, accurate use of English grammar
w ill make you a more effective communicator. If you feel you already know the core gram m ar for
business English, the Intermediate book in this series w ill take you through more complex grammar.
To ensure that the language you learn is relevant for the workplace, the book uses example
sentences from the Collins corpus. This is a constantly updated database of English language
from a range of print and spoken sources. You can therefore be sure that any example used is an
authentic use of English in a business context.
Business Grammar & Practice: Pre-Intermediate can be used together with any business English
course book to provide more detailed explanations and supplementary exercises in the gram m ar of
business English. It is suitable fo r both classroom and self-study use.
Organisation of material
There are 84- units and 6 Business Files.
Each unit consists of:
1. Language presentation through:
sample sentences to show the language form s in
an explanation of the language forms;
a description of the uses of these forms.
use;
2. Practice through:
controlled exercises to develop recognition of the language form s (Exercise 1);
controlled exercises to practise combining language form and language use (Exercise 2);
controlled or guided exercises focusing on language form and meaning (Exercise 3);
transfer activities to practise transferring the language presented in the unit to the students
own personal and professional experience.
3. Answers to the controlled and guided exercises.
reading through the sample sentences andnoting the use of the language form s (Section A);
studying the language form s presented (Section B);
studying the uses of these form s (Section C).
Next you should move on to the practice exercises. There are three types of exercises: controlled,
guided and transfer.
Before you start an exercise:
make sure you clearly understand the task;
look at any examples that have been given;
refer back to the language form s and uses, if necessary.
A fter you have finished a controlled or guided exercise, check your answer with the key at the back
of the book.
Controlled exercises have only one possible solution; guided exercises have a model or suggested
answer marked (M). If your answers to a controlled exercise are wrong, look again at sections B and
C. If your answers to a guided exercise are different from those suggested, check if your answers are
possible alternatives.
Finally, a few words about the transfer activities: the reason for including these is that they act as
a bridge to your world by providing an opportunity to transfer to your own personal situation the
language presented and practised in the previous exercises.
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Grammatical Terms
Active [see also Passive and Voice)
A verb or verb phrase which has the person or thing
doing the action as its subject, e.g. The government
increased taxes.
Adjective
The verbs be, have and do when they are used with
other verbs:
- continuous verbs (be), e.g. Sales are increasing.
- passive verbs (be), e.g. The factory was sold
last year.
- the perfect (have and had), e.g. We have
already placed an order.
- negative and interrogative verbs (do], e.g. We
dont agree with the plan. What do you think?
Cardinal num ber (see also Ordinal number)
D eterm iner
The base form of a verb without to, e.g. be, make, write.
Comparison of adjectives
Infinitive + to
Consonant
Continuous (aspect)
Main verb
Definite frequency
Modal verb
The words this, that, these and those when they are
used in a noun phrase, e.g. This email is from James.
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
Noun
Relative clause
Object
Sentence
Pronoun
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UNIT
Be(1)
See also
Unit 2
Sample sentences
A:
B:
A:
B:
Be 12]
Form
The present tense of to be has three form s:
the positive, the negative and the question.
Positive form
am
I'm
you
are
youre
he/she/it
is
he's/she's/its
the manager
is
the manager's
the company
is
the companys
we
are
we're
they
are
they're
the managers
are
the managers're
the companies
are
the companies're
Note
The firs t seven sh o rt fo rm s are used in spoken or in fo rm a l w ritte n English;
the last two (the m a n ag e rs're etc.) are used in spoken language only.
Negative form
Question form
am
not
am
1?
you/we/they
are
not
are
you/we/they?
he/she/it
is
not
is
he/she/it?
is
not
is
are
not
are
Uses
Look at these sentences w ith the verb to be in different form s:
Questions
A
A
A
A:
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
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TASKS
Exercise 1
In the dialogue betow, Peter Hay is talking to Jane Field and A rnold Weiss at a trade fair. Put the
verb form s in sentences 1-14 into the correct box. The firs t one is done for you.
Present positive
Present negative
Present question
1
PH:
JF:
PH:
JF:
Exercise 2
Complete the spaces. Use sh ort form s where possible.
1. This is Dave King.
He's
an engineer.
Exercise 3
Complete the following text about Axdal Electronics. Use a form o f be.
Axdal leads the way
Axdal Electronics
is
a w orld leader in control systems. W e_________ suppliers to the car
industry. Car m a n u fa ctu re rs_________ our only customers. We__________ also suppliers to
o ther industries. A E _________ an international company. Our cu sto m e rs__________in the USA,
Japan and Europe. Our Chief Executive_________ Paul Axdal. We__________ a fam ily company
and business_________ very good, says Paul.
Transfer
Write short sentences about yo urself and some friends. Use different present tense form s o f be.
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! 3
UNIT
Be (2)
See also
Unit 1
Sample sentences
A:
B:
B e lli
A:
B:
Form
The verb to be has three main tenses: the present (see Unit 1), the past and the present perfect.
Look at the positive fo rm s in the past and the present perfect.
Past
Present perfect
Subject
Verb
Subject
was
Short form
..........
have been
I've been
you
were
you
have been
youve been
he/she/it
was
he/she/it
has been
the manager
was
the manager
has been
the company
was
the company
has been
we
were
we
have been
weve been
they
were
they
have been
they've been
the managers
were
the managers
have been
the companies
were
the companies
have been
Verb
Present perfect
They have not been here today.
I haven't been to Spain.
Past
W here w ere you yesterday?
Was M r Brown w ith you?
Uses
Look at these sentences w ith the verb to be in different tenses and d iffe re n t form s:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Ct
A:
C;
B:
C;
W here w ere you yesterday? You w eren 't in your office, (past question and negative)
1was in Bolton, (past positive)
Why w ere you in Bolton? (past question)
1was with a client, (past positive)
I'm sorry. Bolton? W here is Bolton? (present positive and question)
It is in the north of England, near Manchester. In the past it was a famous textile centre.
(present positive and past positive)
1haven't been to Manchester. But I've been to Liverpool.
(present perfect negative and positive)
1was in Liverpool last w eek. When w ere you there? (past positive and question)
1was there in January, (past positive)
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
In the dialogue below, Henry Leer and Joe Fisher are in a hotel b a r in Amsterdam. Put the verb
form s in sentences 1-10 into the correct box.
HL:
JF:
HL:
JF:
HL:
JF:
Exercise
Delco Ltd.
16-20 East Mount Road, Lincoln LN3 5RT
6 November....
Dear Mary,
Last week Tom and Paula__________ here for a
meeting. I t __________ very useful. T h e y___________
here for two days. W e __________ to Oslo in the last
few days. W e __________ there for a meeting with our
Norwegian colleagues. Arne Sillessen__________ very
interested in our ideas. Until now, I __________
happy with the project. Now I am very optimistic.
See you next week.
Best wishes
Sam! f l
Sandy Peel
Exercise 3
Complete the spaces in the em ail below. Use sh ort form s where possible.
From: ipcs3@cc.uat.es
Sent: Mon 28 November 15:40
Subject: Short Bros
Dear Frances,
I am sorry I _____ (not) at the meeting yesterday. I _____ (not) in the office
this week. Tom and I ______ in London. W e _______at a Sales Conference. I ___
very busy recently.______ Short Brothers happy with the contract?_______they
______ in contact today?
Please contact me by email tomorrow.
Thanks
Juanito
__
.....................
Transfer
Write a sh ort paragraph about yo urself and a local industry o r institution. Use past tense and
present perfect form s of be.
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UNIT
Sample sentences
At the m oment 70% of consumers are using the Internet to buy things.
Prasad is currently preparing a business plan.
At present I am eating my lunch.
Form
The present continuous positive has tw o parts:
the present tense of to be + infinitive .. .ing
Long form
Short form
Subject
to be
Infinitive .. .ing
Subject + to be
am
presenting
I'm presenting
you
are
making
youre making
he/she/it
is
calling
he's/she's/its calling
is
preparing
is
reading
we
are
meeting
we're meeting
you
are
looking
you're looking
they
are
visiting
they're visiting
are
doing
are
discussing
Uses
We use the present continuous to ta lk about:
currently
at present
but not
actually
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
now
TASKS
Exercise 1
Look at the email below. Underline five present continuous forms.
Exercise 2
Here is p a rt o f a telephone conversation. Complete the spaces with the correct form o f the word in
brackets. Use sh ort forms, where possible.
DL:Hello, Peter. Listen, I m reading Ire a d lyo u r report. Theres a problem on page 50.
PT:
Okay, I _[look] at it rig h t now. Whats the problem ?
DL:
It says w e __________ (invest] $250,000 in research. That's wrong. I t s $25,000,
not $250,000.
PT:
Okay I ll change that.
DL:
Right. Remember, y o u __________ (meet] M r Lally and his colleagues today.
PT:
Yes, I know. They__________ (come] here at 2.30.
DL:
Fine. Good luck. See you tomorrow, then.
Exercise 3
Look at the graph below. It shows total company sales and sales for two products, A and B.
Write fou r sentences. Use the prom pts below.
1. Total sales (go up).
2. Product A (increase).
3. Product B (fall).
4. The com pany (stop)
production of Product B.
Transfer
Write fou r sentences about you, yo ur friends o ra local business o r institution. Include phrases
from the box.
now
at the m oment
currently
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at present
UNIT
Be
Unit 3
Unit 5
Unit 9
Sample sentences
Units 1,2
Form
The present continuous negative has three parts:
the present tense of to be + not + infinitive .. .ing
Short form
Long form
am
not
presenting
you
are
not
making
he/she/it
is
not
calling
is
not
preparing
is
not
reading
we
are
not
meeting
you
are
not
looking
they
are
not
visiting
are
not
doing
are
not
discussing
Uses
We use the present continuous to ta lk about:
1. activities at o r around the tim e of speaking:
The company is not/The company isn't investing enough to improve its network.
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Look at the text below. Underline four present continuous negatives.
We are not increasing our prices th is year. The m arket is not strong enough. We are
launching new products f o r th e domestic market. M ost o f our products are selling well at
home. A t present, we are not planning any new products fo r export. Sales are not
increasing in our e xpo rt markets. The company is not expecting improved sales th is year.
Exercise 2
Write sentences with a present continuous negative. Use short form s, where possible.
1. I/not visit/a cu sto m e r/in Rome
I'm not visiting a custom er in Rome.
2. W e/not spend/m uch tim e /in Milan
3. The com pany/not look at/n e w m a rke ts in southern Europe
4. At the m om ent many com panies/not invest/in new products
5. Our m a rketing e xperts/not ch an g e/o ur present sales strategy
6. You/not stay/in a hotel
Exercise 3
Make negative o r positive sentences fo r pictures 1-4 below. Use the words in brackets.
Transfer
Write six sentences about yo u r current activities. Use the present continuous tense, with some
positive and some negative sentences.
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UNIT
Sample sentences
Yoshie:
Henry:
Yoshie:
Henry:
Form
The present continuous question has two parts:
the present tense of to be + infinitive .. .ing
We put the subject between part 1 and part 2:
( i g
Subject
am
presenting?
are
you
making?
is
he/she/it
calling?
is
analysing?
is
reading?
are
we
meeting?
are
you
looking?
are
they
visiting?
are
doing?
are
preparing?
Uses
We use the present continuous question to ask about:
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P re -In te rm e d ia te B usiness G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Underline the mistakes in the following sentences. Then correct them.
1. Is you w o rkin g very hard?
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
5. Is raining in Bangkok?
__________________________
Exercise 2
Make questions to complete the dialogue below. Use the words in brackets.
? Shes telephoning S ignor Fini.
3.
(W hy/we/have a meeting?)
6.
Exercise 3
Make questions fo r the pictures 1-4. Use the words in brackets.
3. (w hy/birds/die
4. (w hy/oil/leak)
Transfer
Write five questions about yo u r colleagues using the present continuous form.
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I 11
UNIT
6
A
The
Unit 8
The
Unit 9
Sample sentences
See also
Unit 7
Form
The present sim ple positive has one part:
infinitive(s)
ect
make
you
present
he/she/it
calls
prepares
reads
we
meet
you
look
they
visit
do
discuss
Uses
We use the present sim ple to ta lk about:
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12 ! P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Make sentences with the following words. See the example.
I live in a city.
work
new solutions.
You
live ^
He/She
makes
foreign languages.
We/You/They
studies
The company
develops
better products.
travel
in a city.
Exercise 2
Match the sentences below to the correct picture a-e.
1. In the evening I get the tra in home.
2. In the afternoon my PA gives
me le tte rs to sign.
Exercise 3
Complete the following text. Use the words in brackets. Put the verbs in the present simple.
Atsuko K yoto________________(live! in Tokyo. S h e ________________ (bej a freelance
jo urnalist. S h e ________________(often/travel] to other countries. In London and Paris she
________________[like] to visit friends. S h e ________________ [usually/w rite] fo r newspapers
and magazines and s h e ________________[som etim es/m ake] television programmes. She
________________[usually/stay] in four s ta r hotels a n d ________________ [often/eat] in top
class restaurants. S h e ________________[never/drink] wine, beer or any alcohol.
Transfer
Write a sh ort paragraph like the one in Exercise 3 about someone you know. Include some o f the
following words.
usually/often/som etim es/occasionally
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13
UNIT
7
A
See also
Unit 6
Unit 8
Unit 9
Unit 31
Do
Sample sentences
We dont use complicated equipm ent or technology; we use very sim ple processes.
He doesnt w ork w ith me anymore; he w orks in Beijing now.
The company provides nurses and healthcare staff, but it doesn't provide managers.
Form
The present sim ple negative has two parts:
don't/doesn't + infinitive
Subject
dont/doesn't
infinitive
dont
live
you
don't
work
he/she/it
doesnt
produce
doesnt
employ
doesn't
discuss
we
dont
meet
you
dont
know
they
don't
like
don't
prefer
dont
make
Uses
We use the present sim ple to ta lk about:
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14 I P re -In te rm e d ia te B usiness G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Make negative sentences with the following words. See the example.
I don't w ork in the oil industry.
The management
like working
in research.
The company
understand
many people.
don't
want to invest
in a new factory.
They
doesn't
improve
My friend
employ
You
work
what I am saying.
Exercise 2
Make negative sentences with the following prompts.
2 . w e/advertise/on television
3. the co m p an y/sponsor/sport
4. l/lik e /fis h
5. Nakko S .A ./process/w ritten orders fo r goods
6. Cable PLC/despatch products/by train
7. w e /de a l w ith /L a tin A m erica
8 . you/live/in an a p a rtm e n t
Exercise 3
A local newspaper attacked Teal Ltd fo r damaging the environment. The owner, Peter Teal, wrote a
reply. Give the negative form s o f the words in the brackets.
D ear
S ir,
I w a n t to te ll y o u r re a d e rs so m e fa c ts a b o u t Teal
L td . T he c o m p a n y (u s e ) c h e m ic a l d y e s in its p ro d u c ts
o r b le a c h to m ake o u r m a te ria ls w h ite . T he m a n a g e m e n t
(e n c o u ra g e ) th e use o f c o m p a n y c a rs . We (a llo w ) s ta ff
to p a rk p riv a te c a rs on c o m p a n y p re m is e s . W e (b u rn )
o u r ru b b is h and we (th ro w a w a y ) g la s s or p a p e r.
Y o u rs fa ith f u lly ,
f 3 TtM
PJ T eal
M a n a g in g D ir e c to r (T e a l L td )
Transfer
Write six present sim ple negative sentences about the place where you live and/or work.
vk.com/bastau
15
UNIT
See also
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit 9
Unit 31
Do
Units 53-55
Questions
Sample sentences
Eduardo:
Yu Yin:
Eduardo:
Yu Yin:
Form
The present sim ple question has two parts:
do/does + infinitive
We put the subject between part 1 and part 2:
lieigipan
do
present?
do
you
make?
does
he/she/it
solve?
does
analyse?
does
reach?
do
we
compete?
do
you
look?
do
they
visit?
do
fix?
do
prepare?
Uses
We use the present sim ple question to ask about:
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Undertine do o r does and the main verb (infinitive) in the foltowing questions. Then answer them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Do you know any in te rn a tio n a lly fam ous products fro m your country?
5.
Exercise 2
M artin and Javier m eet in a hotel bar in Paris. Match the questions to the correct picture a-h.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Exercise 3
Write questions for the answers on the right.
1. W here/from ? W here do you come from?
2. W here/w ork?
I w o rk fo r Papeleras Valles.
About 750.
Transfer
Prepare five o r six questions to ask a friend about h is/her work o r studies. Use the present
sim ple tense.
vk.com/bastau
17
UNIT
Sample sentences
Luc:
Brigitta:
Luc:
Brigitta:
Form
R em em ber these differences between the present continuous and the present sim ple:
The present simple
Positive
to be + infinitive . . .ing
Positive
infinitive(s)
Negative
Negative
dont/doesn't + infinitive
Question
Question
Uses
We use the present continuous to ta lk about:
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Read the dialogue below. A jo u rn a list is talking to a representative o f Chemco Ltd. Put the verb
form s in sentences 1-7 into the correct box. The firs t has been done for you.
J:
C:
J:
C:
J:
C:
Present continuous
Present simple
Exercise 2
Complete the dialogue below between a consultant and a m arketing manager.
C: Which export m arkets do you sell to (sell toj?
now
Japan
--------------- future
Exercise 3
Complete the spaces in the short dialogue below about a bank, Credit Bank International.
Use the correct form o f a verb from the box.
like
happen
open
come
operate
have
A: W hat________________________ ?
B: We___________ 10 new branches in Argentina and Chile.
A: ___________ the bank c u rre n tly ____________ branches only in Buenos Aires and Santiago?
B: Yes.
A: B ut not Brasilia?
B: No, w e ___________ in Brazil yet.
A: ___________ Pablo Hernandez_____ ______ here this week?
B: Yes, h e ___________ these meetings.
Transfer
Write five sentences about yo u r own current activities. Use both the present sim ple and the
present continuous.
vk.com/bastau
19
UNIT
Form
The positive im perative has one part:
infinitive
go
dont go
m ake
don t m ake
do
don t do
discuss
don t discuss
be
don t be
Uses
We use the positive im perative to te ll one o r m ore people w hat they m u st do o r they can do
(you must)
(you can)
We use the negative im perative to te ll one or m ore people w hat they m u st not do:
Note
We can use please w ith im peratives to make them m ore polite.
20
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Underline positive im peratives and(^ircle)negative imperatives in the following instructions to
visitors to a factory.
Please arrive at 10 o clock prom pt. Present your identity papers to the se curity o ffice r at
the gate. Do not park your car in the staff ca r park. Please go where the se curity officer
te lls you. He w ill give you an o fficial pass. W alk to the reception. Present your o fficia l pass
to the receptionist. Do not e nte r the office block. A guide w ill come to m eet you. Please
w ait in reception. Do not sm oke. Do not take photographs.
Exercise 2
Give an imperative [positive o r negativeI for each o f the following. Use the verb in brackets.
1.
(wear)
2.
(put in]
3.
9.
6.
'l I
(M )
&
FREEPHONE
----(take photographs]
o
o
<g>o
o
OOO
OOO o
o
o
o
ooo X
o
Exercise 3
Put the verbs in the box into the correct positive o r negative imperative form.
knock
park
arrive
photocopy
take photographs
enter
Transfer
What imperatives, positive and negative, have you seen recently in yo ur home town o r in the place
where you live and work?
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
Unit 13
Sample sentences
Unit 12
Form
The past sim ple positive has one part:
past tense
S ubject
made
you
presented
h e /sh e /it
called
prepared
read
we
m et
you
looked
they
visited
did
w rote
Uses
We use the past sim ple to ta lk about an activity at a definite tim e in the past:
We started the business about a yea r ago.
He bought the company in 2001 for $ 5 billion.
Last year he joined the company as m arketing manager.
Note
We use the past sim ple w ith these expressions:
L a s t... night, week, m onth, year, century
. . . ago two hours ago, three weeks ago, fo u r m onths ago, etc.
y e s te rd a y . . . m orning, afternoon, evening
i n . . . 2010, the 1980s, the 18th century
22
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Give the past sim ple form o f the following verbs.
increase give help run
order lose break clim b
Exercise 2
Below is p a rt o f a report from Baxmer, a pharm aceutical company. Underline six mistakes and
correct them.
stopped
On 25 A pril this year we stop production o f Arpol, a treatm ent fo r migraine. Arpol
production begin in 2004 and early sates was very impressive. However, Belpharm Ltd did
launch the Calpem range three years ago. This product was taking a 30% m arket share in
the firs t two years. A t firs t we agree to continue with Arpol. Now the situation is different.
Exercise 3
Look at the time line below showing events over ten years for Metfan S.A., a Swedish furniture
maker. Make sentences with the verbs given.
Example:
Metfan started business 11 years ago.
years -11
-1 0
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
Transfer
Make five sentences about a business you know well or businesses in your country.
vk.com/bastau
23
UNIT
1
1
J
mgm
Unit 13
Unit 31
Do
Sample sentences
Unit 11
Form
The past sim ple negative has two parts:
didnt + infinitive
didn't
live
you
didn't
work
he/she/it
didn't
produce
didnt
employ
didn't
discuss
we
didn't
meet
you
didn't
know
they
didnt
like
didnt
prefer
didn't
make
. __
Uses
We use the past sim ple to ta lk about an activity at a definite tim e in the past:
The business didn't grow much last year.
This product didn't exist two years ago.
I didnt go to w ork yesterday because I w asn't w ell.
Note
We use the past sim ple w ith these expressions:
L a s t... night, week, m onth, year, century
. . . ago two hours ago, three weeks ago, fo u r m onths ago, etc.
y e s te rd a y . .. m orning, afternoon, evening
in . . . 2010, the 1980s, the 18th century
24
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Underline the past sim ple negatives in the following.
I joined th is com pany five years ago. It was a d iffic u lt tim e. The com pany was not in a
very good state. We d id n t have a cle a r m anagem ent stru ctu re . Our local m a rkets were
not very good. Our m a rke tin g d id n t include A m erica or the Pacific regions. We d id n't
have any cle a r m a rketing strategy. Now, thing s are very different.
Exercise 2
Read the text below. Change the past sim ple positives to negative. Then make the negatives
positive.
New products were cheap to develop. We spent a lot of m oney on research. Our m arket
share increased in the early 2000s. The com pany made m any good products.
Chemco d id n t buy the company. There w a sn t a big change in the organisation.
The new m anagem ent d id n t w ant to change everything. Most of the old m anagem ent
d id n t leave. Things did n t improve. Now, we are very o ptim istic.
Exercise 3
Look at the delivery schedule for an order with Interfood nv, a Dutch frozen foods company.
Unfortunately the order went wrong: on January 15, Interfood did not prepare the order.
Complete the sentences below. Write what did not happen.
Delivery schedule for Espofrigo S.A., Vitoria, Spain
Order number: ESP325/0797
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
15
16
17
18
19
Prepare ord er
Send goods to R otterdam W arehouse by train
Load goods onto ship to Bilbao
Goods a rrive Bilbao. C arretera T rasportes take goods by tru c k to Vitoria
Espofrigo to co n firm a rriva l
Transfer
List things that you did not do ... yesterday/the day before yesterday/last Saturday/last week/last
m onth/three years ago/in 2005/when you were young.
vk.com/bastau
25
UNIT
Sample sentences
Form
The past sim ple question has two parts:
did + infinitive
We put the subject between part 1 and part 2:
did
present?
did
you
m ake?
did
h e/sh e/it
solve?
did
the co m p u te r (= it)
analyse?
did
reach?
did
we
com pete?
did
you
look?
did
they
visit?
did
fix?
did
prepare?
Uses
We use the past sim ple question to ask about an activity at a definite tim e in the past:
When did you arrive in England?
Did you m eet the managing director when she was in New York?
How long did you w ork for the company?
W hat did you say to her?
vk.com/bastau
26 | P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
i
TASKS
IS5351I
Match the question on the le ft with the appropriate answ er on the right.
1. When did you arrive here?
d. About 15 hours.
Exercise 2
B ill Klemens went to Malaysia on a business trip. He is discussing the trip with a colleague,
Joelle Kee. Complete the spaces in the dialogue.
Joelle:
Bill:
Joelle:
Bill:
Joelle:
Bill:
Joelle:
Bill:
Joelle:
Bill:
Joelle:
Bill:
Exercise 3
A manager returns from a trip and asks her assistant about yesterday. Write questions for the items
below. Use the words in brackets.
1.
x 1,
4.
M r Fish phoning
about order.
7 1N
(the m aintenance eng in e er/
re p air/th e copier?)
URGENT - Caracas Report
John: please read im m ediately.
(M r Fish/phone?)
5.
VISA APPLICATION
Transfer
Prepare six questions to ask a colleague. Use the past sim ple tense.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
u
A
Be
Unit 20
Units 1,2
Form
The past continuous positive and question have two main parts:
the past tense of to be + infinitive .. .ing
Positive form
Question form
..to
.......De
. ....
Subject
infinitive.. Jng
l/he/she/it
was
making
was
l/he/she/it
making?
you/we/they
were
presenting
were
you/we/they
presenting?
was
preparing
was
preparing?
was
reading
was
reading?
were
doing
were
doing?
were
discussing
were
discussing?
l/he/she/it
was
not
making
you/we/they
were
not
presenting
was
not
preparing
was
not
reading
were
not
doing
were
not
discussing
Uses
We use the past continuous as a tim e fra m e fo r a n o th e r activity:
W hat w ere you doing at this tim e last week?
At this tim e last w eek I was visiting our factory in S w itzerland.
what were you doing?
------------------------------ x -----------------------------.
this time last week
28
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Read the extract from a D irecto rs speech at the Annual General Meeting o f Pace PLC.
Underline all form s o f the past continuous. Label them positive IP), negative (N), o r question [Q).
W hat was happening a few years ago? Well, the com pany w a sn t doing very w ell.
During the 1990s we w ere com peting w ith many suppliers. We had a s m a ll turnover.
Then everyone was thin kin g about m ergers and takeovers. In the early 2000s we were
operating in a very d iffe re n t m arket. There w ere only fo u r large com panies. A ll fo u r
were m aking big profits. We were a ll doing w ell.
Exercise 2
A Safety Officer is talking to a technician about a fire at a factory Complete the dialogue. Use the
words in brackets.
SO:
T:
SO:
T:
SO:
T:
SO:
Exercise 3
Look at the table below which describes Sally K lin e s day Write where she was and what she
was doing.
place
action
1.
10.30
a irp o rt
check in
2.
11.00
buy clothes
3.
11.30
departure gate
w ait
4.
12.00
plane
read
5.
2.00
plane
have lunch
6.
5.00
m eeting
give a presentation
Transfer
Make sentences about yo urself o r a company o r institution you know. Begin with phrases like
This time Last y e a r ... and In the s u m m e r__ Use the past continuous where possible.
vk.com/bastau
29
UNIT
Sample sentences
M artina:
Andrea:
Jean:
Richard:
before.
Form
The present perfect sim ple positive and question have two parts:
has/have + the past participle
Positive form
Question form
Subject
has/have
l/you/w e/they
have
lived
have
l/you/w e/they
seen?
h e /sh e /it
has
w orked
has
h e /sh e /it
finished?
has
invited
has
received?
have
m ade
have
done?
past participle
------ -~
Subject
has/have
not
past participle
l/you/w e/they
have
not
prepared
h e /sh e /it
has
not
helped
th e d ire c to r (= he/she)
has
not
arrived
th e em ployees (= they)
have
not
discussed
Negative form
Uses
We see the present perfect sim ple as a tense w hich lin ks the past and the present.
So we use the present perfect sim p le to ta lk about:
2 . an activity w hich happened at a tim e in the past - but we dont know exactly when w ith a result in the present:
I have visited the US several tim es. (Present result, I know many places.)
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Make sentences from the words betow. See the exampte.
M r Flaherty has studied economics.
I
have
made
Saudi Arabia.
You
haven't
produced
Belgium.
He/She
has
studied
a profit.
hasn't
developed
a report.
increased
economics.
ve
visited
new products.
The government
lived in
taxes.
Mr. Flaherty
been to
its turnover.
We/You/They
The company
Our departm ent
Exercise 2
Look at the graph betow. It shows the p ro fit perform ance fo r fo u r products. Write how long each
product has been profitable. Use the verbs in the box.
be profitable
do well
make a p ro fit
IsalesI increase
P ro du ct A
Exercise 3
Answ er the following questions. Give long and sh ort answers.
1. Have you ever been to the United States?
No, I haven't been to the USA/No I haven't.
2. How long have you known your best friend?
3. Has your com pany/school/university made any lin ks w ith foreign companies?
4. Has your fam ily owned a business?
5. How long have you lived in your present house?
6. Have you w orked fo r an A m erican company?
7. Have you studied fo r a M asters Degree in Business A dm in istra tio n (MBA)?
Transfer
Ask a friend questions about travel/w ork/studies/etc. like the ones above. Write down the answers.
H e /s h e ...
vk.com/bastau
31
UNIT
16
A
Unit 15
Unit 17
Unit 18
Sample sentences
See also
Form
The present perfect continuous positive and question have three parts:
has/have + been + infinitive .. .ing (has/have been is the present perfect of to be)
Positive form
Question form
H
l/you/w e/they
h e /sh e /it
have
has
been
been
u m
living
w o rkin g
discussing
have
has
l/you/w e/they
h e/sh e/it
been
been
producing?
studying?
has/have
not
been
Infinitive .. .ing
l/you/w e/they
have
not
been
doing
h e /sh e /it
has
not
been
helping
Negative form
Uses
We use the present perfect continuous to ta lk about:
1. an activity w hich started in the past and continues to the present:
She has been living in London for several years.
2. an activity w hich happened at a tim e in the past - but we dont know exactly when
it happened:
The company has been doing extra tests on the systems.
In many cases, the m eaning of the two present perfect tenses is the same.
He has w orked for the airline for 25 years = He has been working for the airline for 25 years.
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Match the phrase on the le ft to a phrase on the rig h t to make six sentences.
Youve been looking for
changing my job.
a new job.
Exercise 2
Write one sentence fo r each o f the five projects mentioned in the notes below. The firs t one has
been done fo r you.
Since 2003 w e ve been expanding our export m arket.
S tart date
2003...
2006...
2008...
January ...
February ...
Project
expand/our export market
use/automated production
run/training courses
process orders/with electronic systems
build/a new warehouse
Exercise 3
Comptete the following le tte r from an Executive of Euro TV, a Paris-based television channel.
He is w riting to a colleague in Japan.
EuroTV, 170 -1 7 4 Rue des Capucins, 2270 Lesigny, FRANCE
Dear Hisashi,
Thank you for your letter. EuroTV________(develop) links with companies in
other countries. In particular w e__________ (discuss) programme making with
networks in Belgium and Germany. We_________ (talk to) small, private
companies. So far we have not tried to set up links with companies outside Europe.
Many American TV stations_________ (examine) ways to work in Europe.
I I look forward to meeting you in Paris. We can discuss these developments.
Yours sincerely,
To** Klf*ck
Tom Kitsch
Transfer
Write sentences about four things that you started in the past and which are s till continuing.
vk.com/bastau
33
UNIT
17
A:
B:
A:
B:
See also
Unit 15
Unit 16
Unit 18
Business File 6
We use the present perfect sim ple and the present perfect continuous w ith for and since:
two days
Tuesday
th re e w eeks
21 st A p ril
fo u r m onths
last m onth
m any years
a lo n g /sh o rt tim e
We use the present perfect sim ple w ith ever and never:
Have you ever visited the trade fa ir in Hannover? No, I have never been there.
1. W ith the present perfect both for and since show the duration of an activity. In both cases it
started in the past and continues to the present:
past
5 years
present
now = 2010
We have been working on this technology for five years, (period of tim e w ith for)
We have been working on this technology since 2005. (point of tim e w ith since)
2. We use ever in present perfect questions to mean at any tim e up to now :
Have you ever m et the president?
3. We use never in present perfect state m e n ts to mean at no tim e up to now :
The company has never made a profit.
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Match the questions on the Left with appropriate answers on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
c.
Exercise 2
A shampoo, Shine Plus, is not selling well. The Product Manager is talking to a marketing
consultant. F ill the spaces. Use words from the box.
for
since [21
ever
never
long
have [21
has [21
been
MC:
Have y o u _________ had a big fall in sales before?
PM : No, sales have_________ fallen so suddenly.
MC:
H o w _________ have y o u __________ m arketing this product?
P M : __________ the beginning o f la st year.
MC: So, it's been on the m a rk e t_________ less than two years?
PM :
Yes, it
MC: _________ you compared Shine Plus with com petitors sales
results?
PM :
Yes. Our drop in sales_________ happened___________January
although the m arket has improved. The graph shows how our
three main com petitors______ __ a ll benefited: theyve all
been selling better.
Exercise 3
Kate and M att m eet in an a irp ort departure lounge. They are waiting for the ir flights. Complete the
dialogue below. Use for, since, ever, never.
K a te :
M a tt:
K a te :
M a tt:
K a te :
M a tt:
K ate :
M a tt:
K a te :
Transfer
Ask someone six questions with ever or how Long. Get answers with never, for and since.
vk.com/bastau
35
UNIT
18
A
I See also
Units 11, 12, 13, 14
The past
Units 15,16, 17
Business File 4-
Business File 6
Sample sentences
I dont think we have met.
My name is D ieter S tallkam p. I've only recently arrived from Stuttgart.
So, when did you join the company?
I started at the beginning of the year.
Form
When we ta lk about or ask about an activity at a definite tim e in the past, we use:
+
past tense
past simple positive
didn't + infinitive
past simple negative
When we ta lk about o r ask about an activity in the past w ith a lin k to the present, we use:
present perfect
simple positive
present perfect
simple negative
present perfect
simple question
Uses
Look at th is m in i-dialo g ue in the past sim ple:
A: So when did you start the company?
B: W ell, we opened the first sales office five years ago. At first, demand for our products
was slow. Then we placed an advertisem ent in Eurow eekly.
A: And did that help?
B: Yes we started to receive enquiries from w holesalers. They didnt w ant to buy from
larg e r companies because th e ir deliveries w ere very slow.So, they came to
us.
Now look at this m in i-dialo g ue in the present perfect sim ple:
A: In the past three w eeks the company has sold 50,000 copies of its anti-virus software.
B: And how have they reached th e ir customers?
A: They have placed a lot of advertisem ents online. Have you ever tried online advertising?
B: No. We have never found it effective. But we have used an advertising agency for about
three years. And they have developed some good campaigns for us.
vk.com/bastau
36 | P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Look at the sentences betow. Underline examples of the sim ple past and(^frcle)examples o f the
present perfect.
1. The com pany has sold its London offices.
2. The Managing D irecto r resigned three years ago.
3. I have not read the new spaper today.
U. A rival m a n u fa ctu re r has bought the company.
5. The to p -s e llin g product made over 3m last year
6. Many shareholders have sold th e ir shares.
7. M arket analysts have estim ated com pany tu rn o ve r at over 40m.
Exercise 3
Complete the em ail below with the correct form o f verbs in the box.
break
transfer
repair
decide
notice
begin
not/lose
not/read
|
Date:
To:
| mike.jones@abcplanninq.com
From:
| t.robson@tkdengineering.com
Dear Mike
We
to close down the Beta plant for three weeks. On Tuesday maintenance
inspectors__________
_____ problems w ith the machines. I __________ the inspectors' report.
________a detailed study. A few weeks ago w e __________ the pump. It is
Yesterday w e ________
possible that the pump
Fortunately, w e ______
information.
Best regards
Transfer
Write a few sentences describing your recent activities. Use the past simple and the present perfect.
vk.com/bastau
37
UNIT
Business File 6
Sample sentences
Units 11-13
He had w orked as a m arketing assistant for many years. Then he changed jobs.
Had you used this technology before you came here?
The club had not made a profit during the five years before the m erg er took place.
Form
The past perfect positive and question have two main parts:
had + past participle
Positive form
Question form
Subject
ill
l/h e /s h e /it
you/w e/they
the com pany (= it)
the m anager (= he/she)
the w o rke rs (= they)
had
had
had
had
had
had
had
had
had
had
made
presented
prepared
read
discussed
Subject
l/h e /s h e /it
you/w e/they
the com pany (= it)
the m anager (= he/she)
the w o rk e rs (= they)
made?
presented?
prepared?
read?
discussed?
l/h e /s h e /it
you/w e/they
the com pany (= it)
the m anager (= he/she)
the w o rk e rs (= they)
had
not
past participle
had
had
had
had
had
not
not
not
not
not
made
presented
prepared
read
discussed
Uses
We use the past perfect to ta lk about an activity at a tim e before the past:
past perfect
past
present
-J___________ I___________ u
be head o f com pany
A fter he had been head of the company for three and a half years, he sold it.
past perfect
!< r -----------not call boss
past
present
flight to Moscow
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Underline examples o f the past perfect in the sentences below.
1. A fte r I had shut the door I realised my key was inside.
Exercise 2
Use the words below to make sentences. Include a past perfect tense contrasted with a simple
past tense. Use positive (+), negative (-) and question form s (?].
1. The com pany/test/new produ cts/be fore/la u nch /on the m a rke t
The company had tested the new products before it launched them on the m arket.
(+)
The company hadn't tested the new products before it launched them on the m arket. (-)
Had the company tested the new products before it launched them on the m arket?
(?)
2. The e ng in e ers/visit/th e pla nt/be fo re /th e accident/happen
3. The co m p an y/pu b lish /th e sales re su lts/b e fo re /th e share price fa ll
4. The research te a m /co m p le te /th e re p o rt/th e m an ag e m e nt/cut/in ve stm en t
5. W hen/the d e a d lin e /co m e //sh e /fin ish /th e report
Exercise 3
Transfer
Write sentences contrasting events affecting your work o r studies.
Example:
When I arrived in Tanzania I had already learnt Swahili.
vk.com/bastau
39
UNIT
Units 15-18
Unit 19
Business File 6
Sample sentences
John:
Sonia:
John:
Sonia:
John:
Sonia:
John:
Units 11-14
Form
R em em ber these d iffe re n t fo rm s fo r the present tenses and the past tenses:
The present, past and
present perfect continuous
i
Positive
to be + infinitive .. .ing
Negative
to be + not + infinitive .. .ing
Question
to be + subject + infinitive .. .ing
infinitive(s)
don't/doesnt + infinitive
do/does + su bject + infinitive
Present fo rm s of to be = am /is/are
Past fo rm s of to be = w as/w ere
Present perfect form s of to be = have been/has been
Positive
past tense
Negative
didnt + infinitive
Question
Uses
Look at the differences in m eanings between the follow ing sentences:
I usually w ork w ith clients in the catering industry, but at present I am w orking w ith a
music company.
[present sim ple vs. present continuous)
I was surfing the Internet, when I saw your website.
(past continuous vs. past sim ple)
How long have you lived in Jerusalem , Joel? I moved here three years ago.
(present perfect vs. past sim ple)
Before I moved to Austin, I had never visited Texas.
(past sim ple vs. past perfect)
40 ! P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
Exercise 1
Look at the following extract from a newspaper report. Label the tenses as follows:
present sim ple iPresSj, present continuous [PresCl, past sim ple (PastSl, past continuous (PastCl,
present perfect sim ple IPPS], present perfect continuous IPPCJ, past perfect [PastPl.
Exercise 2
Use the prom pts below to make a dialogue.
A
1.
B
P eter/w here/w ork?
Peter, w h e re __________ ?
2.
how long/there?
How lo n g __________ ?
3.
w here/before/Frobo?
W here__________ before Frobo?
A.
why/change?
Why__________ ?
5.
Allen Brothers.
why/choose/Frobo?
Why__________ Frobo?
Exercise 3
Maria is showing a visitor round h er distribution company, Largo S.p.A. Make sentences using the
prom pts below.
1. M a ria :_______________________________
(how much/cost?)
3. M a ria :__________
(cost/$250,000m)
4. M a ria :________________________________
5. M a ria :________________________________
(this delivery/go/Spain)
Transfer
Prepare some questions to ask a friend about h is/her work o r studies. Together, discuss what you
have both done and are doing now.
vk.com/bastau
41
UNIT
21
A
See also
Unit 22
Unit 23
Form
The fu tu re w ith w ill has two parts:
the m odal w ill + infinitive
Positive form
Negative form
Question form
l/yo u /w e /h e /s h e /it/th e y
w ill not go to the m eeting
Short forms
won't
11
We often use the sh ort fo rm s in spoken language; we som etim es use the m in in fo rm a l w ritte n
language:
I'U check the figures this afternoon.
Sales w on't recover before next year.
The fu tu re w ith shall has two parts:
the m odal shall + infinitive
We only use it a fte r I and we.
I shall see you tom orrow a fte r the m eeting.
The s h o rt form of the negative is shant:
We shant pay any invoices before the beginning of next month.
Uses
1. We use the fu tu re w ith w ill to ta lk about futu re facts:
Prices w ill rise by 3.3% next month, [not: will to rise}
When w ill the product be available in stores?
The company said it w on't perform tests on animals.
2. We can use the fu tu re w ith shall a fte r I and we:
I shan't stay long, [not: shant to stay)
W hat shall we do tom orrow?
3. We use the question fo rm s shall I? o r shall we? to make suggestions:
S hall I call you tom orrow?
S hall we go home now?
42 I P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
5. Jo h n 11 be here at 10 o'clock.
Exercise 2
Below is p a rt o f a presentation by Tom Kip, from LM F Ltd, a food manufacturer. Tom is describing
the days program m e to a group o f visitors from France. Put the sentences in the correct order.
Underline any uses o f w ill o r sh all. The firs t has been m arked 11) fo r you.
a. Well have lunch in a local re stau ra n t at about 1 o'clock.
b. Well finish at about U oclock.
c. A fte r th is introduction, w e ll have a sh ort to u r of the plant.
d. So, s h a ll we begin the tou r?
e. Then before coffee w e ll show you a film about o u r d istrib u tio n system.
f. Well have coffee at 11, then w e ll have a m eeting w ith Ken Levins, o u r Product Manager.
g. Right, now Ill explain the program m e fo r the day. (1)
h. A fte r lunch w e ll discuss fu tu re plans.
Exercise 3
Complete the exchanges below. Use a form o f w ill o r shall in yo ur answer.
1. Fred:
M artin:
1 need a taxi.
[phonel I'll phone fo r one.
U. P ierre:
Imogen:
2. John:
M arie:
I ll be in my office tomorrow.
(call you]
5. Juan:
Amy:
3. Jacob:
Hisashi:
Transfer
A nsw er the following questions about yo ur work. Use a form o f w ill o r shall.
W hat do you plan to do tom orro w ?
Where are you going on Saturday?
Who w o n t you see this evening?
vk.com/bastau
43
UNIT
22
Unit 23The future with will vs. going to vs. present continuous
Sample sentences
Form
The fu tu re w ith going to has three parts in the positive and question:
to be + going to + infinitive
Question form
Positive form
Subject
to be
going to
am
going to
you/w e/they
are
going to
h e /sh e /it
is
going to
Infinitive
negotiate
to be
Infinitive
am
going to
are
you/w e/they
going to
is
he/sh e/it
going to
agree?
Negative form
Sub f j j
not
g to
am
not
going to
you/w e/they
are
not
going to
h e /sh e /it
is
not
going to
come
For the fo rm s of the present continuous (positive, negative and question), see Units 3-5.
Uses
1. We use the fu tu re w ith going to to ta lk about intentions:
I am going to do $2000 in sales today. (It is my intention.)
The company is going to build 1000 cars a year. (It is o u r com panys intention.)
2. We use the fu tu re w ith the present continuous to ta lk about personal fixed plans or schedules:
Next month we are launching a new online service. (It is o u r fixed plan.)
When are you flying to Jakobsberg? (When have you fixed to fly there?)
Note
It is im p o rta n t to specify a fu tu re tim e, when you use the present continuous w ith a
fu tu re meaning.
When are you flying to Jakobsberg?
I'm flying there tom orrow m orning.
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Read the text below. Underline once any uses o f going to + infinitive Iintention1 and
underline twice any examples o f the present continuous tense Ifixed plans].
Q:
A:
Were setting up a new d istrib u tio n netw ork in Asia. Were not using our
own staff. Were going to use local agents. Were going to re c ru it top
quality experts. Were exam ining som e possible applicants next week.
Were going to run psychom etric tests as p art of the re c ru itm e n t
procedure. Im m eeting colleagues la te r today to fin alise plans.
Exercise 2
A custom er is telephoning a mobile phone rental company. Complete the conversation.
C aller:
PhoneCo:
Caller:
PhoneCo:
Caller:
PhoneCo:
C aller:
Exercise 3
Look at the project plan fo ra jo in t venture between two companies, KJE Ltd and Weisskopf
GmbH. Complete the memo below. Use the correct form o f the words in the box. Put them into the
present continuous or the going to form.
Dept, meeting
now
come
Memo
To: HJ
next
week
jo in
sign contract
on 16th of
the month
next year
have
manufacture
travel
sign
From: KP
Transfer
Write sentences on [al your intentions, and Ibj yo ur fixed plans.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
Unit 22
Sample sentences
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Unit 21
Form
Remember
1. There is no to a fte r w ill o r shall.
2. You need the verb to be before going to and the present continuous form s.
For m ore in form ation on the form s, see Units 21 and 22.
Uses
Look at the differences in m eanings between the follow ing pairs of sentences:
W hat are you going to do tom orrow? (What do you intend to do?)
(future w ith going to)
W hat are you doing tom orrow? (What are your fixed plans?)
(future w ith present continuous)
We are going to launch a new cable channel at the end of this year. (We intend to la u n c h ...)
(future w ith going to)
The official launch w ill take place in New York on Friday. (The launch date is a fact.)
(future w ith will)
Now
A:
B:
A:
B:
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Read the dialogue below. N um ber the future form s 1-6. Then write the num bers in the box.
tiorts/going to
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
Facts/s
Exercise 2
4 jo u rn a lis t is interviewing a director o f a paints m anufacturer, Byant Ltd. The company is in
trouble because last week chemicals polluted a local river. Complete the dialogue with appropriate
future form s o f the words in brackets.
Journalist:
Byant:
Journalist:
Byant:
Journalist:
Byant:
Journalist:
Byant:
Exercise 3
Complete the email below. Use the verbs in the box in appropriate future forms.
tell
explain
To:
move
happen
come
have
look round
ricardo.benato@eurosales.com
From:
| jeanclaude.isias@papin.com
Subject:
Dear Ricardo,
the plant and then we
next week. They
Representatives of Harkes Ltd
a meeting at 2 o'clock. We_________ our plans for the next five years.They know
__ our Sales Division to Brussels. They don't know that this__________ in
December this year. I
Best Regards
Jean Claude Isias (Papin S.A.)
(1)4577 3371
Transfer
Discuss future plans, intentions and events with a colleague. Ask h im /h e r questions.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
ik
A
Conditional I
See also
Unit 25
Conditional fl
Form
A cond itio n al sentence has two parts:
the if clause + the m ain clause
In cond itio n al I sentences, we use:
Unless we merge our two companies, we will not be competitive. (If we d on t merge
Uses
A co nditional I sentence shows a real possibility:
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Label the main clauses IMCI and underline them with a continuous line I_____I Label the if
clauses 11Cl and underline them with a dotted line (........1. The firs t one has been done for you.
1. We w ill buy Axam PLC (MC) if the price is right. (IC)
2. If we are successful o u r share price w ill go up.
3. If the m a rke t declines we w o n 't buy Axam.
4. One of o u r co m p etito rs w ill buy Axam if we dont.
5. We can take our tim e, unless Chemco m akes a sudden o ffe r fo r Axam.
Exercise 2
Make conditional sentences based on these prompts.
Moda PLC is a fashion clothes manufacturer. Here is an email on plans for next year. Complete the
spaces with appropriate clauses from the box.
unless the economy recovers
we w ill produce
If we have
Date:
| 29/03/11
To:
I jay.taylor@modaplc.com
From:
[ g.sartori@modaplc.com
we w ill do better
Transfer
Make four conditional sentences about your work o r yo ur studies. Use if and unless.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
Conditional II
See also
Unit 24
Conditional I
Sample sentences
If ITCorp accepted our offer, both companies would benefit.
The results would improve, if we spent more time on planning.
What would you do if you lost your job?
Unless you left now, you would not arrive in time.
Form
A cond itio n al sentence has two parts:
the if clause + the m ain clause
In cond itio n al II sentences, we use:
If we sent the mailshot this week, it would arrive next week. (= cond itio n al II)
If we didn't send the mailshot this week it wouldn't arrive in time. (= cond itio n al II negative;
here we ca n't use unless)
Uses
A cond itio n al II sentence shows a rem ote possibility:
If Ahmed left now, he would be back in Glenvale before lunch. (We dont know A hm eds plans, but
there is only a remote [sm all] possibility th a t he w ill leave now.)
Now look at these co nditional II sentences:
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
Exercise 1
Underline three conditional II sentences in the extract o f a report below. Label the if clauses [1C]
and the main clauses [MC] in the three conditional II sentences.
I f we sell Mago in Asia i t will help to establish our brand name. But i f we se t up our own
d istribu tio n network it would cost too much. Unless we spent millions, we wouldn't make any
money. I f we use local people i t will be much cheaper. I f Mago does well in Asia, then we'll
expand th e re in th e fu tu re . I f i t failed o f course, we'd be in trouble.
Exercise 2
Make conditional II sentences with these prompts.
1. the facto ry/b urn d ow n//the insurance/pay
5. M ary/be/happy//Fred/resign
6. w e /in crea se /th e R&D budget to $50 0 m //w e/b e /th e m a rke t leader
Exercise 3
Two colleagues are on a business trip. They are discussing travelling for work. Complete each
sentence by adding a clause from the box.
I
would get a different jo b
if we didn't go firs t class
If we spent less on hotels
w e d save money
I would like travelling
My company w ouldn't use this hotel
tax.
vk.com/bastau
51
UNIT
Tense Review 1
See also
Units 1 to 25
FUTURE
I am going to finish the
project next month,
i am leaving Germany at
the end of the year.
But I will be back.
1968
200_
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
NOW
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
Exercise 1
Match the question on the le ft to the correct answ er on the right. Then p ut brackets round the part
o f any answ er that could be le ft out in a sh ort answer. The firs t one has been done fo r you.
b. Id go to the USA.
c. I w o rk fo r Ford (UK).
Exercise 2
Imagine you are interviewing someone fo ra job. You have to complete the following personal
details form. What questions would you ask? Begin with the given word on the right.
Personal Details
Questions
Name:
1. What...
Address:
2. Where...
Date of birth:
3. When ...
Present position/occupation:
U. Where ...
Length of service:
Previous position:
6. Before that,...
Current projectlsl
7. At the moment...
Future intentions/ambitions:
Transfer
Write a paragraph about yo urself with s im ila r inform ation to the personal details above. Include
answers to the following questions.
If you go on holiday next year, where w ill you go?
If you started your own business, w hat kind of business w ould it be?
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
Tense Review 2
See also
Units 1 to 25
A ll tense forms
PAST
PRESENT
FUTURE
1996
200_
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
vk.com/bastau
NOW
If we invest in new markets,
our sales will increase.
TASKS
Exercise 1
Read the following dialogue between a jo u rn a list and Sydney J. Clement, Vice-President ofA xoil
Inc, an American oil company Write the sentence num bers in the correct box below.
. .
Question
p re s e n t
past
__ _____________ _..
fu tu re
Journalist:
Sydney:
Journalist:
Sydney:
Journalist:
Sydney:
Journalist:
Sydney:
Exercise 2
Use the inform ation below to complete sentences about Ardanza Pascual, a Spanish foods
manufacturer. Use the given prompts.
Juan Ardanza
Ardanza Quesos
Logrono,Spain
in Spain
merged with
a competitor,
Pascual Eriz
1946
1959
expanding
by 5% p.a.
1980
new factory
in Poland
r ~
10%
m arket share
in Spain
1965
exports a ll
over Europe
planning
20 new
products
NOW
2020
(future)
Transfer
Write one o r two paragraphs about the history and the present and future activities o f a company
you know well.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
28
A
See also
Unit 30
Sample sentences
Infinitive + To
Form
The infinitive + to is a form of the verb. It is two words:
to + infinitive, e.g. to help, to produce, to negotiate, etc.
Uses
We use th is infinitive fo rm :
a fte r som e verbs
a fte r som e adjectives.
1. W ith verbs:
They w ant to reduce costs.
The firm plans to spend 600 m illion on a new processing plant.
We hope to advance in the m arket by providing a b e tte r service than our rivals.
Note
We usually lin k two verbs in th is way, but see also Unit 29.
We use an infinitive + to a fte r these verbs:
plan
prom ise
want
refuse
intend
expect
agree
arrange
decide
hope
wish
happy
easy
pleased
possible
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
sad
sorry
necessary
im portant
convenient
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
Exercise 1
Underline the infinitives + to in the following extract from a letter.
I was pleased to ta lk to you on th e telephone la s t n ight. W e w ill be glad to
see you in W ashington n e x t m onth, b u t I am s o rry to hear th a t Sam is not
coming. T ell him, o f course, we'd like to m eet him a n o th e r tim e...
Exercise 2
Match the phrases on the le ft with a suitable infinitive + to on the right.
1. I was s o rry ...
to do w e ll next year.
3. We plan ...
4. We always w a n t...
5. We e x p e c t...
Exercise 3
Here is p a rt o f a speech to the Annual General Meeting o f the B ram w ell Group, by the Chairman,
William Foss. He is leaving the company a fte r 20 years. F ill the spaces with the infinitive + to. Use
the verbs in the box.
know
thank
follow
see
play
leave
have
come
Transfer
What do you think? Complete the following with an infinitive + to.
I am always glad ...
I e x p e c t...
I am always sad ...
It is never easy ...
It is necessary ...
vk.com/bastau
57
UNIT
V erb...ing
See also
Infinitive + to o r verb .. .ing
Unit 30
Sample sentences
Form
Verb .. .ing is a form of the verb w ith one part:
infinitive + ing, e.g. living, working, helping, producing, etc.
You can see th is form in:
continuous verb fo rm s e.g. I am /w as/have been going, (see Units 3, 4, 5, 14- and 16)
noun fo rm s e.g. we are interested in expanding.
Uses
We use the verb .. .ing form :
a fte r som e verbs
a fte r prepositions.
1. W ith verbs:
They enjoyed working with each other.
The company announced that it will stop selling the drug next year.
He suggests advertising in a local newspaper.
Note
We so m e tim e s lin k two verbs in th is way, but see also Unit 28.
We usually use a verb .. .ing a fte r these verbs:
avoid
enjoy
stop
finish
suggest
regret
2. A fte r prepositions:
He is interested in negotiating a deal, [not: in negotiate)
I look forward to meeting you. [not: to m eet, because to here is a preposition)
Before hiring any specialist, a check on background and experience is necessary.
[not: before to produce)
Note
We always use verb .. .ing a fte r a preposition.
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
Exercise 1
In the emait betow , underline fou r examples o f the verb ... ing used a fte r a verb o r a preposition.
Date:
112.1.2010_________________________
To:
| george.macdonald@advertiseme.com
From:
I sophie.allen@advertiseme.com
Shello sales campaign
Subject:
Dear George
We are planning a meeting next week. We are interested in hearing colleagues' views on the sales campaign
for the Shello range. Before attending the meeting, please read the interim report, Shello Advertising SA/JD
3421JD. I suggest inviting the marketing group to attend the meeting, but we should avoid having long
discussions about individual markets.
Regards
Sophie Allen
Exercise 2
Look at these sentences from five different tetters. Complete the spaces with appropriate verb
. . . ing forms.
1-
Before
3.
the box,
about quality!
Dont stop
Exercise 3
Ben Massey is asking fo r advice from a colleague. Complete the spaces with the verb ... ing form.
Choose from the verbs in the box.
know
Ben:
Claude:
Ben:
Claude:
m eet
take
talk
learn
sign
Transfer
Write sentences about yo urself o r yo ur work with verb . ..ing form s a fte r the following words:
interested in, before, after, regret, suggest, avoid, stop.
vk.com/bastau
59
UNIT
30
A
Infinitive + to
Unit 29
V e rb ...ing
Sample sentences
See also
Unit 28
Form
A fte r som e verbs we can use:
Verb .. .ing o r infinitive + to e.g.: I have started writing my report.
I have started to w rite m y report.
Uses
S om etim es the m eaning is the sam e; so m e tim e s it is different.
1. The sam e meaning
We can use both fo rm s a fte r these verbs:
begin
A:
B:
start
continue
intend
prefer
2. A d iffe re n t m eaning
We can use both fo rm s a fte r these verbs, but w ith a d iffe re n t meaning:
remember
forget
try
tike
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
Exercise 1
Choose the correct alternative to complete the sentences below. In two cases, both are possible.
1. We continue to prom ote/prom oting the use of recycled m a te ria ls in o u r factory.
2. Would you like seeing/to see o u r latest products?
3. I tried to phone/phoning you yesterday.
4. Our Overseas D irecto r intends to visit/visiting a ll o u r su bsidia ries th is year.
5. I re m e m b e r m eeting/to m eet you in M adrid last year.
Exercise 2
Read the sentences given here. Then choose which meaning is the correct one.
1. I like d rin kin g coffee.
a. I w ant to d rin k som e coffee.
b. Coffee is w hat I like to drink.
c. This coffee is very good.
2. I forgot to telephone M r Jam es.
a. I do not re m e m b e r ca llin g him.
b. I did not c a ll him.
c. I do not w ant to ca ll him.
3. Try ca lling him in the evening.
a. If you ca ll in the evening, it is possible tha t you w ill reach him.
b. Only ca ll him in the evening.
c. It is d iffic u lt to ca ll him but you should make the effort.
Exercise 3
H arry Cox is a purchaser fo ra B ritish manufacturer. Here is p a rt o f an em ail he wrote to a friend
while sitting in a bar near the Colosseum in Rome. Complete the spaces with the correct form o f a
verb from the box.
bring
@
0@
...............
arrive
..........
hear
do
go
come
see
' O
check
[X
Transfer
Make sentences about a colleague or about yo urself using the following verbs:
start, Love, intend, hate, try, remember.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
Do
31
Units 7,8
Unit 10
Units 12,13
Unit 46
Make vs. do
Unit 52
Negative statements
Sample sentences
A:
B:
A:
B:
See also
Form
The a uxilia ry do has two m ain tenses:
the present and the past. (See also Unit 46 fo r the fu ll verb do.)
We use the auxilia ry to form questions and negatives in the present sim ple and past sim ple:
W here do you work?
W hen did you join the company?
He doesn't w o rk here.
He didn't like the atm osphere.
The fo rm s of the auxiliary do are:
tive form
uestfon form
do
l/we/you/they?
l/we/you/they
do
not
don't
do
the sections?
the sections
do
not
don't
does
he/she/it?
he/she/it
does
not
doesnt
does
the boss?
the boss
does
not
doesnt
Past simple
uestion form
ive form
did
l/we/you/they?
l/we/you/they
did
not
didn't
did
the sections?
the sections
did
not
didn't
did
he/she/it?
he/she/it
did
not
didnt
did
the boss?
the boss
did
not
didnt
Uses
We use the auxilia ry do in:
1 - present sim ple questions:
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
Exercise 1
Choose the correct alternative in the sentences below.
1. Do he/Does he come here often?
2. Does he w ork/w orks here?
3. Works she/Does she work fo r your company?
4. Did they came/come fro m Osaka yesterday?
5. He dont/doesnt like flying so he did come/came by train.
6. We don't/didn't sign the co ntra ct yesterday.
7. Please dont speak/not speak so fast.
Exercise 2
1. Make the following sentences negative.
a. He likes his job.
b. We s e ll co m p u te r softw are.
c. He w o rks fo r RYG.
2. Make the following sentences into questions.
a. He lives in the city centre.
b. She speaks Arabic.
c. You liked C alifornia.
3. Put these sentences into the past simple.
a. Jo goes to Oslo every week.
b. He doesnt like the hotel.
c. I dont understand.
Exercise 3
Write appropriate questions and answers for the prom pts below.
1.
- ------
3.
Yes,___ ______ _
2.
Transfer
Ask a friend three questions using do or did. Write four sentences about yourself using don't or
didn't. Tell a friend not to do something.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
32
A
See also
Unit 21
Unit 23
Units 24, 25
Conditionals I and II
Sample sentences
A:
B:
A:
B:
Form
W ill and would are m odal verbs.
Would is the past tense form of w ill.
A fte r w ill and would, we use the infinitive w ith o u t to:
We w ill send the goods im m ediately, [not: we w ill to send)
Would you sit down, please, {not: would you to sit down)
The positive s h o rt fo rm s are:
Iru
h e 'll/s h e 'll/it'll
well/you'll/they'U
the companyll
hed/she'd/it'd
we'd/youd/theyd
the partnersd
Uses
We use w ill and would:
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
Exercise 1
Read the following sentences. Say if they are examples o f the future IF], conditions [C], offers or
willingness 10] o r requests IR].
1. W ill you send me m ore details?
2. If I'm interested I'll ca ll tom orrow .
3. Ill post you o u r price list.
A. Jo h n ll visit you early next week.
5. The co ntract w ill be ready in March.
Exercise 2
Complete the following negotiation between a buyer and a supplier. Use appropriate positive or
negative form s o f w ill or would. Use short forms, where possible.
Tom: I __________ like to discuss o u r situation.
Bill: If I can, I __________ help you. If it s a s m a ll problem , w e ___________ agree.
Tom: ______ ____ you give me a bigger discount?
Bill: Sorry, Tom, I __________ drop the price any more. W e ___________ lose money.
Tom: No, y o u ___________If you s e ll more, y o u ___________ m ake a bigger profit.
Exercise 3
A custom er phones the A fte r Sales Departm ent ofAXK Ltd with a problem. Choose the correct line
from the box to complete the dialogue.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
AX:
PC:
A X
PC:
AX:
PC:
AX:
PC:
AX:
PC:
AX:
PC:
AX:
PC:
I'm not sure if tha t w ill be possible. W ill you hold on please?
Okay. Well so rt it out.
Right, Ill ask an e ngineer to visit you.
Okay. If you use the em ergency sw itch on the back, the lig h t w ill come on.
Hello again. Som eonell be there at 2 p.m. tom orrow .
W ill you give me your address, please?
Transfer
Write sentences which include a form of w ill o r w o u ld and which are:
an offer to help, a request, a conditional, a reference to the future.
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UNIT
33
Unit 36
Form
May and might are m odal verbs.
Might is the past tense form of may.
A fte r may and might, we use the infinitive w ith o u t to:
We may send the goods im m ediately, [not: we may to send)
When might you be in Paris? [not: m ight you to be)
We use may and might a fte r a ll subjects; they do not change.
There are no positive sh o rt fo rm s of may and might.
The s h o rt fo rm of might not is mightn't:
Im w o rried . They m ightnt deliver the goods on tim e.
Uses
We use may and might to ta lk about:
Notes
In C1, may is a s tro n g e r possibility than might.
In C2, we may use may I o r might I to ask fo r perm ission; might I is m ore polite.
In C2, we n o rm a lly use may ra th e r than might to express perm ission and prohibition.
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Correct any mistakes in the following dialogue.
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
Exercise 2
Read the sentences below. Write may (not), m ight (not) o r m ay/m ight (not) on the right,
depending on the meaning o f each sentence.
1. It is possible that the goods w on't arrive.
-----------------
------------------
------------------
------------------
------------------
------------------
Exercise 3
A nsw er the following questions with the prom pts below. The firs t is done fo r you.
1. How w ill you go to New York?
3.
Yes, of course
No, you
Transfer
Write sentences about probability that affect you,
Example: I m ig h t go to London n e xt year.
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I 67
I
UNIT
Sample sentences
A:
B:
A:
B:
Form
Can and could are m odal verbs.
Could is the past tense form of can.
A fte r can and could, we use the infinitive w ith o u t to:
We can send the goods im m ediately, [not: we can to send)
Could you repeat your name, please? [not: could you to repeat)
We use can and could a fte r a ll subjects; they do not change.
There are no positive sh o rt fo rm s of can and could.
The negative sh o rt fo rm s are: can't (= can not) and couldn't (= could not)
I can't h ear you. Please speak up.
Uses
We use can and could:
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Use phrases with can, can't, could and couldn't to replace the underlined words.
1. A: Is it possible fo r you to come at 3 o'clock?
B: It is possible, but U o 'clo ck would be better.
2. A: Her appointm ent is today.
B: Yes, but she phoned yesterday to say she w as not able to come.
3. A: When you saw the figures, did you understand them ?
B: No, I d id n 't.
U. A: Do you know how to speak German?
B: No, I don't.
Exercise 2
Look at the pictures below. Choose the sentence from a -c which matches each picture.
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences below using can, can't, could and couldn't.
1.
2.
Transfer
Make sentences which express ability/inability, possibility/im possibility, perm ission/prohibition,
and requests for action. Use form s o f can and could.
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69
UNIT
35
A
Unit 37
Sample sentences
We must receive your comments on or before May 4th.
In many European countries, men have to com plete a period of m ilitary service; theyve got
to do at least a year.
Last year China had to increase wheat imports because of a sharp drop in domestic production.
Form
Must is a m odal verb; a fte r must we use the infinitive w ith o u t to:
We must raise extra capital. (not: we m ust to raise)
Have to is a present tense fo rm ; have got to is a present perfect tense form .
Had to is the past tense form of have to; we also use it as the past tense of must and have got to:
Last y ea r a ll drivers first had to report to reception; now we have (got) to d eliver the goods
straight to the w arehouse.
We use must a fte r a ll subjects; it does not change. There is no sh o rt form of must.
Here are the fo rm s of have (got) to:
Positive
Question
Subject
Verb
Verb
Subject
Verb
i/you/we they
have (got) to
do
l/you/we/they
have to?
have to?
he/she/it
has (got) to
does
he/she/it
the company
has (got) to
does
the company
have to?
the directors
have (got) to
do
the directors
have to?
Past
Positive
Question
Subject
Ver b
Verb
l/you/we they
had to
did
l/you/we/they
have to?
he/she/it
had to
did
he/she/it
have to?
the company
had to
did
the company
have to?
the directors
had to
did
the directors
have to?
I ect
Verb
The question fo rm s of have got to are: have l/you/w e/they got to . . has h e /sh e /it got to.
There is no sh o rt form of have to.
The s h o rt fo rm s of have got to are: I've/you ve /w e've/they've got to, h e's/shes /it's got to.
Uses
We use must and have (got) to:
1. to ta lk about obligations - w hat you m ust do:
A: We must do something. The situation is critical.
B: I know. There has to be a sim ple solution.
A: W hat did we do last time?
B: We had to go to the bank and explain the situation.
A: And then we had to pay back the money?
B: Then w e ve got to do the same now.
A: And how soon did we have to repay the loan?
B: We had to repay it w ithin six months.
2. to express certainty:
The new governm ent w ants to introduce reform . So change must soon be on its way.
(= It is certain that there w ill soon be change.)
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Read the following dialogue. Then m ark the sentences 1-6 below true (Tj o r false IF}.
Sue:
Bill:
Sue:
Bill:
Ive got to go to a m eeting. I m ust telephone John before I go. You have to stay here.
Okay. Wait! Youve got to take the report w ith you.
Why? Have I got to present it in the m eeting?
No, but Fred w ants it today. He said he m ust have it.
Exercise 2
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
1. We got to pay m ore tax th is year.
2. We have not to spend too m uch on special prom otions.
3. Last year we have to advertise a lot on television.
4. Our co m p etito rs are in trouble. They had got to reduce th e ir prices.
5. We m ust to plan o u r m a rke tin g carefully.
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences fo r the following pictures. Use must, have to or have got to.
Transfer
Make sentences about obligations fo r yourself, yo ur friends, o ra company you know.
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71
UNIT
Unit 37
Sample sentences
Unit 35
Form
Mustn't is the negative of the m odal verb must; a fte r mustn't we use the infinitive w ith o u t to:
You m ustn't touch these chemicals, [not: you m u s tn t to touch)
Needn't is also a negative m odal verb. A fte r needn't, we also use the infinitive w ith o u t to:
You needn't pay this bill before the end of next month.
Don't have to is a present tense fo rm ; havent got to is a present perfect tense form .
R em em ber to use:
doesn't have to a fte r he/she/it or a s in g u la r noun
hasn't got to a fte r he/she/it o r a sin g u la r noun.
We don't have to w o rk harder; we just have to w o rk sm arter.
The company hasn't got to grow; it's just got to become more profitable.
Uses
We use these verbs in ta lk about w hat is prohibited and w hat is not necessary.
1. Prohibited:
2. Not necessary:
You needn't do anything at all.
(It is not necessary tha t you do anything.)
You don't have to pay us now.
(It is not necessary tha t you pay us now.)
I'm glad we haven't got to go there.
(It is not necessary to go there.)
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Make the sentences betow negative.
1. We have to design new products.
We don't have to design new products.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise 2
Change the underlined words in the sentences below. Use the correct form o f the words in
brackets. Do not change the meaning.
1. It is not necessary tha t w e pay staff a m in im u m wage, (have to)
We dont have to pay staff a m inim um wage.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise 3
Nordic Business, a newspaper, wrote a report on a successful Danish company, Larssen S.A. Here
the Chairman o f the company, Bo Johannessen, writes a le tte r to the newspaper. Complete the
spaces with appropriate form s of have to, need, must.
Dear Sir,
You reported last w eek that Larssen
S.A. had a strong m arket position.
Then you said that the com pany
__________ think about its com petitors.
This is not true. W e __________ believe
that our m arket share is perm anent. We
__________ w orry about our job s today,
but we c e rta in ly cannot fo rg e t about
our com petitors. A year is a short
tim e in business.
Yours faithfully,
Bo Johannessen
Chairman Larssen S.A.
Transfer
Write three sentences about yo urself and three about where you work. Include mustn't, neednt,
don't have to and haven't got to.
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UNIT
Sample sentences
Form
Should is a m odal verb; a fte r should we use the infinitive w ith o u t to:
You should recycle a ll paper and glass, [not: you should to recycle a ll paper and glass)
The negative of should is shouldn't; the negative of ought to is oughtnt to.
We use should, shouldn't, ought to and oughtn't to a fte r a ll subjects; they do not change.
There is no past tense form of should, shouldnt, ought to or oughtnt to.
Uses
1. We use should I/w e to m ake suggestions:
A: Everybody is here now. So, should w e start the meeting? (I suggest th a t we start.)
B: And should I take the minutes? (I suggest tha t I take the m inutes.)
2. We use should and ought to to give advice:
Customers should leave a cash tip if they want the money to go to th e ir waiter. (It is our advice.)
They ought to use profits to expand th e ir business. (It is o u r advice.)
You shouldnt use a headhunter; it is very expensive.
(It is o u r advice not to use a headhunter.)
3. We use should and ought to to express probability:
Rotarongan Airways are very reliable; the plane should be on tim e.
(It is probable tha t the plane w ill be on tim e.)
You ordered the goods last w eek. Then they should arrive tom orrow.
(It is probable tha t they w ill arrive tom orrow .)
Note
They must be home by now. (It is certain.)
They should be home by now. (It is probable.)
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Choose the correct alternative from the words in italics below.
A: Should we/ought we to have a m eeting?
B: We oughtnt to/shouldn't have one today. We should/ought to w ait a few days.
A: Should/ought we?
Two colleagues are discussing high bank charges. Label each sentence as a suggestion (SI, advice
[Al or a probability IP].
J im :
Should we discuss the problem w ith the bank?
A lic e : I d on't know. You ought to ta lk to Jerem y first.
J im :
Well, the bank charges ought to come down next year.
A lic e : Maybe we should close the account.
J im :
First, I th in k I ought to w rite to the bank.
Exercise 3
Use the prom pts below to make sentences using s h o u ld o r o u g h t to.
LOW PRICES!!
All VX and VXA range
Transfer
Write sentences about yourself, your friends o ra company you know. Include some examples of
talking about probability, some suggestions and some advice.
Examples:
The com pany sh o u ld m ake a p ro fit again th is year.
The boss o u g h t to have a pay ris e .
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' 75
UNIT
Question Tags
38
A
Be
Unit 31
Do
Modal verbs
See also
Units 1,2
Form
A question tag has two parts:
m odal or auxilia ry + subject
We n o rm a lly form question tags w ith opposite polarity:
positive verb
negative tag
negative verb
positive tag
could
cant
couldnt wont
will
would
shall
must
might
is
are
has
have
wouldnt
shant
mustnt
mightn't
isnt
arent
hasnt
havent
dont
can't
couldnt
wont
wouldnt
does
do
can
could
w ill
would
shant
mustnt
mightnt
isnt
arent
hasnt
havent
shall
must
might
is
are
has
have
If the verb doesnt have an auxiliary or m odal, we use a form of the auxiliary do:
A: Prices increased last year, didn't they?
B: W ell, prices increase every year, don't they?
The tense of the tag is the sam e as the tense of the main verb.
The subject is n orm a lly a pronoun, i.e. I, you, he, she, it, we, they o r there:
T h e (^ o ^ w a s v e ry expensive, wasrVt^t?)
Uses
A tag tu rn s a statem ent into a question.
We use tags when we w ant co nfirm ation o r agreem ent from the o th e r person
A: The project was cancelled, w asnt it?
B: Yes, it was. Its a shame isnt it?
A: You havent forgotten, have you?
B: W ell, next tim e you can remind me, can't you?
A: Youve done a lot of w ork, havent you?
B: Yes, the project should go smoothly shouldnt it?
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Match the statem ent on the le ft with the correct tag on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Business is im portant,
Businesses have to m ake a profit,
P rofit creates jobs,
People w ill always have new ideas,
Most com panies have improved w o rkin g conditions,
Com panies havent always spent m uch on training,
Businesses cannot forget th e ir custom ers,
G overnm ent m ust help businesses,
can they?
haven't they?
m u s tn 't it?
dont they?
isn 't it?
doesnt it?
w o n t they?
have they?
Exercise 2
Passman pic is trying to buy a competitor, BKD Ltd. A D irector o f Passman pic is leaving a
meeting. Journalists want to talk to him. Write tags and short answers for the text below.
1. The com pany has agreed to buy BKD Ltd, h a s n 't it?
No, it h a sn 't.
No, I _______
Yes, I ______
Yes, there
Yes______
Exercise 3
Complete this conversation in a hotel bar.
Transfer
Write a conversation with a friend. Use ten different tags.
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77
UNIT
39
A
See also
Unit 40
Passive
Business File 6
Sample sentences
Active
Form
Every active sentence has at least two parts:
a subject + an active verb form
We n o rm a lly put the subject in fro n t of the verb:
The Finance Director travels to Am erica every year.
subject
+
verb
The active verb is transitive o r intransitive.
A fte r a tra nsitive verb we put a direct object.
P eter
took
The participants
made
They
w ill change
subject
+
tra nsitive verb
the minutes
three decisions,
the forecasts.
direct object
A fte r an in transitive verb we cant put a d irect object. But we can put a phrase w ith an adverb or
preposition.
are increasing.
Sales
su bject
+
in transitive verb
rapidly.
are increasing
Sales
adverb
subject
+
in transitive verb
in C entral Europe.
are increasing
Sales
p re positional phrase
subject
+
intransitive verb
(For m ore in form ation on adverbs and prepositions, see Units 65, 67-70 and 81-84.
We use the active verb form in speech and w ritin g to describe actions and events. In general, the
active fo rm is m ore personal than the passive. (See Unit 40.)
Look at the follow ing sentences w ith active tra nsitive verbs:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Now look at the follow ing sentences w ith active intransitive verbs:
A:
B:
A:
B:
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Make sentences out o f the words below.
1. ye ste rd a y/le ft/M r M ille r/th e office
M r M ille r le ft th e o ffic e yesterday.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise 2
Match a transitive verb in the firs t box with a typical direct object from the box below.
rent
accept
appoint
a price
a problem
money
design
an invoice
investigate
a car
w rite
an offer
borrow
a secretary
pay
a new product
quote
a le tte r
Exercise 3
Complete the following sentences with a verb from the box.
improved
recovered
risen
reduced
fell
this year.
o ur products.
2.
Transfer
Write sim ple sentences about a local employer. Use the verbs in the box.
make
employ
s e ll
export
train
make a p ro fit
go bankrupt
Example:
A fa c to ry in m y to w n m a ke s s p o rts e q u ip m e n t.
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79
UNIT
40
A
See also
Units 1, 2
Be
Unit 39
Active
Business File 6
Sample sentences
Passive
Form
The passive verb fo rm has two parts:
to be + past participle
Prices
are
increased
each year.
to be + past participle
subject
passive verb
We can only make passive verb fo rm s fro m tra nsitive verbs. (See Unit 39.)
Look at the follow ing passive verb form s:
Simple
Continuous
Present
Past
Present perfect
Past perfect
Infinitive
(to) be chosen
(to) be + past participle
Uses
Look at the use of passive verbs and the preposition by in the follow ing m in i-dialo g ue :
A:
B:
A:
B:
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Make passive sentences from these words. Write sentences in the present simple, the past simple
and the future with w ill.
S ta ff are o rg an ise d in p ro je c t team s.
S ta ff w e re o rg an ise d in p ro je c t tea m s.
S ta ff w ill be o rg an ise d in p ro je c t tea m s.
Staff
New products
Customers
Company policy
Profits
a company newsletter.
in our laboratories.
in new projects.
in project teams.
quality.
invest
organise
base on
test
send
Exercise 2
Use the passive to describe the process shown here. Use the prom pts given.
U. they/deliver/to shops
Exercise 3
Tim Hall, an airline manager, is talking about what happens before a plane takes o ff Complete the
spaces with passives.
There are many im p o rta n t activities before take-off. The fu e l ta n k s __________ (fill)
and the a irc ra ft s y s te m s __________ (check). F o o d ___________ (bring) on board. A ll the
baggage
(load) in the hold. The captain and the c o -p ilo t _ _________ (inform )
of runw ay conditions and o th e r details about take-off. When everything is alm o st ready
p a s s e n g e rs__________ (invite) to board the plane.
Transfer
Describe any process you know. How is bread made? How is tea made? How is a car made?
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81
UNIT
41
A
See also
Unit 39
Active
Unit 40
Passive
Business File 6
Sample sentences
A:
B:
A:
B:
Form
For the active verb form , see Unit 39; fo r the passive verb form , see Unit 40.
Now look at the relationship between the active and the passive sentences below:
The company
closed
the plant
subject
+
active verb
+
direct object
The plant
was closed
by
the company
subject +
passive verb
+ preposition
+
doer
last year,
(active sentence)
last year,
(passive sentence)
Uses
We use the active verb form in speech and w ritin g to describe actions and events:
They are launching a budget range of softw are disks next month.
First they w ill take part in an IT exhibition in Birm ingham.
We can use the passive in the follow ing situations:
1. We are not interested in the doer:
The first cars w ere delivered to distributors last month.
The name of the person who delivered the goods is not relevant, so we ca n 't use an
active sentence.
2. In process descriptions:
First the door is prim ed, then rubbed down using sandpaper.
This is the typical style fo r the d escription of the steps in a process. Again, we are not interested
in the doer. The corresponding active sentence w ould be:
First you prim e the door, then you rub it down using sandpaper.
3. In im p e rso n a l language:
The building site is dangerous; hard hats must be worn at a ll tim es.
This is the typical style of a w ritte n o rd e r o r in stru ction . The corresponding active sentence
w ould be:
The building site is dangerous; w ear hard hats.
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Read the text betow about security o f inform ation in Chemco PLC. There are six verb form s in the
text. Mark them A IactiveI o r P [passive].
Computers and Security
U sers should change th e ir password every w eek. A ll co n fid e n tia l inform a tion should be stored on
c o m p u te r hard disk. U sers should copy co nfid en tial in fo rm a tio n on to DVDs. DVDs should be placed
in the safe in the Finance Office. C onfidential inform a tion should not be removed from Chemco PLC
w ith o u t the perm ission of a D ep artm en t Manager. Report a ll se cu rity incidents to an appropriate
manager.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences fo r each situation below. Use the given verb in the active or passive.
2. switch off/lights
Eye protection m ust
P lease________
Exercise 3
Below are notes fo r a welcome presentation fo r visitors to Eastern Water by Sam Weal, the Public
Relations Manager. Write the beginning o f his presentation. Use the seven verbs given here. Put
each verb into an appropriate active or passive form.
have dinner
distribute
treat
give
go on
see 12]
Transfer
Describe some actions in your norm al day. Then describe a process you know.
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83
UNIT
Be
Sample sentences
A: It is not possible to approve these figures. They w ere wrong last year and
they are s till wrong.
B: But there was a m istake in the program then.
A: There are s till many mistakes in the program . It isn't right yet.
B: It is a very complex program .
Form
We can use it or there w ith the verb be in the follow ing main tenses:
it
there
it is (its)
it was
it w ill be
they are
(they're)
they were
they w ill be
there is
(there's)
there are
there was
there w ill be
there were
there w ill be
it has been
(it's been)
they have been
(theyve been)
it had been
(it'd been)
they had been
(they'd been)
Note
The m ost com m on sh o rt fo rm s are shown in brackets.
Uses
Look at the follow ing m in i-dialogues:
A: Have you seen th e ir new house?
B: Yes. It is lovely, (the house)
A: Have you seen th e ir new house?
B: Yes. There's a large kitchen and then there are two sm all lounges.
(= there exists .. .there exist)
A: Have you visited th e ir new house?
B: No. It has been impossible to arrange a visit. (To arrange a visit has been im possible.)
In fact it was a m istake to try. (To try was a mistake.)
In the firs t exchange, it refers to in form a tion th a t has already been identified, i.e. the new house.
In the second exchange, there introduces new in form a tion , i.e. the kitchen and the lounges.
In the th ird exchange, we use the em pty it before the adjective (im possible} and the noun
[a mistake}. The it has no m eaning; but in th is way we can postpone the im p o rta n t in form ation
to the end of the sentence.
It is difficult to develop a m arketing plan has m ore im pact than To develop a m arketing plan
is difficult.
Note
We can put e ith e r a sin g u la r o r a p lu ra l verb a fte r there. The fo rm depends on the subject.
There is one im portant reason for our decision.
There are three main points in my presentation.
84 I P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Make eight questions o r sentences from the words below.
Examples:
Are there a lot of museums here?
It isn't cheap.
It
is
French.
There
are
They
it
good quality.
Are
they
expensive.
Is
aren't
cheap.
isn't
there
a lot of museums.
Exercise 2
Choose the correct alternative to complete the dialogue below.
A: There is/There a re /lt is many good hotels in Tokyo. I like the Tokyo Hilton.
There is /lt is in the centre of the city.
B: Is there/Are there/ls it many s m a ll fam ily hotels?
A: No, there a re n 't/it is n t.
B: I im agine they is/they are/there are very expensive.
A: In Tokyo? Yes, there is/is it/it is an expensive city.
Exercise 3
Maria is at Dusseldorf railw ay station. She wants to go to Munster. Look at the notes from
the timetable. Complete the spaces in the dialogue below. Use the phrases in the box.
DEPARTURES
there is [21
[Tils
is it
Arr.
15.151
there was
Arr.
15.35|
it's [21
i i rn
1 I.J U
Arr.
15.50 j
115.01
Arr.
15.41
| DUSSELDORF - MUNSTER
| DUSSELDORF - ESSEN - MONSTER]
there are
it isn 't
is- there
are there
Maria:
Clerk:
Maria:
Clerk:
Maria:
Clerk:
11.25.
a tra in at 11.20.
Transfer
Make a dialogue using is there/are there/there is/there a re /it is/they are about yo ur town.
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85
UNIT
43
A
See also
Units 15,16, 17
Present perfect
Units 35, 36
Unit 44
Sample sentences
A:
B:
A:
Form
Have is both a fu ll verb and an auxiliary.
1. For the auxiliary have, see Unit 15 [present perfect) and Unit 19 (past perfect).
2. Below are the fo rm s of the fu ll verb have:
Present statement
IISH1
l/yo u/w e /th ey
h e /sh e /it
the com pany
the d irectors
Present question
Positive verb
N egative verb
have
has
has
have
don't have
doesnt have
doesnt have
dont have
do
does
does
do
l/you/w e/they
h e/sh e/it
the com pany
the d irectors
have?
have?
have?
have?
Present question
Past statement
Subject
Subject
[ Positive verb
had
had
had
had
N egative verb
Verb
S ubject
Verb
didn't
didnt
didnt
didnt
did
did
did
did
l/you/w e/they
h e /sh e /it
the com pany
the d irectors
have?
have?
have?
have?
have
have
have
have
EB9HHI
Present question
Subject
Positive verb
Verb
have got
has got
has got
have got
havent got
hasnt got
hasn't got
havent got
have
has
has
have
l/you/w e/they
h e /sh e /it
the com pany
the d irectors
Verb
got
got
got
got
The past fo rm s of have got are had got (positive verb), hadnt got (negative verb) and
had .. . got (question).
The s h o rt fo rm s of have got are I've/youve /w e've/th eyve got, hes /s h e 's /its got
Uses
1. S om etim es have and have got have (got) the same m eaning:
Sixty insurance companies have (got) th e ir headquarters in the city.
2. S om etim es we use have in fixed phrases:
On fine evenings, we usually have a barbecue.
Come and have a coffee w hile we discuss w hat you should do.
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Label have in the following text as auxiliary [AUX], fu ll verb (VI o r p a rt o f have got (HGj.
I did n t have a very good job last year. Now Ive got a new position in the company.
Ive taken co n tro l of export sales. Weve m any new clie n ts in A m erica and Asia.
Have you seen o ur product brochure? Weve had a new one printed th is week.
Mary, have you got a copy?
Exercise 2
Match the following to the correct picture a-f.
1. We've got a problem .
2. The com pany has stopped trading.
3. Ive bought a new car.
Exercise 3
Fumi Wang is talking to Mike Winters, o f Trans World Systems, a software company
Complete the following conversation. Use form s o f have or have got.
Fumi:
Mike:
Fumi:
Mike:
Fumi:
Mike:
Fumi:
Mike:
Transfer
Write a short dialogue about a company you know well. Use sentences with have and have got.
Include the following words.
employees
sales representatives
offices
custom ers
vk.com/bastau
agents
products
UNIT
Business File 4
Sample sentences
A:
B:
A:
B:
Unit 43
Form
Get is a fu ll verb (see Business File 6: Irre g u la r verb table.) The form have got is the present
perfect of get (see Unit 4-3 fo r the fo rm s of have got).
Uses
1. We use get in the present and past to mean receive :
A: Did you get the message?
B: Yes, I got it yesterday.
2. We use get in phrases to mean becom e :
It is getting harder to find a good builder.
Both men got rich in 2005 when they sold the company.
3. We use get to to mean a rrive :
I got to his house at 8 o'clock.
4. Have got m eans have, i.e. w ith a present meaning:
They have got a new client. (= they have)
Has he got a job?
Note
We have got the keys. (We have them now.)
We got the keys last w eek. (We received them last week.)
P re -In te rm e d ia te B usiness G ra m m a r
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Underline and [abet six form s o f get (Gj and have got IHGJ in the following text.
A: Did you get my le tte r yesterday?
B: I d id n t get it yesterday. It came today. Ive got it here on my
A: The problem is getting serious, but I havent got tim e to
B: Well, I ve got a m eeting this afternoon.
A: Okay. Ill c a ll you before lunch.
desk.
discuss it now. Ill ca ll later.
Exercise 2
Match the following to the correct picture a-f.
U. The com pany is getting bigger.
5. Ive got a headache.
6. I got your em ail.
Exercise 3
Complete the following exchanges. Choose a form of get o r have got from the box. Use the correct
tense.
get (21
get easier
get better
not/get
W h a t___________ y o u ___________ ?
Its the a nnual sales report.
3. Peter:
Sue:
6. Alice:
7. Billy:
Transfer
Write sentences about yourself with get or have got Include positive negative and question forms.
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85
UNIT
4
Sample sentences
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
Infinitive
Past tense
Past participle
say
said
said
tell
told
told
Say
Many people say that the city is safer now than it was ten years ago.
{not: Many people say us tha t the city is sa fe r now than it was ten years ago.)
A: W hat did he say to you? [not: W hat did he say you?)
B: He said to me that he w ill m ake a very im portant speech at the conference.
[not: He said me th a t he w ill make a very im p o rta n t speech at the conference.)
T ell
Please te ll Jane that I w ill call her later.
[not: Please te ll to Jane ...)
I w ill te ll my friends to stay at your hotels.
[not: I w ill te ll to my frie n ds ...)
He told us the history of the city, [not: He told the history of the city.)
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
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TASKS
Exercise 1
Two colleagues are in a restaurant. Match a sentence on the left to an appropriate reply on the right.
1. W hat did you say?
c. W hat s h a ll I say?
6 . Let me pay.
Exercise 2
A purchaser from Delta Hospital Services wants to buy some equipment from a supplier, Langer.
There are fou r mistakes in the conversation. Identify them and correct them.
Delta:
Langer:
Delta:
Langer:
Delta:
Langer:
Exercise 3
Complete the email below with say, said, te ll or told.
Transfer
What have you said today? Who did you te ll something? What has someone told you?
vk.com/bastau
91
Make vs. Do
UNIT
46
A
Do
Sample sentences
A:
B:
A:
B:
See also
Unit 31
Form
Make and do are fu ll verbs. (See B usiness File 6: Irre g u la r verb table.)
Do is also an auxiliary verb. We use it in the negative and question fo rm s of the present and
past sim ple tenses. (See Unit 31.)
Look at the follow ing sentences:
Who
We
We
do
(auxiliary)
do
(fu ll verb)
made
(fu ll verb)
Uses
Make and do often have s im ila r m eanings. S om etim es we use make and som etim es we use do.
There are no fixed rules. So you should learn som e of these phrases.
business
damage
an exercise
good
a job
repairs
research
well
badly
better
work
wrong
an appointment
an arrangement
a budget
a choice
a complaint
a decision
a loss
a mistake
money
an offer
a profit
progress
a report
sure
a trip
make
Now look at the follow ing dialogue w ith make and do:
A: So, how did your company do last year?
B: We did very w e ll. We made a profit of $ 1.2 billion.
A: How did you make so much money?
B: We did a lot of w o rk on our forecasts.
A: So you didn't make any m istakes in your budgets?
B: No, w e didn't.
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 2
Two colleagues are discussing a meeting. Their company has produced a new product, BIGGO.
F ill the spaces in the dialogue with an appropriate form o f do o r make.
A m y:
Leo:
A m y:
Leo:
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences below. Replace the underlined words with a new verb phrase using
m ake o r do in the correct tense.
1. We work with a lot of companies in France.
We____________________ progress.
Transfer
What did you do yesterday? What are you doing today? Have you made anything recently?
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
4
Used To
Sample sentences
A:
B:
A:
B:
Form
There are two different verb phrases w ith the form used to:
1. used to + infinitive
I used to w ork for ITCorp. (I w orked fo r ITCorp in the past, but I dont w o rk there now.
We use used to to ta lk about a past habit.
2. to be used to + infinitive . . .ing or to be used to + noun
We
are
used to
hearing
about bankruptcies.
to be + used to
+ infinitive .. .ing
They
are
used to
these problems.
to be + used to
+
noun
We use to be used
to to ta lk about ageneral habit.
We can use it in
any tense.
Uses
These two verb phrases have d iffe re n t m eanings.
1. used to + infinitive
We use th is phrase to ta lk about a past activity or habit tha t is not a present activity o r habit.
We used to stock 36 different kinds of steel pipes. (In the past we re g ula rly stocked 36 types of
stee l pipes, but now we dont.)
In the past we used to design everything by hand; today w e use computers.
2. to be used to + infinitive . . .ing o r to be used to + noun
We use this phrase to ta lk about a general habit - n orm a lly in the present, but possibly in
the past or future.
Is it s till strange, or are you used to it now?
He was used to the journey as he had done it several tim es.
I'm sure Peter w ill soon be used to the new com puter system.
Note
The follow ing sentences have d iffe re n t fo rm s but s im ila r m eanings:
We w ere used to working until 7 or 8 pm.
(= past general habit)
We used to w ork until 7 or 8 pm. (= past habit)
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94 | P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
faHSfffSfl
Underline six examples o f used to in the dialogue. Label them as PH [past habit] o r GH
Igeneral habit].
P e te r:
Janis:
P e te r:
Janis:
P e te r:
Janis:
Exercise 2
Write sentences, based on the prom pts below, about Michael Ross, Chairman o f Kelfield PLC.
Use used to and the words in brackets.
1. He has lived abroad.
H e __________ (live/in Italy].
2. He attends international meetings.
H e __________ (make/presentations].
3. He likes going for walks.
When he was yo u n g __________ [go for w alks/w ith his father).
U. He works long hours.
H e __________ [work/late].
5. He likes going out with friends.
H e __________ [eat/in restaurants].
6. Michael has a new car.
H e __________ [have/a motorbike].
Exercise 3
Complete the following sentences using appropriate form s o f used to.
A nn :
P ete r:
A nn :
P e te r:
A nn :
P ete r:
A nn :
P e te r:
Transfer
Write five sentences about yo urself and yo ur work or studies in the past and now. Use used to.
vk.com/bastau
95
UNIT
Describing trends
Sample sentences
A: The governm ent is going to raise taxes next year.
B: So, taxes w ill rise again. They raised taxes last year.
A: And the level of unem ploym ent rose.
Form
Rise and raise are different verbs, but they have s im ila r m eanings.
So rise is an irre g u la r verb and raise is a re g u la r verb. The o th e r difference is tha t rise is
intra nsitive and raise is transitive. (See Unit 39.)
Prices rose last year, (intransitive)
We raised prices last year, (transitive)
Uses
We use both verbs to indicate an upward movem ent:
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Underline examples of ris e and raise. Mark them as intransitive [ll o r transitive iTj.
I
In the first half of the year prices rose by 10%. Wages rose at the same
time. The government raised taxes and the banks raised interest rates.
Inflation continued to rise.
Exercise 2
Choose the correct sentence from the atternatives given.
1. a. Sales raise by 10%.
b. The com pany raised.
c. Sales rose by 10%.
2. a. We rised o ur advertising budget.
b. The advertising budget has risen.
c. The advertising budget has been rised.
3. a. Costs w ill probably be risen.
b. Costs w ill probably rise.
c. We w ill probably raise costs.
4. a. The n um be r of unemployed w o rke rs rose th is year.
b. This year the n u m b e r of unemployed w o rke rs raised.
c. The com pany raised the n um bers of unemployed w o rk e rs th is year.
5. a. E le ctricity com panies rise th e ir charges.
b. E le ctricity com panies have raised th e ir charges.
c. The charges by the e le ctricity com panies have raised.
6. a. Bank charges w ill rise next year.
b. Bank charges w ill raise next year.
c. Banks w ill rise th e ir charges next year.
Exercise 3
Write sentences 1-5 fo r the pictures a-e. Use the given prompts.
1. The National Telephone Company__________ the price of m aking a call.
Transfer
Write fou r sentences about yo u r work o r studies. Use appropriate form s o f rise o r raise.
vk.com/bastau
97
UNIT
49
A
See also
Unit 29
Verb.. .ing
Business File 6
Sample sentences
Verb + Preposition
Form
A verb + preposition phrase has two fo rm s:
verb + preposition
I've heard
+ noun phrase
about
the vacancy in the M arketing Departm ent.
at
fo r
in
on
of
to
w ith
apologise fo r
ask fo r
care fo r
consist of
depend on
hear about
hope fo r
pay fo r
rely on
succeed in
th in k of
w a it fo r
Note
We always use verb .. .ing a fte r a preposition:
Excuse me for interrupting, [not: excuse me fo r in terru pt)
Uses
Now look at these sentences w ith verb + preposition phrases:
I look forw ard to seeing you soon, [not: I look forw ard to see you soon.)
Here to is a preposition.
Dealers are waiting for prices to fall.
He apologised for being late.
The departm ent asked for a 13% increase in its budget.
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
Match a verb on the Ieft with a preposition on the right.
succeed
to
ask
on
hear
fo r
depend
w ith
consist
in
about
agree
of
Exercise 2
Complete the le tte r below with an appropriate tense of the correct verb and preposition from the box.
talk about
succeed in
look forward to
consist o f
agree to
invest in
depend on
10% in c re a s e . F o r o u r b a ie s o id u ,
__ o u r p re s e n t re p u ta tio n .
I a m ___ ___s e e in g yo u on 28 O c to b e r.
Y o u rs s in c e re ly
P J o n e s , C h a irm a n
Exercise 3
Two colleagues, Sam and Paula, go out for an evening a fte r a successful negotiation with a
supplier. Complete the dialogue with an appropriate verb and preposition combination. Choose a
verb from the box. Put it in the correct tense.
wait fo r
pay for
manage to
hope fo r
rely on
ask fo r
depend on
Sam:
The m eeting was really good. We got alm o st a ll we w e re _________
Paula: Yes, in fact, I was su rp rise d w e ________ obtain a very low price.
Sam:
Also, we got good term s. We dont have t o _________ the goods u n til January.
Paula: Thats true. I th in k they have lost som e business recently. They w e re _________ getting
the contract from us. We got a good deal because they knew we have o th e r suppliers.
We were n o t_________ them . Also, we w e re n t in a hurry. We c a n _________ s m a lle r
com panies to supply us.
Sam:
But obviously, we w e re _________ a quick deal.
Transfer
Write a paragraph about yo urself and/or yo ur company o r studies. Include examples o f verb and
preposition combinations.
vk.com/bastau
99
UNIT
Sample sentences
Always switch off the light when you leave the room.
The office didnt make its sales targets, and the company eventually shut it down.
You must fill out a form if you want to claim expenses.
Why did you give up marathon running?
Form
A verb + adverb phrase is also called a phrasal verb.
1.
2.
3.
4.
We
have marked
down
verb
adverb
the prices
small gifts
verb
object
We
We
Please
object
at our stand.
away
adverb
must turn
it
round.
verb
object
adverb
speak
up.
verb
adverb
If the phrasal verb takes an object, then we can put the object a fte r the adverb (sentence 1) or
between the verb and the adverb (sentence 2). But if the object is a pronoun, then we m ust put the
pronoun between the verb and the adverb (sentence 3).
Sentence 4 shows a phrasal verb w ith o u t an object.
Typical adverbs in p hrasa l verbs are:
about
across
on
out
over
along
around
away
round
through
up
back
down
Uses
S om etim es a phrasal verb keeps the m eaning of its parts:
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
forward
in
off
TASKS
Match the verb on the le ft with a phrasal verb on the rig h t with the same meaning.
re turn (goods) =
close down
reduce (production) =
c a ll off
abandon (plans) =
take over
buy (a company) =
cut back
go out of business =
sw itch on
sta rt (a m achine) =
send back
Exercise 2
Match the pictures a -d with the correct sentences 1-4 below. Underline the phrasal verb in each
sentence.
d.
b.
a.
DAILY N EW S
Date: I 15/01/2010
Exercise 3
Replace the underlined words in the conversation below with a phrasal verb from the box.
build up
set up
p u t up
send back
cut back
turn down
Transfer
Have you given up anything?
Do you want to set up anything?
Have you put back any plans ?
Have you taken away anything?
Do you Look back on things?
Have you taken out anything?
What would you like to cut down or call off?
vk.com/bastau
101
Positive Statements
UNIT
51
A
Unit 6
The
Unit 11
The
Unit 52
Negative statements
Sample sentences
See also
Unit 3
Form
A positive statem ent has at Least two parts:
subject
+
positive verb form
The market
is booming.
will improve,
has increased.
In positive statem ents, we usually put the subject before the verb:
The caretaker
subject
lives
+
positive verb
On the top floor lives the caretaker is possible but not com m on.
We can put the verb into one of the follow ing tenses:
present sim ple
present continuous
past sim ple
past continuous
present perfect sim ple
present perfect continuous
We
subject
launch
+ active verb
New products
subject
are launched
+
each year.
passive verb
We
subject
can increase
+
sales.
would
may
m ight
shall
should
can
could
m ust
Uses
We use positive state m e n ts to give positive inform ation.
Here are some positive state m e n ts w ith d iffe re n t verb phrases:
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
Read the text betow. Underline and label the subject o f each sentence [S] and the verb phrase [VPj.
Sales (S) have been very disappointing (VP) this year. Our
costs are rising every day. Clearly, our marketing team need
to market our products better. But our R&D Department are
confident. They are developing a brilliant new product. It will
need support from the bank. A new business plan is being
prepared at the moment.
Exercise 2
The text below gives the history o f Keele Brothers Ltd. Put the sentences into the correct order.
The firs t two have been done for you.
a. Now United E lectric exports a ll over the w orld.
b. In 2000 Keele B rothers was taken over by United E lectric Inc.
c. In those days Keele B rothers made bicycles.
d. Between 1980 and 2000 the m ain products w ere pum ps and s m a ll engines.
e. The name of the com pany was changed to United E lectric (UK) Ltd.
f. Keele B rothers Ltd was started in 1970.
g. Since then the com pany has developed an in te rn a tio n a l m arket.
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences below taken from the annual report o f Hebden pic, a m anufacturing
company. Put the verbs in the correct form.
1. In 2009 Hebden__________ an international consortium to develop a new aircraft, [join]
2. Since 2004 the com pany__________ continual growth, [realise]
3. Our p ro d u cts __________ all over the w orld fo r many years, [export]
U. Our p ro d u ctio n __________ highly autom ated systems, [use]
5. Our m arket share in our home m a rk e t__________ now 12%. [be]
6. 7,000 p eo p le __________ by the Hebden group, [employ]
7. The annual re p o rt__________ details for o ur 21 different product areas, [contain]
Transfer
Write six positive statem ents about yo urself o r a company you know. Use different verb phrases.
vk.com/bastau
Negative Statements
UNIT
52
A
See also
Unit 4
Unit 7
The present
Unit 12
Unit 31
Do
simple negative
Sample sentences
We arent increasing our advertising budget this year.
The company doesnt have any South African operations.
They havent sold the stock yet.
We can't wait until next year.
Form
A negative statem ent has at least two parts:
subject
+
negative verb form
Quality
isn't improving.
The members
didn't
subject
agree
on this point.
auxilia ry + not
+
verb
On this point the members didn't agree is possible but not com m on.
We can put the verb into one of the follow ing tenses:
past perfect sim ple
past perfect continuous
past continuous
present perfect sim ple
present perfect continuous
If the verb is in the present sim ple o r past sim ple, we use a fo rm of do to make the negative.
(See Unit 31.)
We
don't produce
produce
positive verb form
We
su bject
don't choose
+
active verb
A new president
is not chosen
subject
each year.
passive verb
We
subject
can't increase
+
prices.
woutd
may
m ight
shall
should
can
could
Uses
Look at the negative statem ents in th is m ini-dialogue:
A:
B:
A:
B:
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
m ust
TASKS
Underline negative statem ents in the text betow. Label subjects [Si and negative verbs [NVj.
To:
From:
Subject:
1nick_fox@jdloughman.com
| maria_aubert@jdloughman.com
| Ibros S.A. negotiation
Dear Nick
We did not have a meeting with Ibros S.A. because we rejected their offer.The offer did not come by
email. We received a fax on Thursday. We understand that the Managing Director of Ibros, Mr Kalkis,
will not sign the contract. We have not accepted the present proposals. At the moment we are not
planning to continue production of the Alisia range. Last year we didn't reach agreement immediately. I
Now, I think it will not be easy to find a solution.
a
Exercise 2
Make the following statem ents negative. Use sh ort forms, where possible.
Exercise 3
Write negative statem ents fo r the pictures a - f below. Use an appropriate modal o r auxiliary + not.
d.
1. we/not/increase/R+D spending
We have not increased our R+D spending.
2. inflation/not/rise/in the near future
3. S ols m arket share/not/increase in ten years
e.
Definitely no takeover
of Hammond
2010
Transfer
Write six negative statem ents about yourself, yo u r work o r your studies, o r about an institution or
company you know.
vk.com/bastau
105
UNIT
Questions: Yes/No
53
A
Unit 8
Unit 13
Unit 31
Do
Units 54, 55
Questions
Sample sentences
See also
Unit 5
Form
A yes/no question has at least two parts:
question verb form + subject
The question verb form also has at least two parts:
Do
you
agree?
verb part 1 +
subject
+
verb part 2
The question verb form has a m odal or auxiliary in verb part 1.
In yes/no questions, we put the m odal or auxiliary before the subject:
Have
they
a uxilia ry
moved
subject
to new offices?
verb p art 2
We can put the verb into one of the follow ing tenses:
present sim ple
present continuous
past sim ple
past continuous
present perfect sim ple
present perfect continuous
If the verb is in the present sim ple o r past sim ple, we use a form of do to make the question.
(See Unit 31.)
Did
we
meet
fo rm of do
verb p art 2
Should
we
make
m odal
verb p art 2
would
may
m ight
shall
should
can
could
m ust
Uses
Look at these yes/no questions:
A:
B:
A:
B:
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
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1335331
Undertine the ye s/n o questions in the following dialogue.
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Exercise 2
Paulo Introini wrote an em ail to his company's Marketing Department. He received the email
message printed on the right. Match the correct answers [a -f] on the rig h t to the questions [1-61
on the left.
To:
1Marketing Department
From:
[pauloin@incap.co.de
Subject:
1ARGOS Ltd.
|
~]
Dear All
Here are six questions.
1 Has all the research been completed?
2 Was the rate of response good?
3 Was the feedback satisfactory?
4 Are we planning to repeat the survey?
5 Will you send me a report?
Are changes recommended in our selling technique?
CD
To:
pauloin@incap.co.de
From:
imogenfa@incap.co.de
Subject:
products.
e Yes, the research has been completed,
f Yes, the response rate was good.
Kind regards
Paulo
Exercise 3
Look at the prom pts below. Write a ye s/n o question fo r each one.
1. you/call/Fred/yesterday?
Did you call Fred yesterday?
2. M andy/m eet/Joanne/next weekend?
3. Alex/be b ack/from Nairobi tom orrow ?
4. T o m /usu a lly/re n t/a ca r fo r trip s abroad?
5. be/you/prepared/for y o u r presentation/next week?
6. R olf/go/N ew York/in June last year?
Transfer
Prepare eight yes/no questions to ask a friend about h is/he r work.
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UNIT
54
A
See also
Units 5, 8, 13
Do
Unit 31
Units 53, 55
Questions
Questions: Wh-
Form
A w h -q ue stio n has at least three parts:
w h -q ue stio n w ord + verb + subject
The m ain w h -q ue stio n w ords are:
who?
w hom ?
what?
w hich?
where?
when?
why?
Uses
Look at these w h -q ue stio ns:
1- asking about people - who, who(m) or which + personal noun:
Who built this tow er? (who is the subject of the verb)
Who(m) did he choose for the role? (who(m) is the object of the verb)
Which candidates came to the interview ? (which candidates is the subject of the verb)
Which candidate w ill you appoint? (which candidate is the object of the verb)
Note
Jn spoken language we usually use who fo r the object; in fo rm a l w ritte n language we use who(m).
2. asking about thing s - what, which + im p e rso na l noun:
W hat exactly are we going to do?
Which departm ent w ill have responsibility for technology issues?
(which departm ent is the subject)
Which departm ent w ill you put in charge of technology issues?
(which departm ent is the object)
3. asking about the tim e - when:
When did you resign as the CEO of the bank?
U. asking about the place - where:
W here have they come from?
5. asking about the reason - why:
Why do they need permission fo r that?
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y g fffg s n
Underline the wh-question words in the sentences below. Match the questions on the le ft to
the correct answ er on the right.
1.
2.
3.
-4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Exercise 2
Complete the questions below with wh-question words.
Q: __________ lo rry is going to Belgium ?
A: The one on the left.
Q: __________ is the o th e r one going?
A: To Greece.
Q : ____ ______are they carrying?
A: Ones carrying fru it. The o th e r is
carrying meat.
Q:
Greece?
A: Kalkos S.A.
Q: __________ are they based?
A: In Saloniki.
Q: __________ is the driver?
A: Maggie Farnham . She always goes to Greece.
Exercise 3
A t Compo Ltd the Marketing Departm ent have a meeting to talk about a new idea.
Write questions about the underlined words in the sentences below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Transfer
Ask a colleague questions using who, whom what which, where when why.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
55
A
See also
Units 5, 8, 13
Unit 31
Do
Units 53, 54
Questions
Quantifiers
Sample sentences
Questions: How
Form
We form a question w ith how in the sam e way as a w h -q ue stio n. It has at least three parts:
how + verb + subject
The main how -question w ords are:
how?
how long?
how far?
how often?
did
verb part 1
they
subject
verb part 2
How often
H ow -question word
should
verb part 1
we
subject
check
verb part 2
pay
fo r the company?
the stock levels?
For m ore in form a tion on question verb form s, see Unit 53.
Uses
Look at these how -questions:
1. asking about m anner - how:
How do you calculate the m arket value of a company?
How can they ensure consistent quality during the m anufacturing process?
2. asking about quantity and am o un t - how much, how many:
How much do I owe you? (how m uch = how m uch money)
How much housing is needed?
How many products does the company export successfully?
3. asking about the length of tim e - how long:
How long have you lived in Florida?
4. asking about the distance - how far:
How fa r is it from Edinburgh to London?
5. asking about the frequency - how often:
How often do they call?
6. asking about the dim ensions - how big, how sm all, etc.
How big is your office?
How sm all does the digital cam era have to be?
7. asking about the extent of a qua lity - how busy, how hot, etc.
How busy are you a fte r lunch?
How hot does it get in sum m er?
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p w jfiw s n
Form six questions from the ju m b le d words.
1. e xhibitio n /th e /h o w /cam e/m a n y/pe o ple /to?
Exercise 2
Complete the email below by asking the question fo r the given answers. Use a question phrase
with how.
Date:
18/10/2010
To:
| k.r.nijran@amtel.com
From:
Subject:
marketing@amtel.com
[ RE: AMTEL MARKET SURVEY
Dear Kevin,
______are we going to spend? US $450,000
----------people will get questionnaires? 3,000
----------will the research take? two months
----------do we need to repeat this survey? every two years
will the survey extend? all over Japan
is the consultancy which is carrying out the research? the 4th biggest in Japan
will they analyse the result? by computer and personal interview
Answers by Monday please! Thanks.
::.
3
Ben Kamal is Managing D irector ofA ranco Ltd. He is talking about insurance with a friend,
Willy Hoos. Complete the dialogue with appropriate questions.
W illy :
Ben:
W illy :
(employee insurance/cost)?
Employee insurance costs about 10% of the salaries.
Ben:
(employees/have)?
W illy :
Ben:
Around 850.
(they/stay/w ith Arancol?
W illy :
Ben:
W illy :
We make a detailed study very often. Every year. Its very im portant.
Ben:
W illy :
Ben:
Transfer
How many people live in yo u r town? How big is the largest company? How often do you travel
abroad? How fa r is the local airport? How long does it take to get to the nearest seaport?
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UNIT
56
A
See also
Unit 10
Unit 38
Question tags
Sample sentences
Form
We form a positive com m and using an infinitive (the positive im perative form ):
Call
this num ber right now.
infinitive
We form a negative com m and w ith dont + infinitive (the negative im perative form ):
Don't w ait
until tom orrow,
don't + infinitive
For m ore in form ation on im perative verb form s, see Unit 10.
We can put please before or a fte r the com m and to make it m ore polite.
C all me before 10 o'clock, please, (w ritten w ith a comma)
Please don't phone me a fte r 10 o'clock at night, (w ritten w ith o u t a com m a)
We can put the tag w ill you a fte r a com m and to make it m ore em phatic, but this is not very polite.
Correct these figures, w ill you?
Uses
Look at these com m ands:
112
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Undertine positive commands once and negative commands twice in the following extract.
Please arrive at about 8.30. R egister w ith reception. You w ill be given a key. You may
relax u n til 9.30. At 9.30, please m eet at the Main Entrance. Dont go directly to the
S em inar Room. Wait fo r your group leader. He/she w ill give you in stru ction s. Please
dont telephone the office except in an emergency. F u rth e r in form a tion can be obtained
by em a il o r letter.
Exercise 2
Match the commands betow to the correct picture a-h.
1. Do not run on the walkways.
2. Please do not use m obile phones in th is area.
3. B uilding w o rk in progress. Please w e a r protective headgear.
U. Danger of radiation. Do not e n te r th is area.
5. Turn on yo ur headlights in the tunnel.
6. Do not touch. Danger of e le ctric shock.
7. Caution. Do not lig h t fires.
8. Switch off engine. Do not smoke.
c.
b.
e.
d.
Exercise 3
Jane Callow has a new Personal Assistant. Jane is in London on business. She leaves instructions
fo r h e r Personal Assistant. Complete h er instructions with positive commands for the tasks
m arked { / ) and negative commands fo r the tasks m arked (XL Use verbs in the box.
book/tickets { / }
accept Ix j
cbeck-IV-}
listen to [ / )
write [ / }
fix/appointments IXl
Transfer
Write three positive commands fo r a regular visitor to your home o r company. Write three negative
commands fo r the same person.
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UNIT
57
A
Sample sentences
Form
A sim ple sentence has only one clause, i.e. contains one verb phrase.
We c a ll th is a main clause.
We
A com plex sentence has m ore than one clause, i.e. contains m ore than one verb phrase:
We
or
raise
capital from the shareholders.
verb phrase 2
m ain clause 1
We
m ain clause 2
is
verb phrase 2
too sm all.
subordinate clause
In the firs t com plex sentence the two clauses are joined w ith or. We c a ll or a co-ordinating
conjunction. A co-ordinating conjunction jo in s two main clauses. There are three co-ordinating
conjunctions: and, but, or.
In the second com plex sentence the two clauses are joined w ith because. We ca ll because a
subordinating conjunction because it depends on the m ain clause. A subordinating conjunction
jo in s a main clause and a subordinate clause. Typical subordinating conjunctions are: because,
when, though, if, that, who/which.
Uses
1. A sim ple sentence can be a statem ent, a question, o r a com m and:
W hen are you going to see him? (question)
The com mittee's next meeting is scheduled for August 22. (statem ent)
Dont forget to send a copy of the report to everyone, (command)
2. C o-ordination is often m ore vague than subordination. Look at the follow ing sentences:
Finally, we appointed Susanne Schneider and we think that she'll be a good Research Director.
Finally, we appointed Susanne Schneider, who we think w ill be a good Research Director.
Finally, we appointed Susanne Schneider because we think that she w ill be a good Research
Director.
They have s im ila r m eanings, but the fin a l sentence is the m ost inform ative.
3. S ubordination shows the re lationship between the m ain clause and the subordinate clause:
A: OK, the green light, w h ich you can see here, is the first indicator.
(relative clause m akes specific)
Don't press the button u n til the green light goes on. (indicates tim e)
B: But w hat do we do i f the green light doesn't go on? (indicates condition)
A: This shows th a t the machine is not ready, (subordinate clause a fte r the verb to explain show )
1U
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E E
E &
Label the main clauses [MCI and the subordinate clauses [SCI in the following. Underline the
co-ordinating conjunctions and(circle)the subordinating conjunctions.
The Am co 75 w ent into production in the Spring. Sales were very good and we quickly
established a sig n ifican t m a rke t share. We have begun exporting the Am co 75, though
early sales are weak. We w ill have a satisfactory year if our exports improve. P rofit has
gone up th is year because o u r dom estic sales have increased. Our research has been
very productive but costs have risen. Now we have many co m p etito rs who are seen as
im p o rta n t dangers in som e key m arkets.
Exercise 2
Add appropriate conjunctions in the following dialogue. Choose from the box.
who
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
because
or
and-
though
if
Exercise 3
Look at the paragraph below. Hans Koeppel talks about his company. Count the sentences.
Are they sim ple or complex? Below it is the same paragraph, rew ritten with few er sentences.
Make them into complex sentences by putting one word in each space.
I w o rk fo r Arkop GmbH. Arkop m akes car com ponents. The com pany is based in
K irchheim . K irchheim is in S outhern Germany. This is a good location. Many of our
cu stom ers are very close. We s e ll o u r products a ll over Germany. We also export a lot.
Our dom estic m a rke t is the m ost im p o rta n t part of o u r business.
I work for Arkop GmbH _________ makes car components. The company is based in Kirchheim,
_________is in Southern Germany This is a good lo ca tion _________ many of our customers
are very close. We sell our products a ll over G erm any_________ we also export a lot,
our domestic m arket is the m ost im portant p a rt o f our business.
Transfer
Write six sim ple sentences about a company o r institution you know well. Then reduce the num ber
o f sentences by rew riting them as complex sentences.
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UNIT
Subordinate Clauses
See also
Unit 57
Sample sentences
Form
A subordinate clause depends on a main clause. It cannot stand by itse lf as a sentence.
We sold the prem ises because w e needed to raise extra capital.
main clause
subordinate clause
2 . a subordinating conjunction:
If sales improve, the company w ill soon be profitable again.
The m ain subordinating conjunctions are:
because
if
when a fte r
while
so that
so
laljthough
3. a w h -w o rd or how -w ord:
We don't know when the new product w ill be launched.
the main w h -w o rd s and h ow -w o rd s are:
who
which
what when
where
why
how
Uses
Look at the follow ing sentences. Each sentence has a subordinate clause; and each subordinate
clause has a different meaning.
1. because - cause o r reason:
The business w ill succeed because we have recruited good staff.
2. if - condition:
We w ill reduce the fee i f you pay in advance.
3. although - contrast:
A lth o u g h we have reduced costs, profits have not increased.
Notes
We can use though o r although.
4. so that - purpose:
We are changing the way we do business so th a t w e can compete more effectively.
5. so (that) - result:
There was enough room so (th a t) w e could invite tw enty guests.
6. after - tim e:
A fte ry o u finish high school, you can go to university.
7. w h -w o rd - reported question and relative clause:
I would like to know w h y you are here, (reported question)
They jointly own the company w h ich w ill operate the pipeline, (relative clause)
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TASKS
E G E M 1
Identify nine subordinating conjunctions or wh-words in the wordsquare betow. There are five
horizontal, three vertical and one diagonal.
B E C
T S B
H E M
0 M W
U K W
A
L
I
U S
0 L
I F
H A
H I
T
C
G T H R D P
H S 0 0 X L
R
F
W
H
E
N
Exercise 2
Match the main clause on the le ft with an appropriate subordinate clause on the right.
Main clauses
Subordinate clauses
Exercise 3
Valbor Metal is trading in a d ifficult market. In an internal meeting, a m em ber o f the Board is
talking about the problems. Complete the following text with words from the box.
if
though
so
where
which
because
We need to increase our p ric e s __________ our costs are rising. Many companies are in a sim ila r
p o s itio n ,__________ our costs are especially high. We have a strong export m arket __________
o ur sales are s till good. We have identified some key p ro b le m s_______
make the home
__we
do not take
m arket very d ifficult at present. We w ill have continued p ro b le m s _______
some d ifficult decisions. There is no time to lose,
we have to do something quickly. '
Transfer
Write five sentences with subordinate clauses about the m ajor em ployer in your home town,
o r about your company
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117
UNIT
Sample sentences
Subordinate clauses
Form
A relative clause is a type of subordinate clause.
Relative clauses begin w ith a relative pronoun.
Who and which are typical relative pronouns.
I
y.
Uses
1. Defining relative clauses give in form a tion w hich is e ssential to understand the sentence:
You are the only person who can answ er this question.
The clause who can answ er this question identifies the person; w ith o u t this inform ation, the
sentence has a d iffe re n t meaning.
This is the machine which can print 25 pages a minute.
The clause which can print 25 pages a m inute identifies the m achine; w ith o u t th is inform ation,
the sentence has a different m eaning.
2. N on-defining relative clauses give additional, non -e sse ntia l in form a tion :
Norbert, who(m ) we m et in New York, is visiting London next month.
The clause who(m ) we met in New York gives a dditional in fo rm a tio n ; we can s till identify
the person w ith o u t th is in form a tion .
I've read a ll of your papers, which I found very interesting.
The clause which I found very interesting gives a dditional in fo rm a tio n ; we can s till identify
the papers w ith o u t this in form a tion .
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TASKS
E S
E &
Undertine five relative clauses in the text below. Label them defining clauses [Dj o r non-defining
clauses [NDj.
Salisbury
Tel: 01722 368359
Fax: 01722 368333
ANTIBIOTICS TODAY
The conference, w hich w ill discuss the action of a n tib io tics on
diseases, w ill be held at U niversity College, w hich is one of the
oldest colleges in the city. People w ho w ish to attend should send
an application fo rm to the P resident of the Society, who is in
charge of bookings. Anyone who is presenting a paper at the
conference w ill a u to m a tica lly receive fu ll details.
Combine the sentences below into single sentences with a relative clause.
1. Our clothes are very fashionable. They are p opular w ith young people.
Our clothes, which are very fashionable, are popular w ith young people.
2. The w om an said o u r collection was w o n de rfu l. She is the e d ito r of Style.
3. We use the best agencies to show o u r collection. They charge a lot of money.
4. We depend on m agazine publicity. This increases our in te rn a tio n a l reputation.
5. Many im p o rta n t m agazine editors attend the fairs. They have massive influence.
6. The design team is very experienced. They plan o u r participation.
S335ESB
Write sentences with the prom pts below. Include relative clauses using the words in brackets.
1. Our com pany (m akes floors) grow /by 10% per year.
Our company, which makes floors, is growing by 10% per year.
2. The D irecto r (came here yesterday) be/Italian.
3. Our m ain clie n ts (in Europe) b e/sports clubs.
4. In 2008 (record year) w e /s u p p ly /flo o rs /fo r the Olympic Games.
5. Our R and D in stitute (based at Newtown University) develop/new flo o r m aterials.
6. The flo o rs (w e/send/to F in la nd /la st year) are specially fo r o utd oo r use.
Transfer
Write four sentences, including relative clauses, about the town where you live.
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UNIT
Sample sentences
Subordinate clauses
Form
A clause of cause/reason is a type of subordinate clause.
Clauses of cause/reason begin w ith a subordinating conjunction. (See Unit 58.)
Because is a subordinating conjunction of cause o r reason.
We manufacture in SE Asia
...... ..................
m ain clause
because
*
subordinating conjunction
subordinate clause
Uses
Clauses of cause or reason answ er the question 'why?'; they present the cause or the reason.
A: Why are you leaving early?
B: Im leaving because I want to catch my train.
A: And why are you joining ITCorp?
B: I am joining ITCorp because they have offered me an interesting job.
And why are you moving to SoftSys?
A: Because I've worked at ITCorp for 15 years and I need a new challenge.
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
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Exercise 2
Complete the following by w riting clauses o f cause or reason based on the prom pts below.
1. We need a new factorv
lo u r plant/be/too old]
--------------
....
......
..............
Exercise 3
Use the prom pts below to w rite a paragraph with clauses o f cause or reason with because.
Example:
John resigned because he was not happy. He was not happy because his salary was
too low. His salary was too low because he had few responsibilities. He had few
responsibilities because the company had too many m anagers.
Write a paragraph about yo ur recent activities. Include examples o f clauses o f cause or reason
with because.
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UNIT
#
Unit 62
Sample sentences
The
The
The
The
Form
A noun is a g ra m m a tica l unit. If we can put a or an in fro n t of the sin g u la r form of the noun,
we c a ll it a countable noun. (See U nit 62 fo r uncountable nouns.)
a company an account an agent a branch a firm an em ployer a meeting a magazine
We use a if the noun begins w ith a consonant; we use an if the noun begins w ith a vowel,
a job a factory a plant an agency an employee an industry an organisation
an update (but a union}
We ca ll these nouns countable because they have a sin g u la r and a p lu ra l form .
Plural
company
account
branch
firm
employer
meeting
magazine
companies
accounts
branches
firms
employers
meetings
magazines
A fte r a sin g u la r noun we use a sin g u la r verb; a fte r a p lu ra l noun we use a p lu ra l verb.
The
company
s in g u la r noun
Our
Directors
p lu ra l noun
makes
sin g u la r verb
often
cars.
tra v el
p lu ra l verb
abroad.
Notes
1. Some countable nouns only have a p lu ra l form . The m ost com m on is people:
There w ere 20 people at the m eeting, [not: there was 20 people)
The sin g u la r of people is person:
There is only one person who can solve this problem.
2. Some nouns only have a p lu ra l fo rm , but are not countable. Some com m on ones are:
assets 1financial1 contents
funds Imoneyl
headquarters
savings
Uses
Look at the follow ing sentences. Each sentence has at least one countable noun in the s in g u la r
o r the plural.
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
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exports
fish
tu rn ove r
inform a tion
records
research
capital
accountants
sales
figure
Exercise 2
Complete the following text by choosing the correct alternative fo r each noun.
Every year/years the com pany publishes its a nnual account/accounts in a report fo r the
shareholder/shareholders. The m ain detail/details concern the fin a n cia l report. This
contains inform ation/inform ations about sale/sales, turnover/turnovers, cost/costs and
profit/profits. It also re p orts the asset/assets th a t are held by the company, and the
liability/liabilities. These are any debt/debts or cash/cashes th a t the com pany owes. A ll this
data/datas is presented in the pro fit and loss/profits and losses account and the balance sheet.
Exercise 3
Complete the dialogue by referring to the pictures a
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
_ (a )?
Where is your
It's near O rleans but o u r __________ (b) is in Paris.
How m a n y __________ (c) do you have?
About 2,000 including o u r ______ >___ (d).
W hats the a n n u a l_________ (e)?
This year it ll be about 85m.
And w hat w ill be t h e _______
e) on that?
Around 5m.
G-Com
Estimate 4
(Year ending)
Turnover:
Profit:
85m
5m
Transfer
Write a short paragraph including the following nouns used either in the singular or in the p lu ral
as necessary
people
office
inform ation
turnover
money
p ro fit
problem
work
s ta ff
colleague
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report
123
UNIT
62
A
Sample sentences
See also
Unit 61
We buy a ll our computers from one supplier. We believe that they m ake the best equipment.
Airlines make big profits on transatlantic flights but they lose money locally.
Form
A noun is a g ra m m a tica l unit. If we can put a or an in fro n t of the noun, we ca ll it a countable
noun. (See Unit 61 fo r sin g u la r and p lu ra l nouns.) If we can't put a o r an in fro n t of the noun, we
ca ll it an uncountable noun.
Countable
machine(s)
detail(s)
suggestion(s)
coin(s)
device(s)
job(s)
case(s)
Uncountable
m achinery
in fo rm a tio n
advice
m oney
| e quipm ent
w o rk
baggage
A countable noun has a sin g u la r and p lu ra l fo rm ; an uncountable noun has only one form .
We would like to buy a
We would like to buy 20
We would like to buy some
machine.
s in g u la r countable
machines.
p lu ra l countable
machinery.
uncountable
[not: m achineries)
The
inform ation
uncountable noun
equipment
uncountable noun
is
s in g u la rv e rb
in our brochure,
from Rotaronga.
comes
s in g u la rv e rb
Uses
Look at the follow ing sentences. They show the use of countable and uncountable nouns.
A: Are you looking for a new job? [not: a new work)
B: Yes, my present w ork doesn't interest me. [or my present job)
A: I w ant to buy some cam era equipm ent.
B: W ell, my advice is to hire a cam era to begin with, [not: my advices)
A: Could you give me some inform ation about your training programm es? [not: some
inform ations)
B: Of course, I'll send you some details.
A: Excuse me, sir, is this your baggage? [not: your baggages)
B: Yes, I have one suitcase and my w ife has two suitcases.
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Read the following extract from a newspaper report. M ark a ll the nouns countable singular ICl,
countable p lu ra l (CPl, uncountable singular (U) o r uncountable p lu ra l (UPl.
CHANGES IN RETAILING
The rationalisation of retailing has been a major characteristic of
recent years and many small shops have disappeared. Large chains j
and supermarkets now dominate the sector In the UK, 70% of food is I
sold by just four retailers. Many people have criticised this trend. They
say it leaves the consumer with less choice.
Exercise 2
Underline the m istakes in the following sentences. Correct them.
1.
2.
How m any w o rks have you had since you left school?
Ive had four.
3.
4.
Please can I change this money? I need som e coin for the telephone.
W ith pleasure.
PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE BAGGAGES UNATTENDED
6.
Exercise 3
Complete the following.
1. We dont have enough in form a tion . Ring them and ask fo r m ore d ___________
2. John w o rks fo r a com pany that m akes a g ric u ltu ra l m ___________
3. We are a financial services company. We give a ________ __on insurance, pensions and
o th e r aspects of m oney m anagem ent.
4. I asked him fo r a __________ _ He made two s ___________First, do more advertising and
secondly, find a new sales assistant.
5. Please can you help me w ith these c __________ ? They are very heavy.
6. John has changed his j _________ _. He now w o rks fo r a bank.
7. Many p __ _______ w o rk in insurance o r banking, but m ost w o rk in com m erce.
Transfer
Write sentences using fou r countable and four uncountable nouns.
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125
UNIT
Noun Compounds
63
A
Unit 62
Sample sentences
See also
Unit 61
Form
A noun com pound is a phrase w ith two or m ore nouns together, e.g.
computer
noun
software
noun
1. The firs t noun is like an adjective; it gives m ore in form a tion about the second noun:
A: I need some inform ation.
B: W hat type of inform ation?
A: I need some product inform ation.
2. The firs t noun is n orm a lly in the sin g ula r:
finance director
trade fair
fax machine
but sa le s manager
Uses
We use noun com pounds because:
1. They are sh orte r:
A:
B:
A:
B:
tape-recorder
adult education
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
growth rate
room
s a te llite
card
id e n tity
clo ck
c re d it
a la rm
co n ta in e r
h o te l
dish
foreca st
in fla tio n
m a rk e t
ship
rate
share
card
Exercise 2
Read the le tte r below. Rewrite it as a fax, replacing the underlined words with noun compounds.
EJ Metal Co Ltd, Unit 48, Ciough Rd Industrial Estate, Hull, HU6 4PY
Tel. 01482 662841
ARCO Ltd
210 Kingsway
Blaydon NE6 4PR
12 Mar 20.
and details o f
and
I would like a
and I want to arrange a
_.
Also, do you have any
meeting with a
at present?Please send a
special
to the above number ASAP.
Thanks
P.J. ORourke
.
_______________
Yours sincerely
f i j . O R o u rk e
Exercise 3
Complete the noun compounds in the following.
1. When do you eat in the m iddle o f the day? I eat a t about lu n c h tim e .
2. If you apply for a job, you complete and send a j __________ a __________
3. The result o f the test is a t ___________ r __________
U. When you need to change money to another currency, you ask fo r the e _
r __________ _
5. If a company wants to spend money on advertising, it prepares an a_____
6. Before getting on a plane, you have to wait in the d
7. People who travel a lot on business make many b _
8. We use a lot o f computers. We live in an age o f i __
Transfer
Look in an English language newspaper o r magazine. Find ten examples of noun compounds.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
Genitive Forms
See also
Sample sentences
Nouns
Form
We form the genitive of a noun w ith an apostrophe () or w ith the preposition of:
this year's results (= the re su lts of this year)
the Directors' decisions (= the decisions of the directors)
the launch of the product
the cost of m aterials
Note
W here we form the genitive w ith an apostrophe, we w rite :
's if the noun is singular, e.g. the companys results (= the re su lts of the company)
s' if the noun is plural, e.g. the companies results (= the re su lts of the companies)
Uses
1. We typically use the genitive w it h 's o r s' w ith the follow ing nouns:
a. hum an nouns.- Dr M ortons job
b. a n im a l nouns: the dogs head
c. tim e nouns, todays newspaper
d. location nouns: A m ericas economy
e. organisation nouns: the Boards decision {but the C hairm an of the Board)
2. We use the genitive w ith of when referring to things:
the Director of Research and Development
the minutes of the meeting
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Underline genitive form s in the following extract from a speech by Alex Conrad, Chief Executive o f
Tambo Inc., a food manufacturer.
'Tambo's re su lts are very good. Last year's fig u re s were also pleasing, but now our
tu rn o ve r has improved by 15%, Our co m p e tito rs re su lts are not as good. The w o rk of a ll
o u r staff has been excellent. Our products have answered the needs of o u r custom ers.
The com pany's dedication to quality has been total. The decision of the Board to e n te r new
m a rke ts was also very im p o rta nt. The fo rm e r Chief Executive, B ill Machin, made a very
big co ntribu tio n - B ills ideas m ade Tambo the success it is today.
Exercise 2
Choose the correct genitive form fo r each o f the following.
1.
a. the ca r of Fred
b. Freds car
c. Freds car
2.
3.
4.
5.
a. the w o rk e rs canteen
b. the canteen of the w o rke rs
c. the w o rke r's canteen
6.
Exercise 3
Complete the text below about the future for Frodo, an engineering company. Write appropriate
genitive form s to combine the words in brackets.
The results of the tests (results/testsj were very good. The__________ [report/Research
Director! was very positive. We hope that a l l __________ [custom ers/Frodol w ill like the new
product. We think it w ill m e e t__________ Ineeds/our customers!. I agree w ith ___________
[opinion/John Tudor]. He th in k s __________ [m arket share/Frodo) w ill increase. With this new
p ro d u ct,__________ [perform ance/next year] w ill be very good. As always, we m ust focus on the
__________ Iquality/our products and services]. The____________ Ispeech/Chairman] at the AGM
w ill say that quality and new products are m ost important.
Transfer
Look in an English language newspaper or magazine. Identify ten genitive forms.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
65
A
Comparison of adjectives
Form
Adjectives and adverbs are g ra m m a tic a l units.
1. Here are som e typical adjective endings and adjective form s:
useful
commercial
real
total
definitely
usefully
commercially
really
totally
Uses
We use an adjective:
skilfu l
m anagers.
adjective
+
noun
W hat type of managers? S kilful m anagers.
English
+
fluently.
adverb
extrem ely
adverb
carefully.
adverb
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
SISSIOSSSSDI
Label eight adjectives ladjl and seven adverbs (advj in the following extract from a report on
MODO, a clothing company.
Excellent re su lts have helped MODO. In an unusually w et sum m er, the com pany did
really w ell. The fashionable clothes were p opular w ith young consum ers. Now the
com pany w ill definitely increase its production. Staff are busily planning an equally
successful range fo r next year, but the m a rke t w ill be very com petitive.
Exercise 2
Complete the crossword with adjectives and adverbs using the clues below.
A cross
1 competes w ell (11)
5 one left over; n o t even (3)
7 n ot right (5)
10 the same (9)
11 in telligent (6)
12 n ot late (5)
15 o fte n (10)
16 d iffic u lt or n o t so ft (4)
Down
2 n ot young (3)
3 new fo r the m arket (10)
4 more or less (13)
6 n o t going fast (6)
8 fundam ental (7)
9 every three m onths (9)
13 obvious (5)
14 arriving w hen the plane
has le ft (4)
Exercise 3
Complete the following dialogue. Two managers are discussing plans. Choose the correct
alternative.
A la n :
Helga:
A la n :
Helga:
A la n :
Helga:
A la n :
The changes in the m a rke t are going to affect the com pany quite serious/seriously.
We need to m ake som e quick/quickly decisions.
We urgent/urgently need a new m a rketing strategy.
Fortunately/fortunate, the products are excellent/excellently.
I agree absolute/absolutely, but we have to get people interesting/interested.
I m confidently/confident tha t we w ill do that.
Good, because o u r sales have fallen dram atic/dram atically.
Transfer
Describe a business you know well. Describe its activities and trading performance. Use words
like good, big, usually, modern, quickly, absolutely, etc.
vk.com/bastau
131
UNIT
Comparison of Adjectives
66
A
See also
Unit 65
Form
Many adjectives have three fo rm s: positive, com parative and superlative:
Last year Manson had h ig h profits, (positive adjective)
Last year Burton had h ig h e r profits than Manson. (com parative adjective)
Checkout had th e h ig h e s t profits, (superlative adjective)
1. If the positive adjective has one syllable, we fo rm the com parative
by adding -e r and the superlative by adding -est:
Positive
long
longer
longest
high
higher
highest
cheap
cheaper
cheapest
easier
easiest
narrow
narrower
narrowest
simple
simpler
simplest
3. For o th e r adjectives w ith two syllables o r more, we fo rm the com parative w ith more and
the superlative w ith most:
Positive
Comparative
modern
more modern
most modern
expensive
more expensive
most expensive
competitive
more competitive
most competitive
4. There is a s m a ll group of adjectives w ith irre g u la r com parative and superlative form s:
good
bad
little
much
far
better
worse
less
more
farther/further
worst
least
most
farthest/furthest
| best
Uses
1. If we com pare two objects, we use than in the com parative:
Burton's products are more expensive than Manson's, but th e ir profits are higher.
2. If we com pare m ore than two objects, we use the in the superlative:
Checkout has th e most expensive prices and the highest profits.
132
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Positive
S u p e rla tive
cheap
stro ng
m odern
m ore u se fu l
w orse
m ost experienced
near
m ore co m fo rta b le
w eak
m ost d iffic u lt
m ost
less
Exercise 2
Look at the graph. Mark the sentences true IT] o r false IF].
A unit price
8.20
*.B unit price
9.00
unit
sales
v
i r
05
06
- C unit price
11.70
1 i i r I----T I
10
07
08
09
1. Product B
2. Product A
3. Product C
U. Product B
5. Product A
6. Product B
Exercise 3
Look at the table below comparing three banks.
Capital reserves l$)
M arket share %
1,200m
1,955m
11,000m
Branches
750
U70
620
Write sentences comparing the three banks. Use form s o f sm alt, big, m uch 12], strong.
Gold Bank has the fe w e s t branches. It has a __________ m arket share than Rotobank Ltd.
Gold Bank h a s __________ capital reserves. It i s ___________ bank. In term s o f branches, Credit
Bank International is __________ than the other two banks. It has m a n y______ ___ branches. It
also h a s __________ capital reserves than Rotobank Ltd.
Transfer
Compare your country with another country you know. Write six sentences.
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133
UNIT
67
A
Adverbs
See also
Unit 65
Sample sentences
Firstly, we offer inform ation and advice.
The com puter w ill be delivered soon.
Please check your order carefully.
Government spending is slightly higher than forecast.
Form
1.
2.
3.
4.
Most adverbs are form ed by adding -ly to the adjective, e.g. quick - quickly. (See Unit 65.]
Some adjectives have the same fo rm as adverbs, e.g. hard, late. (See Unit 65.)
Some adverbs have no adjective fo rm , e.g. very, soon, outside.
The adverb of good is well.
Uses
1. There are three types of adverbs:
a. Adverbs of place answ er the question where?:
H er husband was working abroad. (Where was her husband w orkin g ? Abroad.)
You can eat outside if you w ant to. (Where can you eat? Outside.)
I'm afraid Dr Fleischer has gone home. (Where has Dr Fleischer gone? Home.)
b. Adverbs of tim e answ er the question when?, how long? or how often?:
Can we ta lk about this tom orrow ? (When can we ta lk about this? Tomorrow.)
I have always lived in Boston. (How long have you lived in Boston? Always.)
We never sell any of our m ailing lists. (How often do you s e ll you m ailing lists? Never.)
(See Unit 67.)
c. Adverbs of m a n ne r answ er the question how?:
The unemploym ent rate rose steadily. (How did it rise? Steadily.)
I am very pleased by the progress we made. (How pleased? Very pleased.)
The company is perform ing quite w ell. (How is the com pany p erform ing? Well. How w ell?
Quite well.)
2. Position of adverbs
We can often put adverbs in d iffe re n t positions in a sentence. The three main positions are:
At the beginning
i n the middle
Profits w ill soon increase.
At the end
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P re -In te rm e d ia te B usiness G ra m m a r
TASKS
Label the adverbs below place (P], time IT] o r m anner (Ml.
fast abroad never quietly soon
currently late outside
tom orrow
on time
hard since Monday
Exercise 2
M r Roach had to go to a business meeting at 2 o clock. Look at the pictures below. Complete the
sentences using words from the box.
calm ly yesterday suddenly fortunately urgently
ju s t in time too late very fast early im m ediately
1 . _________ M r Roach got u p ___________
Exercise 3
Complete the following sh ort dialogue. Use the words in the box.
im m ediately
m i
back
carefully
w ell
la te r
tom orrow
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
Is M rs King there?
No, sorry. She is out.
When w ill she b e ___________ ?
Perhaps s h e 'll be b a c k __________ today.
OK. Ill p h o n e ___________
Can I take a message?
Well, yes please. Tell h er the meeting w ith Blanchard w ent v e ry ___________We have
to prepare a c o n tra c t__________ , but it m ust be d o n e ___________ The details are very
im portant.
B: OK. Thanks. Goodbye.
Transfer
How long have you lived in your town?
How w ell do you speak English ?
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135
UNIT
Expressions of Frequency
68
A
Adverbs
Sample sentences
See also
Unit 67
Form
We can divide expressions of frequency into indefinite frequency and definite frequency.
1. Indefinite frequency
These phrases te ll us approxim ately how often som ething happens:
most often
usually/norm ally
often
som etimes
rarely/setdom
never
least often
We usually sell our products through a netw ork of agents.
They never offer our com petitors' products.
2. D efinite frequency
These phrases te ll us m ore precisely how often som ething happens in a period of tim e:
once
a m inute
every
m inute
hourly
twice
an hour
every
m orning
w eekly
three tim es
a day
every
night
m onthly
fo u r tim e s
a w eek
every
year
q u a rte rly
five tim es
a m onth
every
Monday
annually
m any tim es
a year
every
July
yearly
Uses
1. Q uestions about frequency:
How often do you go to head office?
2. S tatem ents about frequency:
We norm ally charge 25 for replacing cards which have been lost or stolen.
(See Unit 67 C2 fo r position of adverbs.)
Usually the em ployer pays a certain num ber of dollars per hour, (special em phasis)
We launch new products twice a year, (n o rm a l position)
Once a year w e carry out a custom er survey, (special em phasis)
136
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Make frequency adverbs from the following ju m b le d letters. Then num ber them 1-7, in order of
frequency.
always
Exercise 2
Complete the following phrases with an expression o f frequency, based on the w ordlsj in brackets.
1. I go to London__________ IJanuary and Junej.
2. We have m e e tin g s_IMonday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc.I.
3. Our share price changes__________ [1 p.m., 2 p.m., etc.].
4. I write a sales report
(Friday afternoon].
_______ [December].
6. Our Sales Report is p u b lish e d _______
7. I __________ go to America on business Izero].
Exercise 3
Two people are in an a irp o rt departm ent lounge in Amsterdam. They are waiting fo ra flight to
New York. Complete p art o f the conversation with frequency expressions from the box.
always how often frequently usually[2]
twice norm ally som etim es rarely
W im :
M a u rice :
W im :
M a u rice :
W im :
M aurice:
W im :
M aurice:
times a day
never
Transfer
Write sentences about what you do and do not do. Use frequency adverbs to say how often.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
Unit 67
Sample sentences
Adverbs
Form
Very, too and enough are adverbs. (See Unit 67.)
We put very and too before an adjective o r adverb:
Rotaronga is a very industrial region.
adjective
In fact, industry has grown too quickly.
adverb
We put enough a fte r an adjective or adverb:
Social services have not increased fast enough.
adverb
Note
We put enough before a noun:
The area already has enough factories.
noun
Uses
1. Very m akes the m eaning of an adjective or adverb stronger:
A: A ll his staff are intelligent.
B: Yes, and some of them are very intelligent.
A: They answered our questions quickly.
B: Yes, but they didn't answ er them very accurately.
2. Too m eans m ore (or less) than necessary; enough m eans acceptable:
A: Our m anufacturing tim e is too slow.
B: I agree, it is not fast enough. But our w orkers are w e ll paid.
A: Yes, but they think th e ir w ages are not high enough. They think they are paid too little.
3. Now look at the follow ing dialogue:
A: Sales w ere not very good this year.
B: I know, and the costs are too high.
A: Our custom er service is not fast enough.
B: I agree. We must do something very quickly.
138
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
faSBfBBSn
Add very, too or enough to the following phrases.
__________ time
__________ dangerous
difficult
not big
strong
im portant
beautiful
profitable
many people
Exercise 2
Complete the comments on these dishes in a restaurant.
1. 'Theres
much on the p la te .
h o t!
Z e C 04 d O r
fjl0
3. 'The tab le s
sm all.
expensive.
Exercise 3
Complete the following exchanges with appropriate words.
A:
B:
A:
B:
fresh.
Transfer
Write six sentences about yo u rse lf and your work o r studies. Include very, too and enough.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
Sample sentences
Adverbs
Form
Already, yet, again and still are adverbs of tim e. (See Unit 68.)
1. We put already at the end of a sentence or in the m iddle of a sentence:
We have prepared the sales forecast already.
We already use the latest softw are; we have already installed it on our PCs.
2. We usually put yet at the end of a sentence:
A: Have you signed the contract yet?
B: Yes, but I haven't sent it back yet.
3. We usually put again near the end of a sentence:
A: I look forw ard to hearing from you again soon.
B: Right. So, Til contact you again next w eek.
U. Note the position of still:
The building is s till under construction, (after the verb be)
They are s till constructing the w arehouse, (after the firs t m odal o r auxiliary)
We s till plan to open the new factory in September, (before the m ain verb)
Uses
1. Already m eans 'by th is /th a t tim e '; we use it in positive statem ents:
This year we have already hired 50 people, (by th is tim e, i.e. by now)
2. Yet m eans by th is /th a t tim e ; we use it in negative state m e n ts and questions:
A: Have you filled in your tax return yet? (by now)
B: No, in fact I haven't got the form yet.
3. Still m eans up to th is /th a t tim e :
I am s till w orking on the case, (up to th is tim e) (I havent finished it yet.)
M r Broadbridge was s till finalising arrangem ents yesterday, (up to tha t tim e)
(He hadn't finished m aking a rra n ge m e nts yet.)
4. Again m eans a no the r tim e or as before :
Profits are increasing again, (as before)
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Read the following text. Underline examples o f already, yet, again and still. Then m ark the
statem ents that follow as true [Tj o r false IF}.
John is s till w aiting fo r a new contract. The com pany have not agreed the te rm s yet. John
may leave. In fact he's already had an interview w ith a no the r company. Anyway, to m o rro w
he's going to ta lk to his boss again about the contract.
Exercise 2
Choose already, yet, again or still to complete the dialogue below.
Lee:
Klaus:
Lee:
Klaus:
Lee:
Klaus:
Lee:
Klaus:
Exercise 3
Complete the text below with a word in each space.
Last year o ur sales overseas were down. This year exports a re ___________ poor. We expect low
export p ro fits __________ , but the good news is that in o ur domestic m arket we have________
reached o ur targets. Overall, things are not s e rio u s __________ The situation w ill be clearer at
the end o f the year.
Transfer
Write six sentences about yo u r actions or yo ur plans. Include already, yet, again and still.
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UNIT
71
A
Articles
See also
Nouns
Units 61, 62
Sample sentences
They signed a contract to purchase two planes.
He's an agent for an insurance company.
The address of the company is on the policy.
At present sales are increasing.
Form
There are three fo rm s of the a rticle :
1. atn) - the indefinite article:
Can I make a phone call?
2. the - the definite a rticle :
The phone is on the left.
3. 0 - the zero a rticle :
There are phones in a ll offices.
Uses
1. A(n) - the indefinite a rticle
We use a(n) w ith sin g u la r countable nouns (see Unit 61) when we use a word
fo r the firs t tim e:
A com puter usually has a keyboard.
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
A travel agent telephones Henry Fish with details o f his trip to M unster in Germany Underline all
definite and indefinite articles. Indicate zero articles before uncountable nouns and before p lu ral
countable nouns with a zero 101.
'Mr Fish? I have, got details for your trip to Munster today. First, the
flight. There's a British Airways flight from London Heathrow to
Dusseldorf at 16.05 from Terminal 1. It arrives at 17.35. Then you can
take a train to Munster from the central station at 18.45. The train
arrives in Munster at 20.15. Coming back there's a flight to
Manchester at 16.30, arriving at Manchester Airport at 17.50. There
are trains every hour from Manchester to Leeds. You also asked
about money and the ticket. You can change money at Heathrow
and pick up the flight ticket from the B.A. desk in Terminal 1.'
Exercise 2
Read the dialogue about a problem in a chem ical plant. Put in articles where necessary.
Weve g o t__________ im p o rta n t safety problem o n ___________ production line in
__________ West B u ild in g ____________m achine is not w o rkin g properly.
Steve: Have you taken any action?
Arne: Yes, one o f ______ engineers has sw itched it off_________________ valve is losing
__________ oil.
Steve: W hat d id __________________ m aintenance say?
Arne: __________ technician said he th in k s ___________ valve needs to be replaced.
Steve: So, are we lo s in g __________ production?
Arne: Yes. A s __________ re s u lt,___________ production is down by 15%.
Arne:
Exercise 3
Below is an advertisem ent flye r from Beelo 0E Ltd, office furniture designers. Complete the text
with definite o r indefinite articles in the spaces if necessary.
Beelo Comodo 20
\l \
\\ I ^
sj3
(sJ
0 ff\ C 0 f0 K t!
OffICE STYLE'.
Transfer
Look at any sh ort text from an advertisement, a newspaper or a magazine in English.
Circle the use o fte n definite, indefinite, o r zero articles.
vk.com/bastau
143
UNIT
72
A
See also
Possessive and reflexive pronouns
Unit 73
Sample sentences
Personal Pronouns
Form
We use a pronoun in place of a noun:
The company is based in Bolton.
It
employs 200 people.
(= the company)
This is the Marketing Director.
She
joined the organisation three years ago.
(= the female Marketing Director)
P ersonal pronouns have two fo rm s: subject and object.
I
we
me
us
you
you
you
you
he
she
it
they
him
her
it
them
Ill
subject
We
subject
callyou
next week.
+
object
showed all the samples to
+
them.
object
Notes
1. We use he/him fo r men and boys; we use s he/her fo r w om en and g irls;
we use it fo r a ll n on -p e rso na l form s.
2. We use the object form a fte r prepositions:
The inform ation w ill be w ith them next w eek.
Uses
A: Id like to introduce you to Karen Pusey.
B: I m et her last w eek. She is the new publisher.
A: Yes, you are right. I forgot you w ere with us here last week,
Note
I am sending you our latest catalogue. (I = the person)
We are sending you our latest catalogue. (We = the company)
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 2
Wim van d e rJ o n k visits Educo, an Irish producer o f educational materials. Here is p a rt o f a
conversation with Joe Keeley, a Sales Manager. Write personal pronouns in the spaces.
Joe: So, w hat c a n _________ do f o r __________ ?
Wim: W e ll,_________ w o n de r if you can h e lp __________? My com pany im p o rts DVDs fo r
schools and co lle ge s__________ w ould like a catalogue and a price list. C a n __________
le t _________ have these?
Joe: Of course. T e ll_________ , where a r e _________ from ?
Wim: My com pany is A-Tech nv__________ are based in Rotterdam , in the N etherlands.
Joe:
Exercise 3
Rewrite the em ail below. Replace the words in brackets with personal pronouns.
Date:
To:
From:
Subject:
| 15/03/2011
~|
| john.krupp@ bwdpress.co.uk
| sam.beeley@bwdpress.co uk
| Andrew Heysink
_j
Date:
To:
From:
Subject:
| 15/03/2011
I john.krupp@ bwdpress.co.uk
j
sam.beeley@bwdpress.co.uk
A ndrew Heysink
Dear John
I have sent (John) by email a report on the above
employee. (Andrew Heysink) has been unwell for
some weeks. (Andrew Heysink) is unable to do his
work. (The Personnel Department) have suggested a I
transfer to the kitchen. Unfortunately the kitchen
staff are not happy. (The kitchen staff) have referred M
to Susan Jenkins. (Susan Jenkins) was made
redundant 4 weeks ago to reduce costs. (John and
Sam) should meet to discuss a solution. Please
contact (Sam) as soon as possible.
Best regards
Sam
Transfer
Write one o r two paragraphs about some o f your colleagues. Include as many personal pronouns
as you can. Underline the personal pronouns.
Example:
Two colleagues w o rk w ith m e. They are . . .
vk.com/bastau
145
UNIT
Personal pronouns
Form
We use a pronoun in place of a noun.
1. We use a possessive pronoun in place of a possessive (genitive) noun:
A: My name is Robert Wagner.
B: Pleased to m eet you. Mine's Sandra Fratelli.
2. We use a reflexive pronoun when the object is the sam e as the subject:
I
would like to introduce myself.
subject
object
I lljlS
-*
iilSEBSiil
my
our
mine
ours
myself
ourselves
your
your
yours
yours
yourself
yourselves
his
her
its
their
his
hers
its
theirs
himself
herself
itself
themselves
Notes
1. We use the possessive d e te rm in e r in fro n t of a noun:
We would like to reduce
our
overheads.
possessive d e te rm in e r +
noun
2. We use the possessive pronoun in place of a possessive d e te rm in e r + noun:
A: Our company employs 300 people. W hat about yours? (your company)
B: Ours is much sm aller, (our company)
Uses
1. Possessive pronouns:
A: My company develops softw are products. (I am the ow ner of the company.)
B: Are you the owner?
A: Yes, the company is m ine, (m ine = my company)
A: More than 600 people w ork at our factory in Chippewa Falls.
(I am an employee of the company.)
B: So many?
A: Yes, ours is the biggest factory in the group, (ours = o u r factory)
2. Reflexive pronouns:
Welcome to our first meeting. First, Id like to introduce myself. I'm Janet Aspinall.
Now could you say a few words about yourselves?
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
pBTHHUI
Underline examples o f possessive and reflexive pronouns in the extract below. Label them
RIreflexive], PDIpossessive determ iners] o r PPIpossessive pronouns].
Exercise 2
Correct the following sentences.
1.
2.
3.
U.
5.
6.
7.
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences below each picture. Include a possessive or reflexive pronoun.
1. Fred h u r t_____________.
He h it __________ finger.
Transfer
Write five sentences about you and your family, or about colleagues at work. Use possessive and
reflexive pronouns.
vk.com/bastau
I U7
UNIT
1
Demonstratives
Sample sentences
A: Hello, is that the M arketing Departm ent?
B: No, this is Customer Services.
A: I dont think these results are correct.
B: W ell, Ive checked those results very carefully. I think they are right.
Form
D em onstratives point to som ething near or som ething fa r away:
I don't understand this analysis, (the analysis here)
I didn't attend that presentation, (the presentation there o r then)
D em onstratives can be pronouns (see Unit 72) o r d ete rm ine rs:
Could you spell
that, please. (= tha t word o r name)
pronoun
Those
points are very im portant.
d e te rm in e r
iS IS iffl SbmI
Near reference
this
these
Far reference
that
those
Uses
1. N ear reference can be:
a. near in space:
His secretary left these documents for you to look at. (the docum ents here)
b. near in tim e:
Can I come and stay w ith you this week? (the week now)
c. near in the text:
Payment should reach us by 1st July. This guarantees your rights, (payment by 1st July)
2. Far reference can be:
a. fa r in space:
Look at those two men. (the two men there)
b. fa r in tim e:
A: Can we m eet on Tuesday?
B: I'm afraid I w ill be in Auckland that day. (the day then)
c. fa r in the text:
In your report you recommended early payment. I don't think that is a good idea.
(early payment)
vk.com/bastau
P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
igggsii
Cathy is showing a visitor around h er company Look at the demonstratives in the sentences below.
Label them near [N j o r far [F j + singular ISI or p lu ra l IP}. The firs t has been done fo r you.
6.
Thats
Those
This (
These
That (
(
(
) o u r Finance D e p artm en t.
) vans are local deliveries.
) is where we take telephone orders.
( ) goods are ready fo r despatch.
) o rd er is fo r a cu sto m e r in Dubai.
Exercise 2
Carla and Petra are spending an evening together in a hotel. Complete the following exchanges
with appropriate demonstratives.
1. IIn the hotel lobby I
C a rla :
P etra :
________
. is a nice bar!
P etra :
Exercise 3
Alex works f or a drinks manufacturer. He is m aking a presentation. Complete the spaces with a
demonstrative.
1 . ________ picture shows our best seller, ZIGGO___________ is very popular with children.
A few m inutes ago I mentioned PIPPO________ __ is also m ainly fo r children.
2. Last year we agreed new prices. Now we k n o w __________ prices were too low.
3. In term s o f m arket share, there are five very sm all players. A t least two o f ___________ w ill
disappear, e ith e r__________ year o r next.
Transfer
Look around you. Write fou r sentences about things you can see using this, these, that and those.
vk.com/bastau
149
UNIT
75
A
Unit 76
Nouns
Sample sentences
See also
Units 61, 62
Form
Some and any can be pronouns (see Unit 72) and d ete rm ine rs.
1. We use a pronoun in place of a noun:
A: We need more toner for our printer. I'd like to order some, (some toner)
B: And w hat about paper?
A: No, we don't need any at present, (any paper)
2. We use a d e te rm in e r in fro n t of a noun:
A: Do you have any questions?
B: Yes, I have some questions about your figures.
Positive statem ents
Questions
D eterm iner
Pronoun
Uses
We use some and any w ith p lu ra l nouns, e.g. managers, and w ith uncountable nouns,
e.g. information.
1. Some
a. in positive statem ents:
A: We are interested in buying some com puter keyboards, (some + p lu ra l noun)
B: I see. We have some in stock at present. I can show you some now. (pronoun)
A: Good. I'd like to see some different equipm ent, (some + uncountable noun)
b. in polite offers:
B: Would you like to see some now? (pronoun)
2. Any
a. in questions:
A: Do you s ell any Am erican products? (any + p lu ra l noun)
B: Yes, we s ell this keyboard, but have you read any inform ation about it?
(any + uncountable noun)
b. in negative statem ents:
A: No, I haven't seen any. (pronoun)
I haven't read any reports about this model, (any + p lu ra l noun)
150
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P re -In te rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
P 39H H H M
Steve M arshall and Ben Long work fo r an engineering company. Steve has ju s t returned from a
week in Kuala Lum pur, at a trade fair. Underline examples o f some and any. Label the sentence
with some o r any as positive statem ent IPS], negative statem ent iNSj o r question [Q].
Ben:
Steve:
Ben:
Steve:
Ben:
Steve:
Ben:
Steve:
Ben:
Exercise 2
Identify six mistakes in the following. Correct them.
Paula:
We havent launched any new products th is year. Last year we had any.
Four, in fact. We need som e fo r next year.
Mohammad: I w ould like to show you designs.
Paula:
Have you som e pictures of the new designs?
Mohammad: No, we havent som e yet, but som e w ill be ready next week.
P resenter:
Participant:
Some questions?
Yes, Ive got some. Do you have some plans to build a new production centre?
Exercise 3
Two colleagues are talking about a printing job. Put some or any in the spaces.
A: Have we got __________paper fo r the printer?
B: __________ , but not much. We've g o t__________ m ore on order.
A: Good. Ive got to p r in t__________ reports.
B: If they are urgent, take them to the Sales Office. They usually have paper if we
havent __________ left.
A: The p rin te r w a sn t w o rkin g yesterday!
B: It was fine. There ju s t w a s n t __________ to n e r left. I p u t __________ in. Its fine now.
Transfer
Write a sh ort dialogue about buying something in a shop o r from a company Sales Office.
Include some and any
vk.com/bastau
151
UNIT
Sample sentences
Form
Below are the m ain fo rm s of some, any and no words:
People
someone, somebody
anyone, anybody
no-one, nobody
Things
something
anything
nothing
Place
somewhere
anywhere
nowhere
Uses
1. Some words
We use these in positive statem ents:
I spoke to someone from the m arketing departm ent.
He told me something about the charitys w ork.
I m et him som ewhere near Rennes.
2. Any words
We use these in negative state m e n ts and questions:
A: Does anyone have any questions? [not-, any question]
B: You didnt say anything about the location of the new equipm ent.
A: You can install it near the main area.
B: But can we place it anywhere?
3. No words
We use these in negative state m e n ts and questions:
No-one has accepted the offer.
Is there nothing else that we can do?
The car is now produced in Mexico and nowhere else.
vk.com/bastau
P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
E E 33M 1
Underline examples o f some, a ny and related words in the text below. Label them positive
statem ent IPS], negative statem ent INS] or question IQ].
A: Is anything wrong?
B: Yes, there's som ething wrong w ith one of o u r production m achines. No-one knows what
the problem is. We've looked in the U se rs M anual but we cant find the solution anywhere.
A: Have you contacted the m anufacturers?
B: Yes, they th in k it s nothing very com plicated. Theyre sending som eone to visit us. Hell
be here soon. He was already som ew here near here.
Exercise 2
Choose the best meaning a, b, or c fo r the sentences 1-5.
1. Some people prefer s m a ll hotels.
a. A ll people p re fe r s m a ll hotels.
b. Most people pre fe r s m a ll hotels.
c. A n um be r of people p re fe r s m a ll hotels.
2. I knew no-one at the m eeting.
a. I knew everyone at the m eeting.
b. There was not one person I knew at the m eeting.
c. I knew only one person at the m eeting.
3. We s e ll anything you w ant.
a. We have everything you want.
b. We have m ost things you want.
c. Sorry, we cant help you.
U. We can send orders anywhere.
a. You have to collect yo ur orders.
b. We can deliver to m ost places.
c. We can deliver to any place you choose.
5. T heres som ething wrong w ith the figures.
a. The figures are a ll wrong.
b. The figures are partly wrong.
c. There is one m istake in one figure.
Exercise 3
Ella and Pat are staying in a hotel. They are talking about problems. Complete the spaces in
the conversation. Use words from the box.
anyone
nothing
somewhere
som ething
anywhere
someone
no-one
anything
Transfer
Is there anyone working with you who speaks French ? Have you been anywhere interesting recently?
Does no-one help you with y o u r work? Say something about yo u r job.
Describe somewhere you have been recently.
vk.com/bastau
I 153
UNIT
77
A
See also
Units 61, 62
Nouns
Unit 75
Units 78, 79
Quantifiers
Sample sentences
Quantifiers (1)
Form
Verb singular
or plural
Uncountable
Verb singular
or plural
all
plural
all
singular
most
plural
most
singular
many
plural
singular
a lot of
plural
a lot of
singular
some
plural
some
singular
a few
plural
singular
few
plural
singular
no
plural
no
singular
154
Uses
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
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P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
|3 !H W S B 1
Place the following in order from 1 [m axim um I to 6 [minim um ].
None of o u r products are very successful.
A ll o u r products are very successful.
Most of o u r products are very successful.
A few of o u r products are very successful.
Many of o u r products are very successful.
Some of o u r products are very successful.
Exercise 2
The table gives the results o f a quality test on electrical components atAPKAL Ltd.
Standard p a ss
Sub-standard fail
N on-standard fail
(no faults!
(1 or 2 faults]
S3 or m ore faults)
76%
12%
12%
ioo%
0%
0%
88%
10%
2%
KBIBIIEL- fe |
a little
no
little
few
all
Transfer
Write sentences about a company you know. Use quantifiers.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
78
A
See also
Units 61, 62
Nouns
Unit 75
Unit 77
Quantifiers (1]
Unit 79
Quantifiers (31
Sample sentences
Quantifiers (2)
Form
Countable
Verb singular
or plural
Uncountable
Verb singular
or plural
a ll
p lu ra l
s in g u la r
m ost
p lu ra l
s in g u la r
m any
p lu ra l
m uch
s in g u la r
a lot of
p lu ra l
s in g u la r
some
p lu ra l
s in g u la r
a few
p lu ra l
a little
s in g u la r
few
p lu ra l
little
s in g u la r
no
p lu ra l
s in g u la r
We use countable qua n tifiers w ith p lu ra l countable nouns; we use uncountable q uantifiers
w ith uncountable nouns. (See Unit 62.)
They o n ly m ade
a fe w
re co m m e n d a tio n s.
q u a n tifie r +
countable noun
They o n ly gave us
a lit t le
advice.
q u a n tifie r + uncountable noun
Uses
1. Much, m any and a lo t of
a. in statem ents:
T here a re n 't m any to u ris ts a ro u n d in th e w in te r, (m any + countable noun)
People d id n 't e a rn m uch m oney in th e 1940s. (much + uncountable noun)
We n orm a lly use m uch and m any in negative statem ents; in positive statem ents, we often
use a lo t of w ith both countable.and uncountable nouns:
We w e re given a lo t o f e q u ip m e n t.
b. in questions:
How m uch do I owe you? (how m uch money)
How m any com panies in cre a se d th e ir e a rn in g s la s t y e a r? (m any + countable noun)
How m uch w o rk are you p re p a re d to do? (m uch + uncountable noun)
2. A few, a little , fe w and little
T here w as tim e to w r ite dow n a fe w d e ta ils .
(a few + countable noun = not many, but enough)
I w a n te d a lit t le in fo rm a tio n a b o u t th e su bject.
(a little + uncountable noun = not much, but enough)
T h ere a re fe w jo b s fo r people w ith o u t q u a lific a tio n s .
(few + countable noun = not many, and not enough)
T h ere is lit t le w o rk in th e sh ip ya rd s.
(little + uncountable noun = not much, and not enough)
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
E G 33M 1
Am y wants to hire a car. Identify seven quantifiers in the following dialogue. M ark them
countable (Cl o r uncountable (U l
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
Exercise 2
Boris runs a m obile phone rental company Here he talks about his business. Choose the correct
quantifiers from the alternatives.
We hire m obile phones. We have m u ch/all types of phones. We keep a lot of/no phones in
stock. Most/a lot o f are hired fo r ju s t one day. A little /a few o f o u r cu stom ers keep them for a
m onth o r two. Not all/few /m any people hire phones fo r longer than many/a few w eeks.
CITY
M O B I L
Exercise 3
Replace the underlined phrases with quantifiers. Do not change the meaning.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Not many and not enough people understand how to program com puters.
There is not m uch and not enough dem and fo r o u r products.
We made not many but enough contacts at the Singapore Trade Fair.
There was some, but not m uch c ritic is m in the report.
A large n um be r of people answered o u r advertisem ent.
Not even one applicant w as good enough fo r the job.
Transfer
Write five sentences about jo b s, job advertisements, applications and people looking for work in your
home town. Use quantifiers.
vk.com/bastau
157
UNIT
Quantifiers (3)
See also
..............................
Units 61, 62
Nouns
Units 77, 78
Quantifiers
Sample sentences
Hotel staff check each room before guests arrive.
They meet every morning at 7.15.
All employees must be given a written contract.
Form
Singular
Plural
Uncountable
each
every
We use each and every w ith sin g u la r countable nouns.
We use all w ith p lu ra l countable nouns and uncountable nouns. (See Unit 62.)
We ask
each
candidate
q u a n tifie r +
month.
q u a n tifie r +
All
interviewees
all
the machinery
in the factory.
Uses
Each and every have very s im ila r m eanings.
1. Each
Police were checking each car. (many cars, one by one)
The fee for each session is 50. (each individual session)
(n o t: each sessions)
2. Every
Every department faces cuts, (a ll departm ents, w ith o u t exception)
There is a staff meeting every Monday morning, (each Monday m orning, w ith o u t
exception)
3. All
We send all our clients a weekly update on airfares, (every/each client)
They paid all the money last week.
Note
every + sin g u la r noun = all + p lu ra l noun:
Every manager/all managers must plan, lead, organise and control.
158
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P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
.......... ,.11
TASKS
Exercise 2
How many combinations with every, each and all can you make with these words o r phrases?
Try to write fu ll sentences.
person
money
custom er
inform ation
o f us
week
products
departm ent
Examples:
tim e
accommodation
of them
cities
one
vk.com/bastau
Numerals
UNIT
80
A
See also
Numbers, dates and times
Business File 5
Sample sentences
Ten new plants will be built in the next five years.
This is the third time the company has been sold.
Department managers must spend half their time on the sales floor.
The committee meets once a month.
Form
1. C ardinal num bers
1,000
a/one thousand
ten
1,101
one thousand,
one hundred and one
100
a/one hundred
3,000
three thousand
101
0
10
1,000,000
a/one million
1st
first
2nd
second
3rd
^th
third
100th
1,000th
fourth
1,000,000th
twenty-first
one (a) hundredth
one (a) thousandth
one (a) millionth
V2
(a] half
1 V2
Vk
(a) quarter
2.5
1/3
a/one third
3.75
three quarters
26.012
26,012
4. Frequency expressions
once
twice
three times
fou r times
etc.
Uses
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
vk.com/bastau
P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise 2
Read the following details about Abacus pic, a UK-based m anufacturing company. Write a ll the
num bers as you would say them.
A bacus pic. 2010
Annual turnover
Profit on sales
Share price
% increase on last year
Total capital assets
326.5m
18.32m
4.18p
15%
407m
Factories worldwide
Employees
Company founded
Details correct on
12
6,750
1974
15 April 2009
Exercise 3
Use the table to give inform ation to a colleague. Write exactly what you say in the spaces.
Annual Sales 2010
Quarter
Units
Turnover()
Profit ()
1st quarter
2nd quarter
3rd quarter
4th quarter
336
417
410
215
7,302.52
8,911.30
8,820.77
4,391.02
3,450.00
3,891.15
3,700.50
1,943.21
Transfer
Find a newspaper or another document with a lot o f num bers in it. Practise reading them aloud.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
Time
Unit 17
Sample sentences
Form
A preposition is a g ra m m a tic a l unit. It comes in fro n t of a noun,
e.g.
in
the morning.
preposition +
noun
The m ost im p o rta n t prepositions of tim e are:
in
at
on
by
during
before
after
up to
until/till
for
since
between
Uses
1. At, in, on and by
at + clock tim e
at 6 oclock
in + parts of the day
in the m orning/afternoon/evening [but: at night)
on + days of the week
on Monday
on Thursday afternoon
on + dates
on 3rd May (spoken: on the third of May)
in + m onths and years
in May
in 1997 (spoken: in nineteen ninety-seven)
by + a deadline
You must finish the report by U o'clock, (at the latest)
2. By and u n til/till
We use by fo r an action w hich happens at o r before a deadline:
The order must be ready by 3rd Septem ber, (at the latest)
We use u n til/till fo r an action w hich continues up to a deadline:
The parties w ill w o rk u n til/till May 17th to convince voters to vote for them .
3. No preposition
In som e tim e phrases, we do not use a preposition of tim e.
a. before this, last and next:
The store w ill open next April, [not: in next A pril)
b. w ith speed and frequency expressions:
The car was travelling at eighty m iles an hour, [not: in an hour)
The director visits each factory twice a year, [not: in a year)
vk.com/bastau
P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
W hens he conning?
In the m orning.
Before 10 oclock?
Probably. Well show him the factory fo r an h ou r o r two, then when Ju lie arrives at
12 oclock w e ll have o u r m eeting.
So, during lunchtim e?
Yes, from about 12 t ill around 2.30.
We m ust be finished by 3 because w e ve an appointm ent w ith Axis in the afternoon.
That' s no problem .
Exercise 2
The time tine below shows the product development o f the XR20, a m in i television made
by Camicam. Complete the text with prepositions from the box.
production
begins
research
launch
break-even
point
profit
sales
peak
12
13
decline
sales growth
08
09
fo r [21
in
~T~
10
on
until
11
during
since
a fte r
14
by
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences fo r the time lines below.
John left
Now
future
2006
Now
2. I m going on holiday
_________ two weeks.
holiday
r ....... i
past
3.
our research,
we made three discoveries.
1
D1
D2
past
3
D3
research
2004 we have
made a profit.
Transfer
weeks
4
Now
future
profit_______ Now
past
2004
future
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163
UNIT
P lac e d )
82
A
See also
Unit 83
Place (2}
Sample sentences
I paid in some money at the bank.
Glover came into the office at 8am .
He left his car in the car park.
There's someone from People magazine on the phone.
Form
A preposition is a g ra m m a tica l unit. It comes in fro n t of a noun,
e.g.
in
the factory.
preposition
+
noun
The m ost im p o rta n t prepositions of place are:
at
to
from
in
into
out of
on
W alk into the main building; the reception desk is on the left.
We im port our components from Rotaronga.
Uses
1. at
We use at to describe a place w ith o u t any specific dim ensions:
I'll see Lloyd tom orrow at the m eeting.
A problem had arisen at w ork.
2. to
We use to to describe m ovem ent to a place w ith o u t any specific dim ensions:
He drove to w ork every day.
We deliver the goods to our customers w ithin 72 hours.
3. from
We use from to describe m ovem ent away from a place w ith o u t any specific dim ensions:
He drove from the shipyard to Antwerp.
R etailers buy goods from the manufacturer.
U. in and into
We use in to describe a place:
I'll m eet you in the restaurant.
We use into to describe m ovem ent to a place:
They packed the goods into the lorry.
A: We deliver the m aterials in cases.
B: And w here do you deliver them?
A: We take them into the warehouse.
5. into and out of
Into and out of describe m ovem ent; they describe opposite m ovem ents:
First w e put the components into the warehouse.
Later we take them out of the w arehouse and take them into the assembly area.
6. on
We use on w ith objects w hich have a surface:
He looked at the notebook on his desk.
There are some lovely salads on the menu.
164
vk.com/bastau
P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS
Exercise 1
La bet the following with prepositions o f place.
X-
Exercise 2
Correct the following, where necessary. Two sentences are correct.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Exercise 3
Complete the description o f the process shown in the diagram. Use words from the box.
from [2]
to (31
in
into
on
Transfer
Write seven sentences about yo urself o r about a place you know well. Include place prepositions at,
to, from, in, into, out of, on.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
83
A
See also
Unit 82
Place{1}
Sample sentences
Place (2)
Form
We use prepositions to describe:
place (see also Unit 82)
position
m ovem ent (see also Unit 82).
S om etim es, the same preposition can have different uses.
1. The m ain prepositions to describe position are:
above
below
over
under
in front of
behind
beside
between
next to
on top of
opposite
out of
behind
in front of
along
across
over
onto
up
down
around
outside
Uses
1- Describing position:
The com puter room is above the
reception area. We are planning
to have a dem onstration room
next to the reception area.
R O Y A L S C O F F E E
EXECUTIVE
SUITE
MRS DEBERIS
MDS OFFICE
vk.com/bastau
P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
MR JOHNSON
TASKS
Underline the prepositions in the following. Mark them position [Pi o r movement [M l.
When you arrive, go out of the a irp o rt and along the road to the taxis jl
w aiting outside. Ask to go to Jasons, on High Street. Our offices are :
between the Post Office and the Magnus foodstore. Were opposite
Credit Bank International. Go through the main entrance and into the lift. Go up to the fou rth floor. Were ju s t next to the fire exit.
Exercise 2
Replace each preposition in the following sentences with another one which means the same.
Match each sentence 1-5 with the correct diagram a-f. There is one more diagram than you need.
1. The factory is beside the river.
a.
d.
e.
f.
Exercise 3
Look at this picture of a factory.
production factory
warehouse
social club
reception
lab
/\
exhibition area
security point
main entrance
A nsw er the questions. Choose words o r phrases from the box. You may use a word or phrase more
than once.
behind
1.
2.
3.
4.
Where
Where
W here
Where
between
next to
beside
above
under
in front of
T ra n s fe r
Describe the position of various places where you work.
vk.com/bastau
UNIT
8Z
A
Superm arkets now s ell things like clothes and hom eware as w e ll as food.
I w ork as a w a ite r in a hotel.
Prices this year are the same as last year.
The Japanese m arket is different from the US m arket.
Form
Like, as and fro m are prepositions.
We put a noun phrase a fte r a preposition:
His briefcase is
like
preposition
She w orks
as
preposition
a mobile office.
noun phrase
a financial adviser.
+
noun phrase
Uses
1. Both lik e and as mean the same as o r s im ila r to':
a. like
Even in countries like Germany and Sw itzerland, banks have been running into trouble.
(s im ila r to)
We make personal computers, like ITCorp. (the sam e as)
b. as
She w orks as a custom er service manager, (it is h er job)
As you can see, the published accounts show little detail, [not: like you can see)
c. the same as
Flexitim e is the same as flexible working hours, (not: the sam e like)
The airline faces the same problems as other airlines.
2. Different from is the opposite of the same as:
A certified public accountant is different from a licensed public accountant, {not: different to)
This product is very different from existing products.
vk.com/bastau
TASKS
E S 2 S 3 I
Tick IS ] sentences 1-8 if you agree with them. If you do not agree, write a cross I/].
1. Like A rgentina, Chile has a lot of m ountains.
2. German cars have an im age w hich is very different from the image of Japanese cars.
3. As everyone knows, A m erica is the w o rld s leading economy.
4. Food in Japan is the sam e as food in China.
5. People who w o rk as personal assistants have an easy life.
6. One fast food store is often the same as any o th e r fast food store.
7. Life now is no d iffe re n t fro m 25 years ago.
8. Italy is very like C alifornia.
Exercise 2
Taruba is a car manufacturer. Here are details of two Taruba cars. Complete the advertisement below.
The GX40 lo o k s ______________ the GX50. But the engine of the GX50 i s _____
______________ the engine in the GX4-0. It is b ig g e r._____________
a ll Taruba cars, the
GX m odels have a seven-year w a rra n ty_______________ you can see, we build fo r quality.
______________ you, we d on t w ant any trouble.
Exercise 3
Here is p a rt o f the Chairman's annual address to the shareholders o f BBL pic. Five sentences have
been ju m bled up. Rewrite them, beginning with the wordls] given.
1. have
we
previous
done
in
well
-as
years.
same
a ll
as
As
2. the
the
peopi-e
are
other
say
each
producers.
People say
3. are
we
feef
competitors
different
our
from.
In fact,
4. itke
business
we
are
them
in.
Like
5. quality
alwa-ys
special
we
have
to.
As always,
Transfer
Write five sentences about yourself, o r about a company you know. Include Like, as, the sam e as
and different from.
vk.com/bastau
169
BUSINESS FILE
INDU STRIES
Manufacturing
Aerospace
A gricu lture & food
production
A pparel & fashion
Autom otive
C hem ical
C onstruction
Cosm etics & person
onal
care
Dyes & pigm ents
E lectrical
Energy
Engineering
Food & d rin k
Furniture
Gas
M etal
M ining
Petroleum
P harm aceutical
P lastics
P ower generation
Pulp & paper
Rail
Road
R ubber
Telecom m unications
Textiles
W ater
Services
A ccounting
A dvertising
A rch itectu re
Banking & fin an cia l
services
C harities
Civil service
C onsultancy
E nvironm ent
Health & healthcare
H otel & hospitality
Insurance
In te rn a tio n a l relations
In te rn a tio n a l trade
IT (Inform ation Technology) &
telecom s
Jo u rn a lism
Law
Media
M ilita ry
Music
P olitics & governm ent
P rinting
P ublic relations
Real estate
Retail
S ecurity & protection
Tax
Tourism
Training (incl. education)
T ransportation (incl. shippi
Travel
U tilitie s
Volunteering
Legal
Logistics (incl. d istribution)
M arketing & PR (Public
relations)
M a terials m anagem ent
HR (Hum an Resources) &
tra in in g
Production
Project m anagem ent
Purchasing
Q uality assurance
R ecruitm ent
Research & developm ent
Sales
S ecurity
Training
JO BS
Departments/Divisions
A dm in istra tio n
Design
E ngineering
E nvironm ent
Finance & accounting
G eneral m anagem ent
Health & safety
Inform ation technology
J o u rn a lism
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P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
BUSINESS FILE
2
Country
Currency
Algeria
Algerian Dinar
Italy
Euro
Peru
Sol
Argentina
Peso
Jamaica
Jamaican Dollar
Philippines
Philippine Peso
Australia
Australian Dollar
Japan
Yen
Poland
Zloty
Austria
Euro
Jordan
Jordanian Dinar
Portugal
Euro
Belgium
Euro
Kenya
Kenyan Shilling
Romania
Leu
Bolivia
Peso Boliviano
Kuwait
Kuwait Dinar
Russia
Rouble
Brazil
Real
Laos
Kip
Rwanda
Rwanda Franc
Bulgaria
Lev
Lebanon
Lebanese Pound
Saudi Arabia
Riyal
Canada
Canadian Dollar
Libya
Libyan Dinar
Senegal
CFA Franc
Chile
Peso
Liechtenstein
Swiss Franc
Singapore
Singapore Dollar
China
Yuan
Luxembourg
Euro
Slovakia
Euro
Colombia
Peso
Malawi
Malawi Kwacha
Somalia
Somalia Shilling
Cuba
Peso
Malaysia
Ringgit
South Africa
Rand
Cyprus
Euro
Malta
Euro
Spain
Euro
Czech Republic
Czech Koruna
Mexico
Peso
Sri Lanka
Denmark
Krone
Monaco
Euro
Sudan
Sudanese Pound
Ecuador
US Dollar
Mongolia
Tugrik
Sweden
Krona
Egypt
Egyptian Pound
Morocco
Dirham
Switzerland
Swiss Franc
Finland
Euro
Mozambique
Metical
Syria
Syrian Pound
France
Euro
Myanmar
Kyat
Taiwan
Germany
Euro
Namibia
Dollar
New Taiwan
Dollar
Ghana
Cedi
Nepal
Rupee
Tanzania
Tanzanian
Shilling
Greece
Euro
The Netherlands
Euro
Thailand
Baht
Hong Kong
Honq Konq
Dollar
New Zealand
New Zealand
Dollar
Turkey
Turkish Lira
Hungary
Forint
Nicaragua
Cordoba
United Kingdom
Pound Sterling
Iceland
Krona
Nigeria
Naira
United States
of America
Dollar
India
Rupee
Norway
Krone
Uruguay
Peso
Iran
Rial
Oman
Omani Rial
Venezuela
Bolivar
Iraq
Iraqi Dinar
Pakistan
Rupee
Vietnam
Dong
Irish Republic
Euro
Panama
Balboa
Zambia
Kwacha
Israel
New Shekel
Paraguay
Guarani
Currency
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1 Country
Currency
BUSINESS FILE
^
AAA
abbr
a /e o r a c c t
a d m in
ADSL
AGM
a .m .
ANSI
AOB
approx
a rr
asap
A S C II
a ss t
att
B 2B
B2C
BCC
B /F
BTW
c o r ca
c&f
Cc
CCTV
CEO
c /f
CGT
c/o
COD
CPI
CPU
CRM
dd
d e p t/d p t
D IY
d .o .b .
DP
EC
e.g .
e n c /e n c l
ETA
et al
etc
EU
FAO
FAQ
FT
fw d
FYI
GDP
GM
HQ
HR
HTM L
H TTP
i.e .
ILO
IM
IM F
Inc.
in c /in c l
IS D N
ISO
IS P
LA N
L td
MBA
MD
m fr
M PEG
m th /m o .
n /a
NB
No
PA
p .a.
p& p
pd
PDA
PDF
P IN
pic
pis
p .m .
PR
PT
PTO
p,w .
qty
R&D
re
re f
ROl
RSVP
SW O T
USP
VAT
VP
WAP
W TO
WWW
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P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
headquarters
Human Resources
Hypertext M a rk-u p Language
Hypertext T ransfer Protocol
id est = th a t is
In te rn a tio n a l Labour Organization
Instant Messaging
In te rn a tio n a l Monetary Fund
Incorporated
including
Integrated Services D igital N etw ork
Inte rn a tio n a l Standardization
Organization
Internet Service Provider
Local Area N etw ork
Lim ited com pany
M aster of Business A dm in istratio n
Managing D irector
m a n u fa ctu re r
Motion P icture Exports Group
m onth
not applicable or not available
nota bene = pay attention to this
num ber
P ersonal A ssistant
p e r annum = each year
postage and packing
paid
P ersonal D ig ita l A ssistant
Portable Docum ent Form at
P ersonal Identification N um ber
public lim ite d company
please
post m eridiem = a fte r noon
Public R elations
p a rt-tim e
Please Turn Over
per week
quantity
Research and Development
about
reference
re turn on investm ent
please reply
Strengths, Weaknesses,
O pportunities and Threats
Unique S elling Point
Value Added Tax
Vice President
W ireless A pplication P rotocol
W orld Trade Organization
w o rld w ide web
BUSINESS FILE
/
British English vs
American English
You can find difference between B ritish English (BrE) and A m erican English (AmE)
at fo u r main levels:
g ra m m a r
pronunciation
vocabulary
spelling
1. G ram m ar
Present perfect and past sim ple
Have you done it yet? (BrE)
I have already done it. (BrE)
I haven't done it yet. (BrE)
2. Vocabulary
AmE
BrE
AmE
Chairman
President
Sales Manager
Sales Director
Managing Director
Board of Directors
Executive Board
Finance Director
Vice-President - Finance
BrE
C o rp orate Language
G e n e ra l L a n g u a g e
flat
apartment
fortnight
two weeks
autumn
fa ll
holiday
vacation
biscuit
cookie
motorway
freeway/highway
check
petrol
gas
boot (car)
trunk
post
downtown
queue
line
pharmacy/drugstore
rubbish
garbage/trash
chips
(French] fries
solicitor
lawyer/attorney
crisps
(potato] chips
tap
faucet
3. Pronunciation
BrE
AmE
detail
detail
interested
in te re s te d
research
research
hostile / 1(a) 1/
BrE
AmE
BrE
AmE
-our. colour
-or color
-eUer: traveller
-e/er: traveller
-ize: organize
-re: centre
-er: center
or
organise
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BUSINESS FILE
Num bers
frequency expressions
1. Cardinals
0
- nought, zero [especially fo r m a the m a tics and fo r tem peratures),
oh (in B ritish English fo r telephone num bers), n il (in sports)
100 - a/one hundred. We offer a/one hundred different products.
101 - a/one hundred and one
1,000 - a/one thousand. At present we employ a/one thousand employees, [not: one thousand of)
1,000,000 - a/one m illio n
2. Ordinals
1st - first. The first of A pril (spoken)
2nd - second. This is the second tim e we have visited the Paris fashion show.
3rd - third. Our third attem pt to find an agent w as successful.
4th - fou rth . This is the fourth job I have applied for.
21st - tw e n ty-first. W e're living in the tw en ty-first century.
100th - (one) hundredth. This is our (one) hundredth trade fair.
101st - one hundred and firs t
1000th - (one) thousandth
3. Fractions and decimals
1/2 - (a) half. Over (a) half (of) our products are made in France.
1/3 - a/one third . We can usually o ffer a discount of one third.
% - tw o -th ird s. Over tw o-thirds of our w orkers live in the village.
1A - (a) quarter. I start w ork at (a) q u a rte r past seven.
% - th re e -q u a rte rs. It takes me th re e -q u a rte rs of an hour to w alk to work.
Vio - a/one tenth
11/2 - one and a half. The w hole process takes one and a half hours.
2.5 - two point five
3.75 - three point seven five [not: seventy five)
26.012 - tw enty six point zero [or oh) one two
4. Frequency expressions
once
twice
three times
etc
We m eet our m ajor customers twice a year.
Dates
Notice the difference between the w ritte n and spoken fo rm s and between
B ritish and A m erican English:
We opened our new office on 5 A pril 2010. BrE (written)
We opened our new office on the fifth of April, two thousand and te n *. BrE (spoken)
o r We opened our new office on A p ril the fifth, two thousand and te n *. BrE (spoken)
We opened our new office on A p ril 5th 2010. AmE (written)
We opened our new office on A p ril fifth, two thousand te n *. AmE (spoken)
*W e also say twenty ten BrE/Am E (spoken)
5 /4 /2 0 1 0 - BrE (w ritten) fo r 5 A p ril 2010, i.e. d ate /m o nth /ye a r
4 /5 /2 0 1 0 - AmE (w ritten) fo r 5 A p ril 2010, i.e. m o n th /d ate /ye a r
C Times
Notice the w ritte n and spoken form s:
The meeting w ill start at 9 .0 0 /9 .0 0 a m /9 o'clock, (written)
The meeting w ill start at nine a.m ./n in e o'clock, (spoken)
The meeting w ill finish at 4.30 p .m ./16.30. (written)
The meeting w ill finish at four th irty p.m ./(a) half past four/sixteen thirty, (spoken)
vk.com/bastau
P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
BUSINESS FILE
6
be
beat
become
begin
break
bring
build
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
do
draw
drink
drive
eat
fall
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
get
get
give
go
grow
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
keep
know
lay
lead
leave
lend
let
was/were
beat
became
began
broke
brought
built
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
did
drew
drank
drove
ate
fell
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
got
got
gave
went
grew
had
heard
hid
hit
held
kept
knew
laid
led
left
lent
let
been
beaten
become
begun
broken
brought
built
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
done
drawn
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
got (BrEj
gotten (AmE)
given
gone
grown
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
kept
known
laid
led
left
lent
let
lie
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
read
ride
rise
run
say
see
sell
send
set
shine
shoot
show
shut
sing
sink
sit
sleep
speak
spend
split
stand
steal
strike
swim
take
teach
tell
think
throw
understand
wake
wear
win
write
vk.com/bastau
lay
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
rode
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
shone
shot
showed
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
spoke
spent
split
stood
stole
struck
swam
took
taught
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
won
wrote
lain
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
shone
shot
shown
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slept
spoken
spent
split
stood
stolen
struck
swum
taken
taught
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
won
written
Answer Key
(M) = Model/suggested answers
Exercise 3
TASKS 1
From: ipcs3@cc.uat.es
Sent: Mon 28 November 15:40
Subject: Short Bros
B E (1 )
E x ercis e 1
Dear Frances,
1 3 5 7
10 11 U
Present negative
Prese n t q
13
4-
12
E x e rc is e 2
I am sorry I was not at the meeting yesterday. I have not been in the
office this week. Tom and I have been in London. We were at a
Sales Conference. I have been very busy recently.
Were Short Brothers happy with the contract? Have they been in
contact today?
Please contact me by email tomorrow.
Thanks
Juanito
..:...... a
TASKS 3
The Present Continuous Positive
E x ercis e 3
Axdal Electronics is a w orld leader in control systems.
We are suppliers to the car industry. Car m anufacturers
are not o ur only customers. We are also suppliers to
other industries. AE is an international company. Our
custom ers are in the USA, Japan and Europe. Our Chief
Executive is Paul Axdal. We are a fam ily company and
business is very good, says Paul.
E x ercis e 1
Date:
12 march 20..
To:
all staff
I Jenny Palmer
From :
Su b je ct:
Dear All,
John Bramwell is leaving th e com pany after 30 years. We are
organising a collection to buy John a present. Please see Janet in
Room 40. Janet is planning a leaving party fo r John. At present, John
is recovering in hospital after an accident. He is hoping to return to
w ork next m onth, b u t only un til th e summer.
TASKS 2
BE (2)
Best Regards
Jenny Palmer
E x e rc is e 1
E x ercis e 2
PT:
DL:
PT:
E x e rc is e 2
DL:
PT:
Delco Ltd.
16-20 East Mount Road, Lincoln LN3 5RT
DL:
6 November.,
Dear Mary,
E x ercis e 3
Last week Tom and Paula were here for a meeting. It w as very
useful. They were here for two days. We have been to Oslo in
the last few days. We were there for a meeting with our
Norwegian colleagues. Arne Sillessen w as very interested in
our ideas. Until now, I have not been happy with the project.
Now I am very optimistic. See you next week.
1.
2.
3.
U.
Best wishes
Sand3 f t t l
Sandy Peel
vk.com/bastau
P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS 4
TASKS 6
E x ercis e 1
E x ercis e 2
2. Were not/We arent spending much time in Milan.
3. The company isnt looking at new markets in
southern Europe.
U. At the moment many companies arent investing
in new products.
5. Our marketing experts arent changing our .
present sales strategy.
6 . Youre not/You arent staying in a hotel.
2. e
3. c
U. a
5. b
E x ercis e 3
E x ercis e 3
1. This year the company is not doing well in the USA.
2. At the moment we are building a new production
plant.
3. At present we are not presenting a good image.
4. Mr Jackson is not working hard these days.
TASKS 7
The Present Simple Negative
E x ercis e 1
TASKS 5
The Present Continuous Question
E x ercis e 1
2. At the moment they working with Poland?
T ca L
PJ Teal
Managing D irector (Teal Ltd)
vk.com/bastau
. - ......
177
Yes.
But not Brasilia?
No, we don't operate in Brazil yet.
Is Pablo Hernandez coming here this week?
Yes, he likes these meetings.
TASKS 8
The Present Simple Question
E x e rc is e 1
1. Does your country make cars?
2. Do the largest companies in your area export
E x ercis e 1
TASKS 9
The Present Continuous vs.
The Present Simple
E x e rc is e 1
E x ercis e 2
E x e rc is e 3
TASKS 10
1,6
2.
3.
5.
6.
TASKS 11
E x e rc is e 2
A: What's happening?
B: Were opening ten new branches in Argentina
and Chile.
A: Does the bank currently have branches only in
Buenos Aires and Santiago?
E x ercis e 1
vk.com/bastau
supplied received
broke climbed
Joelle:
Bill:
Two years la te r Metfan launched the Stella range.
Seven years ago Stella reached a 15% m a rke t share.
In 20.. M etfan tu rn o ve r rose 20% and two years la te r
Metfan bought Lanco S.A. Last year M etfan had a
23% m a rke t share.
TASKS 12
The Past Simple Negative
E x ercis e 1
E x ercis e 3
1.
2.
3.
U.
5.
Did
Did
Did
Did
Did
6. Did
Did
E x ercis e 2
New products were not cheap to develop. We didnt
spend a lot of m oney on research. O ur m arket share
didnt increase in the early 2000s. The com pany
didn't make m any good products.
Chemco bought the company. There was a big
change in the organisation. The new m anagem ent
wanted to change everything. Most of the old
m anagem ent left. T hings improved. Now, we are
very optim istic.
E x ercis e 2
T:
E x ercis e 3
2. On the next day they didn't send the goods to
Rotterdam by train .
3. On January 17 they didn't load the goods onto a
ship in Bilbao.
U. On the next day the goods didnt arrive in Bilbao.
5. C arretera T rasportes didn't take the goods to
Vitoria.
6. So Espofrigo didnt confirm the arrival.
TASKS 13
The Past Simple Question
E x ercis e 1
2. d
3. e
U. b
5. a
E x ercis e 2
Joelle:
Bill:
Joelle:
Bill:
Joelle:
Bill:
Joelle:
Bill:
TASKS U
1. c
S.F:
T:
S.F:
T:
S.F:
E x ercis e 3
2. At 11.00 Sally w as in the duty free shop. She was
buying clothes.
3. At 11.30 Sally w as at the Gate. She w as w aiting to
get on the plane.
4. At 12.00 she w as on the plane. She was reading.
5. At 2.00 she was (still) on the plane. She was
having lunch.
6. At 5.00 she was at a m eeting. She w as giving a
presentation.
TASKS 15
vk.com/bastau
TASKS 17
The Present Perfect with For,
Since, Ever and Never
E x ercis e 2
Product B has been profitable since 2008.
P roduct C has done w e ll since 2006.
Product D has made a p ro fit since 2007.
E x ercis e 1
1. c
2. d
3. b
4. a
E x ercis e 2
E x ercis e 3 (M)
MC
PM
MC
PM
MC
PM:
MC:
PM:
TASKS 16
The Present Simple Continuous
E x e rc is e 1
Youve been looking fo r a new job.
Our exports have been doing w e ll fo r the last
ten years.
The M arketing D epartm ent has been studying the
p erform an ce of o u r PX range.
Ive been th in kin g about changing my job.
M ichael has been w orking fo r us since 1995.
E x ercis e 3
TASKS 18
E x ercis e 2
Since 2006 w e ve been using autom ated production.
Since 2008 w e ve been running tra in in g courses.
Since January w e ve been processing o rd ers w ith
ele ctron ic system s.
We've been building a new w arehouse since
February.
E x e rc is e 3
EuroTV, 170-174 Rue des Capucins, 2270 Lesigny, FRANCE
Dear Hisashi,
Thank you for your letter. EuroTV has been developing links with companies
in other countries. In particular we have been discussing programme
making with networks in Belgium and Germany. We have been talking to
small, private companies. So fa r we have not tried to set up links with
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E x ercis e 2
Tor* K tftch.
Tom Kitsch
180
vk.com/bastau
P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
Tom:
Fred:
Tom:
Fred:
E x ercis e 3
Dear Mike,
Tom:
Fred:
TASKS 20
The Present Tenses and
The Past Tenses
Best Regards
E x ercis e 1
TASKS 19
The Past Perfect
E x ercis e 1
accident happened.
The engineers hadnt visited the plant before the
accident happened.
Had the engineers visited the plant before the
accident happened?
3. The company had published the sales results
before the share price fell.
The company hadnt published the sales results
before the share price fell.
Had the company published the sales results
before the share price fell?
4. The research team had completed the report
before the management cut the investment.
The research team hadnt completed the report
before the management cut the investment.
Had the research team completed the report
before the management cut the investment?
5. When the deadline came she had finished the report.
When the deadline came she hadn't finished
the report.
When the deadline came, had she finished
the report?
Fred:
Tom:
Fred:
E x ercis e 3
1. From January until June last year we were
TASKS 21
The Future with W ill and Shall
E x ercis e 1
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. e
5. b
E x ercis e 2
E x ercis e 3
Tom:
What happened?
Before the machine broke down, I had made
100 copies.
Then what?
When I had done 100, the paper jammed.
the plant.
e. Then before coffee w e'll show you a film about our
distribution system.
vk.com/bastau
d.
TASKS 23
The Future with W ill vs. Going
To vs. Present Continuous
E x ercis e 1
A: What are we going to do (1) about the
E x e rc is e 3
2. John:
M arie:
3. Jacob:
Hisashi:
A. P ierre:
Imogen:
5. Juan:
Amy:
something else.
A: Okay. Im going to find out (6) who can do some
Erik won't
TASKS 22
The Future with Going To vs.
Present Continuous
Intentions/
going to
2, 5
1,6
Byant:
Q: What are you working on for the next few weeks?
A: Were setting up a new distribution network
PhoneCo:
C aller:
Journalist:
Byant:
Journalist:
Byant:
Journalist:
Byant:
Exercise 2
Fine. How many people are com ing/are
going to come?
Well, Im sending out 50 invitations
this week.
Thats fine. Are you going to hire
phones for everyone?
C aller:
No, just about half, I think.
PhoneCo: And are you going to need anything else
faxes or modems?
C aller:
No, w e re not planning anything
complicated.
PhoneCo:
E x ercis e 3
Memo
To: HJ
3,4
E x ercis e 2 (M)
E x e rc is e 1
3 Facts/specific
j tim e s /w iU
E x ercis e 3
To:
I ricardo.benato@eurosales.com
From: j jeanclaude.isias@papin.com
Subject: j Visit from Harkes Ltd~
Dear Ricardo,
R epresentatives o f Harkes Ltd are coming next w eek.They are
going to look round th e p la n t and th e n w e'll have a m e etin g
at 2 o'clock. We're going to explain o u r plans fo r th e n ext five
years.They k n ow we're moving o ur Sales D ivision to Brussels.They
d o n 't k n o w th a t this will happen in D ecem ber th is year.
I'm going to tell th e m befo re th e m eeting.
Best Regards
Jean C laude Isias (Papin S.A.)
(1 )45 7 7 3371
From: KP
Re: KJE/Weisskopf Joint Venture
As you know, we are going to manufacture a new
engine with Weisskopf GmbH. We are having
a Department meeting next week and I am
travelling to Bremen on the 16th. We are going
to sign contract then. Are you coming to the
meeting? Thats all. Good luck.
PS. Helen is not joining the design team. She is
too busy.
182
TASKS 2U
Conditional I
E x ercis e 1
2. Jf we_are_successful (IC) our share price
w ill go up (MC).
vk.com/bastau
P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
TASKS 26
Tense Review 1
E x ercis e 1
E x ercis e 2
2. If the co m p u te r crashes, w e ll lose the data.
3. If o u r m a rke t share increases, w e ll give (staff)
a pay rise.
U. If they send the goods today, they w ill
arrive tom orrow .
5. Sales w ill fa ll if we raise prices.
6. Unless we have good w e a th e r we w o n 't make
a profit.
E x ercis e 3
Date: ! 29/03/11
To:
i jay.taylor@modaplc.com
From: I g.sartori@ modaplc.com
Subject: | Next season's forecast
Dear Jay,
If we have a n o th e r y e a r lik e
we will produce
la s t y e a r
e x c e lle n t re s u lts .T h e M a rk e tin g D e p a rtm e n t th in k s
t h a t i f th e n e w s u m m e r c o lle c tio n sells w e ll,
th a n la s t year. H o w e ve r,
w e w o n 't d o as w e ll. We a lso n e e d g o o d
w e a th e r. If i t ra in s a lo t,
better
recovers,
we will do
unless the economy
TASKS 25
Conditional II
E x ercis e 1
If we s e ll Mago in Asia it w ill help to establish our
brand name. But if we set up o ur own distribution
netw ork (IC) it would cost too m uch (MC). Unless we
spent m illion s (IC), we w ou ldn t m ake any money (MC).
If we use local people it w ill be m uch cheaper. If Mago
does w e ll in Asia, then w e ll expand there in the future.
If it failed of course (IC), w e d be in trouble (MC).
2.
d.
3.
f.
TASKS 27
Tense Review 2
E x ercis e 1
E x ercis e 2
2. If som eone stole the plans, it w ould be a to ta l
disaster.
3. If sales collapsed, people w ould lose th e ir jobs.
U. If the plane crashed, we w ould m iss the m eeting.
5. M ary w ould be happy if Fred resigned.
6. If we increased the R&D budget to $500m we
w ould be the m a rke t leader.
E x ercis e 3
2. If we spent less on hotels the com pany w ould
pay m ore tax.
3. Travelling w ould be h arde r w o rk if we didn't
go first class.
U. I would like travelling if I d id n t have to w ait fo r
hours in airpo rts.
5. If I d id n 't like the tra ve llin g I would get a
different job.
6. My company w ouldnt use this hotel unless it
was really good.
aj * [ 3 *
' - -'v ; ;
Present
3 ,8 ,9
12
Past
4, 6
Future
2, 10
13
11
E x ercis e 2 (M)
The two com panies had been com petitors.
In 1965 Ardanza Pascual had 45 shops in Spain.
Between 1965 and 1980 the com pany was growing
by 5% every year.
Since 1980 the com pany has been exporting all
over Europe.
Now the com pany is planning 20 new products.
The com pany is going to buy into the US m arket.
In 2020 it is opening a new factory in Poland.
vk.com/bastau
E x ercis e 3
TASKS 28
E x ercis e 1
TASKS 29
Verb ...ing
E x ercis e 1
Dear George
We are planning a meeting next week. We are interested
in hearing colleagues' views on the sales campaign for
the Shello range. Before attending the meeting, please
read the interim report, Shello Advertising SA/JD
3421JD. I suggest inviting the marketing group to
attend the meeting, but we should avoid having long
discussions about individual markets.
Regards
Sophie Allen
E x e rc is e 2
2.
TASKS 30
E x ercis e 1
\m
Infinitive + To
3.
4.
5.
E xercise 3
TASKS 31
Do
E x ercis e 1
1. Does he come here often?
2. Does he work here?
3. Does she work for your company?
U. Did they come from Osaka yesterday?
5. He doesn't like flying so he came by train.
6. We didnt sign the contract yesterday.
7. Please dont speak so fast.
vk.com/bastau
P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
AX:
PC:
Exercise 2
1. a.
b.
c.
2. a.
b.
c.
3. a.
b.
c.
TASKS 33
May and Might
E x ercis e 1
A:
B:
A:
B:
E x ercis e 3
1. Q:
A:
2. Q:
A:
3. Q:
A:
4. Q:
A:
E x ercis e 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
m ig h t not/m ay not
may
m ay not
may
5. m ay n o t/m ig h t not
6. m ay/m ight
E x ercis e 3
E x ercis e 1
Bill:
Tom:
Bill:
Tom:
TASKS 32
Tom:
TASKS 34
Can and Could
E x ercis e 1
1. A
B
2. A
B
3. A:
B
4. A
B
understand them ?
No, I couldn't.
Can you speak German?
No, I cant.
E x ercis e 2
E x ercis e 3
AX:
PC:
AX:
PC:
AX:
PC:
AX:
PC:
AX:
PC:
AX:
PC:
1. c
2. a
3. b
4. a
E x ercis e 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TASKS 35
Must, Have To and Have Got To
E x ercis e 1
1.
2.
F
T
3. F
4. F
vk.com/bastau
5. F
6. F
Exercise 2
Exercise 2
promotions.
3. Last year we had to advertise a lot on television.
4. Our competitors are in trouble. They have got to
E x ercis e 3
1. You ought to/should see a doctor.
2. The truck ought to/should arrive tomorrow.
3. We ought to/should cut our prices.
U. Inflation ought to/should fall soon.
TASKS 38
TASKS 36
Mustn't, Neednt, Dont Have To
and Havent Got To
E x ercis e 1
2. Companies do not have to pay a minimum wage.
3. We do not need to meet health and safety
regulations.
4. Our competitors did not have to reduce their prices.
5. We havent got to advertise in national newspapers
E x ercis e 2
2. You do not need a visa to go to Poland from
Germany.
3. You haven't got to pay by cash.
4. We didnt need to increase production.
5. He doesn't have to learn a new software program.
Dear Sir,
You reported last week that Larssen S.A. had a
strong market position. Then you said that the
company does not have to think about its
competitors. This is not true. We must not believe
that our market share is permanent. We do not
need to worry about our jobs today, but we
certainly cannot forget about our competitors. A
year is a short time in business.
Yours faithfully,
Bo Johannessen
Chairman Larssen S.A.
Question Tags
E x ercis e 1
1. Business is important, isn't it?
2. Businesses have to make a profit, don't they?
3. Profit creates jobs, doesn't it?
TASKS 37
TASKS 39
Active
E x e rc is e 1
E x ercis e 1
vk.com/bastau
Exercise 2
Exercise 2
rent a car
accept an offer
appoint a secretary
design a new product
investigate a problem
write a letter
borrow money
pay an invoice
quote a price
1.
2.
3.
4.
E x ercis e 3
E x ercis e 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TASKS 42
It Is/They Are vs. There Is/
There Are
TASKS 40
Passive
E x ercis e 1 (M)
E xercise 1
TASKS 41
Active vs. Passive
at 11.41.
Is it direct?
Clerk: No, it isn't. It goes via Essen. There is a
train to Munster via Essen every 20 minutes.
M aria: Are there direct trains to Munster?
Clerk: Yes, there is a direct train at 11.50.
Its direct to Munster.
M aria:
TASKS 43
E x ercis e 1
I didnt have (V) a very good job last year. Now Ive
got (HG) a new position in the company. Ive (AUX)
taken control of export sales. Weve (V) many new
clients in America and Asia. Have (AUX) you seen
our product brochure? Weve (AUX) had a new one
printed this week. Mary, have you got (HG) a copy?
vk.com/bastau
187
Exercise 2
1. d
2. e
3. a
Exercise 2
4. c
5. f
6. b
E x e rc is e 3
Fumi:
Mike:
Fumi:
you got?
W eve/w eve got about 2,000.
Do you have/have you got/have you many
Mike:
Fumi:
Mike:
Fumi:
Mike:
Langer:
E x ercis e 3
sales reps?
About 300. WeveAA/eve got 30 in the Far East.
Have you worked in Malaysia?
Yes, I have. And w eve got/we have three big
customers there.
What about Indonesia?
No, we haven't/haven't got any customers
there.
To:
From:
I r.patel@abcsolutions.com
Dear Karen,
What did Ms Flowers say about the delivery last week?
I saw her on Monday. She didn 't say anything about it.
Did she tell you anything about the invoice?
On the telephone I told her we would give a 10%
discount. In fact I forgot. Please phone her.Tell h e r!
made a mistake. Say we can send a new invoice.
Note: I have told all our sales reps to offer a 10%
discount.
| k.brand@abcsolutions.com
Subject: | Your meeting w ith Dennie Flowers (Axis Ltd) Tuesday 20 March
TASKS U
Best Regards
Rajiv
A:
B:
TASKS 46
Make vs Do
E x ercis e 1
E x e rc is e 2
1. f
2. d
3. a
Delta:
Langer:
Delta:
Langer:
Delta:
4. b
5. c
6. e
1.
2.
3.
4.
made
do
making
made
5.
6.
7.
8.
did
making
make
Do
E x ercis e 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Beth:
M ike:
Peter:
Amy:
Syd:
Alice:
Billy:
E x ercis e 2
Getting better.
Amy:
Leo:
Amy:
Leo:
TASKS 45
Amy:
Say vs Tell
Leo:
E x ercis e 1
188
E x ercis e 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
We do business in France.
You are making a mistake.
They did a good job.
We have made progress.
They made an offer, but it was too low.
We had to make a choice.
They have done the research.
vk.com/bastau
P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
2.
3.
4.
5.
TASKS U7
Used To
E x ercis e 1
Peter:
Janis:
Peter:
Janis:
Peter:
Janis:
Peter:
Janis:
TASKS 49
Verb + Preposition
Exercise 1
succeed in
ask for
hear about
depend on
consist of
look forward to
agree with
E xercise 2
E x ercis e 2
1. He has lived abroad. He used to live in Italy.
2. He is used to making presentations.
3. He likes going for walks. When he was young he
used to go for walks with his father.
4. He works long hours. He is used to working late.
5. He likes going out with friends. He is used to
eating in restaurants.
6. Michael has a new car. He used to have a
motorbike.
T h a n k y o u fo r
O c to b e r .W e w ill
next
y e a r. T h e
re c r u itm e n t, t r a in in g , a d v e r tis in g a n d p r o m o tio n . I th in k w e
w ill
r e a c h in g o u r ta r g e t o f a 1 0% in c r e a s e . F o r
o u r S a le s S t a ff ,o b v io u s ly w e n e e d to
tr a in in g . W e
su c cee d in
cannot
I am
depend on
in v est in
o u r p r e s e n t r e p u ta tio n .
s e e in g y o u o n 2 8 O c to b e r.
Y o u rs s in c e r e ly
E x ercis e 3
Ann:
Peter:
Ann:
Peter:
Ann:
Peter:
it.
Have you always driven to work?
No, I used to go by train.
Is this your first job?
No, I used to work for RYG. You ask so many
questions!
I'm used to it. Im a journalist!
E x ercis e 3
Sam:
Paula:
Sam:
TASKS 48
Paula:
TASKS 50
this year.
5. b. Electricity companies have raised their charges.
6. c. Bank charges w ill rise next year.
E x ercis e 3
1. The National Telephone Company has raised the
Sam:
E x e rc is e 1
vk.com/bastau
E xercise 2
TASKS 52
Negative Statements
To:
From:
Subject:
| nickl_fox@jdloughman.com
.. .
| m aria_aubert@ jdloughman.com
| Ibros S.A. negotiation
E x e rc is e 3
Dear Nick,
We
Boris:
TASKS 51
Positive Statements
E x ercis e 1
Electric Inc. U
In those days Keele Brothers made bicycles. 2
Between 1980 and 2000 the main products were
pumps and small engines. 3
The name of the company was changed to United
Electric (UK) Ltd. 5
Keele Brothers Ltd was started in 1970. 1
Since then the company has developed an
international market. 6
E x ercis e 3
1. In 2009 Hebden joined an international
2.
3.
U.
5.
6.
7.
(S) did n o t have (NV) a m eeting w ith Ibros S.A. because we rejected
(S) did n o t com e (NV) by email. We received a fax
th e ir offer.The offer
E x ercis e 2
TASKS 53
Questions: Yes/No
E x ercis e 1
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
E x ercis e 2
1. e
2. f
5. a
6. b
E x ercis e 3
2. Will Mandy meet/ls Mandy going to meet Joanne
next weekend?
3. Will Alex be back from Nairobi tomorrow?
vk.com/bastau
3. d
U. c
E x ercis e 2
TASKS 54
Date: i 18/10/2010
To:
| k.r.nijran@amtel.com
From: f marketing@ amtel.com
Subject: RE: AMTEL MARKET SURVEY
How
E x ercis e 3
W illy:
Ben:
c.
W illy:
Ben:
W illy:
Ben:
E x ercis e 2
Which lorry is going to Belgium?
W here is the other one going?
What are they carrying?
Which one is carrying meat?
Who is our client in Greece?
Where are they based?
Who is the driver?
W illy:
Ben:
Willy:
Ben:
E x ercis e 3
2. What did he decide to increase?
3. Where do we need to advertise?
company?
4. How long did the exhibition last?
5. How much does a stand cost at a fair?
6. How big is the Paris trade fair?
TASKS 56
E x ercis e 1
Questions: How
Dear Kevin,
d. I came on Monday.
TASKS 55
.........
c
g
d
b
5.
6.
7.
8.
e
h
a
f
E x ercis e 3
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E x ercis e 2
TASKS 57
Sentence Types: Simple vs.
Complex
E x ercis e 1
TASKS 59
Relative Clauses
with Who and Which
E x ercis e 1
E x ercis e 2
TASKS 58
Subordinate Clauses
E x e rc is e 1
S/
yR
F
\/I
(B E c A U
S B L 9
fT]
H E M fU Iz
0 M :w,r U yA
U K M W\ I
G T H R D
w (s loj 0 X
fwj
C h;
P e
L (nJ
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E x ercis e 3
TASKS 60
Clauses Of Cause or Reason
with Because
E x ercis e 1
TASKS 62
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
E x ercis e 2
E x ercis e 1
2. We are going to build one next to the sea because
E x ercis e 3
E x ercis e 2
1. Hello. I would like some informations
left school?
3. I asked my bank manager for an advice [advice).
TASKS 61
E xercise 1
Ml!
V*<HI rTI
jStl Hy-r-
export
exports
fish
fish
information
turnover
research
record
records
accountant
accountants
capital
figure
figures
sale
sales
E x ercis e 3
E x ercis e 2
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Exercise 2
TASKS 63
Noun Compounds
E x ercis e 1
weather forecast
credit card
hotel room
alarm clock
market forces
satellite dish
container ship
identity card
E x ercis e 2
Please send
^product information
*price list
and details of *customer services
and
^payment terms
I would like a product demonstration and I want to
arrange a meeting with a sales representative. Also,
do you have any special sales promotions at present?
Please send a fa x message to the above number ASAP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
b.
b.
b.
b.
a.
a.
Freds car
the Chief Executives car
KLPs market share is 12%
yesterdays paper
the workers canteen
the design of the computer
E x ercis e 3
TASKS 65
Adjectives vs. Adverbs
E x ercis e 3
2. If you apply for a job, you complete and send a job
application.
3. The result of the test is a test result.
4. When you need to change money to another
currency, you ask for the exchange rate.
5. If a company wants to spend money on
advertising, it prepares an advertising budget.
E x ercis e 1
TASKS 64
Genitive Forms
E x ercis e 1
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Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Alan:
Helga:
Alan:
Helga:
Alan:
Helga:
Alan:
E x ercis e 3
dramatically.
Comparison of Adjectives
E x ercis e 1
llfiU M i l l l i
cheapest
strongest
most modern
most useful
worst
most experienced
nearest
most comfortable
weakest
most difficult
most
least
TASKS 68
Expressions of Frequency
E x ercis e 1
j always j|
frequently
Jsom etim es
4
E x ercis e 2
E x ercis e 2
F
T
F
F
T
F
TASKS 67
Adverbs
E x ercis e 1
fast (M)
quietly (M)
currently (T)
tomorrow (T)
r-
in
cheaper
stronger
more modern
more useful
worse
more experienced
nearer
more comfortable
weaker
more difficult
more
less
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
TASKS 66
cheap
strong
modern
useful
bad
experienced
near
comfortable
weak
difficult
much
little
abroad (P)
soon (T)
late (T)
hard (M)
never IT)
on time (T)
outside (P)
since Monday (T)
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195
Lee:
TASKS 69
Klaus:
E x ercis e 1
enough time
very/too difficult
strong enough
very beautiful
very/too many people
very/too dangerous
not big enough
very/too important
very profitable
E x e rc is e 2
1. Theres too much on the plate.
2. Tm hungry! This isnt enough.
3. The tables too small.'
U. 'I can't eat this! Its too hot!'
5. This looks very good.
6. The meal was very expensive.
E x ercis e 3
TASKS 71
Articles
E x ercis e 1
E x ercis e 3
TASKS 70
Arne:
Steve:
Arne:
E x e rc is e 1
Steve:
Arne:
E x ercis e 3
Beelo Comodo 20
E x ercis e 2
Lee:
Klaus:
Lee:
Klaus:
Lee:
Klaus:
OFFICE S T ftfl
vk.com/bastau
800800 now!!
TASKS 72
Personal Pronouns
E x ercis e 2
E x ercis e 1
E x ercis e 2
Joe: So, what can I do for you?
Wim: Well, I wonder if you can help me? My
TASKS 74
Demonstratives
E x ercis e 1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
E x ercis e 2
1. C arla: What are all these people doing here?
2. C arla: This is a nice bar!
3. W aiter: Good evening. This is your table
by
E xercise 3
the window.
DearJohn
4.
5.
6.
7.
Sam
C arla:
Petra:
C arla:
C arla:
E x ercis e 3
1. This picture shows our best seller, ZIGGO. This is
TASKS 73
Possessive and Reflexive Pronouns
TASKS 75
E x ercis e 1
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Ben:
Steve:
Ben:
Steve:
Ben:
Exercise 3
Pat: I hear you lost something yesterday.
Ella: Yes, my mobile phone. I wanted to phone
someone but I couldnt find the phone
anywhere.
Pat: You must have put it down somewhere.
Ella: Yes, I asked at reception. They knew nothing
about it.
E x ercis e 2
Paula:
Presenter:
Participant:
Any questions?
E x ercis e 3
A: Have we got any paper for the printer?
B: Some, but not much. Weve got some more on
A:
B:
A:
B:
order.
Good. Ive got to print some reports.
If they are urgent, take them to the Sales Office.
They usually have paper if we havent any left.
The printer wasnt working yesterday!
It was fine. There just wasnt any toner left. I put
some in. Its fine now.
TASKS 76
TASKS 77
Quantifiers (1)
E x ercis e 1
TASKS 78
Quantifiers (2)
E x ercis e 1
E x ercis e 2
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P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
Exercise 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Exercise 3
TASKS 79
Quantifiers (3)
E x ercis e 1
TASKS 81
Time
E x ercis e 1
E x ercis e 2
each customer
alt products
each of us
each week
each department
A:
B:
A:
B:
every customer
all information
all of us
every week
every department
E x ercis e 3
2. I have never had a bad meal in Paris. Every
restaurant Ive been in has been excellent.
3. We have a lot of good customers in Malaysia, We
need to look after a ll of them very carefully.
TASKS 80
4. c
5. b
E x ercis e 2
E x ercis e 1
1. d
B:
E x ercis e 3
Numerals
2. a
3. e
A:
B:
A:
Whens he coming?
in the morning.
Before 10 oclock?
Probably. Well show him the factory for an hour
or two, then when Julie arrives at 12 o'clock well
have our meeting.
So. during lunchtime?
Yes, from about 12 tjU around 2.30.
We must be finished by 3 because weve an
appointment with Axis in the afternoon.
That's no problem.
TASKS 82
E x ercis e 2
Place (1)
E x ercis e 1
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199
6.
7.
8.
9.
TASKS 84
newspaper.
We decided to take some money out of our
emergency bank account. W)
They put a lot of money into research.
They have taken business from us.
The computer is on the desk.
E x e rc is e 3
TASKS 83
Place (2)
E x e rc is e 1
E x ercis e 2
1- The factory is next to the river.
2. There is a restaurant in front of our main office,
3. The hotel is down/up the road from the station,
4. You can drive through the city in 20 minutes.
5. The safe is in a cellar below the Managing
Directors office.
c
d
a
e
each other.
3. In fact, we are different from our competitors.
E x ercis e 3 (M)
1. Next to the main entrance/in front of the main
office block.
2. Beside the offices and the main office block.
3. Above the reception area.
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Index
Num bers indicate pages
BF = Business File
date, BF5
decimal, 160, BF5
defining relative clause,
118
definite article, 142
definite frequency, 136
demonstrative, 148
determiner, 146, 148,
150
did, 26, 62
didnt, 24
different, 168
do, 62, 92, 106
dont, 20
dont have to, 72
dont/doesnt, 14
down, 166
during, 162
E
be, 2, 4
be used to, 94
because, 114, 116, 120
before, 162
behind, 166
below, 166
beside, 166
between, 162, 166
British English, BF4
but, 114
by, 162
C
can, 68
cant, 68
each,158
enough, 138
ever, 34
every, 14, 136, 158
F
G
genitive, 128
get, 88
going to, 44, 46
got, 88
habit, 94
had, 38
had to, 70
has, 30, 32
has been, 4
has got, 88
has/have got to, 70
hasnt/havent got
to, 72
have, 30, 32, 86
have been, 4
have got, 86, 88
have to, 70
hourly, 136
how, 110, 116
how big/small, 110
how far, 110
how long, 110
how much/many, 110
how often, 110
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last (week/month/year),
22
like, 168
little, 154, 156
necessary, 72
neednt, 72
negative (statements), 8,
14, 24, 28,30,36,38,
104, 112
negative imperative, 20,
62, 112
never, 34, 136
next to, 166
no, 152, 154, 156
non-defining relative
clause, 118
no-one, 152
normally, 136
nothing, 152
noun, 122, 124
noun compound, 126
now, 6
nowhere, 152
number, 160, BF5
numeral, 160
0
obligation, 70
offer, 64
often, 136
on, 162, 164
on top of, 166
onto, 166
opposite, 166
or, 114
ordinal number, 160, BF5
ought, 74
oughtnt, 74
out of, 164, 166
outside, 166
over, 166
P
passive, 80, 82
past continuous, 28, 40
past continuous
negative, 28
past continuous
question, 28
past habit, 94
past participle, 30, 36,
38, 40, BF6
past perfect, 38, 40
past perfect negative, 38
past perfect question, 38
past simple, 22, 24, 26,
36,40
past simple negative, 24,
36, 62
past simple question,
26, 36, 62
past tense, 22, 36, 40,
BF6
past tenses, 40
permission, 66, 68
personal pronoun, 144
phrasal verb, 100
plan, 44, 46
plural noun, 122, 124
position, 166
positive (statements), 6,
12 , 22
positive adjective, 132
positive imperative, 20
positive statement, 102
possessive determiner,
146
possessive pronoun, 146
possibility, 66, 68
preposition, 162, 164,
166, 168
present continuous, 6, 8,
10,
18,40,44, 46
present continuous
negative, 8
present continuous
question, 10
present habit, 94
present perfect, 40
present perfect
continuous, 32, 34
present perfect
continuous negative,
32
present perfect
continuous question,
32
present perfect simple,
30, 34, 36
present perfect simple
negative, 30, 36
present perfect simple
question, 30, 36
present simple, 12, 14,
16, 18, 22,40
present simple negative,
14,62
present simple question,
16, 62
present tenses, 40
present time markers, 6
probability, 74
process description, 82
prohibition, 66, 68, 72
pronoun, 144, 146, 148,
150
Q
quantifier, 154, 156,
158
quarterly, 136
question, 10, 16, 26, 28,
30,32,36,38, 106,
108, 114
question tag, 76
R
raise, 96
rarely, 136
reason, 120
reflexive pronoun, 146
relative clause, 118
relative pronoun, 118
request, 64, 68
rise, 96
S
same, 168
say, 90
schedule, 44
seldom, 136
sentence, 114
shall, 42
shant, 42
should, 74
shouldnt, 74
simple sentence, 114
since, 34, 162
singular noun, 122,
124
so, 116
so that, 116
some, 150, 152, 154, 156
somebody, 152
someone, 152
something, 152
sometimes, 136
somewhere, 152
sorry, 178
statement, 114
still, 140
subordinate clause, 116,
118, 120
subordinating
conjunction, 114, 116,
120
suggesting, 42, 74
superlative adjective, 132
T
tell, 90
tense review, 52, 54
that, 114, 116, 148
the, 142
the same as, 168
there is/are, 84
these, 148
they are, 84
this, 148
those, 148
though, 114, 116
till, 162
time, BF5
to, 164
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P re -Inte rm e d ia te Business G ra m m a r
too, 138
transitive, 78, 102
U
uncountable noun, 122,
124, 154, 156, 158
under, 166
unless, 48, 50
until, 162
up, 166
up to, 162
used to, 94
usually, 136
V
verb
verb
verb
very,
+ adverb, 100
+ preposition, 98
phrase, 114
138
W
was, 4, 28
weekly, 136
were, 4, 28
what, 108, 116
when, 108, 114, 116
where, 108, 116
which, 108, 114, 116, 118
while, 116
who, 108, 114, 116, 118
who(m), 108
wh-question, 108
wh-word, 116
why, 108, 116
will, 42, 64
willingness, 64
wont, 42, 64
would, 64
wouldnt, 64
Y
yearly, 136
yes/no question, 106
yesterday, 22
yet, 140
Z
zero article, 142
Collins
English for Business
Accurate grammar means more effective business communication
Collins Business Grammar & Practice: Pre-Intermediate is a comprehensive
and clear guide to English gram m ar for the workplace.
Choose the topics of most interest to you or work through the whole book
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series is an authentic use of English in a business context.
I
|
CEF levels
A2-B1