13879416

Introduction / disclaimer
This project list is regularly updated by the GTZ ecosan team, but it is never going to be a "perfect" document.
Please treat all information with care and double-check any important numbers.
The purpose of having this project list is simply to have a rough overview of what is going on with ecosan projects worldwid
Please do send us any additions or corrections about ecosan projects that you know of (ecosan@gtz.de).
Guidelines for Editors
a to
new
entry
check if a sanitation
similar entry
does not
already
exist.
Please
avoid
overlapping
of
-- Before
Type ofadding
project
add:
sustainable
/ ecosan
projects
with
reuse
of some
or all
treated
General Information
projects
under different
names!(even if not fully achieved, e.g. UDDTs where urine is infiltrated are
waste
streams
being
possible
- Clump projects together if relevant: according to type of project (e.g. school, household, emergency
included
in rural
the list);
domestic
sanitation;
projects
sanitation,
areas,
urban areas
etc.) working
that belong
to the same implementers or overall programme; or
Project
-according
Do nottitle:
add:
small
research
projects;
industrial
wastewater
reuse; non-reuse
projects up by up-scaling,
to
work
done
by
a
single
organisation
etc;
orplace
if a pilot
is then
-- Should
be concise,
informative, with the name of the
andproject
if possible,
thefollowed
province/state.
Use British
english
spelling.
merge
the
pilot
project
with
upscaling
project
- Include type of technology in the title; e.g. instead of 'ecosan toilet', tell the type of toilet, e.g. 'urine
-diversion
For UDDT,
use the phrase
dehydration
toilet' 'urine diversion dehydration toilet'
- Enter information on changes made in the excel sheet and any source of changes (e.g. an email, an
Doc History - If possible, include if school toilet or household toilet and if rural, urban or peri-urban.
article, a telephone conversation).
-- Add
Avoida abbreviations
the title
(e.gat
UDDT),
except
abbreviations
new entry as ainnew
column
the end
of thatforcountry's
entry. of a project which should be put in
Detailed
brackets
after
the
name
of
the
project
written
out
in
full,
e.g
SWAMP,
ROSA etc.
project list
Type
ofadding
project:names of organisations in the title since it is a bias against other organisations which
- Avoid
Explain
more
about the project in relation to the title if possible- what technology, where, reuse or
have notabit
been
mentioned
City:
not?
- Mention reuse in a title if there is reuse of greywater or is a decentralised treatment system in which
-Address:
Only fill this in if the project is in a city or town
there is size
reuse.
reuse in the title if only toilets (e.g. UDDT, composting toilets etc) have
Project
andDont
# of mention
served inhab.:
Project
--been
This
isperiod:
the project
location, NOT
the address
supportingabout
organisations.
built.
If
only
number
of
households
is known,
makeof
anthe
assumption
the average household size from
Previous
andstart
current
phase:
- This is the
project
year (with month if notable) and the end project year.
-- This
Forcountry
all
SuSanA
case
studies,
the
title
should
be
exactly
the
same
as
that ofbased
the case
study.
the
list
given
below
and
calculate
the
total
number
of
people
served
on this
assumption.
If
is details of the previous and current phases, e.g. Split up information
about
start
of planning,
start
- Make
theisproject
titlelist,
background
colour for
a new entry
a
country
notetc.
in the
find out average
household
sizegreen.
from the internet and add it to the country list
of
construction
below.of Ifsettlement:
the country list has been used to make an assumption, make a note of this assumption in
Type
brackets.
write
this assumption
columns
G and J area,
of theand
'sortable
byexplained
country' sheet.
- GenerallyAlso
refers
to urban
area, ruralinarea
or peri-urban
can be
further e.g. resort,
-school,
Projectprison
size includes no. of sanitary installations and number of users.
General
conditions:
Waste
streams:
- Convert
number
of users
for public
toilets
etc. to anbefore
average
number
ofproject
users. background
(i.e. not a total for a
Background
information
about
the place,
conditions
thedaily
project
and/or
applied:
-Technologies
What
goes
into
the
sanitary unit? E.g. Blackwater or excreta or is it urine separate from faeces or
month or
an event
etc.)
-brown
This iswater,etc.
a listing of the different technologies without any details (except perhaps which waste stream
Cost:
they are relevant for)
-Technical
per
sanitary
unit
is the
most
item
for sanitary
people using
- Cost
Do not
just
write
write
theuseful
namecost
of the
exact
units the
anddatabase.
technologies used.
data
andecosan,
design
criteria:
-- Convert
local
currency
to
euros
or
dollars.
Include
important
details
of
the
design
of
the
various
components
of
the
sanitary units and treatment
Name and date of actual comment:
processes
- Fill in name of person who filled in the information or added any updates, their long-term email, date of
adding
and sourceas
if relevant
website,
conversation etc.)
- Fill outinformation,
all cells as completely
possible(e.g.
(seeEmail,
India entries
asarticle,
exemplar)
- Make atitle:
row
manually in this summary list for every new entry in the project list
Estimated
No.entry
of Users:
summary 1 Project
-- These
Link theare
project
in this summary
with an
equal sign to the project title in the detailed project list,
actualtitle
beneficiaries,
NOT list
planned
beneficiaries.
so
that
any
editing
done
to
a
project
title
in
the
project
list changes
in this summary
automatically
(i.e.
- Fill in column I about number of users and if information
about household
size andlist
number
of sanitary
Don'tistype
in the fill
project
title here
manually)
units
relevant,
in
columns
G
and
H.
Link
column
I
with
an
equal
sign
to
column
E.
German TC participation
Under
comments, write
if any
assumptions
have
been used, eg. if household size has been taken from
- This includes:GTZ,
Kfw,
inwent,
BGR, CIM,
DED
country
list
summary 2 the
- This is linked directly to the 'sortable by country' sheet and only has to be updated before the next
for website uploading to the website.
(summary
list uploaded - The project that have been made into susana case studies have to be linked to the case studies with a
hyperlink. A couple of SuSanA case studies are not in this database, e.g. Kalyani, India and Hamburg
on the
waterless urinals because Kalyani is a research project and Hamburg doesn't have a reuse element
website)
respectively.
Country List
(to be used if assumptions
are
needed about
Country
Average h/h size
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Belarus
Bhutan
Assmptions made on UDDT/person by country
6
4
Country
5
Mongolia
5
3
5 EvM guess - needs checking!
Persons/UDDT
15
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
China
Denmark
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Georgia
Germany
India
Israel
Jordan
Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan
Lebanon
Malawi
Moldova
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
Niger
North Korea
Palestine
Peru
Romania
South Africa
Sweden
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Chad
Ecuador
3
8
4
3
2
4
5
4
2
5
4
5
7
5
4
5
3
4
5
6
2
6
4
7
5
3
4
2
7
5
7
5
3
5
4
5
6
EvM guess - needs checking!

Paul guess - needs checking!
Assumed average no. of litres consumed per day/person for wastewater by country
Country
Average no.of litres/person
Egypt (luxury c
150 Guess
Assuming an
average
number of
girls per
UDDT =25,
15 UDDTs will
be 375 girls,
average
number of
boys per
UDDT = 100
making 900.
For urinals
60=540 male
pupils. 1815
pupils in
total.based
on UNESCO
Kenya
standards
rfect" document.
with ecosan projects worldwide.

an@gtz.de).
ase
avoid
overlapping
of
f some
or all
treated
ne
is
infiltrated
are
household, emergency
or overall programme; or
projects
followed
up by up-scaling,
e province/state.
ype of toilet, e.g. 'urine
nges (e.g. an email, an

i-urban.
ct which should be put in
c.
r organisations which
nology, where, reuse or
tment system in which
sting toilets etc) have
ge household size from
e case
study.
sed
on this
assumption.
If
out
start
of planning,
start
d add it to the country list
of this assumption in
untry'
ainedsheet.
further e.g. resort,
users.
(i.e. not a total for a
roject background
arate from faeces or
ps which waste stream
se.
ologies
used.
ary units and treatment
r long-term email, date of
ation etc.)
ect list
n the detailed project list,
mary
automatically
(i.e.
e andlist
number
of sanitary
olumn E.
ize has been taken from
ated before the next
to the case studies with a

ani, India and Hamburg
have a reuse element
rson by country
rsons/UDDT
Still to do
Check all missing info indicated in red in first row of detailed project list.
Check starting years for all projects, in particular for Bolivia and Peru
Fill the empty cells in the summary sheet (for start years and number of users)
Later:
Search for more info for countries without ecosan projects (see list in the other sheet).
Rearrange order of projects within country - by starting year!
mber of users)
list in the other sheet).
Date
Editor
Amendments made
23/07/2008 E. von Muench
Update on Knittlingen (Germany) project)
23/07/2008 E.von Muench with New project Rwanda Village Concept Project
visitors Alexandra
Hhne
29/07/2008 S. Rd
29/07/2008 Christian Olt

11/08/2008 A. Miso
11/08/2008 A Miso
12/08/2008 A. Miso
12/08/2008 A. Miso
12/08/2008 A. Miso
13/08/2008 A. Miso
Deleted the sheet of new projects

Bolivia habitat project --> still to be worked on
Ten projects in Germany --> will be worked on by new German
work experience student
India Bangalore and Calcutta --> still to be worked on
One Zambia project --> still to be worked on
Combined KfW project Analiza / already existing data sheet
Deleted Mask Filter
Improved "Seitenansicht
"Ecosan-EU" Burkina Faso inserted
Inserted new sheet called "sortable by country". Now it is
easier to see how many projects there are for one country.
New Ecosan Pilot Project in Zambia- information from
Newsletter 17 dated August 2005.
New Workshops: First Introduction to the concept of Ecological
Sanitation in Eritrea from Newletter 17 dated August 2005..
Ecosan Project in Uganda from Newletter 17 dated August
2005.
Urine diverting dry toilets project/already existng project data
sheet
Ecosan Project in Shaanxi Province, China- From Newsletter
17 dated August 2005
Three Community Based Sanitation DEWATS units at H, L & A
Block, KGF, Roopa Nagar, Mysore and Mahajan Nagar,
Nagpur, India -information from the Newsletter 18 dated
November 2005.
14/08/2008 A.Miso
Water Treatment System:greywater treatment from the

Mosque in Yemen -information from the Newsletter 18 dated
November 2005.
14/08/2008 A.Miso
Case study: Ecosan Pilot Projects in Yangzhou and

Changzhou, inthe frame of ecocity programmes in Chinainformation from the Newsletter 18 dated November 2005.
20/08/2008 A.Miso
First ecosan Sanitation Mart in Kerala India- information from

the Newsletter 19 dated February 2006
Toilet Rehabilitation Project in Sri Lanka- information from the
Newsletter 19 dated February 2006
Water Reuse of Irrigationand industrial use -USA- information
from the Newsletter 19 dated February 2006
Puzhehei ecosan project China- information from the
Waterless sanitation in UNESCO-IHE building Netherlandsinformation from the Newsletter 20 dated May 2006 and from
the existing Ecosan Project Data sheet # 26.
20/08/2008 A.Miso
20/08/2008 A. Miso
20/08/2008 A.Miso
20/08/2008 A.Miso
20/08/2008 A.Miso
Planning and Implementation of Water Supply and Sanitation

Infrastructure at the Lumad Infirmary Hospital BalitPhilippines-information from the Newsletter 20 dated May 2006
21/08/2008 A.Miso
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program-information from

the Newsletter 20 dated May 2006
21/08/2008 A.Miso
Ecological master plan in Accra Ghana--just added some

information such as contact and some publication- information
from Newsletter 21 dated August 2006
21/08/2008 A.Miso
MEDWA Project in Jordan- information from Newsletter 22

dated November 2006
China-Sweden Erdos Ecotown Project in China -information
from Newsletter 22 dated November 2006
Added information on China-Sweden Erdos Ecotown Project
Developing a Model for Sustainable Water and waste
Management for rural areas in Bulgaria-Information from
21/08/2008 A.Miso
26/08/2008 A.Miso
27/08/2008 A.Miso
27/08/2008 A.Miso
27/08/2008 A.Miso
Safe Drinking Water in Ukraine- information from Newletter 23

dated February 2007
A Decentralized Sustainable Wastewater Managementin
Kyrgyzstan.- information from Newsletter 23 dated February
2007
27/08/2008 A.Miso
Working Group "Development of new sanitation systems"

(ONSS)" promotes urine diversion in the Netherlands-from
Newsltter 23 dated February 2007
27/08/2008 A.Miso
Ecosan for school in Hayanist: Tapping Resources use the

strength of women for sustainable development- information
from Newsletter 23 dated February 2007
27/08/2008 A.Miso
Developing community-led water and sanitation initiatives in

three cities in Malawi-information from Newsletter 23 dated
February 2007
27/08/2008 A.Miso
Arborloos for 10,000 Households i nEthiopia-information from

Ecosan Training for Masons in Bihar India-information from
Newslette 24 dated May 2007
Compost toilets for State of Karnataka India-just added some
information from the Newsletter 24 dated May 2007
Launched of ecosan during Film Festival Burkina Faso (mobile
diverting toilet)-information from Newsletter 24 dated May 2007
Dairy Wastewater as a resource Germany- information from
Newsletter 25 date August 2007
Ecosan training of trainers.-course for NGO-information from
Newsletter 25 dated August 2007
UDDTs at tourist camp Khovsgol Inn Khatgal Mongoliainformation from Newsletter 25 dated August 2007
Toilet Beauty Contest India- information from newsletter 25
dated August 2007
Ecosan Course in Banda Aceh India- information from
newsletter 25 dated August 2007
Greywater Reuse in Tanoura Lebanon-nformation from
newsletter 25 dated August 2007
Ecosan Project for College- information from Newsletter 26
dated November 2007
Ecosan contributing to the protection of El Tule Lagoon
Mexico-information from Newsletter 26 dated November 2007
Alternative Urban Water Management Concept-Germanyinformation from Newsletter 28 dated June 2008
Zero-waste toilets-India -information from Newsletter 28 dated
June 2008
Remote monitored high-tech recycling system with potential for
remote, sparsely settled areas with water deficit problemsinformation from Newsletter 28 dated June 2008
28/08/2008 A.Miso
28/08/2008 A.Miso
28/08/2008 A.Miso
28/08/2008 A.Miso
29/08/2008 A.Miso
29/08/2008 A.Miso
29/08/2008 A.Miso
29/08/2008 A.Miso
29/08/2008 A.Miso
29/08/2008 A.Miso
29/08/2008 A.Miso
8/29/2008 A.Miso
8/29/2008 A. Miso
9/2/2008 A.Miso
9/2/2008 A.Miso
9/2/2008
9/2/2008
9/2/2008
9/2/2009
9/23/2008
10/7/2008
10/9/2008
10/16/2008
10/16/2007
10/17/2008
11/3/2008
Ecosan in Champapur and Kirtipur-information from

Newsletter 28 dated June 2008
A.Miso
UDDT toilets in Nyamagable Secondary School-Rwanda
A.Miso
UDD toilet at Kigeme Hospital-Rwanda
A.Miso
UDD toilet for household in Bulera district- Rwanda
A.Miso
Public UDDT in Bulera District- Rwanda
E. von Mnch
Quick update on the Valley View University project (Ghana)
after conversation with Mr Geller. Still awaiting cost info.
Prahlad Lamichane Updates project in Bulgaria (Stara Zaragosa)
E. von Mnch
Insert new project in Marocco (Souss Massa Park)
G.Z.Ahabwe
Pdimu Landing Site Ecosan Project: A case Study
G.Z.Ahabwe
Dry toilets, constructed wetland, water supply for Kalungu Girls
Secondary School.
G.Z.Ahabwe
Improvement of Sanitation infrastructure with ecosan elements
in Kanawat Health Centre in Kotido district-Uganda
Sustainable sanitation pilot and demonstrations UDDT projects in Mindanao,
G.Z.Ahabwe
Phillipines
11/20/2008 A. Schpe
12/17/2008 E. von Mnch
1/20/2009
1/21/2009
1/22/2009
1/23/2009
1/24/2009
L.Mndewa
L.Mndewa
L.Mndewa
L.Mndewa
L.Mndewa
Namibia, CuveWates in Northern Namibia

Discovered that Gerald did not fill the info for the ROSA
projects properly. This is yet to be done
(http://rosa.boku.ac.at/). We have the latest ppt files in DMS
from Sept 08.
ROSA project in Arusha, Tanzania
ROSA project in Kitgum, Uganda
ROSA project in Nakuru, Kenya
ROSA project in ArbaMinch, Ethiopia
Edited the report tittled; Facilitation of Ecological Sanitation in Hai District
Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania
1/25/2009 L.Mndewa
Edited the report tittled; Piloting Ecological Sanitation Majumbasita Dar Es

Salaam, Tanzania
2/11/2009 Christian Olt

2/16/2009 Lukas Ulrich
Reformatted
Updates on Khuvsgul Project, Mongolia
New column for year of project start in "sortable by country".
This is for the purpose of Indicator 1 monitoring: now the
projects started after a certain year can be counted easily.
2/20/2009 Annika Schpe

2/23/2009 E. v. Mnch
2/26/2009 Joyce Ekuful
Added new column: "Available on SuSanA as case study"

Deleted some projects which had hardly any info.
Inserted Vacuum toilets and sanitationproject at Tsinghua
University, Beijing-China
Inserted Olympic forest park reuse concept project, BeijingChina
Inserted the 3 implemtation of wastewater reuse after reed
beds-Dubai
Inserted the humification of sewage sludge project in El MiniaEgypt
Inserted Waterless urinals in public toilets project in HamburgGermany
Inserted co-composting of faecal sludge and solid waste
project in Kumasi-Ghana
Inserted Improved traditional Ladakhi toilet project in Leh-India
Inserted Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary,
Ashram School project. Maharastra-India
Inserted Madha Housing Society project. Maharashtra-India
Inserted wastewater and organic waste management project at
Colegio Christoferus, Lima, Peru.



Inserted ecosan within the community based natural resources

management project in Hanahai & Paje-Botswana
Inserted Urine diverting dry toilets project in Guanxi provinceChina
Inserted wastewater reuse in Kolkata east wetlands, KolkataIndia
Inserted compost and biogas plants for small scale farmers
projectz in Kenya
Inserted urine diversion project, Sofala Province-Mozambique
Inserted Ecosan school toilet project, Garla Mare-Romania
Inserted Integrated water and sewage management in Oasis
cities in the scope of TZ-Programmes " Integrated water
management" project in Algeria
Inserted Preparation and marketing of soil from sewage
sludge. Public Private partnership (PPP) Project- Algeria
Inserted Ecosan pilot project in the TZ Projects "Low cost
Housing" - Ethiopia.
Inserted developing a local production from urine sepreation
toilets and management models for dry toliets in multi-storey
buildings- PPP project. Ethiopia
Inserted development from Ecosan concept for buidling from

15 Universities in GTZ IS Projects "University Capacity
Building Project"-Ethiopia.
Inserted Implementation of ecosan concept in the TZ projects "

Rural Water supply"- Benin
Inserted Ecosan concept in rural water supply in Cooperation
Project (CP) of EU and TZ. Benin
Inserted ecosan project in Mali where the information was
provided by Ellen Gunsilius (GTZ)
Inserted ecosan concept as part of the waste and wastewater
management "missing link" project. Botswana
Inserted ecosan in peri-urban areas of Ouagadougou in TZ
programme "KV-Drinking Water and Sanitation Programme in
small and midium towns". Burkina Faso


Inserted Biogas feasibility studies "Biogas for a better life" in

cooperation with SNV. Burkina Faso
Inserted ecosan pilot project at the Easter Island in
cooperation with WASTE/NL. Chile
Inserted Decentralised wastewater treatment in cooperation
with CIM Tong Boitin. Specialist for bioenergy of CIBChengdu-Wenjiang- China
Inserted Ecosan and Biogas-spread through the Institute of

Energy and Environment CAAE/IEEP with CIM Heinz-Peter
Mang - China
Inserted Ecosan in Schools project in cooperation with WTO

and CAAE/IEEP with CIM-China
Inserted Building an Institute for sustainable sanitation
provision project at the University of Beijing with CIM. China
Inserted Closing-the Loop oriented concept for public toilet
project in Olympic park Beijing with CIM Heinz Peter Mang, L
iZifu and Jrn Germer. China

Inserted Ecosan concept in TZ Projects for decentralised rural

development and HIV/AIDS control and Orphan-care. Lesotho
Inserted the project Spread of Ecosan and biogas through the

NGO "Technology for Economic Development (TED) with CIM
Andreas Scmidt, advisor for decentralised water supply.
Lesotho
Inserted Wastewater management and recovery in TZ Projects

"Water supply and sewage disposal in Ramallah/Al Bireh".
Palestine

Inserted EU-Water facility application devolution Trust Fund

Inserted PPP Provision of wastewater treatment plant and
sludge conversion into soil as model project for middle-level
communties in cooperation with IPP-Consultant. Syria
Inserted EU-Sanitation project network for Africa 2005

NETSSAF- Africa
Inserted ecosan capacity building project over Asia for ECO.
India
ecosan public toilet centre - Dhapoli. India
Inserted Ecosan project with UTTHAN people's learning centre
WATSAN - India
Demonstration ecosan project in Adama Ethiopia
Update on Source separating sanitation in Olympic Forest
Park, Beijing, China
Ecosan project in Darechowk in Nepal
UDD school toilets as part of GTZ programme disease control,
Rwanda
GTZ ecosan pilot projects in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Project KOMPLETT Kaiserslautern, Germany
Updated classification of projects (colours).
Communityled Water and Ecosan Programme in Shaanxi
Province, China
Update on Rural community and school UDD toilets in Misamis
Oriental - Libertad, Initao and Manticao, Philippines
Update: Pilot Project "ACTS eco-friendly public toilet centre,
Rajendra Nagar, Bangalore"
Update: Private urine diversion dehydration toilets in peri-urban
areas
Update: Automated composting toilet system at Asahiyama
Zoo
Update: Improved traditional Ladakhi composting toilet
Update: Ecosan pilot installations
Update: Urine diversion toilet programme in a rural
resettlement area Sofala Province,Mozambique
Update: Compost and biogas plants for small scale farmers Kenya
Update: Gebers collective housing project
Update: Dry urine diverting school toilets
Urine-diverting vacuum sanitation systemt at Tsinghua
University (SIEEB) Beijing China
Update: Decentralized Wastewater Mgmt at Adarsh College in
Badalapur, Maharashtra
Update: UDD toilets with reuse in allotment gardens, Cagayan
de Oro
Update: Urine diverting dehydration toilets in school, Hayanist,
Armenia
Update: Ecological Settlement in Allermhe, Hamburg

4/15/2009 Philipp Feiereisen
4/20/2009
4/27/2009
5/11/2009
5/18/2009
Philipp Feiereisen
Philipp Feiereisen
Christian Olt
Philipp Feiereisen


15 June 09
E. von Muench
Update: Urban urine diversion & greywater treatment system,

Linz
Update: Blackwater and greywater reuse system, Chorrillos,
Lima
Update: Effluent reuse from constructed wetland system,
Haran Al-Awamied, Syria
Update: Co-composting faecal sludge & organic solid waste,
Kumasi, Ghana
Update: UDD toilets for a Girls Secondary School, Kalungu
Inserted new sheet: sortable by country (2), this will be used
for website (as pdf file).
Inserted new Sweden project (from Dena Fam) Elkanlandstad School; deleted a double-entry for Gebers
project in Sweden
29 June 09
E. von Muench
30 June 09
E. von Muench
09 July 09
Ren Schweizer
09 July 09
Ren Schweizer
10 July 09
Ren Schweizer
10 July 09
13 July 09
Ren Schweizer
Ren Schweizer
13 July 09
Ren Schweizer
13 July 09
Ren Schweizer
13 July 2009
Christian Olt
15 July 09
Ren Schweizer
16 July 09
Ren Schweizer
Update:Separate derivate and treatment of urine, faeces and

wastewater (in the framework of SCST); Separate Ableitung
und Behandlung von Urin, Fkalien und Grauwasser.
22 July 09
E. von Muench
Inserted new project in Australia (from Dena Fam) - Currumbin

eco-village in Queensland, Australia
Update: "UrinPur" pilot project
Updated: Urine-Diversion Dehydration Toilet Centres at
Navsarjan Boarding Schools in Gujarat State
Updated: ACTS Eco-friendly Public Toilet Centre, Bangalore,
Karnataka
Updated and changed: Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR)
Darewadi Training Centre, Maharashtra State
Updated: Ecosan prefeasibility study 'International Centre of
Ecological Engineering at the University of Kalyani, West
Bengal
29 July 09
Martina Winker
8/12/2009 Isabelle Kunze

8/18/2009 Nadira Khawaja
Inserted new project in Australia: Maryborough Highschool

UDDT (by Dena Fam)
Update:Zero Emission Concept for water and wastewater
management, Project Rgen
Update:Burg Lenzen' Sustainable Water Management and
Wastewater Purification in Tourism Facilities
Update: 'Elbterassen Wussegel' Sustainable Water
Management and Wastewater Purification in Tourism Facilities
Update:Kiel-Hassee
Development of a residential area with public
services/facilities; "Rodensee 11", Erzhausen Community.
Development area Walldorf- south
Conversion of the former Michael Mcnair Barracks to a
residential area, Frankfurt a.M.
Alignment with Sren's list "ecosan Manahmen in der
deutschen EZ", April 2008
Darmstadt Hauptbahnhof Westgalerie
Updated: Compost toilets for Tsunami hit coastal village, Tamil

Nadu
Update Ecuador Chordeleg from email of Jenny to Heinz Peter
Inserted Pakistan Machaki Village Wetland Project from article
on the web



8/25/2009
8/25/2009
8/25/2009
8/26/2009
Isabelle Kunze
Isabelle Kunze
Isabelle Kunze
Nadira Khawaja

Updated: Ecosan school toilets for Tsunami-hit village, Tamil

Nadu
Added: Experimentation on utilization of human urine as
fertilizer, Nashik, Maharashtra
Added: Utilization of human urine as liquid fertilizer for banana
cultivation, Trichy, Tamil Nadu
Deleted ecosan course in Indonesia
Inserted agricultural research project in Nepal from ENPHO
Monthly Bulletin May 2009
Inserted individual ecofarming enterprise initiative in Nepal
from WHO newsletter May 2009
Inserted intial entries for new projects in Ukraine, Moldova,
Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan from email and map
attachment of Dr. Claudia Wendland to Elisabeth (16.06.09).
But no information yet.
Inserted entry of Chiefdom Pejeh, Sierra Leone from WTN
website.
Added: Utilization of anthropogenic wastes for agriculture,
Bangalore, Karnataka
Added: IIT Zerodor - Waterless Urinal Odour Prevention Trap,
Delhi
Added: Development of ecosan pans for decentralized
production of entrepreneurship development, Bhopal, Madya
Pradesh
Added: Construction of eco- friendly sanitary latrines and roof
area rain water conservation system, Ranchi, Jharkhand
Added: Ensuring human rights through ecosan for the rural
poor, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Added: Orissa ecosan project, Orissa state
Added: Piloting low cost ecosan model in drought prone water
scarcity area of Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu
Added: Piloting ecosan, Nagaland
Added: Piloting ecological sanitation, West Bengal
Added: Piloting the sustainability of ecosan toilets, Delhi
Inserted initial entry on three projects in Bangladesh by BARD
from email of Dr Choudhury to Elisabeth (30.06.09)
Inserted ecosan trial and demo project in Indonesia as part of
Phd dissertation of A. Malisie
Inserted Hamburg Jenfeld project from article in
Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall
Updated Kaiserlautern research project from presentation
slides of H. Knerr
Inserted Sanbox project from website and article, research
project in planning phase
Deleted: Public Toilet Centre Sanand (project idea)
Updated: Compost Toilets for Karnataka state; significantly
changed, new title: Total Sanitation Campaign, Mysore,
Karnataka (old title:

Deleted: Ecosan training course

Deleted: Ecosan Prefeasibility Study "ACTS Rayasandra
Campus for Higher Education", has never really taken place
(according to Martin Wafler)
Deleted: Prefeasibility Study "Virar Science Garden"; has not

being implemented
Updated Sierra Leone projects and added new school and

market place projects in Sierra Leone and Kenya clinic toilet
project from email exchange with D. Crosweller
Inserted Afghanistan projects of Katachel e.V. after telephonic

exchange with S. Schnehage
Uodated: Prefeasibility Study 'Pandharpur', significantly
changed, new title: Sustainale sanitation infrastructure project
'Pandharpur', Maharashtra
updated: BORDA CBS units at Ullalu Upanagara using

DEWATS; new title: BORDA community based sanitation
project, Ullalu Upanagara, Bangalore

Updated: Report on ecosan pilot projects in India

Updated: Musiri ecosan pilot project; new title: Community
Compost Toilets (ECCT), Musiri, Tamil Nadu
Inserted ecosan toilet project in Herat, Afganistan from article
by Bregnhog comparing experiences in ecosan
Updated and checked entries of Algeria
Added: UDDT toilets in Nagasandra village, Karnataka
Updated: Decentralised wastewater management at Adarsh
College, Badlapur, Maharastra
Updated: Zero-waste toilets, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Updated Low cost ecosan approach, Malawi
Inserted completed entries filled in and emailed by Dr.
Chowduhry of BARD
Inserted Decentralised Wastewater Management in Kafr El
Sheikh Governorate
Compiled entry on Bolivia La nina emergency project
Inserted Tajikistan household ecosan, Sugh region
Updated: Sanitation project at Madha Housing Society,
Badlapur, Maharastra
Updated: Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary
Ashram School, Sarole Pathar, Maharashtra
Updated: Navsarjan Trust Vocational Training DSK, Gujarat
Deleted: Wastewater reuse in Kolkata east wetlands
Deleted: Ecosan capacity building project over Asia for ECO
Deleted: Ecosan public toilet centre - Dhapoli
Updated: Improved trad. Ladakhi composting toilets, Leh,
Kashmir and Jammu
Updated and significantly changed: Utthan awareness
programm for ecological sanitation, Gujarat
Added: Water, sanitation and hygiene education, working with
local partners on comunity managed projects, Ethiopia
Added: Biogas generation from Human Excreta: A multidimensional Sanitation approach, Ethiopia
Inserted Uganda project on ecosan uptake in Kabale, from
presentation at Dry Toilet Conference
Inserted Bangladesh emergeny project from presentation at
Dry Toilet Conference
Updated mobile toilet project in Burkina Faso from
presentation at Dry Toilet Conference 2009
Inserted ZASP Zambia from presentation at Dry Toilet
Conference 2009
Updated Community sanitation system "MCK plus ++"
Updated: First ecosan sanitation mart; new title: India's first
eco-sanitary mart, Kerala

9/7/2009 Marc Spiekerman
9/9/2009 Christina Braum
9/10/2009 Katrin
9/10/2009
9/11/2009
9/11/2009
9/11/2009
9/11/2009
Isabelle Kunze
Isabelle Kunze
Isabelle Kunze
Isabelle Kunze
Isabelle Kunze

9/11/2009 Alemayehu Asrat
Deleted: Three Community Based Sanitation DEWATS units at

H, L & A Block, KGF, Roopa Nagar, Mysore and Mahajan
Nagar, Nagpur (very little information, location of projects
unclear)
Deleted: Ecosan training for masons, Bihar (no information

available)
Added: Sendriya Shouchalaya - UDDT experience from Kuran
village, Maharashtra
Inserted dry toilet entry of national park UK from presentation
at DTC 2009
Colour changed Implementation of ecosan concept in the TZ
projects " Rural Water supply"- Benin
Colour changed Ecosan concept in rural water supply in
Cooperation Project (CP) of EU and TZ- Benin
Updated and colour changed Ecosan in peri-urban areas of
Ouagadougou in TZ programme "KV-Drinking Water and
Sanitation Programme in small and medium towns"






Colour changed Urine diversion sanitation in Olympic Forest

Park Beijing
Colour changed Urine diverting dry toilets project in Kunming
China
Updated and colour changed Case study: Ecosan Pilot
Projects in Yangzhou and Changzhou, in the frame of ecocity
programmes
Updated and colour changed Puzhehei ecosan project
SwissRe
Can not find any information Decentralised wastewater
treatment in cooperation with CIM Tong Boitin. Specialist for
bioenergy of CIB- Chengdu-Wenjiang
Can not find any information Ecosan in Schools in cooperation
with WTO and CAAE/IEEP with CIM
Colour changed Adapted Wastewater Disposal in the
Governorate of Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
Inserted Decentralised Wastewater Management in Kafr El
Sheikh Governorate
Colour changed Ecological development of Valley View
University, Ghana
Colour changed Use of reclaimed water in the Jordan Valley
Updated and colour changed Resource-Oriented Sanitation
concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA); Implemented
in Nakuru municipality in Kenya
Updated and colour changed EU-GTZ-SIDA EcoSan
Promotion Project
Updated and colour changed Compost and biogas plants for
small scale farmers - Kenya
Can not find any information Ecosan concept in TZ Projects for
decentralised rural development and HIV/AIDS control and
Orphan-care
Inserted biotoilet Kizhi Island Russia, from presentatin at DTC
2009
Added information to earlier entry (from C. Wendland's email.)
of kazakhstan nature reserve sanitation project from
presentation at DTC 2009
Added information to earlier entry (from C. Wendland's email.)
of school toilets in Tajikistan from email of J. Ulmasov.
Reviewed all projects having > 10,000 beneficiaries. Found

discrepancies, questionable assumptions for Ghana, Egypt,
Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda. (made comments for these in red
and removed number of users for the moment- need to be
followed up).

Added hyperlinks to susana case studies

Filled in entry for NETSSAF - West Africa
Updated list: deleted projects with little info, or education only
projects. Shifted incomplete or questionable projects to new
sheet 'possible projects'.
Filled in Lesotho entries of dewats for household, institutions

and tourism facilities respectively
Added: Safe sanitation, health and Dignity in three provinces Bulgaria
Updated: Developing local production of urine separation
toilets and management models for dry toilets in multi-storey
buildings in Awassa


Self uptake of ecological sanitation toilets by households in

Kabale municipality district, Uganda: Case study
Updated: Provision of sustainable sanitation services to periurban and rural communities: Double-vault urine diversion
toilet in the peri-urban areas of the eThekwini muncipality,
South Africa

Updated: Ecosan-EU project, Burkina Faso

Inserted from Dry toilet Conference 2009: Social marketing
approach to scale-up sanitation and hygiene in urban slums of
Kawempe division, Kampala, Uganda
Inserted from Dry toilet conference 2009:SAPH-Partnership

with the agro industry: Ecosan in four villages: Katiola, Dabou,
Sikensi and Bingerville in Cote d'Ivoire
Inserted from Dry toilet conference 2009: Productive Sanitation

- Innovative technology and sensitization in Aguie in Niger
Inserted from Dry toilet conference 2009: Ecosan_UE II
Kourittenga - scaling up produtive sanitation in Burkina Faso
Inserted from dry toilet conference 2009: Performance of
onsite wastewater treatment systems, a case study in rural
Finland, Nurmijrvi municipality/Finland



Inserted from dry toilet conference 2009: Dry sanitation project,

Msunduza in Swaziland
Inserted from dry toilet conference 2009: Acceptability of dry
toilet: case study of nomadic community in Malinyi/Tanzania
Inserted from Dry toilet confeence 2009: UDDT at Khaimba
primary school in Butere/Kenya
CLTS in Cambodia, Kampong Cham and Siem
Reap/Cambodia
Inserted 5 new projects in India by P. Thakur from ESF
(Mahabalipurum; Khidkali & Desai, Thane; Kuteer Resort,
Pune; Oasis Resort, Pune; Thergaon Village) and 3 updated
projects (Madha Housing Society, Badlapur; Ashram School,
Sarole Pathar; Adarsh College, Badlapur)
Upgrade: Ecosan concept as part of waste and
wastemangement "missing link" Project in Botswana
Updated: CRS/Ethiopia Arborloos for village households
Updated: Ecosan in Schools in cooperation with WTO and
CAAE/IEEP with CIM, China
Updated: Cummunal Services in Gibeon, Namibia

11/13/2009 Laura Simon
Deleted India WOTR school sanitation project since toilets only

linked to septic tank and soakage pits
Inserted entry of Israel wetland from article in Water 21
Magazine
Inserted entry of Bolivia from data given by A. Kanzler and
article link (not yet added in summary list, need to check
overlap with subregional Andean project
Completed editing, review and update of all India entries
Eawag No Mix toilet entry updated from research article by P.

Goosse.
Duplicate entry of SCST Germany project removed from
summary list. No. Of users changed from email sent to E.v
Muench
Information included about SCOPE toilets under household,

school and ECCT titles (i.e. updated single project entries to
multiple projects since Scope has expanded activities in many
areas) from email communication with M. Subburaman.
India Rajendra Slum project updated and Kalyani research

project shifted to basket (since only collecting urine from
urinals for research), after email from J. Heebs and A.
Panesar.

Update: Puzhehei ecosan project SwissRe, Yunnan Province

Deleted Germany Novatech Wolpertshausen project since only
use manure and biowaste
Finalised project list for next updated version after deleting and
moving some projects
Inserted Datcha ECOSAN Latrine Project, Togo
Inserted Rural Village Water Resources Management Project
(RVWRMP) at Nepal
Inserted Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (Biogas)
at North Korea, Yontan County
Update: Peri-urban diversion dehydration toilets (abandoned),
Koulikoro, Mali
Inserted: Ecological Sanitation programme at Dakar and This,
Senegal
Inserted: Urine Harvesting and Utilization for Cultivation of
Selected Crops: Trials from Ibadan, South West Nigeria
Inserted: Ecological emptiable family latrines in refugee
camps, Chad
Inserted: Social representation of hygiene and excretes
disposal- introduction of Ecological dry toilet
Inserted: Ecological farming at Nepal
Inserted: UDDTs for households in San Pedro, Bolivia
Inserted: UDDTS for households in Oruro town, Bolivia
Inserted: UDDTs for households at Beni, Bolivia
Inserted: UDDTs for households at La Paz: More health for
better education, Bolivia
Inserted: UDDTs in a school in Chuquisaca: More health for
better education, Bolivia
Inserted: UDDTs for households at a peri-urban area in
Cochabamba, Bolivia
Inserted: UDDTs for households in poor rural areas, Bolivia

1/6/2010
19-Jan
19-Jan
19-Jan
19-Jan
Laura Simon
Laura Simon
Laura Simon
Laura Simon
Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon

19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon

19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon
19-Jan Laura Simon



2/17/2010 Enno Schroeder

Inserted: Emergency project Trinidad, Bolivia

Inserted: PPP Project Rotaria de Peru SAC, Peru
Inserted: Caritas- UDDT project for healthy families in rural
villages in the rainforest, Peru
Inserted: Demonstration UDDT Project of the NGO Cenca in
Nieveria, a peri-urban region of Lima, Peru
Inserted: Emergency project after the earthquake. UDDTs in
Caete build by Care, Peru
Inserted: Emergency project after earthquake, Peru
Inserted: UDDT Project in a squatter Settlement "Nueva
Pachacutec" at Lima, Peru
Inserted: UDDTs as an improvement for families in poor urban
zones, squatter Settlements at Lima, Peru
Inserted: UDDTs as an improvement for poor periurban zones
in Ica, Peru
Inserted: UDDTs as an improvement for the house and healthconditions at the Rainforest, Peru
Inserted: UDDTs as an improvement for rural villages in the
mountains of the Huallanca district in the Ancash region, Peru
Inserted: UDDTS as an improvement for the sanitation and
health conditions at the district of Huanta, Peru
Inserted: UDDT as an improvement for the sanitation
conditions at the Sechura desert, Peru
UDDT as an improvement for the sanitation conditions at the
pisco region- Upgrading of the rural zones. Peru
UDDTs for better living conditions in the Lalaquiz district,
Project for an sustainable development in the rural areas of
Piura region, Peru
UDDTs at a huge area in Surite near by Cusco, Peru
Inserted entry of village public UDDTs, Uruzgan, Afghanistan,
from personal visit to ADA in Uruzgan.
Inserted entry on village household toilets as part of UNICEF
Clean village project in Ghor and Herat, Afghanistan, from
progress report of VWO and information from visit to VWO by
Eng. N. Noori (GTZ-Rodeco).
Inserted entry on Sulabh public toilets in Kabul, Afghanistan
from web article and visit to Kabul municipality
Deleted (shifted to Just for Info): Stadlpura, Austria. Klug Veitl,
Austria. Fischerhof, Austria.
Shifted to 'Follow up': SUSSAN, Austria.
Merged pilot phase and expansion phase entries of hh UDDTs,
Comilla, Bangladesh into one entry
Bolivia: Merged Sumaj Huasi hh UDDT entries for Oruro and
Beni Departments.
Inserted Kinglake Australia entry from email of Dena Fam to
E.v Muench
Bolivia: overlap sorted out based on information clarification
from M. Winker- UNICEF Proandes project was separate from
the smaller projects of local NGOs. Last entry done by L.
Simone from summary of Kanzler report deleted because it
combined data from both the proandes project and local NGO
projects.
Bolivia: Deleted one of two entries on emergency project in
Trinidad city since same project
Burkina Faso, decreased portable toilet number from 35000 to
2000 to approx daily average



3/1/2010 Marthe Roestel

Colombia project removed from summary list but left in project

list. Need to find out more.
Deleted (shifted to Just for Info): Finland, case study of on-site
wastewater treatment systems because mostly septic tanks
and no mention of reuse
Deleted (shifted to Just for Info): Emergency project, Pisco,
Peru since it says they are not working anymore
Deleted (shifted to Just for Info): Ibadan trial project, Nigeria
because agricultural research project
Deleted (shifted to Just for Info): research project nepal
because project about agricultural trials
Updated Botswana Hanahai and Paje Village entry from
SuSanA case study
Added information to Lambertsmuehle, Germany project from
GTZ datasheet
Added information to Waldmichelbacherhof, Germany project
from GTZ datasheet
Added information to Freiburg-Vauban, Germany from listed
Koetse document
Added information to Oeko technik park Hannover, Germany
project from GTZ datasheet
Deleted entry on remote-monitored, water deficit area project,
Germany because it is the Komplett project which is same as
the Kaiserlautern Germany entry.
Added information to Hotel Arabella Sheraton Offenbach,
Germany project from GTZ datasheet
Added information to zoo toilets, Japan project from GTZ
datasheet
Added information to Jordan Valley, Japan project from
SuSanA case study
Inserted information on Ugunja District, Kenya project from
SuSanA case study
Added information to TepozEco, Mexico project from GTZ
datasheet
Added information to the Green Roof Project, Netherlands
from Switch report on internet
Added information to school project, Rwanda from SuSanA
case study
Added information to Kalungu and Kanawat case studies,
Uganda from SuSanA case studies
Remove no of users from summary list of SWTWS Uganda
project since not clear in entry
Insertet: information about the Emscherquellhof
Added information to Dubai project from SuSanA case study
Added information to Gozhuli Ukraine project from GTZ
datasheet
Deleted entry of Thailand entitled vertical flow constructed
wetland in Bangkok because information below was mostly
about Tanzania project and the rest info was same as AIT
Thailand project entry
Deleted (shifted to just for info): Decentralised WW treatment
at AIT, Thailand bc just research on a CW
Inserted and corrected information of Egypt sewage sludge
reuse project from GTZ datasheet
Inserted WECF supported projects from email of M. Samwel

on 01.03.10. Merged some entries with existing entries
(because some information was updates or extension of
existing entries)
Reduced number of users for Nepal Biogas Programme

because on 70% of biogas plants connected to toilets instead
of 100%
Deleted project of Champapur, Kirtipur in Nepal since an

ENPHO project, which are already included in the entry on
Kathmandu Valley projects

Completed review and editing of database

Modified: Kitgum Town Water Supply Expansion and Basic
Sanitation Programme
Modified: Resource-Orientated Sanitation Concepts for Periurban Areas in Eastern Africa (ROSA), Kitgum Town Council
Deleted: Improvement of sanitation at Kanawat health center,
Kanawat
Deleted: Urine diversion dehydration toilets at a rural
secondary school, Kalungu
Deleted: Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Maracha
Hospital, Maracha
Inserted the following which replaces the deleted projects:
Planning, design and construction supervision of water supply
and ecological sanitation infrastructure rehabilitation projects

Updated: Urine diversion dehydration and composting toilets

as a part of the Lake Victoria Environmental Management
Project (LVEMP), Ddimo
Updated: Multi-story urine diversion dehydration toilets in

Rubaga Girls Secondary School
Inserted: Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Biina primary
school in Luzira, Kampala
Inserted: Kampala City Council (KCC) Ecological Sanitation
Project testing urine diversion dehydration toilets in slums,
Kampala


3/9/2010 Marthe Roestel
3/22/2010 Elisabeth von
Mnch
6/23/2010 Christian Rieck
Inserted: DED EcoSan Promotion in Adjumani Town Council,

Arua Municipal Council and Luwerop Town Council
Inserted: Ecosanitation at the office of an engineering
company in Bellingham
Cleaning up; making pdf file for website.
Final entry for EU-Sida-GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project, Kenya

Mnch
Mnch
Updates made to 4 Egypt projects

Mnch
Inserted 36 new projects which were compiled by Belinda

Abraham (she searched for UNICEF's ecosan projects): 20
new projects from Bangladesh, 1 Burkina Faso, 2 x Bhutan, 1
Congo Brazzaville, 1 Guinea Conakry, 2 x India, 1 Malawi, 1
Nigeria, 1 North Korea, 4 x Togo, 1 x Rwanda, 1 Zimbabwe
Inserted 36 new projects which were derived from the work of

Belinda Abraham (for example Bangladesh, Butan, Cameroon,
Togo, Zimbabwe). Belinda had a contract with us to search
in particular for ecosan projects of UNICEF.
8/11/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 7 new projects, which were compiled by Belinda on
Guinea (Conakry) 6,and one new Bolivia project; also changes

made to Bhutan and Bangladesh
9/15/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Updated Cambodia project by Plan (in Kampong Cham)
9/20/2010 Stefanie Holzwarth Inserted 1 new project in Ecuador
9/21/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Estimated total no.of projects per country for
Algeria,Bolivia,Chad and Ecuador
9/22/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Compiled the total number of projects in each country plus the
ranking of the top coutries in terms of most active in ecosan
(highest number of projects)
9/23/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Updated and filled in the empty cells in the summary sheet for
the country list to be posted.
10/1/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Deleted two projects which were abandoned and too small,in
India, and Ethiopia (check deleted projects)
10/4/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 2 new projects from Nepal.
10/5/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 2 new projects from Niger and Yemen
10/6/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 1 new project from Zambia
10/7/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 2 new projects from Kenya and Uganda
10/8/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Inserted 1 new project from Zambia on Pestalozzi School
Lusaka
11/8/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Made phone calls to Mr. Bhushan concerning the Urine Bank
project in Nepal Siddhipur. He asked me to follow up from
Bastian.There was no connection. Need to follow up with email
11/8/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey Updated information on Zambia (306) with details sent from
Thilo
Other comments
Elisabeth Peuser:
elisabeth_p@worldtoilet.org
jekuful@yahoo.co.uk
jekuful@yahoo.co.uk
jekuful@yahoo.co.uk
p.feiereisen@yahoo.com
Unfinished and waiting for the new CS

Unfinished
Unfinished
No information available.
Project deleted.
Project deleted.
Project deleted.
Finished 2001. No new

information available. Project
deleted
Isabelle Kunze, email:

isa.kunze@gmail.com
Need to be asked for

information
isa.kunze@gmail.com
Need to be asked for

information
planning phase
isa.kunze@gmail.com
Need to fill in info for new

projects from website when
toilets constructed
isa.kunze@gmail.com
nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com
tina_toao@hotmail.com
tina_toao@hotmail.com
Find out actual user numbers
P. Thakur will provide some

additional info on the projects
check if same as subreiongal

Andean project
Further info requested from
TSC Mysore. (Wes
Consultant projects should be
updated when reports
released)
relook at project details and
update from websites
la.simon@gmx.de
More information needed
la.simon@gmx.de
la.simon@gmx.de
schroeder.enno@googlemail.com
belinda.abraham@googlemail.com
belinda.abraham@googlemail.com
okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
s6stholz@uni-trier.de
country
1
Afghanistan
project title
Bathroom construction with urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Katachel and
Nasseri Villages, Kunduz Province
type of project
Private household urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
city
address
Katachel and Nasseri Villages, Kunduz Province
proj. period
May to September 2009
previous and
current phase
project size and # 100 bathrooms with UDDTs (one bathroom per household). With 20 people per household, serving 2000
of served inhab.
people.
type of settlement Rural area
planning
institution
Katachel e.V.
executing
institution
Katachel e.V.
supporting
agency
The Netherlands Government
general
conditions
Poor remote area, suffering from decades of war and instability. Where people have toilets, the traditional
toilet comprises a hole in a raised vault for faeces and urine and loam lumps are used for anal cleansing.
Smells alot. This material is taken out and spread on the fields.
waste streams
Separated urine and faeces respectively
technologies
applied
Single-vault, urine diversion dehydration toilets
type of reuse, use Fertiliser: Urine is poured into the irrigation channels at time of irrigating. Faeces is removed from the
vault after it is full and tilled into the fields
costs
1000 Euro per bathroom.
technical data
and design
criteria
The UDDT is a single-vault, two-holed, squatting toilet. The toilet slab is a metal plate or a Chinese
imported plastic mould.
The urine is collected in 20 L containers. When a container is full, it is used as per need as fertiliser.
After each faecal use, loam balls are used for anal cleansing and ash (produced from burning manure for
cooking) is added for dehydration. It is estimated that one vault will take about 6 months to fill up and
most of the faecal matter would be dry. After this, it would either be spread directly on to the fields or first
mixed with more ash. Spreading time depends on agricultural activity.
- The UDDT is a part of a complete production cycle. Home-made soap is used for hygiene. Urine and
faeces are used to fertilise the cotton crop: the cotton is used to make mattresses, the seeds are used to
make oil, the oil is then used for cooking or to make soap, and soap is used in the toilet, and the remains
from seed pressing are used as fish feed in the local fish pond- i.e. complete cycle!
- People are especially pleased with the lack of smell in the toilets.
- Adoption of the technology (and generally work in Afghanistan) was facilitated because of personal
contacts. UDDT was discussed with an ex-Taliban general who did not understand what it was about but
nonetheless constructed it because of personal trust in the organisation and subsequently was pleased
with the results.
experiences and
lessons learnt
publications and
other available
documents
web-site
http://www.katachel.de/
contact
Sybille Schnehage (president of Katachel e.V), email: schnehage@wolfsburg.de, phone: 0049 5368 505
name & date of

actual., comment
Nadira on 03.09.09 from telephone conversation with Sybille Schnehage (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
Uploaded on
SuSana Website
as case study
No
Posted on
sanimap by:
No
2
Afghanistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school in Kunduz Province
Schools constructed with urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
Kunduz Province
2003 - 2008
6 schools, each with 6 UDDTs, serving approximately 3600 students in total.
Rural area
Katachel e.V.
Katachel e.V.
BMZ, The Netherlands Government, a private organisation and WECF
Poor remote area, suffering from decades of war and instability. Where people have toilets, the traditional
toilet comprises a hole in a raised vault for faeces and urine and loam lumps are used for anal cleansing.
Smells alot. This material is taken out and spread on the fields.
Single-vault, urine diversion dehydration toilets
Used as fertiliser by caretaker or surrounding farmers: Urine is poured into the irrigation channels at time
of irrigating. Faeces is tilled into the fields
5000 Euro per set of 6 toilets.
The UDDT is a single-vault, two-holed, squatting toilet. The toilet slab is Chinese imported plastic mould.
The urine is collected in containers. After each faecal use, loam balls are used for anal cleansing and
sand is added for dehydration. When the vault is full the faecal matter is spread directly on to the fields or
first mixed with ash. Spreading time depends on agricultural activity.
- Maintenance is critical in the toilets because so many children use them. Pictures have been put up on
the use of the toilets, but sometimes there are issues such as when the children sit wrongly and thus they
use the faecal and urine holes for opposite purposes. The toilets have to be cleaned and maintained by
the caretaker or it becomes a problem.
No
No
3
Afghanistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for women at the Pedagogical Academy, Kunduz
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) at an institution
Kunduz City
Kunduz City
2007
6 UDDTs for about 150 women
Urban area
Katachel e.V.
Katachel e.V.
The Netherlands Government
The Pedagogical Academy in Kunduz only had toilets for males. The women used to go into the garden to
relieve themselves.
Single-vault UDDTs
Used as fertiliser by caretaker or surrounding farmers: Urine is poured into the irrigation channels at time
of irrigating. Faeces is tilled into the fields
6000 Euro
The UDDT is a single-vault, two-holed, squatting toilet. The toilet slab is Chinese imported plastic mould.
The urine is collected in containers. After each faecal use, loam balls are used for anal cleansing and
sand is added for dehydration. When the vault is full the faecal matter is spread directly on to the fields or
first mixed with ash. Spreading time depends on agricultural activity.
No
No
4
Afghanistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested with households in rural areas of Herat Province
Trial project for testing urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with households in a village
Herat Province
2000
17 toilets contructed, one for each household. Assuming 6 people per household (from country list), about
100 beneficaries.
Rural area
NGO Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees (DACAAR),
DACAAR
Partial subsidy by DACAAR
Typical sanitation system is a raised single-vault latrine, which can be emptied when full, or a pit latrine,
which is not emptied. Approximately 35 % of the population in Herat are already applying excreta on the
fields. After emptying, excreta is either buried or stored in a heap covered with earth for an extended
period of time before it is applied on the field. The main risk of disease transmission is therefore on the
men who empty the latrines. Main reasons for having a latrine were: visual shelter from the public,
isolating dirt in one place, clean (compared to bushes), fertiliser. Vault latrines are usually used for
depositing all kinds of dirt from e.g. sweeping (but not food waste) because it helps to keep smell reduced.
Smell and emptying of latrines were mentioned as adverse effects.
Double-vault UDDTs
Faecal matter used for fertiliser. Urine diverted into soak pit, with plan to use the soil as fertiliser
Design of double-vault latrine with urine collection was developed based on the Vietnamese toilet design.
The latrine has a slab with two sets of holes and two vaults, to be used one at a time. The two
units share a common urine collection system. Unlike the Vietnamese system, urine is led to a
soak pit outside the latrine. The idea is that the soil in the soakpit could collect most of the
nutrients from the urine and be used as fertiliser regularly.
- All of the respondents supported the method of recycling nutrients. However, for religious reasons, it was
considered problematic to mix urine (considered unclean) with water (considered clean). The diverted
urine
could therefore not be applied by sprinkling on the fields.
Feedback of followup one year after construction was as follows:
Bregnhoj,
H were
et al. being
(2003),
'Experiences
with ecosan
in Danish
allotment
gardens
and
- The toilets
used
by all household
members
and the
users found
them
to in
bedevelopment
an improvement
projects',
International
Ecological
2003,
IWA, GTZ.
over their 2nd
old type
in terms Symposium
of being of aon
good
size, notAanitation,
as smelly April
as the
old latrines,
and the numbers of
flies were less. The separation of urine from faeces seemed to be working as it should.
- The urine recycling method had not worked at all. It is not clear if it was because they did not receive
sufficient instructions, if they did not understand the instructions, or if they are not willing to follow the
instructions given.
http://puvep.xu.edu.ph/publications/Experiences%20with%20ecosan%20in%20Danish%20allotment%20gardens%20and%
- The latrine was not replicated. This is exactly the same situation as with the DACAAR single-vault type of
improved latrine, which was also very seldom replicated. The problem seems primarily to be that the cost
was found to be too high, but also that the latrine takes up too much space in the compound.
- The design is still being considered as an optional design in DACAARs water supply, sanitation and
health
education program.
- Ecosan is generally more expensive than other options, such as various types of pit latrines, which can
be constructed for free. It will continue to be a problem among poor people, but when the benefits of
ecosan for agriculture, and thereby income, have been more widely demonstrated in an area, it may result
in larger
demand.
- The additional arguments of less smell and flies and improved production in agriculture have to be
conveyed carefully together with the arguments of health/pathogen control and privacy.
Nadira on 07.09.09 from paper by Bregnhog et al. on ecosan experiences (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
No
No
5
Afghanistan
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in villages in Dehrawud District, Uruzgan Province
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in villages
Dehrawud District, Uruzgan Province
2008 - 2009. And onwards, depending on availability of financial resources.
Uruzgan office has submitted plan for making 162 further public UDDTs in Dehrawud district over the next
three years (2010 - 2012). Implementation will depend on budget availability.
40 public UDDTs made, serving 12,500 people.

ADA is working in 14 other provinces and has implemented public UDDTs in other provinces. The number
of these projects is not known however.
Rural area
Afghan Development Association (ADA)
Afghan Development Association (ADA)
Norwegian Church Aid (NCA)
Uruzgan, located in south-central Afghanistan, is one of the poorest of the 34 Afghan provinces. Once
famous for its fruit and horticultural sector, the province today suffers to a high extent from the past 30
years of war and armed conflict. Most of the people in Uruzgan still live in traditional Pashtun societies and
work in farming. Due to an almost non-existing public education system, close to a 100 per cent of the
women and 90 per cent of the men are illiterate. The local provincial and district governments face great
difficulties in meeting public demand of public goods and services.
People either rely on open defecation or use a local dry toilet. The local dry toilet is a raised vault in which
excreta are deposited. The toilets are smelly and attract flies. The reuse of the excreta collected in the
toilets is a traditional practice. The excreta is mixed with soil and in the summer it is dried in the sun for
one week; in the winter it is dried for one month. This is done before the time of cultivation and the
excreta mixed soil is spread on to the fields before cultivation. In a similar manner, animal manure and
household biowaste are also collected and reused. In the villages, every household has a specific site
where they collect this material before using it on the fields.
Single-vault UDDTs
Faeces are reused on the agricultural lands as per traditional practices of excreta reuse- faeces is mixed
with soil and dried in the sun for about one week in the summer and one month in the winter.
The farmers are digging out the soil where the urine is being soaked outside the UDDT and spreading this
soil also on the fields.
Toilet cost: $500 for materials given by ADA. These materials are cement (for bottom base of toilet, stone
masonry), toilet door, window, pipes, 3 beams, sub-structure (faeces chamber) door, readymade concrete
slab.
Community contribution: labour, superstructure (make of mud or brick)
The UDDT is a single-vault, squatting toilet. The toilet slab is made of a moulded concrete slab with a
trapezoidal hole (which helps to show the right direction of sitting) for faeces deposition and a urine
diverting channel leading from the front of the faeces hole. This channel drains into a pipe running down
along the outside wall of the UDDT. The urine flows in the channel, down through this pipe and soaks in
the soil outside the UDDT. The sub-structure is made of stone masonry with a concrete base and has a
door to be able to remove the excreta.
People
use the
UDDT
are given
training
about
makingthe
theroof
toilet
then
they
also
know
A ventilation
pipe
leadsproperly.
out from They
the faeces
collection
vault
to above
to and
reduce
the
smell
and
dry
how
it works. The UDDT fits well with traditional practices and the faeces (and even urine soaked soil) are
the faeces.
in high demand.
After each faecal use, loam balls are used for anal cleansing. (No material is added to the faeces chamber
for dessication). When the vault is full, the faecal matter is collected and spread on to the fields after
mixing with soil and drying in the sun.
No hand washing facilities, people wash their hands in streams along the way.
Mr. Said Salam Agha, Director Uruzgan

Mr. Ghulam Sakhi Ludin, Country Program Director, Kabul (0799330018) (programmatic work)
Mr. Sayed Hassan, Managing Director, Kabul (funding related work)
Nadira on 14.02.10 from information gathered in personal visit to ADA Uruzgan office.
(nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
No
No
6
Afghanistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two villages as a part of the Clean Village Project, in Injeel
District, Herat Province and Chaghcaharan City, Ghor Province
Implementation of sanitary household toilets in two villages as a part of the UNICEF Clean Village Project
Khowaja Surmaq Village, Injeel District, Herat Province and

Wajgona Village, Chaghcharan City, Ghor Province
2nd April, 2009 - 1st February, 2010
35 single-vault UDDTs and about 100 double-vault UDDTs made for households, with estimated 810
beneficiaries (based on assumption of household size from country list). Also 5 public toilets (double-vault
UDDTs) made for men (beneficiaries unknown).
Rural area
Voice of Women Organisation (VWO)
Voice of Women Organisation (VWO)
UNICEF (The United Nations Children's Fund)
Nearly 50,000 children under the age of five die each year in Afghanistan as a result of diarrhoeal
diseases. Limited access to safe water (43% average) and very low coverage of appropriate sanitary
means of excreta disposal (12% average) as well as poor hygiene practices contribute to this. As a part of
International Year of Sanitation initiatives, UNICEF and MRRD have committed to prioritise hygiene and
sanitation and will promote model sanitation villages in each of the 34 provinces.
What is a model sanitary village: All households have a sanitary toilets and effectively use; no open
defecation practices in the village; all family members practice proper hand washing and other key
personal hygiene; all families have access and use safe drinking water throughout the year; community
school have water and sanitation facilities and well maintained; WATSAN facilities are available and
maintained well; village hand pump mechanic or Water system maintenance mechanic is available and
supporting; general cleanliness maintained in the village including soiled waste management; CDC or
WATSAN committee exists and mange WATSAN interventions; hygiene practices are monitored and
sustained; CDC monitor health impact and other indicators such as incidents of diahorea, skin diseases
and other water born and water related diseases.
VWO is making ecosan toilets as the chosen sanitary toilets in the two target villages.
Sinlge- and double- vault UDDTs
30 40% of the families use the urine as fertiliser in their gardens and 85% of the households use the
dried faeces as soil conditioner on the land.
$150 per toilet for substructure. VWO pays for the cost of the substructure and the households have to
make the superstructure.
The UDDT is a double-vault, squatting toilet. The toilet slab is made of a moulded concrete slab with a
trapezoidal hole (which helps to show the right direction of sitting) for faeces deposition and a urine
diverting channel leading from the front of the faeces hole. The urine is collected via a pipe in a container.
The substructure is made of stone masonry.
A ventilation pipe leads out from the faeces collection vault to above the roof to reduce the smell and dry
the faeces.
- In Herat, VWO has established a Women Latrine Productive Centres (WLPC) where women have been
trained
to make
concrete
products needed
forinto
the the
construction
of the UDDTs.
About 30%
of thethe
users
add dessicating
material
faeces collection
chamber after use.
- In the beginning single-vault UDDTs were made but they faced problems with these. Then double-vault
UDDTs were advocated. At first the villagers did not accept the double-vault toilets because they take
more land, but after receiving awareness about the advantages of it and using the dry wastes as fertiliser,
they agreed and now the villagers have more interest to have the UDDTs in their houses.
- Nearly 85% of community are managing and maintaining the toilets.
Voice of Women Organization (VWO). Office Address: Badmorghan, across from Masjidul Reza, Herat,
Afghanistan. Office Telephone number: +93 (0) 22 60 61/ 0093 (0)799 209 386
Email Address: vwo_afg@yahoo.com
Nadarajah S. Moorhty, Chief of WES Section, UNICEF (United Nations Childrens Fund), Afghanistan
Country Office. Office Mobile: +93(0)798507650 Office: +93(0)790507650. E-mail: nmoorthy@unicef.org
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) on 14.02.10 from information in VWO quarterly progress report (Apr Jun 2009) and information gathered by Eng. Najibullah Noori (GTZ-Rodeco, Herat) from personal visit to
VWO.
No
No
7
Afghanistan
Public toilet and bath complexes with biogas digesters in five localities of Kabul City
City public sanitation. Toilet cum bath complexes with biogas treatment system and use of biogas for
energy and effluent for irrigation.
Kabul
The five localities in Kabul city are as follows:

1. Char Rahee Khote Sangi
2. Sarai Shyamolie
3. Farosh Gah
4. Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health (IGICH)
2005
5.
Deh- 2007
Afghanan
1. Char Rahee Khote Sangi 20 Seated Toilet Complex with 2 Biogas Digesters
2. Sarai Shyamolie 20 Seated Toilet Complex with 2 (two) Biogas Digesters
3. Farosh Gah 19 Seated Toilet Complex with 1 (one) Biogas Digesters
4. Indira Gandhi Institute ofChild Health (IGICH) 20 Seated Toilet Complex with 2 (two) Biogas Digesters
5. Deh Afghanan 20 Seated Toilet Complex with 2 (two) Biogas Digesters
Urban area
Generally, 8 toilets for women and 12 for men.
Approximately, 1,000 people visit each toilet per day, i.e. 5,000 users per day in total.
Kabul Municipality and Sulabh International Social Service Organisation (SISSO)
Kabul Municipality and Sulabh International Social Service Organisation (SISSO)
Government of India
Kabul, situated on the Kabul River is the capital of Afghanistan. It is the largest city with a population of
more than 3 million people. Once a very beautiful city, it now bears the scars of continuous wars,which
have almost, wrecked this great city. Water and sanitation services are the worst hit. The few old toilet
complexes in the city are either inadequate or non-functional. The public places are in great need of toilet
complexes and also baths, especially where the neighbourhood lacks individual sanitation facilities.
A team consisting of senior functionaries of Sulabh visited Kabul in October, 2005 for a meeting with the
Hon'ble Mayor of Kabul, the concerned officials of Kabul Municipality and the Indian Ambassador at Kabul,
H.E. Mr. Rakesh Sood. The Hon'ble Mayor expressed his desire to get Sulabh toilet complexes
constructed in Kabul. Subsequently, Engineers of the Kabul Municipality and the technical team of Sulabh
conducted a joint survey. Five sites were identified for constructing toilet complexes with biogas digesters.
Black water from pour-flush toilet, greywater from sinks and baths.
Pour-flush squatting toilets attached to biogas digesters.

Series of filtration steps and UV disinfection for treatment of digestate produced in the biogas treatment
process.
Soakage well for greywater.
The biogas is used directly to light gas lamps outside the toilet complex and to fuel a gas stove which is
used by the guard for cooking. The gas is also used to produce power via a generator that converts the
gas to electricity, which is used for the lights inside the complex.
The treated effluent is used as irrigation water.
32,700,000 Indian Rupees (approx. US$ 743,200)
Biogas complex design:

- Two biogas digesters of size 30-40 m3 for each complex.
- Built min. 1m below the ground to protect in winter.
- Pour-flush toilets connected to the biogas unit.
- Fresh water for toilet use is pumped from underground.
- Handwashing and bath water goes into soakage well.
- For startup added 10% manure, quickens up the process.
-- 20
were started
trained after
for maintenance
Gaspeople
production
40 days. - 18 for cleaning, 2 for technical maintenance. These two
people
are plumbers.
were
sent togravel
India filterto seechannel
the complete
process
in operation
- Complete
system is: They
biogas
digesterwith UV
light- another
filter (since at that time
biogas
production
hadfor
notirrigation.
begun inSince
Kabul).
They
learnt
about
the steps,
piping system,
leakage
- End effluent
is used
there
is no
green
areaallaround
the toilets,
this is stored
in a tank
control.
Two technical
people are
not once
enough,
need to have more.
and removed
by tank (perhaps
about
a month)
- The gas amount reduces in winter (but dont know amount of gas production)
Article
SISSO
webpage,
operation
and maintenance
of community
- Userson
have
to pay
2 Afs (4'Construction,
US cents) to use
the toilets.
The Sulabh complexes
alsotoilet
havecomplexes
bathing in Kabul, Afghanistan': http://www.sulabhinternationa
facilities and users have to pay 5 Afs (10 US cents) per visit. This money is collected by the municipality
and becomes a part of their annual budget. The municipality is in turn responsible for cleaning and
maintaining the toilets. It is not known whether the income covers the maintenance costs of the
facilities.Th
-The toilets in the Sulabh complexes are kept clean, with no smell and hence user-friendly. Municipality
http://www.sulabhinternational.org/
caretakers are present full-time and cleaned the toilets.
- In Nov. 2009, the biogas system was not functioning optimally in all the toilet complexes as per its
design; biogas was either not being produced or the generator that converts a part of the biogas into
electricity was out of order. This was because spare parts for the generator were not available in the
Eng.
Mohd.
Hellal,
Deputy Director,
Policy
and
Coordination
Dept, technical
Kabul Municipality.
market
(theyYasin
had to
be purchased
from India)
and
there
was insufficient
monitoring and follow-up
Mobile
Ph: 0093
799331085
of the biogas
digesters
and pipe network.
Email: eng.Yasin@yahoo.com
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) on 14.02.10 from information from personal visit to Eng. Mohd Yasin,
Kabul Municipality; from article on SISSO webpage (see above) and personal visit to one toilet complex.
No
No
8
Algeria
Integrated water and sewage management with effluent reuse in the Bni Abbs Oasis
The project is one aspect of the IWRM (Integrated Water Resource Management) in the Saoura Region
and entails the planning and conceptualisation of an appropriate water treatment plant in Bni Abbs and
the reuse of purified water for irrigation of green spaces and arable land.
Bni Abbs
GTZ Wasserprogramm Algerien, 23 Chemin Rachid Lafkir, El Mouradia, 16508 Algier
8 years, 10/2003 - 12/2011
Previous phase: 10/2003 - 12/2006

Current phase: 01/2007 - 12/2009
Expected construction start date: 2010
Planned: 12,000 (population of Bni Abbs)
Urban area
GTZ
GTZ, AHT
BMZ/GTZ Regional
Current situation of wastewater treatment is as follows: One pipe discharges two-thirds of the wastewater
without any treatment directly into the Wadi Saoura. A second pipe carries one-third of wastewater to an
old lagooning facility, which does not have sufficient treatment capacities. The water from the lagooning
station is used to irrigate fodder crops
Raw sewage
Biological sewage treatment plants
Irrigation
16 million Euros for the complete integrated water resources managment programme
GTZ Wissensspeicher ( Project number: 2006.2069.0 and 2001.2522.9)
www.eau.algerie.org
Gabriele Kessel, GTZ
Joyce Ekuful. 09.03.2009. Information from ecosan list (overview from Sren, April 2008);
Updated 01.09.09 Marc Spiekermann.
No
9
Armenia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural school, Hayanist
Upgrading the sanitation system using UDDTs (urine diversion dehydration toilets) in an existing school in
a rural area; pilot project.
Hayanist
2005 - 2006
Start of planning: Autumn 2005

Start of construction: June 2006
Start of operation: November 2006
Phase 1: conducted baseline study of the village; phase 2: consisted of developing cooperation with the
Rural
school withand
350responsible
students and
26 staff
local authorities
water
companies; phase 3: consisted of educational and press activities
7 double-vault UDDTs, 3 urinals
Rural school
QUELQUE-CHOSE Architects, Yerevan, Aleksandr Danielyan

Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of wastewater management and water protection (TUHH)
Women in Europe for a Common Future (WECF), Netherlands

Armenian Women for Health and Healthy Environment (AWHHE), Armenia
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (TMF), Netherlands
The aim of the toilet facility is to provide the children safe, odour-free, and in winter freeze-free sanitation,
and to protect the ground and drainage water from infiltration of human excreta. Although in Armenia the
winters are very cold, the children had to go a rather long way to visit the previously bad smelling latrine.
Separate urine and faeces respectively
Double-vault UDDTs; waterless urinals; urine storage tank
Reuse of urine as a fertiliser for the local farmers. Dehydrated faeces will be used as soil conditioner after
it is ready.
28,740 Euro
For each toilet there are two easily accessible faeces vaults sealed with a concrete floor. The vaults with a
volume of 1 m each are used alternately in a 2.5-year rhythm and are filled by about 2/3 of their volume
only.
The floor of the vaults has a slope of 1% for the drainage of residual leachate which is connected to a
sewer leading to an open drainage.
Each faeces vault has an opening to the urine tank room. Airfrom that room together with equalised air
-pressure
After realisation
the ecosan
project, noby
cases
helminths
were found.
from theofurine
tank is evacuated
one of
common
ventilation
pipe leading to the roof where it is
-equipped
Ecological
sanitation
works ventilator
well in regions
central water
supply
or without
basic sanitation.
with
a wind-driven
of 30 without
cm in diameter
(see fig.
8). With
this design,
only one
-ventilation
Transportation
and
handling
of large necessary
urine canisters
(2 m)to
has
turned
out to where
be difficult.
pipe for
the
vaults became
compared
former
designs
every vault had one
-pipe.
For an
design
of a school
UDDT,
the actual
urine
and
faeces
volumes
beofexpected
Theadequate
ventilation
pipe being
directly
connected
to the
urine
tank
may lead
to a to
loss
nitrogenshould
be
investigated
in advance
into account
nutritionventilation
habits. pipe were removed and
contained
in urine.
If the air taking
pipes from
the urinecountry-specific
tanks to the common
SuSanA
study,
'Urine
diversion
dehydration of
toilets
in a rural
Hayanist'
(see website
below)
-replaced
A crucialcase
factor
is the
users'
understanding
the facility
andschool,
the
influence
its functioning.
by
a very
small
holereal
in each
tank, this nitrogen
loss could
be users'
reduced
and theon
ventilator
capacity
-be
With
proper education
even
6-year
old children
understand
principle
of urine diverting
toilets
a in
increased.
Furthermore,
the
ventilation
pipe above
the roofthe
should
be insulated
to allow air
flowas
also
http://www.wecf.eu/english/articles/2006/07/tmf_armenia_2005.php
part
of ecological sanitation.
winter.
- There is bad odour arising primarily from urine in the toilet facility which does not disappear even when
windows
are
open.
It partly
comesheight
from both
place where
the
urinal pipe
theoffloor
joint
For
boyscase
three
urinals
at different
werethe
installed.
For the
collection
andenters
storage
the and
urinethe
from
the
SuSanA
study:
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-armeniaof
the
fixation
of
the
female
squatting
pan
on
the
floor.
New
sealing
is
expected
to
reducethe
smell.
UDD toilets and the urinals, 4 polyethylene urine tanks of 2 m each were installed in the basement which
hayanist-school.pdf
-isTo
avoid underneath
bad odour inthe
UDD
toilet
facilities
it is important
toand
install
well functioning
ventilation
located
toilet
block.
The urine
of the girls
theaboys
is separately
collectedsystem
and for
http://www.wecf.eu/
the
faeces
vaults.
stored.
If one
tank is full, the urine is lead into the second tank. While the second tank is in use, the urine
of the first tank is
stored
for at least 6 months3
before it is ready for use as a fertilizer. During this storage time, most of the
sascha.gabizon@wecf.org
; Margriet.Samwel@wecf.org
low part of pathogens contained in urine are killed or significantly reduced. For monitoring and emptying
the tanks an easy access from outside is designed. Tanks with bigger volumes were difficult to obtain, too
expensive and would not have fitted through the entrance. In most urinals (8 out of 10) condoms are used
as an odour trap whereas the toilets do not have any odour trap.
Analiza from Newsletter 23 dated February 2007: 27.08. 2008

Updated 19.05.2009, Philipp Feiereisen (p.feiereisen@yahoo.com)
Yes
10
Armenia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in households and five schools in rural areas of Hayanist,
Fantan, Khachpar, Dzorghbyyur, Urud, Sverdlov, Saghmosavan
Yervan in the Lore region.
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in five schools and households in rural areas
Hayanist, Fantan, Khachpar, Dzorghbyyur, Urud, Sverdlov, Saghmosavan

Yervan, Lore region, Armenia
Since 2006
5 schools (excluding Hayanist school in previous entry), 35 household toilets

Assuming an average household size of 4 (from country list), 140 household users.
Assuming 200 students per school (for the purposes of the summar list), 1000 users
i.e. Total 1140 users.
Rural area
Armenian Women for Health and a Healthy Environment-AWHHE; Lore Eco Club, Charitable Women
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, WECF
None or partly central water supply, no sewage connection.

Toilets constructed under the "Tapping Ressources" and "Empowerment and Local Action" programmes
Separate urine and faeces respectively, greywater
Double-vault UDDT; urinals; sandfilter
Reuse of urine and faeces
Double-vault UDDT: outdoor and indoor toilets, squatting slabs for schools, home-made seat for
households, urinals for male users, sandfilter
Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu
Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu 01.03.10
No
11
Australia
Urine separating sanitation facilities at Maryborough Educational Centre (high school), Victoria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) included in the newly constructed development at the
Maryborough Educational Centre (high school)
Maryborough, Victoria
102-190 Balaclava Rd, Maryborough, Victoria, 3465, Australia
In operation since 2007
The installation was operational in early 2007, with reporting of results throughout 2007 and early 2008.
The research phase of the project was completed in late 2008.
Six urine-separating composting toilets, two waterless urinals, Rotaloo UDDT (Australian manufacturer)
and Uridan waterless urinals as well as conventional flush toilets were installed to serve a school
population of 1500 students and staff.
High School situated in peri urban area
GHD
The project was funded by the Smart Water Fund, an initiative of the Victorian Government and the
Victorian water industry supporting the development of water conservation, recycling and sustainable
biosolids solutions. As well as support and contribution from City West Water, CSIRO, Department of
Human Services (DHS), Environment Protection Authority (EPA), Melbourne Water Corporation, Monash
University and University of NSW, Bensons Property Group and Demaine Partnership.
Urine planned to be collected and trialled for reuse in local agricultural land close to the school
Separate collection, treatment and reuse of urine and faeces
Six urine-separating composting toilets and two waterless urinals, Rotaloo UDDT (Australian
manufacturer) and Uridan waterless urinals as well as conventional flush toilets
Reuse trial - urine collected for trial and reuse in agricultural application, dehydrated faeces is also
planned for reuse in farming application.
$170,000 (from Victorian Smart Water Fund) plus
The toilet block containing the UDDT was designed and constructed a long distance from the main school
buildings which became a problem as high school graffitti and vandalism to the toilets meant that the urine
collected couldn't be reused when vandals put cigarette butts down the urine diversion segment making
the urine unusable for reuse
Article in the latest publication of the Australian Water Association Journal - Water, May 2009
http://www.ghd.com.au/aptrixpublishing.nsf/Content/CompostingToiletsAU_prj#Benefits%20of%20dry
%20composting%20toilet
Johnathon Crockett (Project Manager), jonathan_crockett@ghd.com.au
19.06.2009 Dena Fam - dena.fam@uts.edu.au

www.isf.uts.edu.au
No
12
Australia
Currumbin Eco-village with urine diversion flush toilets, Queensland
Urine diversion flush toilets in a residential/eco-village
Queensland
In operation since 2008
20 toilets (urine diversion flush toilets) planned to be installed. So far there are 7 toilets, and 16
participants
Peri-urban
Department of Natural Resources and Water, Queensland Government. The Ecovillage at

Currumbin developer Landmatters Currumbin Valley Pty Ltd and consulting engineers Bligh
Tanner Pty Ltd.
New peri-urban eco-village
Separated urine and brown water respectively
Urine separation toilets (urine diversion flush toilets)
Trials with reuse of urine in agriculture and research
20 Gustavsberg UD flush toilets will be installed. Each household has a bladder to collect urine installed
under the house.
Odour problems were caused by hot weather and poor ventilation combined with a gas leakage through
the bladder walls. The solution was to trial an alternative storage vessel: We are currently trialling an
alternative storage vessel at Lot 105 to minimise the odours. The waffle pod is a rigid walled 320 L
container that can beretrofitted under the house using the existing plumbing. This vessel is expected to
be completely impermeable to ammonia and most other gases that give urine its off odour.
QLD Government Department of Natural Resources and Water
http://www.science.qld.gov.au/dsdweb/v4/apps/web/content.cfm?id=6151
Australian Water Association Journal - Water, Vol 36 (1)
and also: https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?
func=ll&objId=54387699&objAction=browse&viewType=1
Ted Gardener: ted.gardener@nrw.qld.gov.au
21.07.2009 Dena Fam - dena.fam@uts.edu.au

www.isf.uts.edu.au
No
13
Australia
The reuse oriented Water Reclamation and Management Scheme at Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney
Wastewater treatment and reuse
Sydney
Sydney Olympic Park, NSW 2127
In operation since July 2000
Water reclamation plant capacity 2.2 million litres per day;

Water treatment plant capacity 7 million litres per day;
For 20,000 people
Urban area
Sydney Olympic Park Authority (SOPA)

Olympic Co-ordination Authority (OCA)
Wastewater and stormwater respectively.
Contact reactors and microfiltration, (filtered through a reverse osmosis process), UV disinfection plus
chlorine residual added.
Recycled water is used for: toilet flushing, watering gardens, lawns and parks, washing cars, windows,
brickwork, filling ornamental ponds, fire fighting
A$ 15 million
Wastewater and stormwater is treated by contact reactors and microfiltration, (filtered through a reverse
osmosis process), UV disinfection plus chlorine residual added, then returned via third pipe to homes for
toilet flushing, clothes washing, garden irrigation.
ready for downloading on website
http://www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au/education_and_learning/environment/water
Andrzej Listowski (CEO), Andrzej.Listowski@sopa.nsw.gov.au although Nicolas Ashbolt can act as the
contact if needed.
17.11.2003 Ins
23.12.2004 Sonny
07.02.2006 Dania
No
14
Australia
Urine diverting flush toilets and grey water recycling system with rural communities at Kinglake,
Victoria
Urine diverting flush toilets and grey water recycling system in a rural area
Kinglake, Victoria, 3763
2009 - 2010
2009: Planning, community consultation on installing UDT

2010: Start of installation
2010: Start of operation
Rural community of 70 households, 30 households have taken the offer of free provision of UDT that will
service approximately 90 residents
Rural area
Yarra Valley Water authority (YVW)
Yarra Valley Water authority (YVW)
Victorian Water Trust
The rural Kinglake area was devasted by bushfires in early 2009 with 75 homes destroyed in the area and
20 fatalities. The community is in the process of rebuilding homes and the local water authority has funded
residents to install UDT toilets as an alternative. 30 households have responded to incentives and as of
early 2010 UDTs and grey water recycling systems will begin to be installed.
Urine, brownwater and blackwater, greywater
Urine diverting flush toilet; urine storage tank; a greywater treatment system (Nubian GT600); STEP
components- septic tank and effluent pump (connection to main sewer).
Greywater will be reused for toilet flushing, laundry and irrigation. Urine will be collected and reused locally
in non-food crop trials by local farmer.
$4.2 million
The following infrastructure will be located on each property:

1. Greywater treatment system, comprising: Nubian GT600 unit, commonly located at the side of the
house; Collection well and pump to transfer greywater to the Nubian GT600.
2. Urine separation system, comprising: One or more urine separating toilets inside the home; A urine
storage tank to collect and store urine (located outside, in most cases underground).
3. STEP system for blackwater, comprising: Interceptor tank (i.e. septic tank); Effluent pump to transfer
septic tank effluent to sewer main; Property service line from septic tank to sewer main; and Control panel
and associated electrical cabling to the home and pump unit.
MacDonald, S. & Narangala, R. 2008, 'Decentralised or centralised and how to choose?' paper presented
to the On-site and decentralised sewerage and recycling conference, Benalla, Victoria, Australia, 12-15th
October, 2008.
To be constructed
Rita Narangala, email: Rita.Narangala@yvw.com.au
26.1.2010 Dena
No
15
Austria
Urban urine diversion and greywater treatment system, Linz (solarcity)
Medium-scale ecosan pilot project in new urban area
Linz
solarCity Pichling
Linz, Austria
1998 - 2006
Start of planning: 1998

Start of construction: 2004
Start of operation: 2006 (ongoing)
Pilot project for approx. 250 inhabitants of 88 flats and 270 pupils of a primary school with a childcare
facility (in total 460 population equivalents).
Primary school & child care facility: 12 UD flush toilets, 20 waterless urinals.
88 flats: 115 UD flush toilets
Urban area
OtterWasser GmbH, Lbeck, Germany
LINZ AG, Linz, Austria

Steinmller, Linz, Austria
The ecosan pilot project is part of an innovative town planning project with many ecological features. It
was developed with participation of the municipal authorities, 12 housing companies and READ
(Renewable Energies in Architecture and Design) as the main architectural initiator.
Urine stream and mixed brown water and greywater stream.
UD flush toilets, waterless urinals, 2 separate pipe network for urine and other wastewater, fibreglass urine
collectiona and storage tanks, compost filters, constructed wetlands, rainwater infiltration ditches.
The reuse of urine is not yet carried out because the Upper Austrian legislation prohibits its application in
agriculture. At the moment the composting process of the compost filter material is not functional due to
optimisation works. In the future, nutrient recycling (through use of urine, compost and reeds from the
constructed wetlands) and on-site infiltration of the treated brownwater and greywater shall be realised in
cooperation with research partners.
Alternative waste water concept: 510,000 Euro
Total costs for solarCity are 190,000,000 Euro
Urine-diversion flush toilets:

Ceramics. Bowl separated into urine and a faeces section. Used in sitting position because a urine pipe
valve is activated by the users weight on the toilet seat to allow the collection of pure urine (without flush
water). The valve closes when the user stands up, so that the flushing water does not enter the urine pipe
but drains off through the faeces outlet in the rear. Two different flush buttons available: 1-3 L for urine
flush and 6 L for faeces flush.
Waterless urinals:
-Ceramics
The ecosan
applied
in this sticking
project are
yetfilm
fullythat
mature
functional.
is with
a need
withtechnologies
special surface
to prevent
of anot
urine
couldand
cause
odours.There
A liquid
for
optimisation
of the
NoMix
The
slightly liquid
increased
demand for in
cleaning
is acceptable.
lower
density than
water
and toilet
urine design.
works as
a sealant
(biodegradable)
the odour
trap; has toBut
be
for
young
children, e.g. at primary schools, the Roediger toilets are not suitable. The project at the school
refilled
regularly.
has
had
significant
Urine
storage
tanks:problems with the urine separation flush toilets for small children who find it difficult to
sit
back farurine
enough
defecation.
After
two
years
in operation,
LINZ AG
the
UD flush
Separate
pipefor
network
(100 mm
dia,
1-2%
slope)
leads to the
6 double
wallchanged
fibreglass
tanks
(0.75toilets
m3
at
the school
to conventional
SuSanA
at: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-austria-linz-solar
each)
in thepublication
housing
areaavailable
andflush
to 2 toilets.
storage
tanks (1.5 m3 each) in the basement of the school. Designed
- The
aretime.
trouble-free.
for
30 waterless
to 60 daysurinals
storage
Closed (to reduce odour and ammonia losses). Pressure equalisation
-takes
Public
relations
work,
user
information,
is extremely
for the
acceptance
innovative
place
through
thei.e.
inlet
pipes.
Have level
indicators,crucial
a leakage
warning
system,ofand
an overflow to
sanitation
systems and the users willingness to cooperate. The general acceptance of the innovative
sewer.
sanitation
concept
is
good,
despite
the
challenges
that
are
brought
about
by
the
urine
diversion
flush
Compost
filter units (pretreatment)
http://www.linz.at/solarcity/SolarCity_25645.asp
toilets.
Two 1 m filter units located in two operation buildings integrated in the hills of the artificial landscape.
-Dewatering
Valuable experience
with theFilter
medium-scale
compost
filters could
be as
gained
in this
process follows.
units madeapplication
of stainlessofsteel
containers,
serving
a carrier
forproject.
a filter
One
problem
is that
the filter
units which
were undersized
permeability
the
bag of
acid-proof
plastic
material,
is filled with(the
organic
structureofmaterial
(e.g. straw). The
filter
bags
turned
out
to
be
lower
than
expected).
brownwater and greywater mixture is pretreated in the filter bag (by composting) under aerobic conditions
-and
Moreover,
it became
evident
that
it is important
to include
thethrough
local authorities
from
theofbeginning
as it
drains
through
the
structure
The filtrate
slots
in the
base
the container
ILinz
Service
GmbH,
Dipl.-Ing.
A.material.
Leimer,
Wiener
Str. runs
151, off
A-4021
Linz,
e-Mail:
A.Leimer@linzag.at
avoids
many
in the
long
run. it is
and flows
to aproblems
pump sump,
from
where
pumped to the constructed wetland.
Constructed wetlands
Sub-surface vertical flow type, planted with reed (Phragmites australis). Since the urine is separated, the
remaining wastewater has a low nutrient content. Therefore, the required size is up to 1 m per inhabitant
smaller than in constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater where it is 2.5 - 3 m per person. Two
wetlands exist, each containing two beds of 8.9 m x 22 m each. Overall, a wetland area of 771 m is
available for treatment. The intermittent batch feeding is achieved by submerged pumps. To prevent
dehydration, e.g. due to low wastewater volumes during summer holidays, the wastewater can be
recirculated.
17.11.2003 Ins; 23.12.2004 Sonny; 07.02.2006 Dania; 16.02.2009 Update Lukas Ulrich; 19.05.2009
Update Philipp Feiereisen; 6.11.09 inserted details from susana case study, Nadira Khawaja
Yes
16
Austria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at a mountain inn, Pretulgraben
Tourist, mountain inn
Pretulgraben
2002
Not known
Mountain inn
DI Klaus Jerlich, Technisches Bro Jerlich
Private
Ecosan Club Austria, University for Agriculture Siences Vienna
Urine diversion dehydration pedestal toilet, urinal, micro-plant filter
Soil conditioner, fertiliser, greywater for irrigation
Appr. 4,000 Euro
Storage containers 60 Liter

Micro-plant filter to treat greywater.
Treatment process: drying, increase pH-value, storage
Experience is only in two houses and the school.

It was better after explaining the idea.
Using toilet brushes increased hygiene.
http://www.jerlich.at
DI Klaus Jerlich, klausjerlich@ccc.at
17.11.2003 Ins
No
17
Austria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and on-site greywater treatment at the mountain hut 'Bettelwurf
Htte', Karwendel Alpine Park
Upgrading of a sanitation system in the mountain hut "Bettelwurf Hut" located in a nature reserve.
Installation of a urine diversion dry toilet (UDDT) and on-site greywater treatment system.
Bettelwurf Hut (2,100 m above see level) in Alpine Park Karwendel (Nature Reserve)
2002
Testing period of one toilet block in 2002
3 permanent workers, 79 beds; 2000 night stays / 3000 day guests (operating approx. 125 days / year);
approx 150 users daily.
Mountain hut
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers on behalf of AV Zweig Innsbruck (Austrian Alpine Club, Branch
Innsbruck)
AV
Situated in nature reserve of alpine park "Karwendel" near to drinking water well Absam/Hall; reachable
only on foot. Before the project, the kitchen wastewater and toilet waste were being disposed in the nature
without treatment.
Separate urine and faeces respectively. Greywater from kitchen and baths. Separate disposal and
collection of toilet paper and hygienic articles.
Sanitary complex with 6 urine diversion dry toilets with pedestals and waterless urinals.
Collection of faces in containers, transport down to valley and off-site composting of faeces.
Infiltration of urine in soil.
Treatment of greywater in combined grease trap and desludging tank, infiltration of greywater.
Composted faeces as substrate for cultivation
120,000 Euro
Upgradation of one sanitary complex with UDDTs and waterless urinals, transport of faeces to the valley in
transport bins by cable car for later composting, biological treatment of urine by natural soil filter with
infiltration, treatment of greywater in combined grease trap and desludging tank, infiltration of greywater.
- Wrong use of ca. 40%

- Acceptance by hut owner and toilet users.
- High use of toilet paper. This can be reduced by a toilet paper dispenser.
- Separate toilet paper collection is not needed because it can't be burnt as was planned. It can be added
in the faeces collection hoel.
Experience
report
in German
- Bad smell in
frontisofavailable
toilet, which
can be at:
reduced with improved ventilation.
http://www.pap.co.at/uploads/media/Erfahrungsbericht_2002_01.pdf
- The faeces transport container must be closed air tight.
EcoSan (Bettelwurfhtte sterreich); Teil 1: http://www.pap.co.at/downloads/EcoSan%20in%20der
%20Praxis.pdf
www.pap.co.at
POSCH & PARTNER GMBH, Seb.-Kneuoo-Weg 17, A-6020 Innsbruck , kaschka@pap.co.at
Revised: Sren, 4.12.2006. Information inserted from experience report (see above), Nadira
(nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) on 14.02.10.
No
18
Austria
On-site treatment of blackwater with reuse for five mountain huts
Treatment of blackwater from mountain huts
Erlanger Hut (2550masl), Kaiserjoch Haus (2,310masl), Badener Hut (2,600 masl),
Leutkircher Hut (2,251masl), Kaunergrat Hut (2,817m)
1993 - 1999
Erlanger Hut (110 p.e), Kaiserjoch Haus (150 p.e.), Badener Hut (90 p.e), Leutkircher Hut (140 p.e),
Kaunergrat Hut (200 p.e.).
Total 690 p.e.
Mountain huts
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers on behalf of DAV (German Alpine Club)
DAV
Mountain huts situated above 2000 m above sea level.
Blackwater
Mechanical separators and compactors designed for separation of blackwater from flush toilets,
dewatering and mixing with substrate for composing of faeces. Composting in specially designed "step
composters" designed for minimum 4 years composting period.
Composting of feaces for reuse as substrate for cultivation; infiltration of treated wastewater.
http://www.pap.co.at/sites/german/alp_tech.html
www.pap.co.at
kaschka@pap.co.at
Revised: Sren, 4.12.2006
No
19
Azerbaijan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested with rural households
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) tested with two rural households
Since 2008
2 household toilets
Assuming an average household size of 5 (from country list), 10 users
Rural area
EKOT, WECF
EKOT
No central water supply, no sewage connection

Toilets under the Empowerment and Local Action project
UDDT
No
20
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in rural areas, Comilla
Rural household sanitation: urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
Piloting phase: Comilla Sadar Upazila, and Comilla Sadar South Upazila
Expansion phase: Comilla Sadar Upazila, Burichang Upazila, and Comilla Sadar South Upazila
2004 - 2009
Piloting phase: 2004 - 2007

Expansion phase: 2007 - 2009
Piloting phase: 150 people, 15 toilets

Expansion phase: 1200 people. 99 toilets
Rural area
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD) and Japan Association of Drainage and
Environment (JADE)
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD)
Piloting phase: JADE and Japan Fund for Global Environment (JFGE)
Expansion phase: JADE and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Majority of the households are using pit latrine, which causes ground and surface water pollution, and
environmental pollution
UDDTs
Urine as liquid urea fertiliser and faeces as organic fertiliser in agriculture farm
Piloting phase: US$ 88,258

Expansion phase: US$ 28,000
Outcomes of the Project:

- Toilet owners are using their eco-toilets very eagerly and appropriately.
- The toilet owners (both male and female) are using human excreta (urine and faeces) and they have
found positive results of using human excreta in their agriculture lands
- The villagers accept the eco-toilets specially the women and they are interested to have the same type of
toilets if they have the financial support.
- The common people of the project areas are also interested to contribute some portion of toilet
construction cost.
Lessons Learnt:
- Social preparation, capacity building, education & training, motivation etc are the important issues to be
considered in the process of implemention of UDD toilets.
www.bard.gov.bd
Dr. Masudul Hoq Chowdhury, Joint Director and Team Leader, Ecological Sanitation Project, Bangladesh
Academy for Rural Development (BARD), Comilla, Bangladesh. Email: chowdhury62@yahoo.com
Dr. Masudul Hoq Chowdhury, BARD, on 10.09.2009
No
No
21
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Shabuzpur Tea Estate for the households of the estate
workers, Mowlobibazar District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households of workers at a tea estate with reuse of
fertiliser
Shabuzpur Tea Estate, Mowlobibazar District
Pilot project
1000 people, 15 toilets
Tea estate
Shabuzpur Teal Estate,
Majority of the households don't have any toilets
UDDTs
Urine as liquid urea fertiliser and faeces as organic fertiliser in tea garden
US$ 5,217
Toilet owners are using the UDDTs very perfectly. The tea estate owners are using human excreta (urine
and faeces) as fertiliser in the tea garden.
Ecological Sanitation: An Intermediate Technology for Environmental Management Vol 1 & 2, Published by
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development, Kotbari, Comilla, Bangladesh, Construction Manual
www.bard.gov.bd
Dr. Masudul Hoq Chowdhury, Joint Director and Team Leader, Ecological Sanitation Project, Bangladesh
Academy for Rural Development (BARD), Comilla, Bangladesh. Email: chowdhury62@yahoo.com
Dr. Masudul Hoq Chowdhury, BARD, on 10.09.2009
No
No
22
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested as sustainable emergency sanitation in cyclone affected
areas
Pilot project aseessing relevance of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in an emergency.
Started on: 2008
100 UDDTs. Assuming 5 people per household (from country list), 500 beneficiaries
Terre des hommes (INGO), Multi-Task (local CBO)
Terre des hommes, Multi-Task
Terre des hommes. Labour provided by households
Government has target of achieving 100% sanitation by 2010. UNICEF states 36% coverage of improved
sanitation in 2006, govt states 60%. By 2009, less than 500 ecosan toilets built in Bangladesh. Actors in
ecosan request more institutional support and affordable technologies. Climatic and geologic conditions
leading to floods, a high water table and cyclones. In Nov 2007 cyclone SIDR hit the coast at 240kph.
Violent storm Ayla occurred in May 2009. Many ring slab toilets flooded and superstructures and slabs
damaged. The commonly used ring slab latrine, raised pit latrine and hanging latrines not safe, when
flooded they are a health risk. Ventilated double pit and sand enveloped raised pit latrine also could not
contain excreta in storms and floods. Faecophobic culture.
Faecal matter stream; urine and beige water combined stream
Double-vault UDDT
$580 per toilet
Double-vault UDDT with squatting pans. Pans cast insitu and all structures built in concrete (hence
expensive) to withstand climatic events. Two large holes used for defecation, one smaller hole located
between the two defecation holes for urine and anal cleansing water. Urine and beige water are infiltrated
into the soil.
Vault, iron cover and vent pipes face south to receive sun rays and favour the drying process of excreta.
Pan not to be aligned in direction east-west (facing Mecca, Islamic belief)
- Urine combined with beige water and infiltrated into soil because population not ready to handle urine.
- After the storm Ayla in 2009, it was seen that out of 21 toilets checked 17 did not have any smell. In 4
cases there were flies around the doors of the vaults because the doors were damaged by the heavy
winds. Hence new doors are being designed to reduce these impacts. Most of the UDDTs were usable
after the event which was not the case for most of the traditional latrines.
Mazeau,
& Delepiere,
A. (2009),
'Introducing
ecological
sanitation
in emergency:
learned
- In initial A.
stage
beneficiaries
adopted
the eco-toilets
because
they offer
comfort and Some
safetylessons
(especially
from
a pilot
in Bangladesh',
Paper
the
Dry Toilet Conference,
important
forproject
women).
They need time
to presented
appreciate at
the
environmental
health andFinland.
economic benefits.
- People needed less than 4 days to get used to the toilet.
- People didnt find having to shift positions for anal cleansing a problem, as the toilet gave more important
benefits of safety and comfort.
- Some households did not allow children and/or guests to use the toilets for fear of spoiling the system.
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/Antoine_Delepiere.pdf
Hence more awareness and demonstration is needed to make the use of UDDT universal.
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/present_Antoine_Delepiere.pdf
- Some beneficiaries noted that since only 10% of the village had UDDT, the the effor they are making to
protect the environment will have little benefit.
- It is recommended that close and constant follow-up should be given to beneficiaries to maintain their
Adrien
Mazeau,
Msc
Water cannot
and Environment
WEDC (Water Engineering
motivation
since Student
economic
benefits
be seen forManagement,
two to three years.
Development
Centre),
Loughborough,
UK project
JPO Tdh
adrienmazeau@hotmail.com
- The main issue
is develpoing
an ecosan
in anBangladesh
emergency-situation
is to gain the understanding
Antoine
Delepire*,
resource
person WASH,
Terrecan
desonly
hommes
foundation,
Montchoisi
15,if Lausanne
>
and involvement
of the
local population.
Ecosan
be developed
in an
emergency
the
Switzerland
organisation
ade@tdh.ch
(+41)
611 0674
implementing
has
the 58
capacity
to follow an support the users for a sufficient time.
Nadira on 14.09.09 from paper presented by Mazeau and Delepiere at Dry Toilet Conference 2009.
No
No
23
Bangladesh
Action research and construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in seven hilly
districts of Rangpur, Moulovibazar, Narsigdi, Sunamgonj, Bandarban, Cngonj, Gaibandh
(overarching project)
Action research on ecological alternatives in sanitation in difficult areas of Bangladesh (for details see 3
project entries to the right of this one!)
Difficult hilly areas in seven districts of Rangpur, Moulovibazar , Narsigdi, Sunamgonj, Bandarban, Cngonj,
Gaibandha
Government of Bangladesh and UNICEF, c/o UNICEF Bangledesh, UNICEF

P.O. Box 58
Dhaka - 1000
People's Republic of Bangaldesh
Start: Oct 2009
It aims to cover 120 upazilas (district or similar) and 31 pourashavas in 31 districts and a population of 30
million. The present implementation phase covers 68 upazilas in 19 districts (including 300 paras in 8
upazilas in the three Chittagong Hill Tracts districts).
Rural households
Project is being implemented thorough a consortium lead by Practical Action Bangladesh- and associates
Bangladesh Association for Social Advancement (BASA)
Society for Peoples Actions in Change and Equity (SPACE)
Commitment Consultants
Practical Action Bangladesh
UNICEF and Government of Bangledesh
The project is known as ' The Sanitation, Hygiene Education and Water Supply in Bangladesh (SHEWAB)
project'. The purpose is to develop at least 5 innovative eco toilets options appropriate for geohydrological, physical, socio economic and cultural contexts of selected difficult areas (urban slums, haor
areas, water scarce area like Chittagong Hill Tract and Barind region; flood prone and high water table) of
Bangladesh. Funding for this project will end in January 2011. There are 3 project entries (SPACE, BASA,
Practical Action), see to the right of this one in the same file
Separate urine and faeces
UDD toilets
No specific information available at this time. However, plans are to establish linkage with fertilizer
company/agricultural extension services for utilization of human excreta in agricultural farming
US$ 260,000 (EUR 200,200)
Available from UNICEF/ Practical Action as an output of project:Designs (at least 5) and /BOQ of different
innovative ecological toilet options were developed
Major Outputs achieved so far:

1. Inception report
2. Designs (at least 5) and /BOQ of different innovative ecological toilet options
3. Training manuals in Bengali (Construction manuals & Operation manuals for users)
4. 100 eco-toilets (constructed)
Ecosan
in Bangladesh
(synopsis
document prepared
M. Alam ofmasons)
UNICEF, Technology for Human
5. Build Local
capacity (DPHE,
Municipality,
CBOs andbyCommunity
Excreta
Management
(WASTE)
and partners
and contact
details for ecosan in Bangladesh prepared by M.
6. Laboratory
test of eco-san
products
and Usage
in crop production
Alam
7. Network and linkage with relevant stakeholders
8. Knowledge products, including, user friendly catalogue
9. Final workshop, for knowledge dissemination, lobbing, networking, linkage and advocacy
n/a
Mohammad Monirul Alam, UNICEF (malam@unicef.org)

P.O. Box 58
Dhaka - 1000
People's Republic of Bangaldesh, Phone Nos.:
933.6701 to 933.6710
Entered on 30.06.2010 by B. Abraham who received information from Mohammad Monirul Alam, UNICEF
(malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010
No
No
24
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) construction in 60 rural households in Wrisipara,
Gazipur Municipality
Small-scale pilot project
Project Location: Wrisipara, Gazipur Municipality
C/o Practical Action House 12/B, Road 4, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; Mr. Abdul Karim,
Mayor (Acting), Gazipur Municipality, Gazipur, Mobile: +880 1712 089331
Started on: April 2008
Total 7500 HHs are targetted with interventions including waste management, traditional sanitation and
compost - toilets constructed in 60 households, targetting approximately 300 people
Rural households

House 12/B, Road 4, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340

Website: www.practicalaction.org
UNICEF Bangladesh
Under the Bio- Villages program to support community-based approaches for farmers to protect natural
resources. The project title is 'Integrated Support for Sustainable Environment '. The project funding ended
in March 2009
separation of urine and feces for agricultural purposes
UDDT
Agriculture
Euros 199,500
Practical Action has developed two different model of eco-toilet one made
of ceramic and the other made of plastic fiber. Practical action also has
engineering designs and bills of quantities (BOQ).
The project also included a sub-project to promotion of urine use at homestead gardening in Gazipur
Municipality
Practical Action has a number of technical briefs on compost toilets, rainwater harvesting, available at:
http://www.practicalaction.org/water-and-sanitation; as well as documents on waste and recycling available
at:http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/index

S. A. Abdullah Al Mamun, Sr. Technology
Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340
Email: mamun@practicalaction.org.bd
Website:
www.practicalaction.org
Entered on
05.07.2010-B. Abraham received information from Mohammad Monirul Alam, UNICEF
(malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010 and Mr. Mamun on 05.07.2010
No
No
25
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in five schools in Gazipur Municipality
small-scale school pilot project
Gazipur Municipality, Gazipur
C/o Practical Action House 12/B, Road 4, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; Mr. Abdul Karim,
Mayor (Acting), Gazipur Municipality, Gazipur, Mobile: +880 1712 089331
5 Schools
School

Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340

UNICEF Bangladesh
Known as the School Santiation Project, funding ended in March 2010
separation of urine and faeces
UDDT
Agriculture
14,500 EURO
Refer to Integrated Support for Sustainable Environment
http://www.practicalaction.org/water-and-sanitation;as well as documents on waste and recycling available

Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340
Website:
Entered on
No
No
26
Bangladesh
Action research on ecological alternatives and construction of 100 UDDTs in difficult areas of
Gaibandha, Rangpur, Cngonj, Narsindhi, Moulovibazar, Sunamgonj, Bandarban
small-scale pilot project and action research
Gaibandha, Rangpur, Cngonj, Narsindhi, Moulovibazar, Sunamgonj, Bandarban
C/o Practical Action House 12/B, Road 4, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka 1205,
Bangladesh
Started on: 1.10.2009
100 UDDTs ("ecotoilets"), assuming 5 people per household = 500 users
rural/peri-urban municipality

Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340

UNICEF Bangladesh
Under the joint initiative with UNICEF- see SHEWAB project, this project funding will run until January
2011
UDDT
Agriculture
17,842,385 BDT or 204,420.57 Euros

Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340
Website:
Entered on
No
No
27
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with 19 households in Pazulia and Fawcal villages,
Gazipur district under Gazipur Municipality
small-scale pilot project
Gazipur District, Pazulia and Fawcal village under Gazipur Municipality
Bangladesh; Mr. Abdul Karim, Mayor (Acting), Gazipur Municipality, Gazipur, Mobile:
+880 1712 089331
19 households or 95 people (approximately)
rural/peri-urban municipality

Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340

UNICEF Bangladesh
Under the Bio- Villages program to support community-based approaches for farmers
to protect natural resources, this project is known as 'Construction of 19 household
level UDDTs in Gazipur Town'. Funding for this project ends December 2010
UDDT
Agriculture
199,500 EURO ( budget under ISSUE II Integrated Support for Sustainable Environment)
Practical Action has developed two different model of eco-toilet and also
has engineering design and BOQ.

Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340
Website:
Entered on
No
No
28
Bangladesh
Sanitation block with biogas plant at G.K. Model High School in Dhirassharm under Gazipur
Municipality
small-scale pilot project
Village:DhirassharmunderGazipurMunicipality
+880 1712 089331
1 school, ?? of beneficiaries
Rural/peri-urban municipality

Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340

UNICEF Bangladesh
This project is known as 'Construction of Sanitation Block with Bio-gas plant at G.K. Model High School in
Dhirassharm under Gazipur Municipality' and funding ended in March 2010
UDDT linked to biodigester
Agriculture
Budget under $14,500 Euros under school sanitation budget
Practical Action has developed two different model of eco-toilet and also
has engineering design and BOQ. Urine pan designed and tested under this
project

Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340
Website:
Entered on
No
No
29
Bangladesh
Construction and promotion of concrete urine diversion pans through piloting community-based
urine diversion toilet (UDT) in Wrishipara Polli of Gazipur Municipality
pilot rural
Wrisipara,GazipurMunicipality
+880 1712 089331
rural household

Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340

UNICEF
The funding for this project ended in March 2009. This project was part of the research projects under Mini
Aid Group meeting: Poverty Reduction Project.
separation of faeces and urine
Promotion of concrete UDDTS
Agriculture- crop production
Budget: 10,000 GBP or 12,077 Euros
Concrete urine diversion pans and composting toilets are promoted in this
project
no

Promotion Officer
Tel: +8802 8650439, 9675236, 9675243
Fax: +880 2 9674340
Website:
Entered on
No
no
30
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) constructed in eight schools in Gazipur City
school ecological sanitation project
Gazipur district ( city)
c/o Bangladesh Association for Social Advancement

(BASA)
3675 of school children and teachers
School
Bangladesh Association for Social Advancement

(BASA)

(BASA)
UNICEF
BASA is implementing several projects in various districts in Bangladesh, including

"Safe drinking water for the slum people in Gazipur" which covers hundreds of poor
slum people. In Chittagong district at Sitakunda upazila, BASA is implementing a pilot
project related to ecological sanitation, in which the beneficiaries are poor rural
people. BASA is also implementing a project with ICS (Improved Cook
Stoves)'.Reference taken from http://www.pciaonline.org/node/950. The project
funding ended in November 2009.
Urine and faeces seperated
UDDT
Agriculture
US$ 23,000 or Euros 17,784
UDDT. Collected urine is diluted with water and used at the agricultural field for the
production. The compost that is collected 6 months interval used for vegetable
production, for gardening and also for the crop production.
BASA's 'School Sanitation Project' report available through organisation
www.basa-ngo.org (currently not working)
A. K. M. Shirajul Islam,
Executive Director
House # 247, Road # 18, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka-1206 Bangladesh, Tel:
+8802 9862464, 01711528281. Fax #: 02-9880957
Email: edbasa@worldnetbd.net
(malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010 and A.K.M. Shirajul Islam via e-mail 7 July 2010
no
no
31
Bangladesh
Pilot demonstration of 10 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural households at
Sitakunda Upazila in Chittagong and Noakhali districts
pilot demonstration for rural village households
Sitakunda Upazila in Chittagong and Noakhali districts

(BASA)
15 families or 80 persons benefitted (but 5 people per household used in summary list)
rural village households

(BASA)

(BASA)
WHO
Bangladesh Association for Social Advancement (BASA) has been working at Environment sector
especially on WATSAN sector since 1991. BASA has been working on UDDTs since last
4 years.'A.K.M. Shirajul Islam, Executive Director via e-mail July 7, 2010. the project funding ended in
November 2009.
Urine and faeces seperated
UDDT
Agriculture
$14,000 or Euros 10,826.27
UDDT. Collected urine is diluted with water and used at the agricultural field for the production. The
compost that is collected 6 months interval used for vegetable production, for gardening and also for the
crop production.
One of the beneficiaries named Josna Begum who is the owner of ecosan toilet using urine for chilli
production. She showed [BASA] the chilli which is longer than the average size and said that the main
reason for getting such type of healthy and longer chilli is to use diluted urine [as she followed the] the
field officer suggestions.Encouraged by [her success], her neighbors also started applying urine in
vegetable gardens. . . . Poor people are in favor of using ecosan toilet [UDDT and composting toilets] and
BASA's
'Final
are positive
toevaluation report of PILOT PROJECT FOR DEMONSTRATION AND
DISSEMINATION
OF ECOSAN
TOILET'
throughto
organisation.
accept the new approach
since they
can is
getavailable
the opportunity
use the ecosan product to their agricultural
field or for gardening. But the scarcity of the resources for ecosan toilet [UDDT and composting toilets] is
the main challenges.
www.basa-ngo.org
currently
not working)
The construction (cost
of ecosan
toilet [UDDT and composting toilets] is relatively more than that of
traditional pit latrines. Poor people generally do not think about the pollution of the environment but they
always want the sanitation facilities with cheap price.
Appropriate technological options is the another challenges in case of dissemination of ecosan toilet
A. K. M.and
Shirajul
Islam, toilets] at grass root level. Geographical variation is the main factor in this issue.
[UDDT
composting
Executive
Directoroptions which are suitable for one place may not be suitable for other places.
The technological
House # 247, options
Road # vary
18, New
Mohakhali,
Dhaka-1206
Bangladesh,
Tel:and
+8802
Technological
fromDOHS,
hill track
regions, flood
prone region,
plain land
also9862464,
for the poor
01711528281.
02-9880957
people. BASA, Fax
PAB,#:SPACE
and CCL with UNICEF is implementing a pilot project in 5 geographical
Email:
regionsedbasa@worldnetbd.net
for selection of appropriate design.' A.K.M. Shirajul Islam via e-mail 7 July 2010.
no
no
32
Bangladesh
Construction of 200 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural communities of Gazipur,
Tangail, Mymensingh Municipalities
rural community sanitation project
Gazipur, Tangail, Mymensingh

(BASA)
Started on: March 2010
to date 20 UDDTs constructed benefitting 600 people directly and indirectly 5,000 people (this means 30
people per communal facility)

(BASA) A. K. M. Shirajul Islam,
Executive Director
House # 247, Road # 18, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka-1206 Bangladesh, Tel: +8802 9862464,
01711528281. Fax #: 02-9880957
Bangladesh
Association for Social Advancement
(BASA)
UNICEF
urine and faeces seperated
UDDT
Agriculture
US$ 43,000 or Euros 33,252
crop production.
www.basa-ngo.org ( currently not working)
Executive Director
01711528281. Fax #: 02-9880957
no
no
33
Bangladesh
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the poor and excluded of
indigenous community in Durgapur, Netrokona
rural community sanitation project
Durgapur, Netrokona

(BASA)
Implemenation has not started yet. Integrated and Transparent Actions through NSA and LA Cooperation
for
Sustainable Development (INTRA SUSTAIN)

(BASA)

(BASA)
Action Aid Bangladesh
The project title is 'Integrated and Transparent Actions through NSA and LA Cooperation for
Sustainable Development (INTRA SUSTAIN): Construction of UDDTs for the poor and excluded of
indigenous community in Durgapur, Netrokona. It is set to begin construction in
UDDT
Agriculture
crop production.
www.basa-ngo.org ( currently not working)
Executive Director
01711528281. Fax #: 02-9880957
34
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) to improve sanitation at Bashaivog and Bejgoan
villages, Munshigonj in Bangladesh through information dissemination and awareness raising
Pilot, village, rural
Village: Bashaivog, Bejgoan,

Union: Patavog
Upazila: Srinagar
District: Munshigonj
c/o Society for Peoples Actions in Change and Equity (SPACE)
Direct: 177 (25 UDDTs)

Indirect: 5000
(Approx)
TOTO Japan through Japan Association of Drainage and Environment (JADE)
The project is taking place in a flood prone area. The title is 'Technical Cooperative Activities to Improve
Sanitation at Rural Areas in Bangladesh focusing on Dissemination and Awareness Raising (A Piloting on
EcoSan Toilets) ' The project funding ended in March 2008
double vault urine diversion and faeces separation dry toilets
Agriculture
US$ 32000 (= EUR 24,640)

Unit cost: US$: 250 (=EUR 193)
See SPACE ECOSAN report, see http://www.spacebd.org/SPACE_in_EcoSan.pdf or see website itself:

http://www.spacebd.org/Projects.php
A total of 25 constructed in this project.We have unique learning that is: People at primarily level (before
constructing the toilets) there is a negative reaction for the UDD toilets, especially, to use urines and
faeces in productive activities. But, they become easily motivated for using those in vegetable farming and
fruit trees as they find tangible effects of the treated EcoSan products (Urines and faeces). It is easier to
motivate people for efficiently and hygienically use, operate, maintain and manage the EcoSan toilets than
none
the
traditional options. The major challenges we usually face:
- Use of urine by 100% families in productive activities in general and rainy seasons in particular;
- Cost reduction as people do not chose fencing except the brick made walls;
- Addressing the extreme poor section of society;
- Promoting UDDT at urban areas;
www.spacebd.org
- Full cost payment by the owners, especially, by the solvent families, who can pay the cost around 200
US$;
- Managing Menstrual hygiene;
- Making it suitable for the physically challenged people;
Society
Peoples
in Change
Equity
(SPACE)
- Makingfor
the
EcoSanActions
products
fully risksand
free.
[From
Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik from e-mail dated 4 July
Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik, Executive Director
2010]
House No. 318 (2nd floor), Road No. 02, Baitul Aman Housing Society,
Adabor, Dhaka-1207, bangladesh
Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
Email-space.equity@gmail.com; www.space-ecosan.org
Entered/updated on 04.07.2010 by B. Abraham who received information from Mohammad Monirul Alam,
UNICEF (malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010, and Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik
Executive Director, SPACE (space.equity@gmail.com) on 4 July 2010
no
no
35
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural households in 16 villages in Naogoan,
Jessore, Satkhira, Gazipur districts
Pilot, Village rural
Village: 16,
Union: 5
Upazila: Niamatpur, Sharsha, Kolaroa, Keshobpur, Sreepur, Shyamnagar
District: Naogoan, Jessore, Satkhira, Gazipur
Started on: Oct. 2007
Direct: 1280
Indirect: 15000
(Approx)
Rural village households
The project title is 'Resource Recycling and Sanitation improvement through Ecological Sanitation in Rural
Areas' and funding ended in September 2009.
Agriculture
US$: 62000;Total UDDTs: 197 (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77 EUR in July 2010 !)
Unit cost: US$: 150-180
School-based: 15 toilets + 10 Urinals
school wise cost: US$ 1200
See SPACE documents on ECOSAN s for detailed lessons learned and challenges. Project titled'
Technical Cooperative Activities to Improve Sanitation at Rural Areas in Bangladesh focusing on
Dissemination and Awareness Raising (A Piloting on EcoSan Toilets) '
Four unpublished documents exist from SPACE which provide lessons learned and experiences with
sanitation work in challenging areas of Bangladesh. Documents are:SPACE profile, Projects of SPACE,
SPACE in Ecosan and SPACE in Water Supply.
www.spacebd.org

Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
no
no
36
Bangladesh
Double vault composting toilets and urine diversion toilets in 4 rural villages in Manikgonj and
Gazipur Districts
Village rural
Village: 4
Union: Baliakhora and Maona
Upazila: Ghior and Sreepur
District: Manikgonj and Gazipur
Direct: 744
Indirect: 6000
(Approx)
Rural village households
SPACE Project title is- 'Enhancing Community-Managed Environmental Health and Resource Recycling
through Ecological Sanitation'. The project funding ended in August 2008.
Agriculture
US$: 24000;Total UDDTs (Eco-Toilets): 120 (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77 EUR in July 2010 !)

See SPACE documents on ECOSAN s for detailed lessons learned and challenges. The project original
title is 'Resource Recycling and Sanitation improvement through Ecological Sanitation in Rural Areas'
www.spacebd.org

Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
UNICEF (malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010, and Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik on 04.07.2010
no
no
37
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion in urban community of Rangamati
urban, pilot with microfinancing
Rangamati Municipality
District: Rangamati
Direct: 42
Indirect: 200
Urban poor households
Private donations from Canada
The project original title is '' Sustainable Sanitation in Hill Tract Areas'. The project funding ended in August
2008
Agriculture
US$: 1500; Total Eco-Toilets: 06 (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77 EUR in July 2010 !)

See SPACE documents on ECOSAN s for detailed lessons learned and challenges.
www.spacebd.org

Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
no
no
38
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural households in Bogra, Gaibandha,
Joypurhat, linked to micro-financing
rural village
Upazila: Joypurhat, Gabtoli, Gaibandha Sadar

District: Bogra, Gaibandha, Joypurhat
Started on: January 2008
Direct: 57
Indirect: 200
Rural household
Private donations from Canada
The original project title is 'Enhancing Poverty Reduction Efforts through Micro financing'. The project
funding ended in
December 2008
Agriculture

See SPACE Project titled' Technical Cooperative Activities to Improve Sanitation at Rural Areas in
Bangladesh focusing on Dissemination and Awareness Raising (A Piloting on EcoSan Toilets) ' for details
on lessons learned and challenges
www.spacebd.org

Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
no
no
39
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities in Bandarban, and Coxs
Bazar
Pilot rural household and clinic/public place
Upazila: Bandarban sadar, Lama, Alikadam, Rwanchari, Ramu

District: Bandarban, Coxs bazar
Direct: 300
Indirect: 500
rural household
CordAid through Concern Universal Bangladesh
The original project title is 'Community Managed WatSan Project in South-East Bangladesh (Hill Tract
Areas)' and project funding will end August 2010
Agriculture
US$: 125000; Total Eco-Toilets: 20 (Clinic based) (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77 EUR in July
2010 !)
Unit cost: US$: 275 -300
www.spacebd.org

Tel: +88-02-9138772, Cell: +88-01713-453100
UNICEF (malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010, and Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik, Executive Director,
SPACE (space.equity@gmail.com) on 4 July 2010
no
no
40
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets and action research in difficult rural areas in
Bandarban, Gaibandha, Chapainawabgonj Districts
pilot, action research, rural
Upazila: Gomostapur, Chapainawabgonj, Gaibandha, Polashbari, Alikadam, Thanchi

District: Bandarban, Gaibandha, Chapainawabgonj
Started on 1.10.2009
Direct: 251
Indirect: 800
Rural households
UNICEF Bangladesh
The original title is 'Action Research on Ecological Alternatives in Sanitation in difficult Areas of
Bangladesh' part of the UNICEF SHEWAB initiative. Funding ends in January 2011
Agriculture
US$: 65000; Total Eco-Toilets: 38 (Underway) (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77 EUR in July 2010 !)

www.spacebd.org
Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik

No
No
41
Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities of Meherpur, and
Naogoan Districts
pilot, rural
Upazila: Meherpur Sadar, Porsha

District: Meherpur, Naogoan
Start: July 2009
Direct: 137
Indirect: 5000
rural household
Save the Children, USA
The original project title is 'Ecological Alternatives for Sustainable Sanitation'. Funding will end in October
2010
Agriculture

www.spacebd.org
Md. Azahar Ali Pramanik

no
no
42
Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in 20 flood prone villages in three districts of Sirajgonj,
Gaibandha and Kurigram (large scale project)
Pilot, rural households
A.
20 villages of 4 Unions of 2 Upazilas of Satkhira and Bagerhat districts.
B. 3 villages of 3 unions of 3 districts e.g. .

c/o Oxfam GB ( Bangladesh)
Start: 1.6.2009
project 09-10: direct 7,000 and indirect 28,000 population.

project 10-11: direct 8,500 and indirect 25,000 population
households
Oxfam GB
Oxfam GB
Oxfam GB from USA based donor Mariposa
The original title is 'In search of safe water options from Pond to Pot for coastal population and (b) latrine
solutions for flood prone area of Bangladesh'. The project funding is as follows first year from 1st June
2009 31st May 2010. The project has again extended for another one more year starting from June
2010 - May 2011.
Separation of urine and faeces
Promoting double vault eco-sanitation latrine and single pit and double pit urine diversion latrine. Also
trying use local materials in order to reduce its cost
Agriculture
US $ 170,000 for the FY 09-10 and US $ 140,000 for the FY 10-11. (use exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.77
EUR in July 2010 !)
They have just completed comprehensive evaluation of this project by independent consulting
organization. draft report is readily available with us and it will be finalized by mid of July 2010. there will
be a project learning sharing workshop on 12 July 2010. ( Request to share evaluation report when it
becomes available)
Oxfam plans to release in July 2010 an evaluation document as well as hold a workshop on lessons
learned.
Mr. Abdus Sobhan,

Public Health Engineer House#4, Road#3, Block I, banana, Dhaka 1213 Tel: +8802 8813607-9, 8824440
Fax: +880 2 8817402
Email: asobhan@oxfam.org.uk
Entered on 30.06.2010 by B. Abraham who received contact from Mohammad Monirul Alam, UNICEF
(malam@unicef.org) via e-mail on 03.05.2010. Received information and clarification from Mr. Abdus
Sobhan on 30 June 2010 via e-mail.
no
no
43
Belarus
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at dachas in Smilovichy Village
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for a household and dachas (a yearly or seasonal country
home)
Smilovichy Village
2008
1 household; 10 dachas
Rural area
Ecoproject, WECF
Ecoproject
Dutch Ministry of Forreign Afairs, WECF
None or partly central water supply, no sewage system

Toilets constructed under the Developing multi-stakeholder co-operation in the areas of water, waste and
energy efficiency in Belarus project
Single and double vault UDDT
Urine and faeces as fertiliser for garden
House: Double-vault semi-indoor UDDT,

Dacha: outdoor, single-vault UDDT with separate urine diverting equipment.
No
44
Bhutan
Urine diversion dehydration toilet project at Goenpasingma Lower Secondary School and village,
Zobel Geog Pemagatshel
Pilot rural households and schools
Goenpasingma Lower Secondary School and

village under Zobel geog, Pemagatshel Dzongkhag
c/o UNICEF for project location details
1.12.2009
400 students ( approximate number).
rural households and rural community secondary and junior schools
Public Health and Environment Department under the Ministry of Health, Government of Bhutan
UNICEF
The title of the project, 'ECOSAN Toilet Project Goenpasingma Lower Secondary School and village,
Zobel Geog Pemagatshel'. 'The main objective is to construct the Ecological Sanitation Pilot Projects in
recognition
of the need for a sustainable sanitation to Goenpasingma Lower Secondary School and
village under Zobel geog, Pemagatshel Dzongkhag with the concept of ecological
sanitation (ecosan) for its many benefits in relation to public health, sanitation approaches
primarily aim at interrupting the cycle of pathogens and recognizing human excreta and
water from households not as a waste but as a resource for reuse providing valuable
nutrients for plants. As such, this village and school have been identified for the EcoSan
pilot project from East region and constructed Ecological urine diverting dry toilets as
there is water scarcity. . . This school with 350 students is located 13 kms from Pemagatshel Dzongkhag
and very
close to village with boarding facilities. At present, the sanitation facilities are inadequate
and the substructures of pit latrines for boys have collapsed during the last monsoon
season. However, the school has about one acre of vegetable garden and it has been one of the leading
schools in agricultural products. Due to water scarcity, the ecological urine
Agriculture
particular
school
diverting
dryintoilets
(ecosan)
is gardens
constructed and the hygienic reuse of excreta could
improve the nutritional status of children as well.' ( Taken from completion report to WHO/UNICEF)
UDDT
separation or urine and faeces
household latrine project- The total cost incurred in this pilot project for a single household ecosan toilet
construction is Nu.4860.60/- (82 euros for each facility).This is exclusive of local materials (sand, gravel,
timber,
stones) and labor for the construction.; school latrine project (Nu.155,652.70) or (2,749.08 euros) for a
total of 8 units.The school latrines are
See 'Completion
Report'
details
inclusive
of both local
andfornon
local materials and the labour cost with the technical assistance by PHED
engineers and the focal group from the districts and school.
At the end of construction phase a one day workshop was held at the school premises.
The workshop was on Reuse of ecosan products (feces and urine) as manure in fields.
Beneficiaries were trained and educated on hygienic reuse of urine and composted feces
in the kitchen garden. The toilets were constructed entirely by the beneficiaries themselves with technical
guidance from PHED engineers. The local materials like sand, gravel, stones, timber and
n/a were provided by the beneficiaries. The villagers constructed the toilets with
labor
various materials such as stone, bricks and concrete for the sub structure depending upon
their affordability. Since this was a pilot project PHED through WHO assistance
provided the hardware materials. The toilets were completed successfully as per planned
with great support from the focal group from the districts.
n/a
Kencho Namgyal (Mr.)

WASH Officer
UNICEF
Thimphu, Bhutan
Phone # +975-2-331369
Fax # + 975-2-323238
Mobile # +975-17607423
alternative e mail id: bapkgyal@gmail.com
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Mr. Namygal 22 June 2010 and
updated 9 August 2010 via e-mail
no
no
45
Bhutan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in 18 households and one school in Euyamo Village,
Teop Geog Punakha
Rural pilot project in households and school
Euyamo village and Talhogang Community Primary school in Thimpu District
c/o UNICEF or WHO Bhutan for details
Jan-09
18 households ( 90 persons based on national estimation for household size of 5 persons); and 200
students and teacher ( approximate number)
rural households and community primary school
WHO
The original title of this project is ' Ecosan Toilet Project Euyamo Village Teop Geog Punakha.' The project
funding will end in December 2010. 'This village is one of the last villages bordering with the Thimphu
district under the Teop
geog,Punakha.The village presently had pit latrines and some households even didnt
have any latrines.There were eighteen households in this village.In the sanitation demand
creation workshop the villagers expressed great interest to construct the ecological urine
diverting dry toilets.
The toilets were constructed entirely by the beneficiaries themselves with technical
guidance from PHED engineers. The local materials like sand,gravel ,stone,woods and
also labor were provided by the beneficiaries. The villagers constructed the toilets using
the mud blocks for the sub structure and mud blocks were made by themselves. Since this
was a pilot project PHED through WHO assistance provided the hardware materials. The
toilets were completed with ten days from the day of start of construction.'
This school is located a few
kilometers from this euyamo village.Children as fas as
Menchuna Village in Teop goeg walk to this school.The school was using pitlatrines for
Separation
urine andThe
faeces
its
sanitationoffacilities.
principal had desired to have ecological urine diverting dry
toilets (ecosan) as there were water scarcity problems. Also, students were not happy to
use the toilets as it was far way from their classrooms. The present new ecosan toilets
have been constructed very near to their classrooms.
Since this was a pilot project the toilet construction was carried out with funds for
hardware and construction labor costs from WHO and UNICEF.The community did
contribute for local materials (wood carrying charges from forest, sand and
gravels).UNICEF provided funds for the toilet construction labor costs.
The toilets (two units for girls and boys) were handed over to the school authority after
the completion. A teacher from the school was also briefed on the usage of toilet and
reuse of ecosan products.(Tshering Tashi and Sonam Gyaltshen)
UDDT
Agriculture
The total cost incurred in this pilot project for a single household ecosan toilet
construction is Nu.6364.50/- (Euro 112).This is exclusive of local materials (mud blocks, sand
,gravel,wood,stones) and labor for the construction.;The total expenses incurred for the school toilet
construction is Nu.14569.59/- (Euro 257) and is
inclusive of labor and hardware costs. However,the above cost is exclusive of local
See
document
'Completion Report onand
ECOSAN
Toilet
Project for
Euyamo
Village
Teop Geog
materials
(wood,stone,sand.gravels)
overhead
expenses
technical
assistance
by Punakha' for
pictures
of latrine designs
PHED engineers.
Pilot project encompassed hygiene and sanitation promotion including awareness raising before
introduction of new technologies. Everyone in the small village adopted the technology having 100%
sanitation coverage. School facilities well received and teachers are benefiting for making use of waste.
Children are supported to use the facilities at school because they are present in their homes.
Completion Report on ECOSAN Toilet Project Euyamo Village Teop Geog Punakha
n/a
Kencho Namgyal (Mr.)

WASH Officer
UNICEF
Thimphu, Bhutan
Phone # +975-2-331369
Fax # + 975-2-323238
Mobile # +975-17607423
alternative e mail id: bapkgyal@gmail.com
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Mr. Namygal 22 June 2010 and
updated 9 August 2010 via e-mail
No
No
46
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in San Pedro town, Department (State) Santa
Cruz
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households in a rural town
Department (State) Santa Cruz: San Pedro town
2005
500 UDDT for 2000 users
San Pedro is the central town of the municipality San Pedro. The municipality of San Pedro counts with
100.000 inhabitants. San Pedro is a rural town in the department of Santa Cruz.
Incades
Water for People
The use of pour flush latrines and dry compost toilets (sometimes only holes in the ground) are still the
most common ones. Especially since the collecting pit is very commonly kept open at the bottom, the
danger of groundwater contamination and subsequently an increase in water borne diseases can be
assumed.
Double-vault urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
450 US$ for each UDDT (include urine diversion toilet bowl, urinal, basin)
Where UDDTs were abandoned by beneficiaries, the main reason was the bad smell and due to the lack
of constant assistance especially after the construction, the unawareness of the handling and reuse of
urine and faeces in agriculture. So the faeces chamber got filled up in many cases and the toilet was left
abandoned.
Andreas Kanzler, Introduccin de Saneamiento Bsico (ECOSAN) en el Programma PROPAC de Bolivia
Update 28.11.2009: Katrin Windolf
No
No
47
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Departments (States) Oruro and Beni
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households
Oruro city included
Department Oruro: Oruro city

Department Beni
Department Oruro: 15 UDDTs for 60 users

Department Beni: 14 UDDT for 80 users
Oruro is the capital city of the Department (State) Oruro
Sumaj Huasi
Sumaj Huasi
Department Oruro
In the peri-urban areas of the towns and municipalities on the Alti Plano, an externally organised collection
and handling system (e.g. EPSA organised and subcontracted to private waste companies) might be the
best choice to ensure sustainability.
Department Beni
Department Beni is in the Amazon Lowlands. Humidity and rainfall in these semitropical areas can be
extremely high during certain times of the year. The gran chaco has rain and hot humid conditions during
summer from December-March. The winter months are dry. Annual rainfall ranges from 500-900 mm. The
successful introduction of UDDT can be recommended also under these conditions (see NGO Water for
People experience in Santa Cruz), although an adapted construction is recommended with special focus
on best condition for faeces drying. Generally have centralised systems: lagoons as treatment.
Double-vault urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs). The toilet bowls are made of fiberglass and
fabricated by TECNIPLAST in El Alto.
Reuse of the products in gardening and agriculture
Each urine diversion toilet bowl: 35 $US
No
No
48
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in the peri-urban areas of El Alto, Desaguadero,
Puerto Acosta and Warisata cities in Department (State) La Paz and private sector development for
the collection, treatment and reuse of excreta in El Alto City
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households in peri-urban areas and support to private
service providers for excreta collection, treatment and reuse
El Alto, Desaguadero, Puerto Acosta, Warisata cities
Department La Paz: peri-urban areas of El Alto, Desaguadero, Puerto Acosta, Warisata cities
369 UDDTs for 1845 users
Peri-urban areas
Sumaj Huasi
Sumaj Huasi
ASDI
Since the humidity and the rainfall over the year at the "Altiplano" is extremely low, the climatological
conditions for the introduction of UDDT are favourable. The danger of fouling is limited.
In El Alto city, La Paz:

Supporting development of private service providers for collecting urine and faeces and ensuring proper
handling (composting and reuse). Collection of urine and faeces by the company ABONA. The company
sells the urine to vegetable producers in the area. The income generated will be used for personal costs
and acquisition and maintenance of equipment. The faeces, once developed into compost, will be sold
EachABONA
urine diversion
toilet bowl:
35 $US
from
to the company
taking
care of the green areas within the municipalities.
One model for future handling of the responsibility could be, that the EPSA will take charge of legal and
commercial client relation (including tariff handling) and provide the alternative service itself or by
subcontracting a private waste company. This would imply that training in alternative sanitation solutions
for the responsible units in the EPSA would have to be organized and offered.
No
No
49
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school in Department (State) Chuquisaca
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for a school
Department (State) Chuquisaca
Sumaj Huasi
Sumaj Huasi
Each urine diversion toilet bowl: 35 $US
No
No
50
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, with private sector development for the
collection, treatment and reuse of excreta, in a peri-urban area in Department (State) Cochabamba
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households in a peri-urban area and support to private
service providers for excreta collection, treatment and reuse
Department (State) Cochabamba
30 UDDT for 120 users
Peri-urban area
Agua Tuya
Agua Tuya
Only between 22% and 36% (depending on the different sources) of the rural population has access to
basic sanitation
Separate urine and faeces respectively; greywater
Double-vault urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs). Composting and reuse.
Supporting the development of private service providers for collecting urine and faeces and ensuring
proper handling (composting and reuse). Five Bolivians are in charge of the collection of faeces by the
company MESPAL. Urine collection is free of charge. The collection here is offered for the 30 families
every 2 weeks. It is a good idea to authorise for the collection only companies who are already
experience in collecting and handling solid waste.
600 US$ for UDDT (include urine diversion toilet bowl, urinal, basin)
One model for future handling of the responsibility could be, that the EPSA will take charge of legal and
commercial client relation (including tariff handling) and provide the alternative service itself or by
subcontracting a private waste company.
No
No
51
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in rural areas of Saavedra, Oquinawa and
Mineros, Department (State) Santa Cruz
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households in poor rural areas
Department (State) Santa Cruz: Saavedra, Oquinawa and Mineros
After 1997
Rural area
Bibosi
Water for People
Humidity and rainfall in these semitropical areas can be extremely high during certain times of the year.
The gran chaco has rain and hot humid conditions during summer from December-March. The winter
months are dry. Annual rainfall ranges from 500 -900 mm. The successful introduction of UDDT can be
recommended also under these conditions, although an adapted construction is recommended with
special focus on best condition for faeces drying. Generally centralised systems: lagoons as treatment.
450 $US for UDDT (includes urine diversion toilet bowl, urinal)
No
No
52
Bolivia
Rural household and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in the sub-regional Andean
programme for basic services against poverty (PROANDES) in the Departments (States) of Potos,
Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Oruro
Upscaling of sanitation in rural areas with urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for households and
schools
Various (Andean zones of named departments)
Departments of Potos, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Oruro
1999 (second phase) - 2009
2nd phase: 1999-2005

3rd phase: 2006-2009
29,030 inhabitants (5,587 HH-ecosan latrines) and 12,480 school children (312 school ecosan latrines)
Rural area
UNICEF Bolivia and PRODELI
PROANDES
UNICEF Bolivia
Open defecation is very common and is seen as an appropriate form of defecation; the preferred places
are rivers and streams; traditional use of urine (fresh + fermented) and faeces (fresh) as medicine,
fermented urine as cosmetics but not in agriculture; lack of manure
UNICEF ecosan latrine based on the Latin American "Letrina Abonera Seca Familiar" (Dry composting
family latrine);
Urine as fertiliser; faeces as soil conditioner but most of the time not practiced
Estudio antropolgico sore el uso de letrinas ecolgicos en el rea rural andina, informe del estudio
(UNICEF)
Sren
No
53
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets as emergency sanitation, Trinidad City, Department (State) Beni
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in emergency areas
Trinidad
2007 - 2008
1,000 families (100 UDDTs), with 5,000 total users
Urban area
Sumaj Huasi, PROAPAC
Sumaj Huasi, H.A.M de trinidad
Deutsche Botschaft
Humidity and rainfall in these semitropical areas can be extremely high during certain times of the
year.The gran chaco has rain and hot humid conditions during summer from December - March. The
winter months are dry. Annual rainfall ranges from 500 -900 mm. The successful introduction of UDDT can
be recommended also under these conditions, although an adapted construction is recommended with
special focus on best condition for faeces drying. Generally centralised systems: lagoons as treatment.
UNICEF ecosan latrine based on the Latin American "Letrina Abonera Seca Familiar" (Dry composting
family latrine);
Urine as fertiliser; faeces as soil conditioner but most of the time not practiced
Final report from Sumaj Huasi
Andreas Kanzler
No
No
54
Bolivia
Urine Diversion and Dehydration Toilets in the Departments of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Pando,
Beni and Potosi, Bolivia
rural sanitation and hygiene improvement project
rural dispersed and semi-dispersed communities (Departments of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Pando, Beni
and Potosi)
c/o UNICEF
Calle 20 #7720
esquina Av. Fuerza Naval Zona Calacoto
La Paz, Bolivia
2006-2010
The scope of the program 40 municipalities in six departments: Beni, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Pando,
Potosi and Oruro.
rural and peri-urban households
UNICEF with partners local governments (municipal governments); regional administrations (prefecturas),
national government (Ministry of Water and Environment and Vice ministry of Water and Basic Sanitation)
national partners: local governments (municipal governments); regional administrations (prefecturas),

national government (Ministry of Water and Environment and Vice ministry of Water and Basic Sanitation)
and NGOs
Multi-donor funded: UNICEF, Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the Swedish
International Development Agency (SIDA) and the Government of The Netherlands
Urine diversion and deydration toilets built with local material- everything is available within communities.
urine and faeces seperation
urine diversion and deydration toilets
Agriculture in some cases, nothing in other cases
Sanitary use of family ecological latrines is not widespread, only 21% of families use them. School
ecological latrines have a greater acceptance and frequency of use.
Families do not have a good acceptance for use in compost, and the compost is not used for the facilities
located in schools
UDDTs have shown some limitations in the operation and maintenance, both family and in schools
At the school level, it requires more training and health education to overcome the deficiencies in use,
operation and maintenance.
Perception on the reuse of manure as a duty is a factor which discourages sanitary use of some users.
Even so there is a proportion of users with opening to reuse in agriculture, but have the feeling that do not
have the adequate training to use them without polluting the environment
n\a
Sensory factors that limit the use and proper operation refers to the odor, vectors and imagery of feces
stored inside the compartment, which they associate as a transmitter of disease factor
Factors related to the Andean worldview born out of fear of upsetting the balance between man, nature
and deities from the use of excreta as fertilizer.
No continuity of persons responsible for monitoring and technical support
FRANCK
BOUVET
The mode
of self-construction is feasible to implement even in projects implemented by construction
Chief
of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Program,
companies
United Nations Children's Fund
P.O. Box 3-12435
La Paz, Bolivia
La Paz-Bolivia
Telfono
591 2 277 0222
Directo
591 2 262 3281
Celular
591 7 154
6750Okan-Adjetey with info from B. Abraham based on inforamtion received
Inserted and reviewed
by Paul
Fax Franck Bouvet
591 226277
2101via email.
from
of May
fbouvet@unicef.org
www.unicef.org/bolivia
No
No
55
Botswana
Rural urine diversion dehydration toilets (after 6 years), Hanahai and Paje Villages
Urine diversion and dehydration toilets (UDDT) piloted in rural areas
East and West Hanahai Villages (Ghanzi district) Paje Village (Central district)
2001 - 2004
Phase 1: Research and Planning: 06/2001 06/2002

Phase 2: Assessment and Implementation: 07/2002 12/2004
In total 42 UDD toilets (East Hanahai: 5 households, West Hanahai: 5 households, Paje: 11 households
initially, expanded to 32 households)
Average household size in 2004 was 6 people, hence approx. 252 people reached
Rural area
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in Botswana with support from German
Development
Service (Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst, DED; Cathrine Wirbelauer)
Permaculture Trust Botswana (PTB),
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GTZ) in Botswana and Germany
IUCN project coordination
PTB implementing field component
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and

Development (BMZ) via GTZ
The sanitation conditions varied between the two settlements. The government had promoted and
subsidised pit latrines in the rural areas and many pit latrines were found in Paje Village. Alternatively,
people there used the bushes and men often used trees and hedge fences for urinating purposes. It was
found however, that concerns existed about groundwater pollution in Paje, and that in the past, boreholes
had been closed because of groundwater pollution caused by pit latrines. In East and West Hanahai, on
the other hand, people
generally did not have any toilets and hence were practising open defecation. All three communities were
generally unaware of water toilets and not skeptic towards dry toilets. However, urine and especially faecal
matter were considered dirty and to be forgotten as soon as possible. Superstitions and taboos also
strongly supported this attitude.
Single - vault UDDTs; brick built composters
Urine and compost for growing vegetables
The cost of construction of the sanitation facilities was calculated for the toilets built in Paje (in 2003). The
ground structure was estimated at 705 BWP (141 EUR), the urine diversion toilet pedestal (painted
concrete pedestal, made locally in Paje) at 73.5 BWP (15 EUR), and the composter at 310 BWP (62
EUR).
Single-vault UDDTs: The first eight UDDTs were constructed according to a toilet design from South Africa
(in April 2002). The faeces collection chamber of that model was built half or totally below ground and it
was approximately 1 1.5 m deep. Two-thirds of the sub-structure was covered with a concrete slab
which supported the super-structure; one-third was covered by a removable slab which could be lifted for
emptying the chamber from the outside. This below ground design had some major drawbacks and is
thus no longer recommended: some families had difficulty inmoving the heavy slab, especially those
without male support; the depth of the chamber was inconvenient even for routine maintenance; and the
Detailed
experiences
documented
in theand
SuSanA
caserain
study.
In conclusion,
it can be
said thatthe
the
joints of the
slab wereare
often
not water tight,
therefore
entering
from the outside
increased
UDDTs
successful
where people
were convinced
humiditywere
of the
faecal chamber
and intensified
odours. of their benefits, where they had the need for
sanitation,
where they
had
been given
financial
support,
where
they
had been
given
long-term
The final adapted
model
included
a ground
structure
builtand/or
entirely
above
ground
with an
access
door at the
technical
(forbetter
the toilets
and and
for reuse
activities).
back or atfollow-up
the side for
handling
maintenance
and a ground and top slab made of concrete. The
urine diversion toilet pedestals, initially purchased as plastic pedestals from South Africa, were later locally
WEDC 2000 'Sustainable on-site excreta disposal in Botswana;
produced from cement using a mould acquired from South Africa. The project organised a moulding
IUCN 2004 From desert to eden with ecological sanitation in Botswana.
workshop to train the toilet builders for the new structure. The cement pedestals were reworked with crack
SuSanA Case study 'Rural urine diversion dehydration toilets (after 6 years), Hanahai and Paje Villages'
filler and painted with water resistant floor paint for hygienic and maintenance purposes (to minimise the
(see website below)
risk of bacteria surviving on a rough surface).
Composting boxes: The simple structure was approximately 1 m in size with openings for aeration. The
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-botswana-pajehanahai-uddtx.pdf
faecal matter was mixed with earth, organic waste and chicken dung. The recommended time to achieve
good quality compost and hygienisation was 1-2 years. In the follow-up visit in 2009, it was seen that
households that used compost were letting it mature for 3-4 years to be absolutely safe.
M. Gotaitamang, Permaculture Trust of Botswana (role: project implementation), PO Box 31113, Serowe,
Botswana. T: 4632428, E: permclt@botsnet.bw
Margret Mpati, Permaculture Trust Botswana (role: project implementation), PO Box 005, Ghanzi,
Botswana
T: 6596138, M: 71883437, E: permaculture@mega.bw, magretmapati@yahoo.com
Updated Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) on 22.02.10 from SuSanA casestudy (see website above).
Yes
56
Bulgaria
Household, school and public urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater treatment systems
in villages of Stara Zagora, Pleven and Sofia Provinces
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and greywater treatment for black and grey water (soil filter) in
households, schools and public buildings (cultural houses) in rural areas and testing of treated products in
vegetable gardens
Stara Zagora Province (10 villages), Pleven Povince (2 villages) and Pravets municipality in Sofia
Province (2 villages)
10/2007 - 09/2010
Pilot projects: 2005 - 2007

UDDTs (1 public and 2 private) and a planted soil filter
10/2007 - 09/2010
Implementation in 10 villages - 20 indoor household toilets, 4 new ecosan school toilets (1 outdoor, 3
Rural area
indoor),
4 school projects will test sanitised urine and dehydrated faeces in demonstration vegetable
garden, 10 grey-water filters will be built in 10 villages and 4 grey-water filters will be built for the schools.
Also 5 UDDTs for public (from wecf information, 01.03.10)
WECF,
Earth
Forever
Foundation,
administration,
Swedish
consultants
Assuming
average
household
size local
of 3 (from
country list),
66 users
for the 20+2 hh toilets.
Assuming 200 students per school, 800 users for the 4 school toilets (for the purposes of the summary list)
Earth Forever Foundation
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Fondation Ensemble France, WECF
Central water supply mostly available, no sewege system
Separate urine and faeces respectively; greywater; blackwater
Double-vault UDDT; constructed wetland for treatment of grey and black water
Urine is applied as liquid fertiliser and faeces as a soil conditioner
Double-vault indoor UDDT, local made UD seatrisers, constructed wetlands with pre-sedimentation for
grey water. Public low flush toilet+ shower+ black water treatment by constrcuted wetland
Capacity building - tutoring programs, trainings, development a water safety plan for the villages. Upscaling - case studies, cooperation with the Trakia University in designing and monitoring of the dry urine
diverting toilets and development of a business plan for local production of ecological equipment.
http://www.wecf.eu/english/projects/45-bulgaria-safesanitation.phpwww.earthforever.org/en/publications.html
bistra.mihaylova@wecf.eu, anne.barre@wecf.eu
Earth Forever Foundation: Executive Director, Mrs.Diana Iskreva
sascha.gabizon@wecf.org; Margriet.Samwel@wecf.org; deegener@tuhh.de
Analiza from Newsletter 23 dated February 2007: 27.08. 2008; Prahlad from booklet published in Jan
2008
Alemayehu (alemerika27@yahoo.com), 24.09.2009 from the website of wecf (www,wecf.eu)
Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu 01.03.10 added information about the public
toilets
No
57
Burkina Faso
Urban urine diversion dehydration toilets and reuse, Ouagadougou
Piloting of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for households and public places in an urban area
Ouagadougou
06/2006 - 06/2009
EU project phase: June 2006 Dec 2009 (the municipality is financially supporting the system from
January 2010 onwards)
Start of planning: June 2006
Start of construction: December 2007
End of construction: May 2009
UDDTs
922 households
11 public
placesJanuary
(such as2008
prisons, community centres) approx. 6,000
Start of at
operation
of toilets and at
transport
system:
people if 6.5 people per household toilet are assumed.
(800 gardeners/small farmers trained)
Peri-urban area
CREPA
CREPA in association with GTZ and the National water and sanitation authority (ONEA) with financing
from EU
EU (74%)
CREPA (14%)
GTZ (12%)
Until recently sanitation was quite a low development priority for the landlocked West African nation of
Burkina Faso. In the capital, Ouagadougou, only 19% of the population of 1.4 million people had access to
basic sanitation (such as septic tanks, VIP latrines, pour flush latrines, sewerage, etc.) in 2006. With an
annual population growth rate of around 5% it was difficult to maintain pace with growth particularly in
low
income peri-urban areas of the city. The project location is the City of Ouagadougou, which is
administratively divided into five districts: Baskuy, Bogodogo, Boulmiougou, Nongremasson, and
Signoghin. Each of these
districts is administered by a council led by an elected mayor. The implementation of the project covers
four sectors (of the total of 30 sectors) within the districts of Boulmiougou (sector 17 and 19),
Nongremasson (sector 27) and Bogodogo (sector 30).
To achieve the project objectives the project partners (GTZ, CREPA and ONEA) identified three major
fields of activity. 1. Firstly, ecological sanitation (ecosan) systems are being developed with the users of
these systems, responding to their needs and the local context. 2. Secondly, lobby work is being carried
out at municipal and governmental level in order to create an enabling environment for ecosan and ensure
its inclusion in legislation and future strategic plans. 3. This second field of activity is also serving to create
Separate
urinefor
and
respectively
the
conditions
thefaeces
third field,
which is to support and promote the involvement of the local private
sector in furnishing the infrastructure and logistic services required by the system.
Double-vault UDDTs
Use of ecosan by-products (dried faeces, urine)

To raise acceptance among the users (gardeners, farmers and consumers), it was decided to label the
ecosan products. Thus, sanitised urine was sold in green 20-L cans labelled birg-koom in the local
language (which means liquid fertiliser), while sanitised dried faeces are sold in bags labelled birgkoenga (meaning solid fertiliser).
1,500,000 EUR (total investment of 3 year project)
Double vault UDDTs were designed for households with 6 to 7 members and the storage time for the
faeces is about 6 to 8 months. But the two vaults of this size can normally cater for even up to 15 persons.
The vaults are three bricks high (20 cm each) plus mortar between bricks. So, they have a total height of
65 cm, a width of 145 cm a length of 130 cm and nvolume of 1,220 L. To save costs, the urine diversion
squatting pans (for double and single vault UDDTs) and pedestals (of box UDDTs) are made of concrete
which is also easy to use and to maintain. Both pans and pedestals were purchased through local
manufacturers who were identified and trained by CREPA within the project. Each household was given at
The
team gave
households
the choice
between
double(often
vault one
and or
single
UDDTs. However,
leastproject
three yellow
20-L jerricans
to collect
urine.
Full jerricans
two)vault
are collected
by the
after
a first assessment,
it was
to stop
building to
single
vault UDDTs,
of difficulties
assocations
workers every
twodecided
weeks and
transported
the treatment
site.because
The storage
space forrelated
the
to
their
management.
Double
vaultthe
UDDTs
banco
were also
tested butand
soon
urine
storage
containers
is under
stairs made
to the of
toilet
and(adobe)
is easilybricks
accessible
for collectors
removed
a technical
due toare
problems
during the
rainy
Building
the vaultpipes
in local
householdasmembers
(asoption
the UDDTs
built separately
from
theperiod.
houses).
The drainage
formaterial
the
was
attempt
to reduce
costs,
but did
not resultThus,
in structures
with is
the
required
resistance
urinean
have
a sufficient
slope
to drain
completely.
urine odour
kept
at a minimum.
All(despite
UDDTs vaults
were
SuSanA
caseofstudy
'Urban
urine
diversion
dehydration toilets and reuse, Ouagadougou' (see website
being
made
a
double
layer
of
adobe
bricks).
built entirely above ground to facilitate the air circulation in the vaults/buckets, thus accelerating the drying
below)
process. The toilet buildings have a small staircase. For physically impaired people, the staircases are
Practical
experiences
in detail
in the SuSanA
study
(seetoilet.
website
installed with
a ramp orare
andocumented
iron bar aiming
to facilitate
them thecase
access
to the
Thebelow).
toilet super-
structure is made of different materials. The wall material is chosen by the household and depends on
availability and affordability. Mud or cement bricks have been used for the walls. Galvanised steel sheets
SuSanA case study: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-burkina-faso-ouagadougou-uddt-2010.pdfh
were used for the roof and standardised metal doors were provided by the project. Ventilation is provided
through ventilation pipes at the back of the toilet building. The vent pipe is made of PVC and has a
diameter of 110 mm. Just one vent pipe serves the two vaults and reaches at least 0.3 m above the roof.
The openings are covered with fly screens to prevent insect access.
Project coordinator: M. Anselm Vodounhessi, E: ecosan_UE@reseaucrepa.org. A report from WSP on
"Study for financial and economic analysis of ecological sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa".
CREPA sige, Bureau de coordination du projet Ecosan_UE
03 BP 7112, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
29.07.2008 Christian. Updated: Alemayehu, 07.10.2009 (alemerika27@yahoo.com)
Yes
58
Burkina Faso
Launch of ecosan during Film Festival with mobile urine diversion toilets and waterless urinals
and use of the mobile units in subsequent events, Ouagadougou
Promotional project launched at biennial international film festival FESPACO and continued at other
events since, using waterless urinals and UDDTs
Ouagadougou
2007
6 mobile urine diversion toilets; 6 urinals for women; 9 urinals for men
In the first FESPACO event, > 15,000 users during 8 days.
Since this launch in 2007, have been used in more than 20 events with 35,000 users.
To calculate average number of daily users, divide 15,000 over 8 days, i.e. approximately 2,000 users per
day
CREPA in cooperation with the Ministry of Environment. For later events APLE (Assoication pour la
Promotion fes Latrines Ecologiques)
CREPA in cooperation with the Ministry of Environment. For later events APLE
CREPA and event organisers (paying rent for the units)
There are many small scale ecosan projects in West Africa, but for the general public ecosan is
still largely an unknown concept. There is a need to raise awareness beyond the pilot project
sites and better than just information is to give people the possibility to see and use dry toilets.
Separate urine and faeces respectively; beige water
Men's waterless urinals; women's waterless urinals; single- vault mobile UDDT
Fertiliser in agriculture
For system of 3 men's urinals, 2 women's urinals and 1 UD toilet and accessories (i.e for average event
size), investment cost by CREPA = $671. Costs of APLE on consumbles and operation costs per average
event = $190. Income of Aple from rent charged to event organiser for units = $240.
Men's urinals: jerry can and funnel. Originally light bulb placed in funnel to prevent odor and nitrogen
loss, but caused splashing so replaced by a pipe at the end of the funnel. Fiberglass urinal made for VIP
events. Superstructure comprising two walls placed at an angle, attached with hinges and third side of
triangle closed with a curtain. Curtain filled with sand at bottom to make more wind resistant.
Women's urinals: Based on pour flush pan. Elevated platform made of wood coverd with plastic carpet,
pan of fiber glass.Toilet paper is placed in a bin. Cleansing water allowed to go into urine pan. Users
encouraged to use small quantities of water.
-Toilets:
Long-term
goal ispan
thatwith
APLE
should
pay one
off investment
cost faeces
to CREPA
own
the mobile
units.
Squatting
three
outlets,
each fro urine,
andand
analthus
wash
water.
Urine and
wash
-water
Original
version
women's
had
manycollected
small holes
at the
exit. lined
This was
by single
hole
colled
in 20Lofjerry
cans.urinal
Faecal
matter
in 20L
bucket,
with replaced
two 50L plastic
bags
Ash
because
fibers
in use.
the model
with many
small (ash,
holes soil
absorbed
urine use
and of
smelled
verynot
bad.
added after
each
With of
enough
dry matter
or sawdust)
vent pipe
judge
-necessary.
During FESPACO
2007for
4500L
urine
and 150
kg dried
feces
obtained
fromemptied
15000 users.
Urine stored
at least
1 month
before
reuse.
Faecal
buckets
in trenches and
covered with straw and dried out before put in rice bags for further storage for at least 6 months while
Dagerskog,
L (2009),
'Positive
spin-offs
using
mobile urinals
and UD
toilets in Burkina Faso', presented at
Four
advantages
of
using
mobile
toilets
to
disseminated
concept
of
ecosan:
protected from rain. Jerry cans with anal wash water either emptied into a septic tank or in trench around a
Dry
Toilet Conference
Finland
1.
Sensitisation
on the 2009,
EcoSan
concept: Combining explanations on the ecosan concept with the use of a
tree.
dry urinal or a toilet is more effective than just information. 2. Job creation for caretakers: The young
caretakers of the mobile units have formed an association and have managed seven events on their own
without the help from CREPA. They have earned on average 240 $ per event in rent for the units. 3.
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/Linus_Dagerskog.pdf
Collection of large quantities of fertiliser: The mobile ecosan units have been a way to provide the urine
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/present_Linus_Dagerskog.pdf
needed for participative experimentation in the urban ecosan project in Ouagadougou and the rural
EcoSan project in Koupela. The experimentation helps to create demand before the construction of toilets.
4. Provide the foundation for local initiatives: Using mobile toilets and training the urban farmers on reuse
can be a way to introduce ecosan in a community. However the first intervention needs to be followed up
Linus
Dagerskog,
Expert,to
CREPA
Headquarters
with more
training Associate
and also funding
meet the
demand created.
Postal address: CREPA, 03 BP 7112, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
Email: linusdagerskog@yahoo.fr
Telephone: +226-50366210
Analiza from Newsletter May 2007: 28.08. 2008

Updated Nadira on 14.09.2009 from presentation by L. Dagerskog at Dry Toilet Conference 2009
No
No
59
Burkina Faso
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals to obtain fertiliser for conservation
agriculture.Ouagadougou
2008 - 2011
Construction of 1050 UDDTs and 2100 urinals

Assuming average hh size of 8 (from country list), 8,400 users for the UDDTs
Rural area
CREPA, INERA (The National Agriculture Research Institute) and Ministry of Agriculture
CREPA, INERA (The National Agriculture Research Institute) and Ministry of Agriculture
EU
A three year poject financed with EU food security money. CREPA together with INERA (The National
Agriculture Research Institute) and Ministry of agriculture are implementing the project that covers 30
villages. Productive sanitation is combined with soil and water conservation techniques. The methodology
this far has been: Year I: Informing and training the differennt actors on the new fertilisers, urine collection
with simple urinals, participative tests with pilot farmers to show the effect of urine as a fertilisers,
evaluation of tests and field visits. Year II: training on conservation agriculture techniques and urine tests
at scale in all villages with farmer field schools (1/village) and individual tests (35/village), supervised by
the agricultural extension officers, construction of 1050 toilets and 2100 urinal for fertiliser production. In
Burkina and Niger the sanitised urine and faeces have been given local names meaning "liquid and dry
fertiliser". This is a great way to get over the mental barrier and distinguish between safe and unsafe
human fertiliser.
UDDT
Reuse as liquid and dry fertiliser in agriculture
Dr Amah Kluts, Head of research and demonstration programs, CREPA, Linus Dagerskog, Associate
Expert, CREPA. Postal address: c/o CREPA, 03BP72, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, e-mail:
mahkltse@yahoo.fr, Telephone: +226-50366210
Alemayehu Asrat, 20.10.2009, (alemerika27@yahoo.com)
No
60
Burkina Faso
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in the rural communities and schools of Nassr,
Rollo, Rouko and Zimtenga in the Province of Bam
pilot ecosan rural schools, households
Communities of Nassr, Rollo, Rouko, and Zimtenga in the Province of Bam, Burkina Faso
c/o CREPA CAMEROUN crepacam2006@yahoo.fr
January 2008
Current
8,702 students and 74,540 people in villages (number of UDDTs built in schools and rural areas?) Is it also
counting indirect beneficiaries to come up with such a large number?
school and rural households
CREPA Burkina Faso/ Plan International
CREPA Burkina Faso and Plan international
NLNO in partnership with CREPA and the NGO known as AJPEE.
The original title is 'Amlioration des services deau et dassainissement de base dans les quatre
communes rurales de la province du Bam au Burkina Faso pour une amlioration de la qualit de vie des
enfants'. The project funding goes until December 2010.
UDDT ( Latrines ECOSAN type vietnamienne)
Intended to be used for agriculture- but appears not sufficient orientation on handling waste took place
Environ 70 000 000 CFA (approximately 106,714 Euros)
PointbroughtupbyUNICEFCameroun:Thepilotprojectscarriedoutdonotbenefitfromall
thenecessarycomponents(materialsandequipment)toallowtherecipientstobeableto
handleandre-usetheorganicmatterresultingfromdecompositionofwastewaterandhuman
waste.Thisisakeyaspectofthebenefitsoflatrinesecological.
n/a
n/a
Gilles DJAGOUN Ing, M.Sc.;

Division Mobilisation des Ressources
Et Coordination des Projets du CREPA Sige
Bureau : +22650366210 /11
Cellulaire : +22678026870
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Suzanne Gbaguidi via Jane Bevan
Skype: gillesdja
(UNICEF)
19 April 2010 and M. Bilgo 1 July 2010
Ouagadougou ; Burkina Faso
no
no
61
Cambodia
Community-led Total Sanitation with urine diversion dehydration toilets in Kampong Cham
Ecosan toilets (separate urine and feaces) as a part of the total sanitation campaign
Kampong Cham and Siem Reap
Plan Cambodia, Kampong Cham Program Unit, Beoung Kok village, Boeug Iok Commune, Kampong
Cham Town, Kampong Cham province
2006 - ongoing
Previous phase:
- The coverage of latrine was very low 5% of household have toilet in target villages.
- Community spent much time to defecate by going to bush and rice field which faced cruel animal and
human.
- Community spent much money for health treatment such diarrhoea, skin desease, worm...etc
2
districts,phase:
5 communes, 29 villages, 11,600 beneficiaries
Current
- The coverage of latrine is sharply increasing 70% of household access to toilet in target CLTS villages
where some villages are declared ODF.
- Community people analyse their sanitation condition, understood the impact of open defecation on
health and the environment and take collective to end open defecation by constructing and using their own
Ordinary
rural villages
latrines without
subsidy.
- All latrines have been constructed with locally available materials.
- Community report health improvements such as a fewer skin disease and a reduction of diarrheal,
particularly among children.
Plan International - Cambodia
Ministry of Rural Development, Provincial Department of Rural Development
NORAD,..etc
Plan international - Cambodia has been implementing CLTS since 2006. They constructed thousand
simple pit latrines and hunderd pour-flush latrine without subsidy in both provinces Kampong Cham and
Siem Reap. Toilets constructed in Kampong Cham are mostly ecosan. The community learn by
themseleves how to construct them.
None
The beneficiaries choose their preferred type of latrines by themselves based on an informed choice
approach. Most families opt for a dry pit latrine with a lid, econsan toiltelt and several pour flush latrines
have been built in the target villages.
When the pit is full, the owner will dig a new hole and apply the same technologies.
The cost is less than $10 depends on roof and wall of the beneficiary.
Technical data and design is provided by Officer staff and Village focal CLTS person.
Around 2,000 Ecosan toilets were built by voluntary from community people through CLTS triggering.
The astonishing number of families, who built a latrine when just provided with the relevant know how, is
indicating a fundamental change in the Cambodian cultural housing pattern: In rural areas a toilet is more
and more considered an essential part of a home and people are ready to take action.
No
Pictures are available at: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ecosanres/photos/album/392158053/pic/list
Hang Hybunna, Project Coordinator, email: hanghybunna@yahoo.com, hybunna.hang@yahoo.com Tel:

+885 23-217214
Alemayehu Asrat, 28.10.2009, alemerika27@yahoo.com; Last updated by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 15 Sept.

2010 based on e-mail received by Hang Hybunna (Bunna)
No
No
62
Chad
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in refugee camps of Farchana, Kounoungo and Mile
Piloting of urine diverting dehydration toilets in refugee camps
Refugee camps of Farchana, Kounoungo and Mile
In May 2009, there were 56 latrines in Farchana, 16 in Kounoungo and 16 in Mile No.of users is 440
Refugee camps
SECADEV (Chadian NGO)
SECADEV (Chadian NGO)
43% of refugees continue to defecate in the open due to the lack of latrines
Deep pits (2m) built with terracota bricks, which can be cleaned out manually (using spades and carts),
with the contents being re-used for agriculture. The latrine is also the place where people wash. The
majority of liquids (urine, shower water and water used for anal hygiene) are separated, flowing away due
to the shallow incline of the concrete slab. The first emptying is due to take place in two years time.
The ecological latrines confine and sanitise excrete, they do not take up much space and they are
sustainable, which helps them to save money in the long run.
Project implemented but certain technical issues still need to be clarified such as the management of the
by -products
Julie Panet, Researcher WASH, email: jpatinet@urd.org

Groupe URD-Urgence Rehabilitation Developpement
La Fontaine des Marins, 26170 Plaisins
T.: (33) (0) 4 75 28 29 35
6.1.2010, Laura Margarete Simon (la.simon@gmx.de) the no. Of users was Updated on 22/09/2010 by
Paul Okan-Adjetey (okanadjetey1@yahoo.com)
No
63
China
Urine-diverting vacuum sanitation system at Tsinghua University, Beijing
Vacuum urine diversion sewerage system in a university building
Beijing
Sino-Italian Environment & Energy Building (SIEEB),

Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
2003 - 2007
Planning: Jannuary 2003 November 2004

Construction: December 2004 May 2006
Start of operation: February 2007
9 story building with total area of 20,000 m, capacity of 50 persons per floor, 26 squatting and 2 sitting
toilets, 14 urinals; approx.: 175 person/day
University building
China Construction Research & Design Institute, P. R. China
EnviroSystems Engineering & Technology, P. R. China
none
The Sino-Italian Environment & Energy Building (SIEEB) is located on the campus of the Tsinghua
University in northwestern Beijing and is financed by the Italian Ministry for the Enviromental and Territory
and the Tsinghua University, in the framework of the Sino Italian Cooperation Programme for Enviromental
Protection. Its design integrates ecological and energy-efficient technologies and shows the reduction
potential of CO2-emissions in Chinas building sector. On nine stories, plus the ground floor and two
stories below ground SIEEB provides a total floor space of 20,000 m. The west wing of the symmetrical
building is equipped with conventional water flush toilets, while the east wing is equipped with a vacuum
urine diverting sanitation.
Yellowwater; brownwater; greywater
Vacuum urine diverting squatting pans; vacuum toilet; waterless urinals; urine storage tank; a brownwater
storage tank; and a buffer tank for pressure compensation of the vacuum system; greywater treatment
with series of coagulation, sand filtration and activated carbon process.
Rainwater, mixed with reclaimed greywater is used for toilet flushing, car washing and landscaping. There
is currently no reuse of urine and brownwater and they flow to the sewer.
Total project budget 20 million, 27,000 for the vacuum sanitation system
- Urine collected in the source-separation sitting and squatting toilets as well as the waterless urinals is
drained by gravity. Faeces are withdrawn by vacuum suction. Both evacuation systems are made of PVC
pipes. Transport of both fractions is carried out with minimal volumes of flush water. Greywater from the
hand washing basins is also collected separately and transferred to a compact water treatment facility,
where it undergoes coagulation, sand filtration and activated carbon adsorption processes.
- The collection and storage station in the basement consists of a urine storage tank, a brownwater
(faeces + water) storage tank and a buffer tank for pressure compensation of the vacuum system. All three
-tanks
The vacuum
urine diverting
sanitation
system
hasm
been
newly565
developed
for SIEEB
the firstpower
of its
have a diameter
of 0.6 m
and a height
of 2.0
(volume
L). Two pumps
withand
an is
installed
kind
China.
successful
use in aforce
modern
multi-storey
demonstrates
system
of 1.1inkW
eachItsgenerate
a vacuum
of 0.4
to 0.6 bar.building
The vacuum
in the air that
tightthe
system
is is a
potential
alternative
to more waterdemanding gravitation flush systems in urban areas.
consistently
maintained.
-- The
Based
on the
knowledge
gathered
during small
planning
and in(i.e.
later40/50
it was
found
that theand
system
represents
pipes
in the
system have
a relatively
diameter
mm
for faeces
50 mm
for urine,a
technologically
feasible
economically
reasonable system. Accumulated data on the construction and
compared to 100
mm forand
conventional
toilets).
SuSanA
casestudy
'Urine diversion
vacuum sanitation
system,
Beijing' (see
website
below)and its
operation
expected
provide
important
information
for optimisation
of the
technology
-The flushare
system
of thetotoilets
is operated
with
two buttons.
Flushing urine
requires
only about 0.1 L of
dissemination.
water. The button for faeces simultaneously opens two electronic valves and 0.8- 1.5 L of water flushes
-the
Low
dilution
with
flush
water
yields
yellowbrownwater.
Due toofthe
concentration,
the
faeces
area
while
0.1
L rinses
theconcentrated
urine area. There
is and
no separate
collection
toilet
paper and used
volume
be treatedtogether
and transported
is quite low per nutrient unit. This is a valuable advantage if these
paper isto
evacuated
with the faeces.
materials are to be used as plant fertilisers. The mass flows as well as their chemical and hygienic
SuSanA
case
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/cn/en-susana-cs-urineproperties
are study:
being currently
monitored to study such reuse options. Thus, vacuum urine diverting
diverting-vacuum-university-beijing-2009.pdf
systems contribute to
http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn
limiting the water requirements of modern cities and may help to close the nutrient loop between rural and
urban areas.
Prof. Dr. Chengwen Wang
Xu Kangning (PhD student with Prof. Wang)
E: wangcw@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
I: http://www.env.tsinghua.edu.cn/Eng
19.05.2009 Philipp Feiereisen philippf@students.uni-mainz.de
Yes
64
China
Community-led water and ecosan programme, Shaanxi Province
Large-scale community-led water and environmental sanitation improvement in rural area
Villages in Pucheng, Chunhua, Yulin, Jiaxian, Xixiang, and Chenggu counties in Shaanxi province, China.
2005 - 2009
Start of planning: Jan. 2005

Start of construction: July 2005
Start of operation: Jan. 2006
End of Project: June 2009
196,000 beneficiaries up to June 2007 (mid term of the project) based on base line survey for WES
program of Plan China. More than 20,000 UDDTs have been built so far in 300 rural communities and 200
schools in six counties.
Rural area
Plan China
Respective Village Development Committees facilitated by Plan China Program Units
Government Township Project Offices
- Despite Chinas remarkable growth and development, significant pockets of poverty remain in many
regions. The development of poor communities is constrained by lack of access to services, unsustainable
use of natural resources and unhygienic environmental conditions (e.g. fixed point open defecation, no
garbage disposal, unmanaged domestic wastewater disposal, low water quality, mosquitoes breeding,
unplanned disposal of animal excreta).
- In the project area, in Shaanxi Province (in the North-West of China), lack of safe water supply and basic
sanitation is nclosely associated with livelihood and other social issues. Poor economic conditions and
lack of participation has hampered the initiation of developmental work. Due to a top down approach for
community development projects, there is little or no participation from the community. Communities in the
programme area are affected by a very high incidence of water borne diseases, particularly diarrhoea and
viral hepatitis.
Separate urine and faeces respectively; blackwater
a) Urine diverting dehydration toilets

b) Biogas toilets
c) Twin pit series latrines (double urn toilets)
Urine and faeces as fertiliser in the agriculture and reuse of biogas unknown
Total investment: 1.8 million up to June 2007
Design information only for double-vault UDDT since they were the most used option:
For a household of 5 persons the unit should consist of two processing chambers, each of a volume of
0.25 m3 (50 kg per person per year x 5 (No. of adults) x 1 year = 250 kg 0.25 m3).
The entire construction is above ground and the vaults are placed on a solid floor. The size of a vault
may be 0.9 m x 0.7 m x 0.4 m (depth) = 0.25 m3. 0.2 m of free space is provided, i.e. total depth = 0.4 +
0.2 = 0.6 m. Thus, final vault size is 0.9 m x 0.7 m x 0.6 m. For a smaller household the size may be
reduced.
A
community,
if properly
mobilised
and
is capable
of identifying
sanitary
problems
their
Two
openings
of size 0.25
m x 0.25
mtrained,
are provided
in each
vault for the
removal
of dried and
faeces.
solutions,
also ready10toorplan,
design
and from
execute
system
which
useful
for them. Children
One ventand
pipeis(diameter
15 cm)
extents
the the
vault
to above
theisroof
for ventilation
and is and
women
have
learn,
analyse
solve
theirbeproblems
and
time inreduce
a mostair
useful
equipped
witheagerness
lids to stoptorain
water.
Vent and
pipes
should
as straight
asmanage
possibletheir
as bends
manner.
should
design hygiene
promotion
messages
with women
andpipe
children
in fitted
mind.with
Hygiene
flow, andOne
should
be minimum
50 cm above
the roof.
If necessary
the vent
can be
a small
activities
should
suit
to the women in the family and their domestic responsibility. The focus in this case
electric fan
(price:
3).
SuSanA
casestudy
'Communityled
programme,
Shaanxi
Province'
(see website below)
study
is on
ecosan but
this project is water
part ofand
theecosan
comprehensive
WES
program
of Plan China.
Demonstration and cross visits are important tools for community capacity building. Urine diverting toilets
proved to be a community-friendly technology in rural China. Promotion of new technologies should
always be supported by demonstration and cross visits. The community is able to accept the new
technology for betterment of their lives and changing their unhygienic behaviours by health and hygiene
SuSanA
casestudy:
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/cn/en-cs-china-shaanxi-plan-int.pdf
information
conveyed
by the ecosan promotion programme. Simple, low cost technology allows
independent local level construction. More community mobilization activities should be planned.
Community mobilisation and gender awareness is a continuous process and cannot be achieved by a
single training period.
Plan China and its five programme units at PuCheng,
Chunhua, Jia Xian, Yulin and Xixiang.
Ms. Shi Beilei (WES Manager, Plan China)
beilei.shi@plan-international.org
Yes
65
China
Urine diversion sanitation in Olympic Forest Park, Beijing
Urine diversion and nutrient cycling in a large public urban park (demo project)
Beijing
Olympic Forest Park, Kehui Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing
2007 - 2008
Start of planning: August 2007

Start of construction: December 2007
Start of operation: August 2008
Total area of 704 ha, planted area of 434 ha, 5,300,000 expected visitors/year, 4,280 staff
42 public toilet blocks, 1 staff restroom --> approx.: 18,800 user per day
Inner city parks
Dept. of Landscape Planning & Design (LPD), Planning & Design Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing;
Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering (DESE), Tsinghua University, Beijing; Beijing Zhongyuan
Engineering Design & Consulting Co. (ZEDC), Beijing;
EnviroSystems Engineering & Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing
None
The Olympic Forest Park lies at the northern end of the historic north-south axis of Beijing. It covers a total
area ofm 704 ha and is one of the worlds biggest inner city parks.The park's topography is characterised
by a man-made mountain in the south and an extensive network of waterways, lakes and wetlands
expanding over 70 ha. More than 60% of the park is covered by vegetation. An average irrigation water
demand of 350 mm is estimated for these areas, which is entirely provided by reclaimed wastewater. The
park area lies inside a planar depression. This does not allow gravity drainage and was the starting point
for the planning team at the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University
(DESE), in charge of sanitation system planning, to consider alternative sanitation solutions.
Urine; yellowwater (urine + flush water); brown water (including hand wash water); faeces
Low flush, urine-diverting, sitting or squatting toilets with: a two chamber septic tank system; solid-liquid
separation; MBR for liquids; composting of solids (in composting plant)
UDDTs- sitting and squatting toilets with collecting below the toilets
Conventional flush toilets connected to the sewer
Constructed wetland
Fertilisation
of park
vegetation,
soil conditioner
and mulching material inside and outside of the park and
Waterless urinals
with
underground
collecting tanks
treated
brownwater
percolation
Urine storage
tank complex
Composting plant for biowaste, dried faeces and septic tank solids
Not yet available
- The average flush volume in the low-flush toilets is: for faeces is approximately 6 litres and for urine 0.10.3 litres. The brownwater (mixture of faeces plus flush and hand wash water) is flushed by gravity into a
two chamber septic tank system. Each of the flush toilet blocks has an individual tank system with an
average volume of 75 m3 (50-100 m). The brownwater undergoes a liquid/solid separation in the tanks
and afterwards passes through a biological reactor. The reactor effluent flows through open drains towards
the wetlands and water-bodies. It is anticipated that a large part of the effluent infiltrates and evaporates
on the way. Scum and sludge that floats and settles in the septic tanks is removed via a vacuum truck.
A
preliminary
assessment
shows
that the
urine
tanks
are
currently
about
half fulld. This
means that
- Five
public toilet
blocks are
equipped
with
UDDT
also
called
no-flush
(waterless),
separating,
sitting and
approx.
m of
yellow
water
(urine
plus some
flush water)below
has been
collected
in the period
Sept.
squatting1000
toilets.
The
faecal
matter
is collected
in containers
the toilet.
Mechanical
addition
of 2008
to
April 2009.
This is significantly
than the
amount
predicted
from
the
model for to
anhygienisation
8-month period
sawdust
and automatic
stirring of less
the faeces
vaults
controls
odours
and
contributes
of
(4,000
yellow
water was
per year,
2670 m
for anis8-month
period).
for plant
the lower
faeces.m
Every
6 months,
theexpected
accumulated
faecalormatter
mixture
conveyed
to the Reasons
composting
for
collected
could
the only
park waterless
did not receive
many visitors
as assumed
in the
calculations
secondaryamount
treatment.
Inbe
all that
blocks,
urinalsaswithout
any flushing
water are
installed.
The
SuSanA
case
study, 'Urine
diversion
sanitation
in Olympic
Forest
Park, of
Beijing'
(seeand
website
below)
because
of
restrictive
access,
the
delayed
opening
of
one
of
the
wings
the
park
the
harsh
winter.
urine from these and yellow water (mixture of urine plus water) from the separating toilets is collected in
underground tanks of an average volume of 15 m (5-30 m) at each block. At the blocks equipped with
Germer, J. (2008) Ecological sanitation nutrient cycling in the Olympic Forest Park: From nutrient flow
UDDTs, the water from the hand wash basins is collected together with the yellow water.
planning to cycle implementation. Available at:
The treatment process for the materials (excreta) collected with sustainable sanitation technology
www2.gtz.de/dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-ecologicalsanitation-nutrient-cycling-2008.pdf
comprises
three functional
units:
SuSanA casestudy:
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/cn/en-susana-cs-china1. A urine storage tank complex that sanitises urine by storage. With a total capacity of 2,000 m, the
beijing-forest-park-2009.pdf
potential
storage time is over 180 days 2. A solid-liquid separation that receives the scum and sludge from the
septic tanks. The liquid fraction is treated in an MBR and the solid fraction composted (not yet in
operation).
3. A composting plant with an annual treatment capacity of about 2,000 t of fresh organic
Dr.
Jrn Germer
matter.
The plant treats gardening debris, including grass clippings, leaves and other biomass. Faecal
E:
j.germer@sanergy-net.de
matter
from the dry toilets as well as solid material from the solid-liquid separation plant is co-composted
I: www.sanergy-net.de
together with the gardening debris.
16.04.2009 Philipp Feiereisen philippf@students.uni-mainz.de; Christina 16.9.2009 (colour changed from

orange to white)
Yes
Joyce Ekuful 16.02.09
66
China
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Zhonghe Village, Kunming, Yunnan Province
Rural sanitation with urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for households
Zhonghe Village, Chenggong, Kunming
01.2003 - 02.2005
142 households. Assuming average household size of 3 (from country list), 426 users.
Rural area
Eawag/Sandec
Kunming Institute of Environmental Sci-ence (KIES)

Yunnan Academy of Social Science (YASS
Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
in the framework of the Swiss National Centre of Competence (NCCR) North South Programme
A first attempt to implement urine diversion dehydration toilets in Taishi village in 2002 was a failure both
because of technical mistakes and the lack of acceptance by the villagers. In order to enhance the chance
of success of a second pilot project, Eawag encouraged the knowledge exchange with specialists from
neighbouring Guanxi Province, where several hundred thousand urine diversion dehydration toilets are in
use. Furthermore, local social scientists from YASS did follow the villagers acceptance of the new
sanitation system throughout the project. Both partnerships with KIES and YASS were financially
supported by the Swiss NCCR North South Programme. A study tour to Guanxi province and a training
course in Kunming and in Zhonghe village were organised in 2003.
Double-vault UDDT
Dried faeces were first reused as soil conditioner by the households on their own fields at the end of 2004.
Urine is usually mixed with composted organic waste. The quantity of anthropogenic fertiliser available
replaces chemical fertiliser to a small extent only, however. Currently compost and urine are not perceived
as a significant fertiliser resource by the households due to the limited quantities.
About 85 EURO per unit.
The double-vault UDDT as implemented in other southern Chinese provinces has been chosen.
The project was implemented quite successfully. The survey conducted shows that 90% of the households
using UDDTs are satisfied with their toilets. Nevertheless, after three months several households still did
not use their toilets for various reasons: some users were not involved in the selection of the toilet
location, technical problems with urine pipe, and worries about increased complexity of the operation and
maintenance, or simple lack of interest to change habits.
PDS 020
(see website
below)
Some
experiences
gained
through the project are:
Users must be involved in the design of the toilet, for example the location of the toilet
Behavioural change, awareness raising and health education must take place prior or in parallel to the
con-struction process;
It is important to get assistance from the farmers representatives and the village leaders. In addition,
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-020-china-kunming-2006.pdf
support from the highest level of government can tremendously increase the credibility of the project and
will facilitate future work. On the other hand this leads to concerns that people might now primarily accept
the system because of this prestige and not out of conviction of the ecological sanitation concept. This
might improve when villagers start to use and appreciate this new sanitation system.
Latest reports from the project area suggest that the local authorities have been very convinced by the
Coordination
advantages ofand
theproject
UDDTsmanagement:
and strongly promote and support their construction in large numbers since
Eawag
(Swiss
Federal
Institute
ofHowever
Aquatic Science
Novaquatis
and Sandec;
completion
of the
Eawag
project.
many ofand
the Technology)
toilets are currently
not being
used. The main
Ueberlandstrasse
Boxof611,
Duebendorf,
Switzerland;
email: project
novaquatis@eawag.ch
reason is probably133,
that P.O.
several
the CH-8600
recommendations
drawn
from the Eawag
have not been
respected in the large scale dissemination of the toilets:
Project
leader
(noapproach
longer working
at the
Eawag):
A supply
driven
has been
adopted
that did not sufficiently involve the users
Edi
Medilanski; High
Performance
Organisations
AG (Management
Accompanying
information
and train-ing
campaigns
were so far notConsulting),
sufficient Kantonsstrasse 14, 8807
Freienbach, Switzerland; email: edikasuku@yahoo.fr
NCCR North South Programme: http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/
Ahabwe Gerald, 04.11.2008 email:gz.ahabwe@gmail.com
Technology implementation:
Kunming Institute of environmental sci-ence (KIES); Xinwen Nanlu 23, Kunming 650032, China
Ph: +86 871 4161152, email;zgq7575@163.com; http://www.kmepb.gov.cn (Chinese only)
Social
No Surveys:
Ms. Liang Chuan; Agricultural Economic Research Inst-tute, Yunnan Academy of Social Sci-ence (YASS)
Huancheng Xilu 577, Kunming 650034, China; Ph: +86 871 5334812, email: liangchuan@hotmail.com
Technical supporting organisations:
Mr. Lin Jiang; Guanxi committee of Jui San Society, 29 Taoyuan Rd, Nanning 530021, Guanxi province,
China
Tel: +86 771 2808433, email: jsgx@public.nn.gx.cn
Ms. Li Lingling; Guanxi Public Health Bureau, 35 Taoyuan Lu, 530021 Nanning, China
67
China
Ecosan pilot projects with reuse of wastewater and compost in the ecocity programmes in
Yangzhou and Changzhou, Jiangsu Province
Pilot project in an urban area with reuse of wastewater and compost (exact technologies??)
Yangzhou and Changzhou cities
Case study 1) Huo Yu Yangzhou -around 1, 100 inhabitants; Case study 2.) Tong Jiang Changzhou- 1,300
future inhabitants
Case study 1) Huo Yu Yangzhou -located in a high density peri-uban area with old housing. Combined
system of wastewater treatment with the use of existing sewer system; overflow and greywater passing to
the treatment system 2.) Tong Jiang Changzhou- is located in a newly constructed. Combined system of
wastewater and sludge treatment system with the use of the existing separate system and the few of the
septic tanks in the catchment; storm water via a natural wetland.
Case study 1) wastewater, nightsoil; Case study 2.) Tong Jiang Changzhou- wastewater and sludge
Case study 1) treated wastewater for irrigation,composted nightsoil; Case study 2.) Tong Jiang
Changzhou- treated night soil and treated sludge (humification) to be reused as soil amendment.
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-Casestudies-China-2005.pdf
j.traenkler@ecocity-programme.org
Analiza from Newsletter 17 dated August 2005: 14.08. 2008, PN 2000.2253.3; Christina 15.9.2009 (small
update and colour changed from orange to white)
No
68
China
Ecosan project in Xianrendong Village with urine diversion dehydration toilets and biogas units for
households and schools, Yunnan Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and biogas units for households and schools in a rural area
Xianrendong Village, Quibei County, Yunnan Province
2005 - 2007
First Phase
Project start: April 2005
End of construction: May 2006
End of all activities: 30th June 2006
Second Phase
First
phase:
104 2007
household UDDTs, 1 school sanitation unit with 10 UDDTs for 80 girls and 130 boys, 10
Dec 2006
- Dec
Biogas units, water supply for the school. Overall: 600 people
Second phase: Biogas plant for animal waste, additional 70 UDDTs and a school sanitation unit with 8
UDDTs. Assume 3 people per household (from country list), thus 210 users of the 70 UDDTs and assume
100 students for the school UDDTs
Rural area
Yunnan Environmental Development Institute (YEDI)
YEDI
First phase: SwissRe

Second phase: SwissRe, BORDA and the German Embassy
See lessons learnt
Separate urine and faeces respectively; blackwater
UDDT and biogas unit
Treated human waste for fertiliser and lighting from biogas
First phase: SwissRe with 50,000 US

Second phase: SwissRe with 50,000 SFR, BORDA 40,000 and the German Embassy with 4,500
Visited in 2009 by Philipp Feiereisen (p.feiereisen@yahoo.com): the household UDDTs are in bad
condition, several are no more in use. The school toilets are in excellent conditions. The teachers are
living on the school yard and are using the toilets themselves.
http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/oe44/ecosan/nl/en-press-release-ecosan-yunnan-2006.pdf
Henry Voigt email: yedi@vip.km169.net
Christina 15.9.2009 (small update and colour changed from orange to white)
Update 15.11.2009 by Philipp Feiereisen p.feiereisen@yahoo.com
No
69
China
Erdos Ecotown Project, Dongsheng District, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Dongsheng District, Erdos Municipality
Haozhaokui Village, Dongsheng District, Erdos Municipality in Northern China Inner Mongolia Autonomaus
Region
2003 - 2005
Preparation: 2003
Start of construction: 2004 until 2005
32 four and five storey buildings were finished in first phase and construction of a further 10 will soon be
completed. More than hundred households are moving in.
Sida sponsored undertaken by SEI
The ecosan system in EETP is composed of four subsystems to treat the four waste flows from the
households, namely, faeces, urine,GRW and solid waste
urine, faeces, greywater and solid waste
a.)Faeces Management system-is compost of urine diverting toilets, faeces drop chutes, faeces bins and
bin covers and a ventilation system. Toilets in each floor have a chute for falling faeces. The chute goes to
the basement where the faeces bins are located. b.)Urine drains in a urine diversion toilet and from a
urinal for men. c.)All the GRW is drain through piping system to the treatment plant. The treatment plant
consists of septic tank and a complex tank. d.)Eco-station is composed of GRW treatment plant, storgae
pond for treated water, composting plant and solid wste center as well as management system.
the system operated as intended, however, as the system is not yet completed and the households are
currently to new installations several difficulties have been encountered.At household level, one difficulty
has been the addition of water to the toilet by the users. This is in part due to the unfamiliarity of the users
with the dry systems, but also in part due to problems with cleaning the bowl. It is therefore necessary to
find convenient ways for the users to clean the toilet without using water. Odours have been entering the
http://www2.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-introduction-sweden-china-eco-town-project-text-2006.pdf
room.
Qiang Zhu email: zhuq70@163.com
Analiza from Newsletter 22 dated November 2006: 21.08. 2008
No
Ahabwe Gerald, 04.11.2008 email:gz.ahabwe@gmail.com
70
China
Rural sanitation with urine diversion deydration toilets in Guanxi Province
Large-scale rural sanitation with urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
Guanxi Province
1997 to unknown

Numerous villages, approx. 685,000 toilet units (by 2003). Assuming average household size of 3 from
country list, just over 2 million beneficiaries.
Rural area
No Information
Jui San Society Local Public Health Committee
UNICEF, SIDA, Red Cross
Around 47% of the rural population in China have access to improved sanitation with around 200 million
pit latrines throughout the country. Sludge from latrines and septic tanks, mostly poorly treated, contribute
to the transmission of intestinal helminth infections. Remote rural areas suffer particularly from water
shortage, mainly due to a lack of access to hygienically safe water resources. This programme is being
implemented
in the rural areas of Guanxi province, which cover around 80% of the province area. It is one of the
poorest provinces in China (income/person 2,400 RMB (220 ) annually). Households are most commonly
involved in farming (rice) and small animal husbandry activities.
Sanitation coverage in Guanxi is less than 30% - below the national sanitation targets. In addition
frequently occurring floods are a severe problem, as they wash out the contents of pit latrines. Since its
start in 1997 in Guanxi province, the programme has been expanded to 17 provinces in 2003.
Double-vault UDDTs; tissue paper collected separately and burnt.
Dried faeces are applied to plants. Urine is collected once or twice a week and directly applied to the
fields in a 50% water dilution.
Approximately 7 million RMB (670.000 ) per year
- 2 chamber UDDT, with a volume of at least 0,4 m per chamber, corresponds to a filling time of 6 months
for one household.
- If the toilet is built on the 1st floor, the faeces drop through a PVC pipe (150- 200 mm diameter) to the
chamber at ground level.
- The first toilets built in Yongning had self made ceramic pans. Now prefabricated plastic (fibreglass) is
used, which is both cheap and break-resistant. They are produced in a local plastic factory. The front is
improved by a higher board to prevent urine sprinkles on the floor.
There
are many
advantages
of the
like no
water
consumption
and easy
- Ventilation
pipes
are standard
100toilet,
mm PVC
pipes,
rising
at least 30cm
aboveand simple to construct.
Diarrhoea
the roof. was dramatically reduced in the villages after introduction of the toilets. Very important for
convincing
was the selection
of awhich
model
household
to friendliness
build a first demonstration
- Lighting ofthe
thevillage
toilet isinhabitants
another important
component,
increases
user
and acceptance.
toilet or a public model.
Mi Hua: Sanitation: a global issue. Presentation at the CSD 12, New York,March 2004
www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/CSD12-ecosan-MiHua.pdf
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-005-china-guanxi-2005.pdf
Mr. Lin Jiang

Guanxi committee of Jui San Society 29, Taoyuan Rd
Nanning 530021, Guanxi province, PR. China
tel: +86-771-2808433
email: jsgx@public.nn.gx.cn
No
71
China
Ecosan toilets to improve sanitation in a middle school in Zhao Jiagou Village, Shanxi Province
Improvement of school sanitation in a rural area with ecosan toilets (type of toilet???)
Zhao Jiagou village, Tianzhen Country, Shanxi Province
Aug - Nov 2006
370 students and teachers
Rural area
China association of poverty alleviation and development; Institute of energy and environment protection
of the chinese academy of agricultural engineering and World Toilet Organisation
China association of poverty alleviation and development; Institute of energy and environment protection
of the chinese academy of agricultural engineering and World Toilet Organisation
CIM/ local
Sanitation conditions at Zhao Jiagou middle school were so bad that it posed a health risk to the students.
A toilet complex was built, equipped with cubicles for greater privacy and handwashing facilities for
improved hygiene.
GTZ wissenspeicher (there is no information on the project number)
http://www.lienaid.org/reach/china
Joyce Ekuful. 12.03.2009. Information from ecosan list (overview from Sren, April 2008); Christina
16.09.2009 can not find any information, Alemayehu 09.11.2009 Updated information, but not complete
No
72
Congo Brazzaville
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in Ganga Edouard Primary School
peri-urban primary schools pilot project
School name: Ganga Edouard
c/o CREPA-Congo :
Avenue Marechal LYAUTEY, enceinte chateau d'eau SNDE
Tel: 00242 527 70 36 / 00242 551 46 00
E-mail: crepa_cncg@yahoo.fr
May-07
832 students
school
CREPA Congo Brazzaville
CREPA Congo Brazzaville
UNICEF Congo Brazzaville
The project is under the Government of Congo Brazzaville and UNICEF- Ecosan in schools project. The
project funding ended in the same year, August 2008
UDDT
Agriculture
600,000 CFA (approximately 914 Euros)
http://www.reseaucrepa.org/page/325
n/a
Abel Ndembe Nimi

Administrateur WASH
Unicef Brazzaville
Tel. (242) 622 50 22 / 281 50 24
Cel. 242 556 52 87 / 961 16 18
email: andembenimi@unicef.org
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Abel Ndembe Nimi (unicef) via email from Jane Bevan 13 April 2010 and second e-mail received directly on 01.07.2010
No
No
73
Cote d'Ivoire
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the workers' villages of SAPH agro industries in the rubber
tree industry
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the workers' villages of SAPH agro industries (rubber tree
industry)
2007
20 villages of total inhabitants 30,000
Rural area
SAPH agro industry
In Cote d'Ivoire, CREPA is collaborating with SAPH, an agro industrial giant in the rubber tree industry, to
provide the SAPH workers' villages with urine diversion dehydration toilets. After a period of testing and
evaluating the ecosan toilets in 2006/2007, SAPH decided to cover all 20 workers' villages.
UDDT
The urine and compost is used as fertiliser in the rubber tree nurseries, with the aim to reduce the
chemical fertiliser use.
Alemayehu Asrat, 20.10.2009, alemerika27@yahoo.com
No
74
Denmark
Composting toilets in the House Ramshusene, Bornholm
Composting toilets as a sanitation system for a building complex and mixing with organic kitchen waste
before reuse
Ramshusene, Bornholm
8 households in one building complex. Assuming an average household size of 2 (from country list), 16
users.
Faeces and organic kitchen waste
Composting toilets: Faeces are pre-composted and heated to 70C to reduce the volume, then mixed with
organic kitchen waste
Use of the mixture as fertiliser
International survey on alternative water systems. BMBF. Research-project No 02 WA 0074. Oct 01
http://www.crte.lu/mmp/online/website/content/water/76/125/202/file_1306/crte_pilot_project_list.pdf
Architect: Anne rum-Nielsen
19.11.2003 Ins
Es gibt nur diese document (keine Information mehr)
08.12.2006 Update: Sren - also did not find a lot
No
75
Denmark
Urine separation toilets at Munkesogaard Ecovillage, Roskilde
Urine separation toilets at an ecological village
Roskilde
1995
20 houses. Assuming an average household size of 2 (from country list), 40 users
Rural area
The project is made up four co-housing units, each with their own community facilities. In the centre of the
project is an old farmhouse which will be renovated to provide community, office and work spaces for the
whole community
Urine (and?)
Urine separation toilet; urine is piped to a central tank and collected by local farmers to spray on their
lands
Use of urine as a fertiliser; rainwater is reused for washing of clothes
J.A. Wilsenach: An overview of initiatives in Europe to recover phosphate from source separated urine
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/phosphate-recovery/Nordwijkerhout/Wilsenach.doc
http://www.habiter-autrement.org/05.eco-village/03_eco.htm
21.12.2004 Sonny
08.12.2006 Update: Sren
No
76
Ecuador
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Chordeleg, Azuay Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) piloted with rural households
Canton Chordeleg (communities of Celel, and sectors of the cantonal centre of Cazhalao, Ramos and Las
Cuadras), Azuay Province
2000 - 2001

Start of operation: January 2001
46 inhabitants; 12 UDDTs
Rural area
CARE Ecuador
CARE Ecuador
Municipality of Chordeleg
Rural region, located east of the city of Cuenca. Its estimated population in 1995 was 12,200 inhabitants.
IIt has 27 communities.
The main economic activities are diverse handicrafts of toquilla straw, wool, and agriculture. Cold climate,
mountainous topography with clay soils.
Double-vault UDDT, urine storage container, greywater is disposed directly to the orchards
Faecal material as soil conditioner in the gardens, urine as fertiliser in the orchards
Total investment: 9,100 USD
The faeces are stabilised by storage in 2 ventilated dehydrating chambers be-neath the toilet, used
alternating from 6 months to one year. Supplementary dry-ing material such as earth, ash from artisan
ovens, carpentries shavings, sometimes lime (costly) are added after using the toilet. Urine flows to an
infiltration well or is in some cases collected and stored in containers to be used as fertiliser.
Main social/economic factors affecting the decision to implement a dry toilet:

- Migration of husband, lack of decision-making power of women
- Older people accepted easier the technology
- Bigger payment required for an ecological toilet than WC with septic tank
Project
Data2003
Sheet
019 in that
I3-I13;
Visit in May
showed
thefsolis@care.org.ec
users were happy and the toilets were functioning well. There were no
Project
Data
19,the
ecosan
in Chordeleg,
bad odour
or Sheet
flies and
fruit garden
looked Ecuador
good.
http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-019-chordeleg-ecuador.2006.pdf
pictures at https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?func=ll&objId=35364284&objAction=browse
Dr. Fernando Sols C., Water, Sanitation and Environmental Health Program Director; CARE
09.02.2006 Dania
18.12.2006 Small Update: Sren
18.08.2009: Small Update Nadira
No
77
Ecuador
Composting toilets at the Ecological Hotel Alndaluz, Manab Province
Composting toilets and reuse as a part of ecological tourism
Machalilla, Cantn Puerto Rico, Province of Manab, Ecuadorian coast
1996 - today
7 sanitary units
Hotel
Hotel Alndaluz
Hotel Alndaluz
Ecotourism project with integrated approach (organic farming, ecosan, bio-architecture, water protection,
etc.)
Excreta and greywater
Composting (?) toilets without urine separation, chambers are cleared daily and their content is burried for
one year; greywater recycling
Greywater for irrigation; treated excreta as soil conditioner in the garden/ forests
Dehydrating material: lime, ash, sawdust
Despite treatment with lime and ash odour problems
Aragundy, Jenny and Zapata, Xavier: Experiencias de la introduccin del concepto de saneamiento
ecolgico en Ecuador; photo and description:
http://www.alandaluzhosteria.com/codigo/ingles/ing_frames/fr-services.html
http://www.alandaluzhosteria.com/codigo/pages/campos.html
Direccin Hostera Ecolgica: Ruta del Sol - Machalilla, Comunidad de Puerto Rico, Manab Telf: (5934)
2780-690 / Telefax: (5934) 2780-686; E-mail: info@alandaluzhosteria.com
19.02.2007: Sren NEW

08.05.2007: Yaniv; added links
No
English homepage: h
78
Ecuador
Constructed wetlands with reuse for a new urban settlement in Sabiango Town, Loja Province
Constructed wetlands to treat the combined sewage of a newly constructed urban settlement
Sabiango Town
Sabiango Parish, Macar Canton, Loja Province
2000 - 2001
Planning: October 2000

Construction: April 2001
Start of operation: July 2001
850 inhabitants
Urban area
Honorable Consejo Provincial de Loja HCPL (Loja Province Council)
HCPL OPS CARE Ecuador
Macar Municipality - HCPL OPS CARE Ecuador
Located near the border to Peru. Annual mean precipitation 500 mm, two rainy seasons, temperatures 12
- 20 C, main economic activity agriculture in rice fields, CARE Ecuador looked for a wastewater treatment
solution, try to convince inhabitants to implement a constructed wetland.
Combined sewage
Coarse screen; sedimentation pond; Imhoff tank; horizontal flow constructed wetlands
The treated wastewater is used to irrigate rice fields downstream and the sludge collected in the Imhoff
tanks is used to improve the soils of the public parks of the community
25,000 USD of investment
First mechanically treated through a manually cleaned coarse screen, then the WW flows to a
sedimentation pond, in which the suspended soils are separated, an Imhoff tank which retains the sludge
and finally two bio-filters (horizontal flow constructed wetlands) of 20 by 40 m, the constructed wetlands
are waterproof in the walls and the floor.
Constructed wetlands are a low price solution, operation and maintenance are simple.
Final draft 10.05.2005 in I3-I13
Patricio Espinosa; pespinoza@care.org.ec

Dr. Fernando Sols C.; solis@care.org.ec
09.02.2006 Dania
18.12.2006 Small Update: Sren
No
79
Ecuador
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the building complex of Pestalozzi Foundation, Pichincha
Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in a building complex
Yaruqui and Tumbaco
Cantn Quito, Province of Pichincha (Sierra-Norte)
1998
9 sanitary units, about 40 inhabitants served
Rural/ Peri-urban housing complex
Pestalozzi Foundation
Pestalozzi Foundation
Ecological living complex with flush toilets and UDDTs
Separate urine and faeces respectively; greywater
Double-vault UDDT
Urine as fertiliser; faeces as soil conditioner in the garden; greywater for irrigation
Double-vault UDDT, 2-chamber system of which one is always in use without ventilation; excreta and
drying material are buried in the garden or dried in external drying chambers; use of sunlight in some
constructions for drying. Drying material: dry earth, lime, ash, sawdust; glass fibre or wood for the toilet
construction
No flies, only very few problems with bad smell; continuous improvement of the toilets by the users;
difficult maintenance when having diarreah
Aragundy, Jenny and Zapata, Xavier: Experiencias de la introduccin del concepto de saneamiento
ecolgico en Ecuador;
19.02.2007: Sren NEW
No
80
Ecuador
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the Achuar-Indios in the Province of Pastaza (pilot project
AMAZONICA)
UDDTs
Sharamentsa (dry toilets built for the Achuar-Indios in the Province of Pastaza)
Sharamentsa, Province of Pastaza
start: 2003
10 toilets in two public places for community of 70 people
rural
Indiohilfe Germany
not completely accepted by community (although training took place) --> cultural reasons; toilets are in
good condition, still functioning and clean; ash, bucket for toilet paper and hand wash facilities are
provided, but water and soap missing.
www.amazonica.org, http://www.indiohilfe.de/deutsch/index_d.htm
Lina Furch (lina.furch@googlemail.com)
20.09.2010 Stefanie Holzwarth
No
Ste
81
Egypt
Decentralised wastewater management in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate (with reuse?)
pilot concept for wastewater treatment
El-Moufty, El-Kobra
04/2002-03/2010
The project is still running, and according to a field visit of a friend of mine it is still running but not with the
supposed efficiency. His explanation that the decrease in efficiency is due to overloading and the drainage
of animal waste into the sewer system in some locations. (e-mail by Antonius Armanious in July 2010) a.armanious@gmail.com
present population: 2750 (in 2007)
Rural area
RODEO Consulting GmbH
Kafr El Sheikh Water and Sewerage Company (KWSC)
GTZ
since 1980s BMZ implements central wastewater systems in citys in towns; only 30% of the total
population can be reached with these systems because most of them living in small communities
wastewater
Small bore sewer (SBS) with interceptors and stabilisation pond
treatment plant: stabilisation pond
Length of sewers: approx. 9 km

Approx. 500 interceptors of 1,25 m capacity
450 clean out chambers
1 pumping station with two alternatively operating submersible 3 hp pumps (stand-by generator)
700 m force main from pumping station to treatment plant
Treatment plant (600 m): stabilisation pond, 2 parallel streams: anaerobic 3 days,
facultative 8 days, maturation 5 days = total retention 16 days
ownership
and "Bottom-up"
approach is very important to make the projeckt work longtime
4 sludge drying
beds
involve
stakeholders
Averagealleffluent
quality: Chemical Oxygen Demand = 35 to 50; Biological Oxygen Demand
clear
transparent
sharing
financial
responsibilities
at the(effluent
early stages
= 18 and
to 40;
suspended
solis =of35
to 80 (Egyptian
Standard);
at homes BOD approx. 600)
learning by horizontal exchanges
PDF: Decentralised Wastewater Management Project Kafr El Sheikh
brief description: http://search.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe
GTZ Wissenspeicher (Project Number: 2005.2016.3)
Dr. Stefan Sennewald (GTZ, Cairo, Egypt)
Inserted: Christina Braum 16.9.2009 20 July 2010: Elisabeth von Mnch: updated with information from
Antonius Armanious (see under project phase)
82
Egypt
Improvement of the effluent quality of aerated lagoons (ponds) by membrane filtration and reuse of
treated wastewater in a village near Cairo
Treatment of secondary effluent of a village to make it suitable for reuse
Village near Cairo
There is an incomplete name of an Egyptian professor who was involved in the project and who works in
the National Research Center, but I could not get his contact details. It needs a visit to the center to try to
meet him. No information could be obtained. (e-mail by Antonius Armanious in July 2010) a.armanious@gmail.com
Pilot plant for effluent of 500 population equivalents
Rural area
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
BMBF
Lagoons are widely spread because of the simple and cost-saving construction and maintenance.
However, the rate of degradation and the retention of bacteria and germs are limited compared to
activated sludge plants. The direct use of the effluent for irrigation purposes is not possible.
Wastewater
Membrane filtration technology
Reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation or industrial process water
Membrane filtration technology: The device will be optimised to reduce water evaporation, to increase
retention of pathogenic germs, the operation safety, and to reduce the costs of maintenance; operation
conditions for N- and P-removal will be studied.
2nd international symposium on ecological sanitation, april 2003
"http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-ecosan-symposium-luebeck-session-a-2004.pdf" - Brooken link
Dr. Rdiger Furrer, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH; Mailbox 36 40, 76 021 Karlsruhe, Germany
Projekttrger des BMBF und BMWA , E-Mail: Ruediger.Furrer@ptwte.fzk.de;
Prof. Hegemann - Technical University of Berlin. Institute for Technical Pollution Control
Prof. Abdel Shafy - National Research Center
19.11.2003 Ins
Es gibt nur eine Liste von "Overview on the international BMBF -project"
18.12.2006 Update: Sren 20 July 2010: Elisabeth von Mnch: updated with information from Antonius
Armanious (see under project phase)
No
83
Egypt
Subterra constructed wetlands for treatment of wastewater from cruise liners on the Nile with
reuse in agriculture, Luxor
Wastewater treatment from cruiseliners and a restaurant with subterra constructed wetlands and reuse of
wastewater in agriculture
Luxor
The new Luxor harbour on the Nile bridge within the vicinities of Sunrise Enterprise and Habiba
Restaurant
April 2004 - October 2005
40 - 60 m3/day wastewater from 12 cruiser liners on the Nile and from the kitchen of the restaurant.
Assuming an average of 50 litres per day/person, 60m3/day (60,000 litres) of wastewater means 1200
people are served .
Urban harbour area
J.krger Pflanzenklranlagen GmbH; Grschow Entsorgungs-und Umweltechnik GmbH; DEG mbH; AGET
Cairo
Wastewater resulting from ship transport and from a restaurant
Subterra constructed wetlands
Possible reuse in irrigation for agriculture
Energy consumption 4.8 kWh/d; Effluent expected COD ~ 20 - 50mg/l; Effluent expected NH 4-N ~ 0.4 - 5
mg/l
www.subterra.de
Schloss Duckwitz
Tel : 039972/51961
Email: info@subterra.de Emails sent to the german company involved but got no answer. No
information could be obtained. (July 2010)
Abdul 20.03.06,the number of people served was updated by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 23/09/2010
No
84
El Salvador
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and solar toilets tested with households in rural areas
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and solar toilets implemented with households in rural areas
November 2000 - March 2002
Survey of 156 households. 118 households with double-vault UDDTs and 38 households with solar toilets
in 7 rural communities.
Assuming average household size of 4 (from country list), 624 users.
Rural area
Ministry of Health and UNICEF. Work was funded by the Thrasher Research Fund, UNICEF, The Order of
Malta and the Pan American Health Organisation.
El Salvador is the most densely populated country in Central America and ecological sanitation has been
promoted by the Ministery of Health, UNICEF and several non-government organisations. Double-vault
UDDTs and single-vault solar toilets are intended to store faecal waste under conditions that promote
desiccation and inactivation of faecal pathogens. The treated biosolids are then removed and disposed of
or may be used for agricultural purposes.
Double-vault UDDT; single-vault solar toilet
Reuse for agriculture
1) Solar toilets were slightly drier and reached higher peak temperatures than double-vault UDDTs.
2) Measurements of the temperatures of the biosolids in the vaults indicated that true aerobic composting
was not occurring because the temperatures were only slightly higher than ambient temperature (see 2nd
int. symposium on ecosan 2003 session C, S. 295 ff.)
Moe, C.L. and R Izurieta. Longitudinal study of double-vault urine diverting toilets and solar toilets in El
Salvador. (2003) In: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation, 7-11
April 2003, Lubeck, Germany.(Peer-reviewed section) pgs 295-302.
Lana et al. (2006) Association between intestinal parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural
El Salvador. Tropical Medicine & International Health 11 (12), 18211831.
http://www.whsc.emory.edu/_pubs/ph/phwin05/waste_not.html;http://www.sph.emory.edu/moelab/Projects-Water.htm
Christine Moe, Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Room 760, Emory
University, 1518 Clifton RD., NE, Atlanta, GA USA 30307, E-mail: clmoe@sph.emory.edu and
rizurieta@hotmail.com
19.11.2003 Ins; 07.05.2007: Yaniv, added links and publications
No
85
Ethiopia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets on the campus of Adama University, Adama
Demonstration project with 24 UDDT (for 400 users)
Adama
Adama University P.O. Box 1888 Adama, Ethopia
2007 - 2010 (construction started Nov. 2009)
Planning: end of 2007 - end of 2008

To be started
24 UDDT units on campus. 15 UDDTs for girls and 9 UDDTs and 9 urinals for boys
University campus - urban settlement
MH Engineering , University of Adama & GTZ (ET)
Single-vault UDDT; urine storage tank; faeces co-composting with biowaste from campus; greywater:
sedimentation tank and percolation reedbed
Fertiliser for gardens
The faecal matter is collected in a bin system. The bins will be replaced in specified intervals with new
ones. The empty bins are equipped with a layer of organic material (e.g. compost) at the bottom for the
adsorption of liquids. The bin system has advantages in situations of misuse or too much liquid in this
case the bin can be replaced by a new one and the material collected in other bins is not affected by this
dilution. The filled bins will be transported to the treatment place. Together with the added material (ash,
soil or compost) and organic bio waste from other sources (kitchen, gardening etc.) it will be composted at
the composting site. After emptying, the bins are cleaned and prepared for the next cycle. The faecal
Not
operational
yet
matter
remains approx.
6 - 12 months in the composting ditches until all the organic material is converted
to compost. Then the ditches are emptied and the compost can be used at the university site for different
purposes (see: faecal matter treatment and co-composting).
The urine from the urine diversion dry toilets as well as from the urinals is transported in a pipe to a
collection tank near the buildings. The pipe has a larger diameter than necessary because precipitation
Oldenburg et al. 2009 'Urine Diverting Dry Toilet at Adama University;
may occur in the urine. A short-term tank that storages the urine for a few days is installed closed to the
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/nl32/gtz-ecosan-nl-32-ucbp-uni-uddts-poster.pdf;
UDDT building. It is connected to the long-term storage tank which is located nearby the treatment site via
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-urine-diverting-dry-toilet-adama-university-2009.pdf
pipe. In this way the urine is drained by gravity. The connection is controlled by a valve which has to be
opened frequently for discharge. By emptying this tank a larger volume of urine is flushed in one process
to the long-term storage tank. The direct connection of the urine outlet of the toilet building (without the
short-term storage tank) would create a long transport way for small amounts of urine rinsing down to the
storage. Because of the possibility of precipitation during transport of the small volumes and flows the
decision is made for flush by emptying the short-term storage tank. In this way the installation of the shortterm storage tank increases the operational safety and reduces the possibility of disruptions caused by low
flow
volumes.
udo.weitekemper@adama-university.net
and martin.oldenburg@hs-owl.de
The grey water from the hand washing, anal cleansing and cleaning is pre-treated in a sedimentation tank
solids and other materials settle down. This sedimentation is necessary for the avoidance of clogging of
pipes of the following treatment step. The pre-treated grey water is fed into a percolation field on both
sides of the sedimentation tank by percolation pipes. Both percolation areas are made up of gravel and
planted with reed. The plants as well as the bio film located on the gravel bed degrade the pollution of the
low polluted grey water before its infiltration in the ground.
No
86
Ethiopia
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA) using several
technologies, Arba Minch
Resource oriented sustainable sanitation (ROSA project) using a range of ecological sanitation
technologies and reuse of nutrients and greywater
Arba Minch
Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Oct. 2006 - Sep. 2009
The population of Arba Minch is over 78,000 people
Unplanned and highly populated areas characherised with poor infrastructure
Strategic Sanitation and Waste Plans (SSWPs) in Arba Minch
WASTE
EU through ROSA
Rain fall is not the only problem of this area but natural regeneration of soil is too low to the extent that
farming without fartiliser is not profitable any more. Therefore a quick and cheap solution like ecosan is
very important for smallholder farmers.
The project included capacity building, contruction of UDDTs, demonstration farm, innovation (locally
made UDSP) and research works.
Various
Arborloo; grey water tower; biogas unit; wetland; septic tank sludge disposal scheme
Urine and faeces and greywater reused to grow home fruit trees, vegetables etc.
Beneficiaries contributed labour force and all materials are purchased by the project
Arbor Loo: Shalow and simplest pit toilets designed for home fruit trees
Construction of grey water tower for vegetable growing and plastic re-use innovations.
Biogas unit at AM. Construction of wetland. Selection of site and construction of septic tank sludge
disposal scheme.
(In addition: Selection of site and construction of solid waste disposal system; training of local artisans and
MSE; training on solid waste separation and reuse; education on health risks and good hygienic practices;
training on WHO guidelines; plastic re-use training; design and construction of hand driven carts)
https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?func=ll&objaction=overview&objid=51033563
http://rosa.boku.ac.at/
Wudney Ayele, Ethiopia
Mndewa Lucas, 07.01.2009, email: mndewal@yahoo.com
No
87
Ethiopia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, Addis Ababa
Urine diverison dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households, mostly urban.
Addis Ababa
1996 - unknown
More than 100 units, most of them in Addis Ababa.

Assuming average houehold size of 5 (from country list), 500 users.
SUDEA
SUDEA
SUDEA is supported financially, morally and intellectually by over 150 members in Sweden and by the
swedish government through Sida (Swedish Int. Development Cooperation Agency) & Forum Syd.
UDDTs
The urine is used without treatment as a fertiliser in bio-intensive gardening systems

Faeces is used after drying out and composting.
Technical problems because of low quality of available materials especially plastic items.
Sanitation awareness campaigns have low priority in Ethiopia and so it was difficult to convince people.
Document PDF Format, ECOSAN - ecological sanitation

Almaz Terrefe and Gunder Edstrm
25th WEDC Conference INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
SUDEA in Ethiopia; P.O. Box 31673; Addis Ababa

Tel. 251-155-7105
sudea-et@telecom.net.et
19.11.2003 Ins
No
88
Ethiopia
Large-scale rural sanitation with arborloos and fossa alterna toilets for households
Providing affordable sanitation and nutrient source for food production for rural households with arborloos
and fossa alterna toilets
Country-wide
2004
Around 53,840 households. Assuming 5 people per household from country list, have 269,200
beneficiaries.
Rural area
Catholic Relief Service (CRS)
Catholic Relief Service (CRS)
Ethiopian Catholic Church, Missionaries of Charity, Medical Missionaries of Mary, Organisation for Social
Services for AIDS, Water Action, Team Today and Tomorrow, 'Metemamen' (Mutual trust)
The area not only lacks sufficient rainfall, but farmers lack natural fertilisers or the cash to buy commercial
fertiliser.
Excreta
Arborloo and Fossa Alterna. Separate urine collection in a jerry can is also promoted.
Arborloo: reuse of nutrients for a fruit tree or other plant.

Fossa Alterna: Compost for backyard gardens.
Urine as liquid fertiliser
6 - 8$ per Arborloo. Cost of Fossa Alterna is similar.
The Arborloo is a very shalow pit that is designed to be eventually a home for a fruit tree. Desiged by
Peter Morgan of Zimbabwe especially for African conditions, the toilet is the simplest of all eco-toilets. A
pit about 80 cm deep and 60 cm in circumference is dug and dry leaves are added to the bottom. A single
concrete slab is placed over the opening. After each use, a cup of soil/wood ash mixture is added to
encourage soil composting, to reduce smell, and to discourage insect breeding. A very simply
superstructure can be added for privacy. The toilet is used by the household for one year and the slab will
be removed, the pit is topped up with good topsoil, and a fruit tree seedling or other plant is planted in the
To
introduce
ecosan
project,
one needs
trained
staff
and a budget
for nutrients
producingwhich
slabsresult
and educating
topsoil.
As theanroots
grow
downwards
into the
pit, the
seedling
takes rich
in a very
farmers.
It istree
essential
to connect
the sanitationInproject
with
agricultural
and to
local
agronomists.
healthy fruit
that produces
in abundance.
Ethiopia
local
farmers practices
have elected
make
the pits
Ecological
is a system
andsoneeds
a systems
approach,
of seedlings.
sanitarians,
smaller for sanitation
uses of about
4 months,
that they
can speed
up the having
plantingteams
of tree
agronomists, health workers and water supply engineers all involved and seeing the approach as a
package
and
a system.
Ideally
these
toilets
be part ofand
larger
water
sanitation
programs
The Fossa
Alterna
is similar
to the
Arbor
Looshould
in construction
use,
but itand
is not
intended
for directthat
Ecological
Sanitation:
A CRS Ethipia Success Story'. http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/oe44/ecosan/nl/en-ecosan-Ethiopia-Success-Story-2006.pdf
include
forThe
hand
plantingfacilities
on the pit.
FA has two pits of 80 by 60 centimeters that are alternated in use annually. After pit
washing and
education.
contents
havehygiene
soil composted
for one year, they can be safely removed, mixed 50:50 with topsoil, laid in
furrows and planted with crops. Fossa Alternas are particularly useful for backyard gardens, but over time,
more and more
compost
can be added to fields in furrows. The Fossa Alterna may have a simple light superstructure that
www.crs.org/Ethiopia
can be moved from one pit to the other with ease, or one more permanent structurethat can enclose both
pits. The toilet slab is moved yearly from one pit to the other, and the other pit is closed for composting.
maylingsh@yahoo.com, Bekele Abaire: babaire@et.earo.crs.org, CRS Ethiopia
From Newsletter 23 dated February 2007: 27.08.2008. Updated from Bekele Abaire CRS Ethiopia, Addis
Ababa by Alemayehu Asrat: alemerika27@yahoo.com: on 04.11.2009
No
89
Ethiopia
Biogas sanitation plants in seven schools in Addis Ababa, Jimma and Bahir Dar
Biogas plants as the sanitation system for seven schools in the country
Addis Ababa, Jimma and Bahir Dar
Center for Human Environment (CHE), P.O.Box 13309, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2000 - 2002
Seven biogas plants giving service to students during the day and night and teachers; 5500.
Schools
Lem Ethiopia
Lem Ethiopia
Center for Human Environment (CHE), P.O.Box 13309, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Promotion of biogas specifically using human excreta and organic household wastes has the capacity to
address energy, health, economic and ecological problems and can be considered as multi-dimensional
development approach in the southern hemisphere.
Blackwater
Biogas plants
Awareness and skill development training is very essential to own the technology. Construction of dry
toilets or biogas digesters, the questions that need due attention are affordability, replicability, social
acceptability and sustainability. Along with the construction of toilets for poor people, it is essential to
consider installing water system to wash hands after using toilets.
CHE website: http://www.lemethiopia.org.et
Alemayehu, 11.09.2009 Information from the dry toilet conference 2009, alemerika27@yahoo.com
No
90
Fiji
Composting toilets and greywater reuse in a wastewater garden at a tropical resort, Beqa Island
Use of composting toilets and greywater treatment and reuse system at an ecoresort
Located south of the Suva, on Viti Levu, is Beqa Island and the surrounding Bega Lagoon
1999
Ecoresort
Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention (CEPP)
CEEP, Lalati Resort (Sustainable Strategies)
Blackwater from low-flush toilet, greywater
Low-flush (0.5L) toilet.

Three different types of composting toilets: Greenpeace toilet, EcoTech Carousel Composting toilet, Cepp
Net-Barrel System
Greywater reuse to Wastewater Gardens (The nutrient rich leachate filtered by the compost mass is
combined with filtered washwater and drained to the sub-surface irrigation system in the wastewater
gardens which surround the buildings).
The design concept is to integrate porcelain low-flush (0.5L) toilet to recycled polyethylene removablebatch composters located under the building.
Three different types of composting toilets: Greenpeace toilet, EcoTech Carousel Composting toilet, Cepp
Net-Barrel System
This system has been cited by the World Health Organization (WHO) for best ecotourism practice in
sanitation.
http://www.ecowaters.org; http://www.ecowaters.org/ecosan/pacific.html; www.ecological-engineering.com
(CEPP), email: info@ecowaters.org; David Del Porto, email: info@ecological-engineering.com;

http://www.lalati-fiji.com.
19.11.2003 Ins
No
91
Finland
Ecological sanitation with different types of toilets at Kangasalan Yhteiskyl communal village,
Kangasala town
Dry toilets, compost toilets and greywater treatment system at a communal village
Outskirts of Kangasala town
Muurahaispolku 1-6, 8,9,11; Kangasala near Tampere
1997- unknown
Ongoing expansion of the village
9 family houses
Communal village at the outskirts of Kangasala town
Founded on a warm place on south wooded hillside; public services, schools, stores are 4 km away,
transportation is well organised; fresh water from communal system; prohibition of water closets.
Greywater, urine and faeces
Greywater: septic tank series (3); fibre cleaner; evaporation pond;

Dry-toilets with/without urine separation; some compost toilets; partly evaporation of urine
Urine as fertiliser
Asila type, dry toilet Naturum.

Greywater treated in septic tank series (3), then piped into Green Rock's fibre cleaner, then evaporation
pond; dry-toilets with/without urine separation, some compost toilets, partly evaporation of urine.
All dry-toilet systems need more care than water closets; time for cleaning and emptying ~ 1-3h/month;
without urine separation, systems suffer from time to time from fluid overloading
http://www.yhteiskyla.net/index_en.htm
arkinor@kotiposti.net
13.12.2006 New: Sren
No
92
Georgia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland for two schools, households and a
training centre in Mtskheta, Zugdidi, Khashuri, Dusheti and Gori Districts.
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) and constructed wetland in 2 schools, households and an
environmental training centre with reuse
Mtskheta, Zugdidi, Khashuri, Dusheti and Gori Districts , Khovle, Kavtiskhevi, Kardenakhi, Chkhoria,
Khabume, Nakiani, Napichkhao, Taia, Quareli, Tianeti, Qvareli (RSDA) : Ereda (Mtskheta District), Skra
(Gori District), Ali (Khashuri District)-SEMA; Ninotsminda District: v.Eshtiya and v.Gorilovka-PAROS;
Akhaltsikhe District: v.Qlde, and v.Tskruti - Akhaltsikhe; Kari (Mtskheta District), Dusheti (GEBMA); Khoni,
Matkhodgi, Sepieti, Teklati (Greens Movement)
Since 2008
2 schools, 40 households, environmental training centre

Assuming average household size of 4 (from country list), 160 household users.
Assuming 200 users per school (for the purposes of the summary list), 400 school users.
I.e. Total 560 users.
Rural area
RCDA, PAROS, Speqtry, SEMA, Greens Movement Georgia, GEBMA, Foundation Caucasus
Environment, WECF
RCDA, PAROS, Speqtry, SEMA, Greens Movement Georgia, GEBMA, Foundation Caucasus Environment
No central water supply, no sewage

Toilets made under the Empowerment and Local Action project
Double-vault UDDT (with shower- solar heated water), urinals, constructed wetland
Reuse of urine, faeces
Double-vault UDDT: for school toilet and environmental training centre, squatting slab from China; for
households and townhall, home-made urine diverting seat or porcelaine riser. For male user extra urinals.
In Tbilisi porcelaine udd seats are produced. Constructed wetland for treatment of grey water; solar
heating for warm water of shower or handwashing.
No
93
Germany
Development and combination of innovative system components from process engineering,
information technology and ceramics to create a sustainable technology for water and nutrient
cycles, Kaiserslautern.
Treatment and recycling of grey- and black- waters from buildings
Kaiserslautern and Oberhausen
2006 - 2008
1) Laboratory phase- to assess and optimise individual plant components.

2) Laboratory plant phase- 15 months (2007). Treat the separated wastewater streams of a residential
building. Process engineering tested, evaluated and optimised. Function tests of sanitary products
developed and the intelligent diagnosis system tested on functionality.
3) Demonstration pilot plant phase- 10 months (start 06 - 2008). Closed cyles of selected components as
1)
Lab
5 population
equivalent
well
as phaseconnected
systems used
for the(p.e.)
first time. Single components modified as a final step. Komplett
2)
Lab plantspilot plant
for 20 p.e. Pilot plant stations at 8 new renovated appartment of the Bau
-System
integrated
into astations
bigger building.
AG Kaiserslautern
3) Demonstration pilot plant- 150 to 200 p.e. Recreation and shopping centre in Oberhausen
Low-populated, remote (decentralised), water-scarce areas
Villeroy & Boch, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Bonn, Fraunhofer, UMSICHT, EnviroChemie,
ap-system
Villeroy & Boch, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Bonn, Fraunhofer, UMSICHT, EnviroChemie,
ap-system
Federal Ministry for Education and Research
System designed for worldwide use, particularly in water scarce regions and remote, sparsely populated
regions without existing water supply and disposal infrastructure or in regions with high potable water
prices.
Blackwater and greywater
Membrane bioreactor, ozonation, UV disinfection, activated carbon filter, ultra-filtration
Toilet rinse water, irrigation water, high quality process water, drinking water
Blackwater:
Rotation screen - inlet tank - Membrane bio-reactor - Ozonation - UV disinfection - Storage tank
Greywater:
Inlet tank - Membrane bio-reactor - Ozonation - UV disinfection - activated carbon filter - ultrafiltration chlorination - storage tank
- greywater effluent quality meets highest requirements for utilisation, e.g. drinking water standards of
WHO
- process scheme produces high effluent qualities for separated grey- and blackwater and provides a safe
alternative source of water supply
- blackwater effluent quality corresponds to international reuse standards for toilet flushing
Check
out the
website
the KOMPLETT
project
nitrogen
removal
is of
limited
in the biological
process
blackwater contains a high fraction of inert COD
http://www.komplett-projekt.de/
see contact at http://www.komplett-projekt.de/

Updated by Nadira on 31.08.09 from presentation doc by H. Knerr, University of Kaiserslautern, Institute of
Urban Water Management
No
No
94
Germany
Sustainable water management and wastewater purification in tourism facilities project (SWAMP)
using urine separation toilets at Stranddorf Augustenhof
Assessing urine separation and reuse systems at a tourism facility as a part of the SWAMP project.
At the coast of the Baltic Sea, community of Rellin, Augustenhof
15 small non-seasonal houses with low energy standard and one common house. 7 urine separation
toilets installed. (Assume for 14 people, if 2 people per house).
European Commission
16 touristic facilities in Germany, Austria, Italy, Latvia and Lithuania are participating in the EU SWAMP
project for sustainable water and wastewater concept development.
Urine separation toilets
Urine for agricultural use
http://www.swamp-eu.org/ENGLISH/demosites/germany1_1.html; http://www.stranddorf.de/
29.12.04 Sonny, Dania 09.02.2006
No
95
Germany
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at the Huber SE office building,
Berching.
Source separation of wastewater streams and on-site treatment (precipitation, composting, and
membrane) and reuse at an office building
Berching, Bavaria
Hans Huber AG; Kennwort DESAR; Industriepark Erasbach A1; D-92334 Berching
2002 - 2003
Start of construction: Sep. 2002

Start of operation: Sep. 2003
Upto 200 employees
Office building
Huber AG
Huber AG
High tech office building
Urine, brown water, grey water, rainwater
Yellow water: precipitation; Brown water: screening, composting; Greywater: membrane treatment;
Yellow water: mineral fertiliser / irrigation; Brown water: humus fertiliser / irrigation; Greywater: washwater
for toilets; Rainwater: groundwater recharge
Membrane: Ultrafiltration (VRM-technology); RESI-membrane digestion; Urine precipitation by

Magnesiumhydroxide
Many possibilities of reuse; Costs for system are neutralised by not needing connection to sewerage
Christ, Oliver: Stoffstromorientierte Abwasserbehandlung mit Membrantechnik am Beispiel des

Brogebudes der Hans Huber AG;
http://www.huber.de/upload/1e97676Xfacacd8f8bXY1059/433096310_aufsatz_desar_neubau.pdf
http://www.huber.de/hp365/Die-Zukunft-beginnt-bei-uns-selbst_-DeSA_R.htm
Dr. Oliver Christ; Huber Technology, D-92334 Berching, e-mail: oliver.christ@huber.de
Completely new: Sren 13.11.06
No
96
Germany
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system in buildings of the Berliner
Wasserbetriebe in the Sanitation Concept for Separate Treatment (SCST) project, Berlin
Pilot project to assess separate collection, treatment (with biogas plant, composting, membrane
bioreactor and constructed wetland) and reuse of urine, faeces and greywater from office and residential
buildings
Berlin
Buildings of the BWB (one residential bulding, one office building) on the grounds of the wastewater
treatment plant Stahndsdorf.
2003 - 2006
Start of a pilot project 2002

From 2003 to 2006 as an EU demonstration projekt
35 users
Urban area
Berlin Centre of Competence for Water, Berliner Wasserbetriebe (BWB), Veolia
Berlin Centre of Competence for Water, Berliner Wasserbetriebe (BWB), VeoliaTUHH, TUB, HUB,
Otterwasser GmbH
European Union
The demonstration project is carried out within buildings of the Berlin Water Company (Berliner
Wasserbetriebe), in the office building and appartment house. The operation of the gravity separation
toilet concept started in October 2003 and the system with vaccum separation toilets is working since end
of 2004.
Waterless urinal and urine storage; vacuum-separation toilets; gravity separation toilets; biogas plant (for
faeces from vacuum-separation toilets + kichen waste); greywater separation and treatment with
membrane bioreactor and constructed wetland; composting (for faeces from gravity-separation toilets)
Urine as fertiliser, faeces sludge as soil conditioner for agriculture and garden use, greywater reuse for
toilet flushing systems and irrigation
Total Budget: 2,223,474.00 Euro

(LIFE PROGRAM, EC, 465,635.00 Euro)
Process scheme available at:http://www.kompetenzwasser.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/fact_sheets/SCST_fs_2005_RZ_web.pdf
The most important findings are:

- Overall, the tested sanitation concepts are functional and working;
- Only 30 - 40 % of the urine could be separated with the tested toilets, not the expected 70 - 80 %;
- Some technologies (toilets, faeces separator etc.) have to be improved;
- The treatment of greywater with a constructed wetland is as effective as anticipated;
- Urine has the same fertilising efficiency as mineral fertiliser;
- The results of consumer and farmer surveys regarding agricultural use are motivating;
- Pharmaceuticals and steroids in the products (urine, composted faeces, digested faeces) could be an
obstacle to their use as fertilisers. However, many actors dealing with new sanitation concepts estimate
that the benefits of these products outweigh the damages that could possibly be caused by these micro
www.kompetenz-water.dehttp://www.kompetenz-wasser.de/SCST.22.0.html
pollutants.
- Steam stripping plus magnesia-ammonium-phosphate-precipitation is the favoured process for nutrient
concentration in the urine;
- The results of the life-cycle-assessment show that the tested sanitation concepts are advantageous;
- Costs for the new sanitation concepts depend very much on the given circumstances and can be
Dr.-Ing.
Anton Peter-Frhlich,
Berliner Wasserbetriebe
advantageous
(compared to conventional
systems);
Neue
Jdenstrae
1, 10122
Berlin,
Germany,
- There
is a very strong
interest
in this
project. anton.peter-froehlich@bwb.de
Based on the internet presentation and the many national
and international presentations given on this project, approx. 500 national and international visitors have
come to learn about it on-site.
19.11.2003 Ins
Updated Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) 13.11.09 from email to E. von Muench
No
97
Germany
Restaurant and farm with biogas plant, Waldmichelbacher Hof, Bessenbach
Biogas digester for treatment of sewage, restaurant and farm waste and use of biogas for heating and
electricity and digestate as fertiliser
Claus Schultes; Waldmichelbach 4a; 63856 Bessenbach (near Frankfurt a.M.)

Tel: ++49-(0)6095-99 51 02; Mail: claus.schultes@t-online.de; www.schultes-waldmichelbach.de
1994 - 1996

Start of operation: 1996
Four families (14 people) and a restaurant with upto 260 guests.
200 Ha land, 280 cattle and 50 horses
Farmhouses, restaurant
Krieg & Fischer Ingenieure GmbH, Hannah-Voigt-Str. 1, 37085 Gttingen; Mail: Fischer@KriegFischer.de,
www.kriegfischer.de
Johann Wolf GmbH & Co Systembau KG, Osterhofen, Germany
Landratsamt Aschaffenburg, Amt fuer Landwirtschaft
The family-owned farm and restaurant Waldmichelbacher-hof is located in Bessenbach, near

Aschaffenburg,
Bavaria, Germany. It occupies 200 ha of land, where 170 ha are used for grazing and fruit trees and 30 ha
are used to grow fodder crops (e.g. maize and oat) for cattle and horses, and to grow field crops for the
farm-owned bakery and distillery. At present the farm has 280 cattle and 50 horses. These cattle and
horses live
in the barn during the winter and outside on grazing land in summer. The farm produces hornless cattle for
meat production and breeding purposes. Each week one cow is slaughtered, and the meat is sold in the
farm shop and the restaurant. The restaurant serves up to 260 guests. Four families (14 persons) live and
work
for the farm.
Wastewater
Biogas plant
Digested waste as fertiliser; biogas for heat and electricity
Total investment: 200,000 euro
The farm collects, treats and re-uses the liquid and solid organic waste from the farmhouses, restaurant,
shop, distillery, cattle and horse barn, and the slaughterhouse in a biogas plant. The system consists of
the following components:
- Conventional lowflush toilets. They are installed in the restaurant and farm houses.
In the planning phase the planning institution had recognized that there would be no need to install urine
diversion toilet, as the urine can be used together with the anaerobically digested waste (water) as
fertiliser.
The
main problems
in thestorage
operation
plants
were: acting as a storage tank it also functions as a pre- 1 concrete
wastewater
tankofofthe
100
m3. Beside
-mixing
The digester
used to have
a movable
plate heat
exchangerthe
between
the influent
waste
and
the
tank forno.1
the wastewater
from
the restaurant,
farmhouses,
small distillery
on the
farm,
horse
effluent
urine digested manure using the so called Freese System. The system did not function well and was
removed
in 1995.
As adung
replacement
tubular heat
exchangers were installed on the wall and the
(stable run-off),
horse
and meatfixed
processing
waste.
bottom
- 1 collection channel (500 m3 usable volume) which is located under the cattle shed. Once a week the
Sheet
draft 2005.digester
- Trip Report for Visit to Biogas-Ecosan Project near Aschaffenburg, Germany and Meet
of
the cylindrical
wastewater
from the storage tank is pumped into the collection channel using a submersible pump. This
with
Experts,
UNESCO-IHE
Institute for for
Water Education.
- TheEcosan-China
projects
is tothe
maximise
biogas
and heat
production. This was achieved
would
flush outtarget
and mix
wastewater
andproduction
the content ofenergy
the collection
channel.
by
adding
straw
to
digester
no.
1.
But
the
practice
had
been causing
mixing
problems.
theis
3
- 1 heated and insulated anaerobic digester (280 m volume,
fully mixed).
The
heating In
to 2003/4
40 - 44C
See
PDSwas
006solved when a better mixer was installed in the digester no. 1.
problem
accomplished by internal heat exchangers on the walls and the floor of the digester using cooling water
from
the biogas CHP engines. WW from channel is pumped into digestor six times a day. In addition
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-006-germany-waldmichelbacherhof-2005.pdf
there is also a feeding device to digester no.1 for various organic solid waste such as straw and dung from
the horses, solid organic waste from the restaurant and hot vegetable oil from the kitchen. HRT is 20
days.
- 1 anaerobic digester for storage of digested waste and biogas (1500 m3 volume, not mixed, not heated,
not & Fischer Ingenieure GmbH
Krieg
insulated). HRT is1;37085
3.6 months.
Hannah-Voigt-Str.
Gttingen;Mail: Fischer@KriegFischer.de; www.kriegfischer.de
- Both digester tanks have flexible covers for the biogas collection.
- 2 CHP-generator units (HJS-Dual fuel co-generators, each one with 37 kW electricity generator and 74
kW
of heat recovery through cooling water and exhaust gas heat exchanger)
The biogas plant produces more biogas in winter than in summer, because most of the cattle are not in the
barn in summer and the manure cannot be collected in the digester tanks. Generally 500 m 3 / day biogas
is
24.11.04
Daniaand
08.02.06
producedTim,
in winter
only 80 -100 m3 /day in summer.
22.02.2010 Nadira (nadirakhawaja) inserted details from GTZ datasheet
No
98
Germany
Composting toilets and constructed wetlands for multi-story buildings at the ecological settlement
of Bielefeld Waldquelle, Bielefeld
Composting toilets and constructed wetlands for 4-story buildings at an ecological settlement
Bielefeld
Bielefeld - Waldquelle
1994 - 2002
Peri-urban area, (55,000 m2; 40,000 m2 Bruttobauland und 15,000 m2 Landschaftsschutz)

70 containers for 270 persons (400 inhabitants in total)
Ecological settlement with 4 story buildings
Architectural office Bltmann
Architectural office Bltmann
Users
Excreta, greywater
Composting toilets, constructed wetlands
Compost and greywater for garden use
TerraNova systems
Composting toilets produced by Berger Biotechnik GmbH
The installation of composting toilets for houses upto four stories are by a vertical pipe with composting
container, on the ground are several pipes, surface is reduced, problem to remove the feaces in the
composting container when the container is for two families.
1. Paper (session C): 2nd International symposium on ecological sanitation. Lbeck, Germany, April
2003.
2. Excursion Photo Collection, available at: http://www.wifu.org/projs/project5/pics.html
3. EPE Sourcebook:http://www.epe.be/workbooks/sourcebook/3.11.html.
http://www.berger-biotechnik.de
Wolfgang Berger, Berger Biotechnik GmbH, Juliusstr. 27, 22769 Hamburg, Germany,
E-mail: info@berger-biotechnik.de
19.11.2003 Ins
29.12.04 Sonny
No
99
Germany
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at Lambertsmuehle museum, Burscheid
Separate collection, treatment (with composting and constructed wetland) and reuse of urine, faeces and
greywater from a museum
Burscheid
Lambertsmhle 1; 51339 Burscheid
2000 - 2005
Start of construction: mid-2000

Start of operation: mid-2001
Final Research Report: 2005
4 persons family + museum visitors.
Project size, 8 p.e.
Ancient watermill, which is now operating as a museum
Otterwater GmbH (Engelsgrube 81, 23552 Lbeck, Germany; ph: 0049-451-7020051)
Otterwater GmbH
Ministerium fr Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirschaft und Verbraucherschutz des Landes NordrheinWestfalen
The Lambertsmhle is an old water mill that today serves as a museum, located between Wuppertal and
Cologne in Germany. As part of the renovation of the building a progressive sanitation concept has been
developed for the museum and the apartment in the millhouse Due to local conditions, a connection to a
sewer network is not possible.
Greywater, brownwater, yellowwater
Urine separation toilets; waterless urinals; centrifugal separation of solids and liquids; filterbag; and urine
storage; composting; vertical flow constructed wetland
Urine used as fertiliser, composted faeces as soil conditioner
The complete investment costs for the installation were approx. 47,000 .
For the separation of urine and faeces 3 different separation toilets and waterless urinals have been
installed:
(1) BB-Innovation, Sweden
(2) WostMan, Sweden
(3) Roediger, Germany
(4) Waterless urinals, Ernst, Germany
The urine is collected in a special storage tank (volume: 4 m, storage capacity: approximately 1 year).
-Faeces
Not all and
separation
toilets
Children
in wastewater
particular need
special
seats
and shapes.
greywater
areproved
flushedsuitable.
separately
into the
system,
where
liquids
and solids are
-separated
Nitrogen loss
during urine
collection
is negligible
the urine
can be used
as liquid
by centrifugal
force.
Solids and
enterstorage
a filterbag,
where aand
filtering
and dewatering
occurs.
After half a
fertiliser.
year of storage they are then composted. This composting process is supported by adding further organic
-material
Under both
greenhouse
investigations
showed the
growth
rate ofand
plants
suchexternal
as woodand
chips.
The liquidconditions,
phase is treated
in a constructed
wetland
together
thefertilised
effluent
with
urine to be
those treated with mineral fertiliser or manure.
is discharged
to similar
a smalltocreek.
Oldenburg
al.wastewater
(2003). Nutrient
utilization
separationcan
- experiences
the Lambertsmhle
- Standardsetfor
treatment
givenby
byurine
the authorities
be achievedfrom
without
any problems.
project
- The phosphorous elimination capacity of the constructed wetland decreases after three years of
operation.
See
PDS
- Since
the002
faecal compost was too humid a composting by worms (vermiculture) was implemented. This
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-002-germany-lambertsmuehle-2005.pdf
improved the process and the solid materials can be handled like conventional compost.
http://www.wupperverband.de/Forschung/Lambert/index.htm
- The separation of solid and liquid fractions before the filter-bag unit was an amelioration during
http://www.lambertsmuehle-burscheid.de/
operation. It has improved the dewatering capacity compared to the first trials, when both fractions were
flushed into the filter bag.
- Micro-pollutants are mainly concentrated in the urine. These substances may limit the utilisation of the
urine.
Dr.-Ing.
Martin
Otterwater
GmbH,
Engelsgrube
81,pollutants
23552 Lbeck/Germany,
-Through
urineOldenburg,
separation the
emission
of persistent
organic
to the natural environment can be
oldenburg@otterwater.de
or Andreas
Bastian, Wupperverband,
Unterecan
Lcihtenplatzer
Str. 100,
42220
avoided. Additionally the emission
of nutrients
in the receiving waters
be reduced and
artificial
Wuppertal,
bas@wupperverband.de
fertilisers can
be replaced.
02.12.03 Ins
aktualisiert mit Beitrag vom 27.10.03, Dania 08.02.06.
22.02.2010 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from GTZ datasheet (see website above)
No
100
Germany
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse systems within the project 'Alternatives for urban
water supply and wastewater infrastructure systems' (AKWA 2100), Northrhine-Westfalia
Development and assessment of long-term scenarios (2050) for decentralised urban water and
wastewater infrastructure systems
Dortmund-Asseln and Selm-Bork (Northrhine-Westfalia)
2000 - 2003
Municipality level
9,100 (Dormund - Asseln)
6,700 (Selm- Bork)
Urban area
Fraunhofer Institut fr Systemforschung, Karlsruhe
Emscher-Genossenschaft/ Lippeverband, Municipalites of Dormund and Selm, RWTH Aachen, RuhrUniversity Bochum, Stein & Parther Consultants, Hochtief, Roediger, Munters-Euroform
West LB-Stiftung Zukunft NRW
Long-term perspective (2050) on the modernisation of urban water infrastructure systems. Scenario
approach as a planning tool for urban water infrastructure systems on the level of municipalities
Various innovative decentralised / on-site technologies - what tech?

(for water, wastewater and energy, wastewater reuse, energy production from biowastes and from
wastewater treatment sludges, potable water from rainwater, dual distribution systems).
(Wastewater, nutrients, rainwater)- for what?
Cost comparisons of the innovative system solutions are comparable with conventional system design.
Final report, technical.

Final report: H.Hiessl et al. (2003): Alternativen der kommunalen waterversorgung und Abwaterentsorgung
- AKWA 2100. Band 53, Schriftenreihe Technik, Wirtschaft und Politik. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2003.
Dr. Harald Hiessl, h.hiessl@isi.fraunhofer.de; Breslauer Str. 48, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
19.11.2003 Ins
aktualisiert mit Beitrag vom 01.09.03
No
101
Germany
Urine and brownwater separation (and partial treatment) at the GTZ main office building, Eschborn
Urine separation toilets and on-site treatment of separate wastewater streams of an office building
Eschborn
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Dag-Hammerskjld-Weg 1-5;

65760 Eschborn, Germany
2005 - 2009
Phase 1
Start of construction 2005
Start of operation: end of 2006 (ongoing)
Phase 2:
Research project (treatment and reuse): planned to start mid 2009
Out of 650 employees, restaurant and conference rooms served by the urine separation system -->
approx.: 400 users/day.
23 waterless urinals, 50 urine divertsion flush toilets
Office building in urban area
GTZ, ecosan sector project
GTZ
GTZ, BMBF, HMULV
An enterprise for international cooperation, working for sustainable development worldwide, GTZ will
implement a modern system for the separate collection and reuse of urine and possibly a treatment and
reuse system for blackwater (mixed brown- and greywater).
Urine, blackwater (mixed brown- and greywater).
Waterless urinals; urine diversion flush toilets; a separate piping system for undiluted urine collection;
urine storage tanks
Reuse of urine for agricultural research.
Total sum (without VAT) 165,518 DU + additional costs 114,540
Waterless urinals (23 are installed): The Keramag waterless urinals (model Centaurus), which are made
of sanitary porcelain, are equipped with a flat rubber tube as odour seal and a sieve made of high-grade
steel.
The flat tube opens when urine flows through it. The sieve traps pubic hair which could otherwise stop the
flat rubber tube from closing properly.
Urine-diversion flush toilets (50 are installed): The toilets by Roediger (model NoMix) have two separate
bowls
Waterless
urinals:
The cleaning
staffand
changes
relatively
often at
facilities.
It has been
found that
for urine and
brownwater
collection
two pipe
connections
forthe
theGTZ
separated
wastewater
fractions.
They
thorough
the staff which
is responsible
the maintenance
of the
urinals
sometimes
are madeinstruction
of sanitaryof
porcelain.
The urine
is collectedfor
undiluted
(without flush
water)
byismeans
of a valve
lacking.
Thesethe
problems
are slightly
reduced
by replacing
sieves
rubber There
tube seals
withbuttons
a new, for
located below
urinal bowl:
the valve
is opened
when the
user and
sits down.
are two
optimised
model
if maintenance
is neglected,
then which
these releases
will also cause
problems.
Aswith
a result,
toilet flushing;
thebut
smaller
button is for
the urine flush,
about odour
1-3 L of
water, and
the
the
urinal
sieves,
and rubber
tube seals
were
larger
button
the faeces
are flushed
using
6 L in
of some
water.instances not cleaned for many weeks or months.
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-germany-eschborn-haus1This
led
to
the
accumulation
of
urinestone
on
the
sieve
as
well
as
pubic
hair
and
slime
deposits
which
Pipework
2009.pdf
then
cause odour
problems.
the new model
the sieveurine
and and
rubber
tube seal collection.
such urineThe
scale
Two separate
piping
systemsWith
are implemented
forofseparate
brownwater
urine
formation
hair accumulation
is iron
reduced.
flows fromand
the internal
toilets topubic
the storage
tanks in cast
pipes with enamel (epoxide) coating. The pipe
Flush
toilets:
diameters
areThe main problem with these toilets is that the urine pipe valve is susceptible to slimy struvite
precipitations
which
causes
clogging
of the
valve,
causing
the urineto
tothe
discharge
through
the brownwater
100
mm
(for
the
main
collectors),
80 mm
and
50 mm.
A connection
conventional
sewer
is installed
info@gtz.de;
http://www.gtz.de
pipe.
Therefore
it
is
crucial
to
apply
an
adequate
maintenance
routine.
As
this
maintenance
has urine
been
as well, which enables bypassing of the urine tanks. This Pipe material was chosen to minimise
neglected
in this project, all valves stopped working after about two years of use and now need to be
stone
replaced
(June 2009). ThePlastic
trade-off
between
flushingand
strength
and water saving, should also be
formation(encrustations).
pipes
would sufficient
also be possible
are cheaper.
adressed
in further
Urine storage
tanksdevelopment of the toilet bowl design. It was found that the urine flush is often not
strong
enough of
to 10
flush
urine-soiled
toilet
paper. When
users the
flush
water savings
are of
A
total volume
maway
isTel.:
provided
for urine
collection
and storage.
The
fourtwice,
polyethylene
(PE) tanks
Christina
Werner,
GTZ
+49 6196
http://www.gtz.de
negated.
About
third; in
ofthe
female
users79-0;
do
not
sit downinon
or the
anycar
other
toilets
public
2.5 m each
aretwo
located
basement
of the
building
a these
room in
park
area,inand
areplaces.The
equipped
urine
of these and
females
therefore not
collected.
This problem
could
be reduced
by providing
disinfection
with sampling
levelismeasuring
devices.
The pipework
design
allows
filling each
tank separately.
It
sprays
for the
seats. to fill the 4 tanks Therefore, about 40 m3 of urine are collected per year.
takes about
3 months
Dania 10.02.2006
Yes
102
Germany
Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for a residential and office
building at Vauban, Freiburg
Vacuum toilets, treatment of blackwater with anaerobic digestion, treatment of greywater on-site and reuse
of biogas and effluent, at an eco-building
Freiburg
Walter-Gropius-Str. 22, 79100 Freiburg
2000
Construction finished, part of treatment (anaerobic treatment unit) waiting for starting to work
1 building with 16 residential flats (30 adults, 10 children) and 4 offices

24 vacuum toilets and a biogas and greywater treatment system
Urban area
Fraunhofer Institut Karlsruhe (Innovative Systemtechnik)
TBW, Frankfurt
AG Technologietransfer, Umweltschutz, Raumplanung und Stadtkologie (ATURUS)
DBU
see Tagungsband Panesar and Lange
Blackwater, greywater
Vacuum toilets; vacuum station; biogas digester; biogas storage and post-fermentation tank; greywater
treatment installation; rainwater reuse
Greywater for irrigation and flushing vacuum toilets

Digested sludge for agricultural use
Biogas used to run the gas stirrer in the biogas reactor and cooking in the kitchen.
Vacuum system: investment - DM 73,500; operation - 30 per hh and year
Greywater system: investment - 15,000; addtional monitoring costs (1st year only) - 4600
Vacuum toilet:The needed vacuum of 0.5 bar for flushing the toilets is produced by the central vacuum
station (type PE30, Roediger) in the basement of the building. By pressing the flush button a membrane
valve opens for two seconds resulting in an under pressure. In these seconds 15 - 20 litre of air and 1 litre
water is used to flush the toilet. The waste stream is than transported towards a reservoir behind the toilet.
This reservoir is a development of Roediger and has a capacity of circa 9 litre of wastewater. Up to 5 - 6
flushes are stalled inside this reservoir and when this reservoir is full it automatically empties itself with the
help of 60 - 70 litre of air. The wastewater is subsequently transported to the collecting tank in the
basement. By using these kinds of reservoirs (that are connected straight after the vacuum toilet) the
possibilities of clogging the vacuum pipes towards the collecting tank is reduced. This because of the fact
that a larger amount of blackwater is flushed towards the collecting tank in one time.
Biogas digester: The separated tanks are constructed out of concrete, situated below ground level. The
blackwater is transported through a pipeline from the vacuum station towards the biogas reactor by the
Koetse, E. 2005. The implementation of DESAR concepts in two projects in Germany. Wageningen
discharge pump. Organic household waste can also be added after shredding to small pieces. To get a
University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
homogeneous substrate (blackwater & organic household waste) in the plant an integrated gas stirrer is
installed in the first compartment (biogas reactor). Biogas and substrate that is formed can be stored in the
next tank (biogas storage and postfermentation) where a post treatment takes place and the biogas is
separated
by a membrane. Biogas is cleaned by activated carbon filter. Dimensions: biogas reactor 6 m 3,
http://www.passivhaus-vauban.de/download.htmlhttp://www.vauban.de/aturus/www.vauban.de/wa
biogas storage and postfermentation 9 m3, pump station 3 m3, storage of fertiliser 14 m3.
Greywater system: A membrane filter unit (Mall Ultra-Sept). Treatement with the help of microorganism,
which form CO2 and mineralised particles under aerobic conditions. New sludge is produced within the
system which is reused in a returning cycle of the sludge. Within the water there are some floating
particles
and sludge
present
that are not separated
by flotation. To avoid the presence of particles in the
Dr.
A.R. Panesar;
email:
panesar@vauban.de
lange@vauban.de
treated wastewater
a membrane-module
(pore diameter
of 0.4 m) Raumplanung
is installed, thisund
membrane
is forming
ATURUS:
Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Technologietransfer,
Umweltschutz,
Stadtkologie
a barrier where no sludge
other Freiburg
particles can flow through. To avoid clogging of the membrane surface,
Walter-Gropius-Strae
22,or79100
crossflow
filtration is used.
On the membraneemail:
surface,
a turbulence is created (by the air that is flowing
fon:
0761-456833-34;
fax: 0761-456833-37;
aturus(at)vauban.de
next to the surface of the membrane) in the wastewater so a continuous filtration can take place.
http://www.vauban.de/projekte/aturus/
Dimensions: membrane surface 16 m2, pre-treatment 6 m3, aeration basin 5.5 m3, energy use blower 500
Watt.
Update: Yaniv 30.07.07.

22.02.2010 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) inserted details from Koetse publication above.
No
103
Germany
Vacuum sewerage and greywater recycling at the Ostarkade office building of the KfW
Bankengruppe, Frankfurt
Vacuum toilets and greywater on-site treatment and reuse system at an office building
Frankfurt
Palmengartenstr. 5-9, 60325 Frankfurt am Main.
2001 - 2002
1 building (16,611 m2) with 350 offices, 300 workplaces and 13 apartments
Office building in urban area
RKW Architektur and Stdtebau lp5 Ingeneurpartenerschaft
Rhode, Kellermann, Wawrowsky/Fran
The Ostarkade building contains many innovative facilities and combines economic and ecological
demands.
Greywater, sewage, rainwater
60 vaccum toilets, 20 vacuum urinals, rainwater catchment, greywater separation
Greywater reuse for flushing systems and cleaning water, rainwater use for irrigation
Vaccum system: investment - 80,000; maintenance - 1550 /y; electricity - 500 /y

Greywater system: investment - 50,000;
Roughly estimated annual return rate of 2 - 5% (system lifetime of 20 - 30 years)
The vacuum system was supplied by Roediger Vakuum und Haustechnik. Greywater treatment system
supplied by ACO Passavant. Greywater operates at a capacity of ca. 500 l/h and produces bathing water
quality.
The toilet and treatment facilities are well accepted by users and operating staff. Problems occured with
pipe blockages during the first 3 months.The greywater treatment system was originally designed
exclusively to treat greywater, but now also receives wastewater from the buildings and kitchen, thus
causing problems with the system performance. The membrane system in particular has had problems
and needed to be adapted to much higher pollution load in water. It would be better to treat highly charged
3
PowerPoint
presentations
on from
CD von
Lars Spth
Vakuum + from
Haustechnik:
Vacuum Sewerage
kitchen
wastewater
separately
greywater,
e.g. Roediger
with the blackwater
toilets. Cost-efficiency
of
Systems
(2) and
Vacuum with
Systems
Photo
reuse systems
increases
the scale
ofPresentation;
the project. In KfW buildings, vacuum sewerage and greywater
Koetse,
2005.
Thecost-efficient.
implementation
of DESAR
conceptsfor
in reuse
two projects
Germany.
recyclingE.was
found
Brownwater
treatment
was notinfound
to be cost-efficient.
http://www.kfw.de/DE/Service/OnlineBibl48/KfWUmweltbericht_engl.pdf
http://www.ip5.de/projekte/start.htmlhttp://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-001-germany-frankfurt-kfW-2005.pdf
Martin Selig, ip5 ingenieurpartnerschaft, Karl-Hoffman-Str. 7, 76137 Karlsruhe,

Tel. 0721 -38489090, info@ip5.de
Sren: combined Analiza+old info, 29.07.08

update: Yaniv 30.07.07
2.12.2003 Ins, dania 08.02.06
No
104
Germany
Ecological settlement in Allermhe, Hamburg
Composting toilets and constructed wetland for an urban housing area
Hamburg
c/o Helge Mangold

Fanny-Lewald-Ring 92a
21035 Hamburg; Germany
1983 - 2003

Construction period: 1985 - 2002 (in stages)
Building of the last two houses in 2003 (implementations of high energy conservation standards)
Start of operation: 1986 (in stages)
36 Houses. 114 inhabitants. End of 2003: 124 inhabitants . In 2009: 140 inhabitants
Urban social housing
Berger Biotechnik (composting toilets), AWA Ingenieure (constructed wetland)
kologisches Leben Allermhe e.V
Environmental Authority Hamburg, German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing
The ecological settlement is part of the new district Neu- Allermhe, where 3,800 residential units were
built between 1982 and 1994. It is a very green area with relatively low buildings (all less than 4 floors), 15
km southeast of Hamburg city centre. The eco-settlement in Neu-Allermhe-Ost (New- Allermhe-East)
consists of 36 single-family houses with approx. 140 inhabitants aged from 0 to 99 years. All inhabitants
are owners of their houses and none of the houses are rented out. The two-storey twin and terraced
houses differ in architecture to avoid uniformity. They are arranged around three small court yards: north,
middle and south. The area of Allermhe has many small canals. The entire area of the settlement has a
high groundwater table.
Excreta (optional: add organic kitchen waste and garden waste to the excreta stream), greywater,
rainwater
Composting toilets, constructed wetland

(low-energy housing, solar technique, rainwater harvesting)
Compost is used in the garden
Delivery and installation of 1 complete Terra Nova system with 2 toilets,approx. 6,500 EUR (in 2009)
Total costs for constructed wetland were 95,000.
Composting toilet system: Each toilet is connected to one straight chute to the composting container in the
basement. Up to 4 toilet pedestals can be connected to one composting container. Used toilet paper is
thrown into the toilet and organic kitchen waste can be added as well. The containers have a chamber
size of 1.5 - 3 m and are delivered with a starter bed consisting of 600 litres absorbing material
(compost). This waterless toilet system saves about 40 litres of water per capita per day compared to a
conventional flush toilet (10 L per flush) which adds up to 2,044 m water savings per year for the whole
settlement. Specifications: The toilet seat has a special oval design and offers enough security when being
General:
used by small children, so that they cannot fall down the chute. The toilet has a funnel-shaped plastic inlet
for
User
involvement
in, cleaning
and ownership
of the The
technology
very
easy
handling and
of the toilet.
toilet lidishas
to close tightly to increase air draft and
high
due tocorrect
the common
vision
which
was the container.
basic ideaAofmajor part of the liquid (80-100%) added to the
guarantee
aeration
of the
composting
the
toileteco-settlement.
in the form of urine/water is evaporated via the ventilation pipe. The ventilation pipe is insulated to
increase
Ownership
is higher
inhabitants are fan
owners
the
air draft
and when
avoid the
condensation.The
in theofventilation
pipe needs 29 Watt electrical power or
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-germany-hamburg-eco-settlement-in-allermoehe-2009.pdf
houses
notcan
tenants),
as is the
here.
less (fan(and
power
be adjusted
by case
a speed
controller). Leachate in the container (resulting mainly from
urine) can be collected in a separation chamber. A relatively wide chute diameter of 30 cm was chosen to
Specific
experiences
for theinner
the toilets
and the wetland are given in the SuSanA case study (see below).
reduce soiling
of the pipes
surface.
Constructed wetland system for greywater treatment: Area of 240 m (currently 1.7 m per person) and a
capacity
of 15 m per'Ecological
day. The actual
inflowin(in
2008) wasHamburg'
10 -13 m per day (82 L per person per day).
SuSanA Casestudy,
settlement
Allermhe,
The greywater pipes have a diameter of 100 mm. The filter material consists ofand
sand
with a depth of 1 m
http://www.oekosiedlungen.de/Liste/Bilder_Liste/Seiten/20_2_Allermoehe.htm
http://www.oekoand
is
siedlung-allermoehe.de/
covered by gravel with a depth of 0.1 m. The greywater from the houses first flows to an underground
Imhoff tank for grease revmoal. It is distributed in intervals to the three reed bed modules. All modules
are planted with
common
reed plants
(Phragmites
australis)
and are designed92a;
as vertical flow sub-surface
kologisches
Leben
Allermhe
e.V.; c/o
Helge Mangold;
Fanny-Lewald-Ring
constructed
wetland.
effluent
the reed
beds is collected in a polishing pond and is led from there
21035
Hamburg,
Tel.:The
040-735
72 from
4; Email:
oeko.siedlung@hamburg.de
to the neighbouring surface water
02.12.03 Ins 06.10.03

aktualiziert mit Beitrag vom 06.10.03. Dania 08.02.06 Update 19.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen
Yes
105
Germany
Composting toilets and constructed wetland for a residential area at Braamwisch, Hamburg
Composting toilets and constructed wetland in an urban social housing area
Hamburg
Braamwisch 31, 22175 Hamburg
40 houses. Assuming average household size of 2 (from country list), 80 users
kologische Siedlung Braamwisch e.V.
Low-energy housing community
Greywater, excreta, rainwater
Composting toilets; septic tank; downflow constructed wetland

(Solar energy - photovoltaic water warming system, rainwater catchment)
Compost toilets (Finnish and Swedish types) for human excreta and kitchen waste; greywater via septic
tank and a downflow constructed wetland. 0.5 cm high-pressure inflow pipes of PPMD for constructed
wetlands.
Significantly reduced water consumption
www.oekologische-siedlung-braamwisch.de
Kurt-Werner Mosert; kologische Siedlung Braamwisch e.V.; Braamwisch 31, 22175 Hamburg; KurtWerner.Mosert@t-online.de
19.02.2007 Sren Update
No
106
Germany
Multiple sanitation technologies for decentralised treatment and reuse at Oeko-Technik Park,
Hannover
Urine diverting toilets and vacuum toilets combined with constructed wetland and other technologies for
on-site treatment and reuse for a living area with homes, church, school and farmland
Hannover
Hgewiesen, 30657 Hannover
1995
5 apartment buildings (with 104 apartments), school, church and farming area prox: 800
Stadtwerke Hannover and others
BauBeCon AG with Stadtwerke Hannover AG
Aquaplaner engineers
Urine, brownwater, blackwater, greywater, rainwater
Waterless urinals, urine diversion toilets, vacuum toilets, vertical flow constructed wetlands, mini rotating
biological contactor plant, greywater evaporation bed, eco-bathtubs
Urine should be used as fertiliser, faeces as soil conditioner after fermentation (but dont know if practiced,
utnil 2005 it was not practiced), rainwater and greywater reuse for irrigation, toilet flushing.
ca. 190,000
2 constructed wetlands (one for 24 and one for 1 apartment), both constructed as vertical flow systems
with reed plants (saving appr. 1000 m drinking water per year).
A mini wastewater treatment plant using rotating biological contactor technology for 6 apartments (12
inhabitants) for the greywater from the bath tubs and washing machines in the same building (saving appr.
200 m drinking water per year).
2 Rainwater reservoirs for rainwater coming from the church and farm building roofs (saving appr. 200
m
Satisfaction
and savings
50%
of the water and energy demand, to be economically feasible, water and
of drinking water
per yearofand
flat).
energy
would
currently
have to be
by 30%. Greater
efforts
and maintenance
4 urineprices
diverting
toilets
in apartments
of raised
the Epiphanias
community
andfor
in operation
the farm (saving
are
required.
appr.
30 m of drinking water per year).
Constructed
The constructed
wetlands
and(saving
reliably.appr.
The 950
treated
water of
is clear,
32 vacuum wetlands:
toilets installed
in 32 apartments
withwork
appr.satisfactorily
80 inhabitants
m (84%
colourless
and odourless.
is storable
and has bathing water quality in accordance to the EU Directive.
standard flushing)
drinkingItwater
per year).
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-007-germany-hannover-oekotechnikpark-2005.pdfSee
PDS 007
The
works urinal
even at
temperatures
of temporarly
20C. Nevertheless
there
have700
been
Twoplant
waterless
facilities
in the boys
toilets of minus
the elementary
school (saving
appr.
m some
of
small
problems
during
operation: In the constructed wetland at the BauBeCon building 200 litres of
drinking
water per
year).
sewage
sludge
in the settlingintank.
2 years after
of operation
barrier
layer formed
12 unique
bathaccumulated
tubs called kowanne
12 apartments
withstart
special
featuresafor
the reutilisation
of in
the
reed bed.
It could
be easily
removed
thewater
layer per
withflat
a steel-pipe.
greywater
for toilet
flushing
(saving
appr. by
10 breaking
m drinking
and year). If the toilets are not
flushed
forgreywater
several weeks,
a lightbed
deposit
caused
by the water
is formed
in the and
toiletproduction
bowl. But this
can be
www.oeko-technik-park.de
A 60 m
evaporation
to treat
the greywater
of the
farm bakery
of willow.
easily removed with a toilet brush.
Rotating
biological
verysheet.
well, treated water is clear and odourless, storable and has
Further details
can contactor:
be found inworks
the data
bathing
water quality in accordance to the EU Directive. This system is for economic reasons mainly suitable for
apartment buildings or other bigger buildings. Critical points: Due to aggressive air humidity corrosion
Thomas
Stadtwerke
Hannoveroccurred
AG, Ihmeplatz
2, 30449Therefore
Hannover,
Tel. 0049-511-430
2842,
problemsHesse;
at some
minor components
in the system.
appropriate
corrosion-free
thomas.hesse@enercity.de
materials should be used. There have been several problems in the UV-light area due to blockages. A lack
of maintenance by the caretaker may cause a decrease of operational availability.
Dania 08.02.06
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com), 22.02.2010, inserted information from GTZ datasheet
No
107
Germany
The Emscher River Head Centre - decentralised wastewater treatment with separation of brown,
grey and yellowwater
rural upgrading
Holzwickede
Emscherquellhof, centre at the head of the Emscher River
2002 - 2006
Construction time: 2002 - 2006, Operation time: since 2006
26 total population (Einwohnerwerte)
rural area
Emscher River Association
Emscher River Association
Due to the the local situation and the high costs for reconstruction of the sewerage to the wastewater
treatment plant: decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse, recycling of grey and rainwater. The
building is an office/seminar room building of Emscherverband (rough estimate for table: 40 people)
grey, brown, yellow and rainwater
Urine separation toilets, waterfree urinal for yellwowater storage, brown and greywater pretreatment,
septic tank, and biological treatment, constructed wetland.
Grey and rainwater reuse for toilet flushing; Urine for agriculural use as fertiliser
Invest cost: 76600 ; Operating costs: 2000 /year
Yellowwater:
with maximum of capacity and 6 month storage, 56 l/d yellowwater, and the size of the cistern is 6 m with
a double wall, a leackage warning system and a manual level indication.
Some of the grey and rainwater is reused for toilet flushing.
Grey and Brownwater:
The
waterfreeinurinals
undisturbed.
Pretreatment
a 13 mrun
septic
tank. The urine separation toilets: Problems with the crystallisation of
Urine
and treatment:
clogging ofvertical
the sewer.
Biological
wetland with a specific land requirements of 3 m/PT
The wetlands had problems in the beginning with other plants.
The dimension of the urine cistern and septic tank were adequate.
Presentation by Silke Geisler on 10 March 2010: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/bconferences/10-bmu/03-de-Geisler-Emscherquellhof-und-Dahler-Feld-Geisler-2010.pdf
ww.dwa.de/KA
Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall 2009; Silke Geisler, Emschergenossenschaft / Lippeverband
01.03.2010, Marthe Roestel
No
108
Germany
using reedbed treatment at the Elbterassen Wussegel tourism facility, Hitzacker
Reed bed treatment systems at a tourism facility as a part of the SWAMP project. Reuse not known
Hitzacker (Elbe), District Lchow-Dannenberg, Lower Saxony
2003
The Elbterrassen Wussegel is a popular tourist cafe directly on the shore of the river Elbe. It is located in
the Lower Saxony biosphere reserve Elbtalaue in District Lchow-Dannenberg. At weekends during the
summer there are in the Elbterrassen up to 600 guests daily. Reedbed treatment system designed for 40
p.e.
-
AWA-Ingenieure Dr. Bahlo & Ebeling, Gartenstrae 36, D-29525 Uelzen, Tel. 0581 30733
E-mail: info@awa-ingenieure.de, www.awa-ingenieure.de
European Commission
Implementation of water saving technologies.

4 pits from 5 pits will be used as septic tank. The 5th pit will be adapted to a pump station with control
function to store the wastewater. The maximum of wastewater amount at weekends will be distributed to a
weekly cycle. So the max. wastewater amount does not cross 4 m3 per day. In comparison to the
calculation according to DIN, the dimensioning could be reduced about 70 %.
Wastewater
RBTS (Reed Bed Treatment System)
ca. 22,000
Sea level: 20 m
Capacity: Seats: up to 150 inside and up to 150 outside
Dimensioning (according to DIN) 40 p.e.
Wastewater production: Daily volume: 0.5 - 12.0 m3
Monthly volume: 15.0 - 120.0 m3
Surface area: 133 m2
An economic comparison was done with calculation of investment, operational and yearly costs between a
technical SBR-treatment plant and a reed bed system with vertical flow. The result: the reed bed system is
the cheaper solution.
www.awa-ingenieure.de/pdf/Wussegel-Flyer-deutsch.pdf
Hans Huber AG, Maschinen- und Anlagenbau, Industriepark Erasbach A1, 92334 Berching, Tel: ++49(0)8462-20 10, Fax: ++49-(0)8462-20 18 10, Mail: info@huber.de
29.12.04 Sonny // 10.07.09 Ren Schweizer
No
109
Germany
Composting toilets and constructed wetland with reuse for a residential area at Hassee, Kiel
Composting toilets and constructed wetland in an urban social housing area
Kiel
Am Moorwiesengraben 22, 24113 Kiel-Hassee
1990 - 1993
90 inhabitants
Werkgemeinschaft fr Architektur und Stdtebau

Dipl. Ing. Buhse, Damm, Hahn, Rose, Schulze
kologische Siedlung Hassee
Gemeinschaftshaus mit Infozentrum, Saal, Kindergarten und Energiezentrale, Pflanzenklranlage 20

Wohneinheiten in Einzel-, Doppel- und Reihenhausbauweise.Trinkwasserhaushalt: Schonung des
Grundwassers und sparsamer Wasserverbrauch
Trinkwasser nur fr notwendige Zwecke sparsam verwenden
Komposttoilette in allen Husern spart Trinkwasser und Klranlagenkapazitt
Siedlungsinterne Pflanzenklranlage fr Restgrauwasser (Kche und Waschen)
dadurch Verantwortung fr den Wasserkreislauf direkt erlebbar
Wasserverbrauch in der Siedlung Moorwiesengraben: 61 l / Person / Tag
Zum Vergleich:
Durchschnittlicher Wasserverbrauch in Deutschland: 163 l / Person / Tag
Regenwasserhaushalt: Grtmgliche Rckhaltung und Nutzung, naturnahe Versickerung
minimale Flchenversiegelung
Grasdcher auf allen Gebuden
Zisternen am Haus
Feuchtbiotop
offene Regenwasserablufe
Greywater, excreta, rainwater
Composting toilets, constructed wetland

(low-energy housing, solar technique, rainwater catchment,communal heating / power station)
ca. 1,125 EUR/m

ca. 4,75 Mio EUR Gesamtbaukosten
http://www.oekosiedlungen.de/moorwiesensiedlung/steckbrief.htm schulze-architekten.de/9200_direkt.htm
nordlicht.uni-kiel.de/agenda21/projekte/moor.htm
Barbara Rsner-Wersig, Axel Steude and Hartmuth Kluth

Verein Moorwiesenhaus; Am Moorwiesengraben 22; 24113 Kiel; Tel.: 0431/680863
10.07.09 Ren Schweizer
No
110
Germany
Decentralised water and wastewater treatment and reuse for a housing development area through
the Decentralised Urban Infrastructure Systems (DEUS 21) project, Knittlingen
Rainwater harvesting and use, vacuum toilets with decentralised treatment of wastewater and kitchen
waste and reuse of effluent for irrigation at a new housing development area
Knittlingen
Am Rmerweg in Knittlingen near Pforzheim, Baden-Wrttemberg
2004 - 2007 (ongoing in 2008)
c. 100 real estates planned with 350 inhabitants
Housing development area
Stuttgarter Fraunhofer-Institut fr Grenzflchen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB
Bundesministerium fr Bildung und Forschung BMBF. Other partners: Fraunhofer-Institut fr System- und
Innovationsforschung (IS), Karlsruhe; ISA der RWTH Aachen (university research partner); 9 industry
partners
Wastewater (+ kitchen waste), stormwater
Vacuum toilets; vacuum sewage; advanced WWTP (anaeroibc membrane bioreactor with rotating disk
filters)
Treated wastewater will have bathing water quality and is discharged to a river, or infiltrated into the soil or
used in irrigation.
Vacuum toilets connected to vacuum sewage, together with kitchen waste (shredders in households) is
pumped to advanced WWTP in the central Water House. The WWTP is designed for 50 people but can
easily be extended. Membrane bioreactor with two rotating disk filters. MBR is anaerobic (operating at
ambient temperatures). Remaining N and P will be upgraded to fertiliser.
Rainwater is collected and piped to the Water House, where it is treated with rotating disc filters.
Afterwards it goes into a piping system back to the users who can use it for showers, washing machine or
Currently
the trial period
has just Central
finished.rainwater
Now an upscaling
is planned
toilets (in drinking
water quality).
storage tank
of 300 mto3. cover 100 properties with 350
inhabitants.
www.igb.fraunhofer.de (http://www.igb.fraunhofer.de/WWW/GF/water/dt/GFWM_215_DEUS_KN.dt.html)
Prof. Dr. Walter Trsch; Fraunhofer-Institut fr Grenzflchen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB; Nobelstrae
12; 70569 Stuttgart
E-Mail: troesch@igb.fraunhofer.de; Telefon: 07 11/9 70-42 20, Fax: 07 11/9 70-42 00
11.10.04 Tim // 23.7.08 Elisabeth von Muench
No
111
Germany
using vacuum toilets and waterless urinals at the Burg Lenzen tourism facility, Lenzen
Vacuum toilets and waterless urinals at a tourism facility as part of the SWAMP project (treatment system
and reuse?)
At the river Elbe, Community of Lenzen, East Germany.
2007
A Hotel with the capacity of: Hotel beds 34; Restaurant seats 40; Room of seminars 40; max. number of
guests 120 (= 120 p. e.).
Vacuum toilets 30, waterless urinals 8
-
European Commission
Burg Lenzen is an old castle, which shall be reconstructed as a hotel with 34 beds, providing catering,
trade and seminar promotion.
Vacuum toilets and waterless urinals

(Water saving technologies at: washbowls 37, showers 26)
Agriculture reuse
29.12.04 Sonny // 09.07.09 Ren Schweizer
No
112
Germany
Ecological housing estate at Flintenbreite (vacuum toilets and constructed wetlands), Lbeck
Vacuum toilets, treatment of blackwater with biogas digestion and greywater with constructed wetland, and
reuse of biogas and digestate at an ecological housing settlement
Lbeck
Flintenbreite 4
23554 Lbeck
1995 - 2002

Start of operation: 2002 (except the blackwater reactor, not yet)
117 apartments in twin houses, terraced houses and blocks of flats appr. 350 - 380 inhabitants
Urban housing area
Otterwater GmbH
Infranova GmbH & Co. KG, Flintenbreite 4, 23554 Lbeck
Situated to the west of Lbeck, consists of 117 accommodations in twin and terraced houses; planned as
a car-free settlement; holistic ecological approach incl. Architecture, landscape planning, social
cooperation, energy and sanitation
Blackwater, greywater, rainwater, solid biowaste
Vacuum toilet; vacuum sewerage; thermic hygienisation; biogas plant; sedimentation unit; vertical flow
constructed wetland
Biogas used for power and heat; agricultural use of digested sludge; no use of greywater, diversion to
receiving water
Sanitation system: 600,000; Investment 40% higher than for the common system, while operation costs
are estimated to be 25% less
Vacuum toilets (system Roevac by Roediger): Vacuum canalisation of 50 - 65 mm diameter, laid in a

sawtooth profile in the same line with other supply media (cost saving).
Biogas plant: in mesophile operation (37C) with preliminary hygienisation (1 hour at 70C). The remaining
time in the reactor is 21 days.
- Construction delays and low uptake of houses lead to mal-fuctioning of biogas plant.
- The separation of different wastewater flows is possible for a high standard housing area of approx. 350
inhabitants with no operating problems.
- A relatively high load of phosphorous in the greywater is caused by washing-up liquids. Washing powder
tablets in particular contain up to 30% phosphorous. The inhabitants could be convinced to use different
SuSanA
case study,
estate at by
Flintenbreite,
Luebeck'. See website below.
brands, which
reduce'Ecological
the P-loadhousing
in the greywater
15%.
Lbecker
EXPOinstallations
Siedlung kologische
Wohnsiedlung
Flintenbreite
Lbeck,
Informations-Forum
- The technical
are well accepted
by the inhabitants.
The
vacuum
system causes no 01.2000
loss of
comfort, but a significant reduction of water consumption. The risk of clogging can be minimised by putting
the pipes 0.8 meter under the earth level (frost protected) and reminding the users not to dispose any
objects through the toilets.
www.flintenbreite.deSuSanA
study:
- The quantities of water and case
air had
to behttp://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-germany-luebeck-ecological-housing-b
adjusted during operation by the caretaker to optimise the
system. - Technicians had to get used to the new technologies. The experience gained with the first units
caused a significantly higher efficiency in the further realisation.
Dr.-Ing. Martin Oldenburg
Otterwater GmbH
Engelsgrube 81, 23552 Lbeck, Germany
0049-451-7020051; oldenburg@otterwater.de
02.12.2003 Ins; 27.10.2003 aktualisiert mit Beitrag

10.02.2006 Dania
19.02.2007 and 21.02.2007 Sren - Update
Update 22.02.2010 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from SuSanA case study
Yes
113
Germany
Rural farm and ecological conference centre with biogas plant and constructed wetland at
Wacholderhof, Murrhardt
Biogas digester for treatment of blackwater and animal faeces and constructed wetland for treatment of
other wastewater with reuse, at an ecological centre cum farm
Wacholderhof 17; 71540 Murrhardt-Steinberg
1996
Rural farm and conference centre
Wacholderhof e.V.
Wacholderhof e.V.
Located in the centre of a nature park; heating with wood from own forest, solar energy and wind energy in
planning, organic farming
Household wastewater, animal faeces
Biogas plant; constructed wetland; rainwater harvesting
Biogas to energy which is supplied to the local energy network; digested sludge used as fertiliser
especially in the fodder fields
200,000 Deutsch Marks (subsidised at 50%)
Decentraised biogas plant for anaerobic treatment of wastewater with codigestion of animal faeces and oil
waste.
Use of an old opel vehicle engine for electricity generation.
Rest of the farm wastewater is treated via a constructed wetland.
Rainwater harvesting and use as service water.
Expensive maintenance, labour and time intensive operation (manual feeding of the digestor)
http://www.wacholderhof-ev.de/index.html
Telefon: 07192 - 7710; Fax: 07192 - 1412; e-mail: wacholderhof@gmx.de
21.02.2007 Sren NEW
No
114
Germany
Greywater recycling in Hotel Arabella Sheraton Am Bsing Palais, Offenbach
Greywater collection, treatment and reuse at a hotel
Offenbach
Arabella Sheraton Hotel, Am Bsing Palais.

Berliner strae 111
63065 Offenbach am Main.
04/1995 - 01/1996
4-star hotel located in Offenbach, has a capacity of 380 beds, 211 rooms
Urban area: hotel
Ingenieurbro Nolde & Partner
Arabella Sheraton Frankfurt
When the construction of Arabella Sheraton in Offenbach was planned, the greywater collection, treatment
and recycling system was not included. The idea came out during the hotel construc-tion process. So the
existing system was built in the garage on two parking lots.
According to the initial design wash basins were placed at the opposite site from baths/showers, so the
greywater from wash basins was not included in the greywater recycling system, for the reason of sparing
extra draining pipes. Besides recycled greywater from bathes and showers is enough for toilet flushing.
Greywater, rainwater
Settling tank; rotating biological contactor; UV disinfection; service water tank
Greywater reuse for toilet flushing; rainwater for watering green areas
100,000 Euro (200.000 DM)
The greywater collection, treatment and recycling system is designed for a capacity of 20 m 3/day (400
beds). It takes 35 m2 to place the treatment facilities. It was designed on an estimation of 70 to 90 liter of
greywater to be produced per day per person and 50 to 70 liter water required per day per overnight for
toilet flushing. There were no existing legal minimum quality requirements for recycled greywater in
Germany, but the quality of the treated greywater was designed to meet the specific quality standards
issued on a leaflet by the Berlin Senate Department for using recycled greywater in building and housing.
Only environmentally sound and corrosion resistant materials are employed: PE and polypropylene (PP)
-tanks,PE
The cleaned
greywater
is odourless,
clear
andand
freebearings,
of suspended
material.
userfor
suffers
no loss
of
bio-rotors,
stainless
steel V4A
shafts
zinc-plated
steelThe
fittings
the tanks,
and
comfort
in comparison
the
use ofpipes.
drinking water. According to the hotel, no customer complained.
PE, PP, stainless
steel to
and
copper
- The primary settling tanks originally installed were market products for rainwater storage. They were
made from recycled polyethylene (PE). After some time of operation the first two tanks cracked due to
insufficient quality and were replaced by new PE tanks. The new tanks are functioning well.
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-018-germany-offenbach-arabella-2006.pdfSee
018
- The two motors for RBC units were replaced by other type of motors due to their incapability ofPDS
regulating
the rotation speed of the contactors.
- The first rotor of a RBC unit was broken after some time due to unbalanced heavy weight brought by the
wet bacteria while the contactor rotates. For this reason it was repaired.
- In the last ten years, aside from the problems stated above, the whole system was working quite well.
http://www.graywater.com; http://www.nolde-partner.de;
ArabellaSheraton Am Bsing Palais Frankfurt; Am Bsing Palais, Berliner Strae 111; Offenbach 63065,
Germany;
19. 11.2003 Ins

Dania 09.02.06
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) inserted information from GTZ datasheet.
No
115
Germany
Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for the visitor centre of the
national park Jasmund, Rgen
Vacuum toilets, treatment of blackwater with anaerobic digestion, treatment of greywater on-site and reuse
of biogas and effluent, at the visitor centre of a national park
Visitor Center in the national park Jasmund, Rgen
1998 - 2004
Feasibility studies: 1998

Opened: 2004
293,547 visitors in the year 2007.
Visitor Center in the national park Jasmund, Rgen
Vacuum toilets; waterless urinals; biogas plant; greywater recycling system
Use of biogas; use of digestate in agriculture
Reduction of demand of drinking water of about 80 %:; 5 percent by water saving fittings (2.5 litre per min
at washing basins); 12 percent by dry urinals; 43 percent by vacuum-toilets; 21 percent by greywaterrecycling. No emissions to the Baltic sea and the surrounding ecosystem. Recycling (agricultural use) of
750 kg nitrogen and 150 kg phosphorus each year. Production of 1,900 m biogas each year. Negligible
change of local water balance. 25 % reduction of costs (investment and running costs)
Klaus. U: Zero Emission Concept for Water and Wastewater Management, Project Rgen, Germany
http://www.aquaplaner.de/nph-ecosan-gtz.pdf
http://www.aquaplaner.de/
Uwe Klaus Aquaplaner - Consulting engineers for sustainable water management

Zur Bettfedernfabrik 1, 30451 Hanover, Germany
klaus@aquaplener.de
11.11.03 Ins
29.12.04 Sonny adding the publication 09.07.09 Ren Schweizer
No
116
Germany
using urine diversion toilets at the Park Morna See tourism facility, Soltau
Urine separation toilets and waterless urinals at a tourism facility as part of the SWAMP project (treatment
system and reuse?)
The tourist area of Lneburger Heath, Dittmern, community of Soltau.
Park Mornasee is a typical camping site located in the tourist area of Lneburger Heath, Dittmern,
community of Soltau. The site is providing 565 stands for caravan and tents
European Commission
Implementation of water saving technologies (e. g. waterless urinals, urine separation toilets).
Separate rainwater treatment by a french drain.
During the summer season (April - Oct.) when the influent is reaching its maximum level, the treated
wastewater collected will be reused for agricultural irrigation
http://www.zer0-m.org/phpatm/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=SWAMP_Guidelines.pdf&directory=Guidelines&PHPSESSID=c98be285fdb571c
29.12.04 Sonny
No
117
Germany
Vacuum toilets and biogas plant as a part of the Hamburg Water Cycle concept implementation in a
new residential area in Jenfeld, Hamburg
Vacuum toilets with treatment of blackwater in biogas digester and use of heat and power in a new
residential development area
Hamburg
Jenfeld, City zone Bezirk Wandsbek, Hamburg
2010 - 2013
2009
720 accommodation units. Approximately 1440 people served (assuming 2 people per household, from
country list).
Urban area
Hamburg Water Competence Network
Conversion of the former Lettow-Vorbeck Barracks into a new residential area.
Greywater, blackwater, rainwater
Vacuum toilets; surface area filtration; rainwater collection pond; biogas plant; water recirculation; aerobic
and phosphorus elimination pre-treament steps.
Watering of green areas; circulation through channels and cascades for beautification and micro-climate
improvement; heat and electricity generation; potential for nitrogen and phosphorus recovery.
Blackwater:
- vacuum toilets use 1L water/flush (i.e. blackwater < 10% of household wastewater)
- black water taken to nearby biogas facility, mixed with biomass and used for combined heat and power
generation. Part of electricity used to run the drainage network. Sludge will be initially given to the
Khlbrandhft treatment plant. In the future nitrogen and phosphorus recovery will be done.
Rainwater:
- Open drainage to a central pond. Bottom of pond is lined to always hold a minimum amount of water
also in dry months. Storage space is for 30 year rain event. Above the minimum level, water is sent via a
throttle to the receiving stream. To prevent eutrophication and lowering oxygen levels, the water is
circulated over cascades which are fitted with P removal filters.
- Water from near roads flows to pond via side channels. Water from far roads are filtered over green
areas and sent through cascade park before it flows into the pond.
Schonlau, H et al.(2008) 'Pilotprojekt fr ein ganzheitliches Entwsserungskonzept in Stdten',
Greywater:
Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall, Vol 55, No. 10.
- Pumped to facility with pretreatment, aerobic and P-elimination, and post-treamtent steps and from there
let out to the stream.
- In dry periods, the treated water it can be used to top up the level in the pond
www.dwa.de/KA
Nadira on 31.08.09 from article in Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall
No
No
118
Ghana
Ecological development of Valley View University, Accra
Water saving and reuse sanitation systems linked with agriculture development at the university
Accra
Valley View University, Accra, Ghana
2003 - 2009
Pre-phase: 2003-2005
BMBF funding ends in 2009 but the project is likely to continue with other funding or just run by university
itself
2500 people on the campus (staff and students) - most, but not all, live on the campus. In future, up to
5000 people (in about 2013)
Institution (university)
Consortium: Bauhaus University in Weimar (BUW), University of Hohenheim (UHOH), Ecological

Engineering Society (IV), Berger Biotechnik Ltd., Palutec Ltd.
Consortium as above
German Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF)
University campus covers 121 hectares. In 2001, water was delivered to the campus by truck. Wastewater
disposal used to take place in septic tanks decentralised for each building. Within the ecological
development of VVU, agriculture is challenged to produce crops for the supply of the cafeteria and the
local market, while offering environmentally sound and hygienically safe disposal solutions for valuable
and nutrient-rich sewage water, thus closing the nutrient loop. For this purpose, VVU has reserved an area
of about 20 hectares for farming on campus. The poor nutrient status and the low water holding capacity
of the soil along with very light precipitation make efficient use of soil fertility enhancing resources an
absolute must.
Urine, faeces, wastewater, bio-waste and left-over from the kitchen (plastic bags are now also recycled)
Specific technologies not clear, a little bit of everything mentioned
Urine, greywater, composting of septic tank sludge are utilised on the VVU own farmland for growing
various crops
Installations for treatment and management of black water, greywater and rainwater, urine and biogas (?).
Waterless urinals and water saving separation toilets.
The success of the physical measures was very much depending on care, training, acceptance and the
choice of the special responsible perons. A qualified supervision of the buildings by a construction
manager is essential.
See on website below
https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/respta/agric.php; www.ioev.de
Gunther Geller Project coordinator email: info@ioev.de
Updated in Sept. 08 by Elisabeth von Mnch (after speaking to Mr. Geller). He said he would still send
some financial information; Christina 16.9.2009 (colour changed from orange to grey)
No
119
Ghana
Pilot scale co-composting of faecal sludge and organic solid waste, Kumasi (currently not in
operation)
Combined treatment of faecal sludge and organic solid waste for reuse in agriculture.
Kumasi
Buobai, 15km eastwards of city centre of Kumasi, Ghana
2001 - 2002
Start of planning: 07/2001

Start of construction 10/2001
Start of operation: 02/2002
Total land area covered: ~500 m. City of Kumasi has 1 million inhabitants; but only a fraction of the faecal
sludge is treated. Text from SuSanA case study: Of the 500 m /d of faecal sludge produced, only 1.5
m/day is
treated in the pilot plant. Kumasi has a full-scale faecal sludge
treatment plant (formerly, the faecal sludge treatment plant at
Urban area
Buobai
was used; currently, the FSTP at Dompoase is the main
plant used). The pilot plant was only established to investigate
the aspect of co-composting. And it is not a daily operation as
the FSTP.
Joint planning by 4 institutions led by International Water

Management Institute (IWMI):
International Water Management Institute (IWMI);
executive institution
Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing
Ministry
of(SANDEC)
Foreign Affairs,
Countries
of theFrance
Swiss Federal Institute for
NCCR
South,
AquaticNorth
Science
andSwitzerland
Technology (EAWAG)
KEZO,
Switzerland
Kwame
Nkrumah University of Science and
Technology (KNUST)
Waste Management Department of Kumasi
The
overall faecal
sludge
treatment situation in Kumasi is as follows, according to Vodounhessi and von
Metropolitan
Assembly
(KMA)
Mnch (2006) The collection companies discharge the collected FS at the privately operated FS
treatment plant (FSTP) at Dompoase and there is now no longer illegal FS dumping in the city. This has
been successful through the strictness of the District Assembly rules and the community participation in
denouncing defaulters. The FSTP is located at the Dompoase solid waste landfill site and consists of five
anaerobic, one facultative and two maturation ponds to treat FS and landfill leachate. The facility became
operational in January 2004. The treated liquid effluent is mixed with the underground drainage from the
solid waste landfill and discharged into Sisai River without further treatment, despite questionable effluent
quality (based on visual observation; no analytical data available)."
Faecal sludge and organic solid waste
1) faecal sludge drying on unplanted drying beds and

2) windrows co-composting of dried faecal sludge (FS) and
organic solid waste (oSW).
Compost for growing cereals and vegetables
Capital investment costs: 16,500
Two unplanted drying beds were built with a surface area of 25 m2 each (to hold 15 m excreta with a
depth of 30 cm). They consist of different layers of a gravel-sand filter material of different thickness and
particle sizes.
The composting area is a roofed and sealed composting pad of 10 x 12 m. The composting pad has a
slight slope of 1% towards the centre where a narrow drainage channel is located. This serves as a
drainage system in case of leachate generation. The maturation area is a roofed and sealed pad of 7 x 6
m. These can be applied for similar climatic conditions and faecal sludge characteristics in other countries.
Functional improvements of the drying beds are necessary to guarantee a continuous and sustainable
compost
production.
are needed
on the
filter
qualitybelow)
and how to control the effect of rainfall.
Further design
detailsImprovements
are given SuSanA
case study
(see
website
The co-composting plant has experienced the following operational problems:
Occasionally, long delays in waste delivery to the site occur (due to logistical problems with the waste
collectors) which consequently cause a disruption of the operation.
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-ghana-kumasi-cocomposting-2009.pdf
If there is excessive rain then the sludge drying process takes longer than the usual 10 days, as the
drying beds are not covered (clogging of the beds may also occur in this case).
It has been observed that the nitrogen content of the compost is lower than would be required for high
yield of
short duration crop production as practiced in the urban areas. This is due to nitrogen losses during both
http://www.google.de/search?q=Co-composting+faecal+sludge+%26+organic+solid+waste
faecal sludge drying and the composting process itself.
Some measures (e.g. reduction of the compost turning frequency, fertiliser enrichment) are taken in order
to reduce these nitrogen losses. An enriched form of the compost called Comliser (mixture of compost and
chemical fertiliser) is prepared and tested with farmers. Addition of pure urine to the compost to increase
the nitrogen content was considered but not carried out yet. IWMI, as one of the research partners, is in
For
further information
contact:
the process
of developing
a follow up research. The compost is generally of high quality as sorting of the
Dr.
Olufunke Cofie (IWMI)
solid
T:
+233-244-741703
waste
(to removed inorganic matter, e.g. pieces of plastic and metal) is done very carefully and diligently
F:
be +233-21-784752
the plant workers.
E: o.cofie@cgiar.org
Update 19.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen.Updated on the 23rd of september by Paul Okan-Adjetey.

Yes
120
Guinea (Conakry)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools in Ansoumaniya, Dubrka and Kissidougou,
Conakry, Kindia, Guinea
sanitation improvement project
Ansoumaniya, Dubrka, Kissidougou, Conakry, Kindia
c/o CREPA Guine (Conakry) BP 1278 Conakry

Tl. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
E-mail:madinaloudabah@yahoo.fr
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
2003-2010
10 /11
To be determined(TBD)
primary school
CREPA Guinea Conakry
UNICEF
This project falls under the Government of Guinea Conakry and UNICEF Program In Guinea l' ecological
cleansing was introduced by CREPA in 2002 through a research program comprising four areas
(sociocultural, technical, agronomic and medical). Results were obtained from a pilot village (Ansoumaniya,
Dubrka) and presented the 1st forum of research of CREPA in 2004 in Ouagadougou.
Decentralised, and integrated project in Kissidougou Zone (2006) Promotion of hygiene in the schools: 5,000
pupils in two schools in Conakry have access and use UDDT latrines , drinking water in the classrooms and
handwashing facilities at the entrance of the toilets. Also committees have been set-up for children,
headmasters and PTAs. As a result, schools are now able to manage the infrastructures of water and
cleansing, and maintain cleanliness in the schools and follow basic hygiene practices at the critical times.
Approximately 8 schools have benefited from the countruction of 32 facilities in total, under UNICEF's support
Separation of urine and faeces
UDDT
Agriculture
CREPA continues the popularize ECOSAN [UDDT], in particular in Kindia where there is school and
community latrines. The collection of the urine from the school is used for certain market-gardening groupings
of Kindia. The outcomes have been to some degree researched based with agricultural institutions. However
the products from the latrines have been used to grow a substantial amount of produce, mostly research
based: household flour, bananas, egg plant, cucumber, corn and other items
n/a
n/a
Madina Bah
WES Officer
UNICEF Conakry, BP: 222
Rpublique de Guine
Tl. Bureau : (+224) 62 66 34 10
Mobiles: 60 55 02 13 / 64 39 72 45
Sat.Fax : +874 762 708 086
E-mail : mbah@unicef.org
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Madina Bah (unicef) via e-mail from
Jane Bevan 14 April 2010
No
No
121
Guinea (Conakry)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools Bamban High School and Sguyah Primary
School (Kindia)
School sanitation and hygiene improvement project
Kindia

Tl. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
2007-2008
10 /11
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
previous phase
schools
CREPA Guinea Conakry and Local Government
9 facilities built in two schools
seperation of urine and faeces
Urine Diversion and Dehydration Toilets (UDDTs)
Agriculture
Fatoumata Binta BARRY

Directrice Rsidente
CREPA Guine (Conakry)
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27/crepa-gui@afribone.net.gn,
barrybinta5@yahoo.fr,
Inserted and reviewed by Paul Okan-Adjetey with info from Belinda Abraham 30.06.2010 based on
information received from Madina Bah (unicef) via e-mail from Jane Bevan 14 April 2010 and updated
with information received from Ms. Binta , 7 August 2010
no
no
122
Guinea (Conakry)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in schools of Salloube, and Tialre and the community of
Dalaba
School and community sanitation improvement project
Kindia

Tl. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
2008-2009
previous
schools and community
ACAUPED (France) and CREPA Guinea Conakry
11 facilities built in two schools and a community.
Seperation of urine and faeces
Urine Diversion and Dehydration Toilets
Agriculture

Directrice Rsidente
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
Entered by B.Abraham 30.06.2010 based on information received from Madina Bah (unicef) via e-mail
from Jane Bevan 14 April 2010 and updated with information received from Ms. Binta , 7 August 2010
no
no
123
Guinea (Conakry)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the Community of Damakhanyah in Kindia
Community sanitation improvement
Kindia

Tl. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
2008-2009
previous
community
A total of 14 communal facilities were built
Urine and faeces
Urine Diversion and Dehydration Toilets
Agriculture

Directrice Rsidente
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
no
no
124
Guinea (Conakry)
Public urinals in 'Place de lindpendance Palais de Justice', Kindia
sanitation improvement/ research
Kindia

Tl. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
Jul-05
previous
Tl:
(00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
urban city
Guine44 and Local Government of Kindia
five urinals were constructed
urine collected
urinals
Agriculture

Directrice Rsidente
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
no
no
125
Guinea (Conakry)
Household urinals in the community of Molota Prfecture, Kindia
sanitation improvement/ research
Kindia

Tl. Portable (+224) 60 55 02 13
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
(00224) 60 57 35 27
Jul-05
current
households
Guine44 and Local Government of Kindia
A total of 30 household urinals were constructed
urine
urinals
agriculture

Directrice Rsidente
Tl: (00224) 64 30 33 81
no
no
126
Haiti
Dry composting toilet at a public market place, Cap Haitien
Double-vault dry composting toilet for a public market place where women especially work
Cap Haitien
Petitte Anse, Cap Haitien
December 17th 2007 just after the Hurricane struck
300 people
Public toilet in a market place
Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group (AIDG); SOIL or SOL and; Asosasyon Fanm Aktif Petit
Anse (AFAPA)
AFAFA
The rains that accompanied Hurricane Noel in November 2007 made for unpleasant walking for PetiteAnses residents. Mud on unpaved streets churned and mixed with litter and raw sewage in this
neighborhood of Cap Haitien in Northern Haiti. Prior to this project, the only available toilet in the area was
a rundown latrine that was nearly full, difficult to access and surrounded by garbage.
The public toilets are located in the rear of the public market in Petite-Anse where hundreds of women
work each day selling produce and other goods. The toilet serves 300 people. AFAPA chose to charge
people from the market a small fee to use the toilet (5 Gourdes = ~12 cents US). The money is used to
pay someone to manage the latrines and to buy toilet paper and cleaning supplies.
Excreta (presumably, since composting toilet)
Double vault dry composting toilet
Not known
Not known
http://www.aidg.org/outreach/petite_anse_latrine.htm
New: 14.05.2008 Analiza
No
Ahabwe Gerald on 29.10.2008 email:gz.ahabwe@gmail.com.Updated project period.by Paul OkanAdjetey based on information from the website on 23/09/2010
127
Haiti
Treatment of waste from public latrines in a biogas plant, Cap Haitien
Biogas digester for treatment of waste from city's public latrine along with organic waste and use of biogas
for energy
Cap Haitien
Haiti
In planning process
Urban area
AIDG
Working on a partnership with Oxfam, the municipal government of Cap Haitien, and local community
groups
AIDGs second incubated business will work to address two problems plaguing Haitis 2nd largest city:
poor sanitation and inadequate energy sources
Municipal scale waste treatment and biogas plant. As part of a pilot project, AIDG will install a communityscale biodigester for a pottery collective in Lori, Haiti. The biogas generated will fuel a small kiln.
Biogas for energy
They are looking to employ a biogas plant design similar to models put out by Ashden Award Winners,
Biotech of Kerala India
http://www.aidg.org/outreach/cap_haitien_2007.htm
No
128
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilet centres at Navsarjan Boarding Schools, Gujarat
Concepts and technologies implemented at the primary schools (boarding schools) shall provide
Navsarjan Trust with first hand experiences on ecologically sound sanitation concepts and the knowledge
for further dissemination of ecosan in Gujarat, specifically UDDTs and urinals.
Various rural locations in the state of Gujarat, India

Navsarjan vidhyalaya, Gujarat, India, at: 1. Rayka village, Dhandhuka taluka, Ahmedabad district 2.
Katariya village, Limdi taluka, Surendranagar district 3. Navsarjan vidhyalaya, Sami village, Sami taluka,
Patan district.
2004 - 2006
Dec 2004: planning; 2005: construction; Feb 2006: 1st UDDT centre (at Katariya) inaugurated; Jul 2006:
operation of sanitation facilities at Katariya. Finalisation of construction at Sami taluka is expected soon.
3 primary schools (up to 210 pupils and 10 staff each), approx. 660 people in total
8 toilet units per school (i.e. 24 in total)
Rural area: school
Navsarjan Trust, India; seecon international; GTZ; IEES
Navsarjan Trust, India; seecon international; GTZ; IEES
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
Willingness to improve situation of Dalit caste including safe treatment and reuse of faeces, urine and
greywater. Provide children with first hand experiences on ecosan concepts. Hygiene education and
raising awareness on socially and culturally acceptable, sustainable, and hygienically safe sanitation
concepts was also the focus.
Separate streams of urine, faeces, and greywater respectively
Double-vault UDDTs, urinals, urine collection system, vertical flow filter for greywater
The desiccated faeces and cover material and urine (after storage) is applied as soil amendment and
nitrogen-rich liquid fertiliser respectively to flower beds, kitchen gardens, etc. Treated greywater is used
for irrigating the garden.
Construction and labour costs for establishing a single sanitation centre adds up to approx. 4,700 Euro.
- "3-hole" squatting pans (urine, faeces and anal wash water collected separately);
- in order to facilitate the harvest of the desiccated faeces and cover material, the toilets are designed to
operate in batches and cubicles will double-up as showers during the resting period. If a processing
chamber is full, the cubicle above is converted into a bathroom by providing a specially designed cover
that seals the urine-diversion squatting pan and prevents showerwater from entering either the processing
chamber or the urine collection system.
- processing chamber with minimum volume 2 m3, 5 urine tanks of 2 m3;
Spreading
knowledge
from
school
kids to villages.
Elimination
prejudices
village
- greywaterofthat
is collected
from
bathrooms,
washbasins
and theoflaundry
areaamong
is drained
to adwellers.
vertical flow
Project
helped
to remove
caste-based
filter filled
with organics
(rice
husk, sawoccupation.
dust, etc.). Promotion of gender issues (scavening mainly done by
women) and of sanitation under the aspect of human dignity (cultural and social relevance).
Ecosan Project Data Sheet 022 (2007): see http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-022-indianavsarjan-schools-2007.pdf.
Wafler, M. (2006): Report on Case Studies of Ecosan Pilot Projects in India Version 1,
September 5th, 2006. Macwan, M. and Heeb, J. (2006): Navsarjan Ecosan Pilot Project in Gujarat
State, India. see http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-navsarjanecosan-pilot-projects-2006.pdf.
http://www.ecosanservices.org/page.php?id=1009#par1296
Martin Wafler, martin.wafler@seecon.ch, seecon gmbh, Lwengasse 47, 1030 Vienna, Austria, +43-650511-8669
New: Sren, 16.11.06 update: Yaniv 24.5.07; update: Philipp Feiereisen 18.05.2009; Isabelle Kunze
12.08.2009 (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
Yes
129
India
Demonstration of an eco-friendly, reuse-oriented public toilet centre in Rajendra Nagar Slum,
Bangalore, Karnataka (no longer in use)
Public toilet centres with urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in a slum area and an external
excreta processing facility. A pilot urban upgrading sanitation project.
Bangalore
Rajendra Nagar Slum, Bangalore, state of Karnataka, India
1999 - 2006
Jun 1999: planning; Mar 2000-2001: construction in cooperation with Seecon Intern. GmbH; Aug 20012005: operation; Jun 2005: replanning excreta transport and treatment; Nov 2005-2006: upgraded
services functional; Jan 2006: demonstration phase ends-toilets close as lease contract expired; ACTS
applied to the authorities for a 2nd project phase under its management
8 toilets (4 for men, 4 for women), serving up to 1,000 users daily at one public toilet centre.
Slum (transition) area
Seecon, GTZ
ACTS (Arts, Crafts, Trade and Studies) Bangalore
IEES
Before 2001, the majority of households in the huge slum did not have their own toilets and there was only
one functioning public toilet. Problems and risks for women in particular due to sexual harassment.
Separate streams of faecal matter with paper, urine, and greywater respectively
separation and storage of urine and faeces; daily collection of urine and faeces by a vacuum truck; faeces
matter with waste paper and biodegradable waste processed in a biogas plant; slurry dried in sludge
drying beds; water used for handwashing water was drained to an infiltration bed; surplus water was
collected in a subsurface collection tank.
Faecal material: treated in a biogas plant,dried slurry applied as a soil amendment at the ACTS School
Campus.
Urine: applied as a nitrogen-rich liquid fertiliser to banana plantations.
Any surplus water that was not taken up by the planted infiltration bed in front of the public toilet water
drained to a nearby municipal sewer.
Estimations of a cost-revenue analysis (for 5 centres & 3 biogas plants) in case of upscaling the
demonstratin project: Capital costs: 110 - 122,000 / 190-229,000 (with interest); Operational costs:
16,400-20,000/yr; Income: 19,100-62,300/yr;
"3-hole" squatting pans; processing and reuse site for source separated flow streams outside the city at an
ACTS secondary school; the floating-drum type biodigester with water jacket, which was installed at the
ACTS Rayasandra Campus, has a reactor capacity of ca. 40 m3 (inner diameter: 3,80 m; height: 3,70 m).
- Improved human community health and food security through successful implementation of socially and
culturally accepted ecosan toilet centre; efficient nutrient-cycles between urban (consumer) and rural
(producer) areas (economic development); strong organisational management and long-term cooperation
with local partners; hygenically secure handling of human excreta; creation of new jobs; reduction of
transport costs (planned); stakeholder involvement is essential; urine-diversion system proved feasible;
Ecosan
Project
Data Sheet
023: http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-023-india-bangalorelong-term
experiences
and internationally/interdisciplinary
research is crucial for learning processes and
public-toilet-2007.pdf.
critical reflection
Wafler, M. (2006): Report on Case Studies of Ecosan Pilot Projects in India, Version
1,
September
5th, 2006.
- Just
a few weeks
before the end of the lease contract, SULABH had opened a toilet cum shower etc.
quite close to the SEECON-toilet. This had reduced the number of visitors considerably.
- The biogas plant implemented for the project is still in operation and is being used for co - fermentation
of green waste. The transport car is being used for the collection of the green waste.
GTZ;
Dr. Johannes Heeb, johannes.heeb@seecon.eu, seecon gmbh, Bahnhofstrasse 2, CH-6110 Wolhusen,
Switzerland, +41-79-366-6850
Dania 14.02.2006;
Updated: Sren, 16.11.06; update: Yaniv, 23.5.07; update 18.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen; update, Isabelle
Kunze: 12.08.2009. (isa.kunze@gmail.com). Nadira update, 16.11.09, on closure from email with A.
Panesar and J. Heebs.
No
130
India
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as compost toilets) in four villages
(including tsunami hit villages) of Trichy and Nagai Districts, Tamil Nadu
Implementing urine diversion dehydrating toilets (UDDTs) as the sanitation practice in rural areas with
reuse of products; includes rural reconstruction after disaster.
Musiri Village, Trichy District; Sevanthalingapuram Village, Trichy District; Vellur - Musiri Village, Trichy
District; Kameshwaram Village, Nagai District. All in the state of Tamil Nadu
Various time periods. Approximately 2006 onwards.
Musiri Village, Trichy District: 400 toilets, 1,200 users

Sevanthalingapuram, Trichy District: 220 toilets, 710 users
Vellur - Musiri, Trichy District: 50 toilets, 240 users
Kameshwaram, Nagai District: 350 toilets, 1,300 users
I.e. total number of toilets is 1,020 with 3,450 users
Ruralofarea
90%
the people in these villages are using the UDDTs
Society for Community Organisation and Peoples Education (SCOPE)
Society for Community Organisation and Peoples Education (SCOPE)
For Kameshwaram Village: UNICEF; DRDA (Nagapattinam District Rural Development Agency); FIN
(Friends in Need) of France; house owners
Kameshwaram village was strongly hit by tsunami.

Special problems of conventional toilet models in high water-table and sandy coastal areas.
Separate streams of anal wash water, urine and faeces respectively
Double-vault UDDT
Irrigation / fertiliser in the house garden
7,000 INR/unit (approx. 100 )

For Kameshwaram Village: 2,500 INR/unit from UNICEF, 1,200 INR/unit from DRDA & 1,200 INR/unit from
FIN & 2,100 INR/unit from house owners
SCOPE UDDT ('composting') toilet:
The UDDT has two chambers and is used alternatively. 3-hole squatting pan is used to separate the waste
streams (faeces, urine, wash water). Faeces is stored for about 8 - 10 months. The toilet is provided with
a concrete bottom so that there will be no contact between the human excreta and the soil. After
defecation the user sprinkles ash over excreta so that there will not be any fly or mosquito nuisance. S/He
then closes the drop hole with a lid. Only about three liters of water is needed for body wash. (In
comparison, a conventional toilet uses 12 to 15 L water).
As opposed to conventional sanitation constructions, ecosan constructions are highly suitable for high
water-table
areasdrains
such through
as sandythe
coastal
belts
The wash water
hole in
the and
washriverbanks.
water bowl and is taken to a filter bed that filters out
faecal matter in the wash water. From the filter pit the water flows out to vegetation near by. A blackened
vent pipe fixed in the faecal chamber quickens the dehydration of the faecal matter.
Two newspaper articles in "The Hindu":
Tsunami-hit village gets 50 ecosan toilets,
http://www.thehindu.com/2006/09/20/stories/2006092016410300.htm, published Wed, Sept. 20, 2006.
Maximum `ECOSAN' toilets for fishing village,
http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/07/stories/2007010714450300.htm, published Sun, Jan 07, 2007.
For further information on SCOPE see http://www.scopetrichy.com
M. Subburaman, SCOPE, P/17, 6th Cross, Ahmed Colony, Ramalinganagar, Trichy 620003, India
08.01.2007 - Sren new

update: 24.5.07 Yaniv; update: 13.08.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
Update 16.11.09 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from email from M. Subburaman.
No
131
India
Total Sanitation Campaign Project using urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as
composting toilet), Mysore, Karnataka
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) as a means of implementing the Total Sanitation Campaign of
the district
school upgrading ??
Mysore District, State of Karnataka
2006 - 2009
1,230 villages in the district and will help in bringing about a qualitative change in life in rural areas. The
project is expected to be completed by 2009 and will benefit 90,000 families living below the poverty line
who will be provided with sanitation. (no. of people?). how many actually done till now?
Rural area
Rural Development Department
Rural Development Department and local NGO (Total Sanitation Campaign)
UNICEF
Separate streams of anal wash water, urine and faeces respectively
Double-vault UDDT
Irrigation / fertiliser in the house garden
The cost of the special toilet was INR. 11,000 (approx. 160 ) of which UNICEF would give INR. 5,000 and
MYRADA had agreed to give INR 2,500. The project beneficiaries would contribute INR 3,500 by way of
labour or material.
Basic design information and experience from SCOPE Project in Kameshwaram- i.e. a double-vault UDDT
http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/17/stories/2006121711070300.htm; For further information on all projects launched by the Toilet Sanitation Campaign see
http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/17/stories/2006121711070300.htm
Mrs. N.T. Abroo, Manioj Kumar and Mr. Venugopal, Rural Development Department, State Government of
Karnataka; cse@cseindia.org
08.01.2007 - Sren new; Analiza added some information on 28.08.2008; updated and changed
01.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
No
132
India
Sustainable sanitation infrastructure project at the pilgrimage town of Pandharpur, Maharashtra
Public toilets for pilgrimage town
Pandharpur
Pandharpur, Solapur District, state of Maharashtra, India
2006 - ongoing planning process.
The Ecosan Services Foundation from Pune, India, is conducting a sanitation feasibility study for the city
of Pandharpur. The design and construction of a reuse-oriented ecosan system will follow. After a first
draft prefeasibility study has been conducted, the project proposal has been submitted to Pandharpur
Municipal Council and Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran State Environment Department. Based on the
expertise of seecon consultancy, the project is about to start in about one year.
Planning process
Mid-size city (100,000 permanent residents, 25,000 floating population, several 100,000 up to 1 million
devotees on several occasions)
Seecon and IESNI
Seecon and IESNI
The project is conducted with collaboration of the city council, the Maharashtra Pollution Board, GTZ and
Seecon International
Located at the banks of the Bhima-River, the town is one of the most important pilgrimage places of the
state. Makeshift toilets are provided along the riverbanks during festival seasons and the sanitary situation
in general is poor. The small pilgrimage town lacks the necessary infrastructure, which leads to
environmental stress resulting in a steady degradation of environmental status/conditions of the town.
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively
Proposed: Source-separate collection, treatment and reuse
Pictures about the Pandharpur project are available on flickr:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157606536182337/.
Dr. Johannes Heeb, johannes.heeb@seecon.eu, seecon gmbh, Bahnhofstrasse 2, CH-6110 Wolhusen,

+41-79-366-6850; Martin Wafler, martin.wafler@seecon.ch, seecon gmbh, Lwengasse 47, 1030 Vienna,
Austria, +43-650-511-8669
New: Sren, 16.11.06; update: 03.09.2009 Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
No
133
India
Pour-flush toilets with biogas plant at DSK (Dalit Shakti Kendra) Training Institute, Gujarat
Sanitation facilities upgraded in a boarding training institute using systems with separated waste streams,
on-site treatment and reuse of products.
Dalit Shakti Kendra Training Centre, Nani Devti Village near Sanand, Ahmedabad District, Gujarat
Province
2004 - 2006
Start: 09/2004
Start of construction: 02/2005
300 students, 500 visitors per month
One sanitation complex with 22 pour-flush toilet cabins (11 for females and 11 for males). 2 UDDTs next to
the men's hostel. 1 UDDT next to the women's hostel. 1 urinal centre (with multiple male and femal
urinals)
Rural area: vocational training institute with boarding facilities
Navsarjan Trust, seecon international, GTZ, IEES
Navsarjan Trust, seecon international, GTZ, IEES (International Centre fo Ecological Engineering)
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
The DSK institute wastewater was collected and infiltrated into the ground by two soak-pits located close
to the
hostel building. The following reasons led to a malfunction of the system:
Due to the lack of maintenance (sludge removal of the soakpits), sludge accumulated at the bottom and
walls of the soak-pits leading to an insufficient infiltration of the wastewater into the ground.
In addition, wastewater was not discharged into the soakpits at ground level but at a depth of 3 m below
ground. This caused a permanently flooded sewer and soak-pits, resulting in significant odour as well as
unhygienic conditions (flies breeding contributing to the transmission of diseases).
The groundwater level varies between 5 m (during dry season) and only 1.5 m below ground (during
rainy season). It can therefore be assumed that wastewater also mixed with
the groundwater, which was a severe health risk as groundwater is used for drinking water.
The Institute was planning an expansion, and hence a new sanitation concept was also developed.
Navasarjan Trust aims at eliminating discrimination based on caste to assure equality of status and
opportunities. Manual scavenging practices should stop with the help of ecosan and hence such a
sanitation system was implemented
Black water; urine; dried faeces; greywater streams.
Pour-flush toilets connected with biogas plant; sludge drying bed.

Men and women urinals (used with flushing water); single-vault UDDTS; urine storage/hygienisation tanks.
Organic filter; elevated grey-water gardens.
Biogas: used as a substitute to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and firewood cooking; Slurry: used as a
soil conditioner (e.g. growing seeds);
Source-separated urine collected from the urinal centre (with flush water) and the UDDTs: applied after
storage as a nitrogen-rich liquid organic fertiliser in the kitchen-garden and campus lawn.
Greywater from dishwashing: treated by organic (straw) filter, stored and used to irrigate nearby
plantations.
Greywater from bathrooms: pre-treated in elevated greywater gardens and any surplus that does not
infiltrate is collected in a tank and reused for irrigation purposes in the dry season.
Sanitation Complex:
Toilet cabins with pour (low) flush squatting pans (with water seal) using 4-5 L per flush, arranged in a
circular shape around a biogas plant located in the center.
Biogas plant: It has a "floating drum" cover which simultaneously stores and provides the produced gas at
a constant pressure. The daily amount of blackwater of 1.4 to 2.4 m3/d. With the given volume of the
biogas digester of 27.3 m, this results in a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 11 to 20 days. With a HRT of
11 days at mesophilic temperatures, anaerobic decomposition and hygienisation (if at all) will however be
Urinal
centre:
to incorrect In
installation
of 'membrane
valves'
attached
at the
urinal drains
for odour
very low
(beingdue
investigated).
order to increase
the gas
production
organic
material
is sometimes
added
control
to reduce the
water cow
consumption,
from theand
neighbouring
farmers
manure. odours came out of the drains. Hence, flushing became
necessary for both ladies' and gents' urinals. Consequently, the membrane valves have been removed
and
today
urinal is flushed 8 times a day. A solution could consist of installing a 3-way-valve that
UDDTs
andthe
urinals:
would
the flushing
3-hole collect
squatting,
UD panswater
used.separately from the urine.
For
SuSanA Case
Study on DSK Vocational Training Centre (2009) see:
Biogas
with
5 urine plant:
tanks 3
m3 the actual number of students permanently present on the campus, the volume of
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-gurajat-navsarjan-dsk.pdf.
biogas plant has become insufficient. This results in a hydraulic retention time being much lower than the
Panse,
Dayanand,
B. for.
(2006): Ecological sanitation - a need for today! Progress on ecosan in India.
one initially
designed
Available
gtz homepage:
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-innovative-ecosan-network-indiaCompost: at
sludge
from the biogas
plant goes into a drying bed for composting/storage for further reuse.
progress-text-2006.pdf.
Solutions to avoid the moistening of compost due to monsoon (e.g. by elevating the drying beds) are being
For
Navsarjan
Trust website see: http://navsarjan.org/dalitshaktikendra.
GTZ-ecosan
Auslandspraktikantenund Baselinestudien-Tage 2004 - Martin Wafler- GTZ Division 44
deing
discussed.
Wafler, M. (2006): Report on Case Studies of ecosan Pilot Projects in India, Version 1, September 5th,
2006.
Martin Wafler, martin.wafler@seecon.ch, seecon gmbh, Lwengasse 47, 1030 Vienna, Austria, +43-650511-8689
Dania 14.02.2006
updated: Sren, 15.11.06; update: 23.5.07 Yaniv; updated 10.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze
(isa.kunze@gmail.com); Nadira Khawaja (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com), 5.11.09, filled in information from
susana case study.
see http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-gurajat-navsarjandsk.pdf
http://www.sanimap.net/xoops2/modules/gnavi/index.php?lid=160
134
India
Community-based, public toilet centre with a decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse
system (pilot project) at Ullalu Upanagara, Bangalore
Public toilet centre in an urban area, using DEWATS (decentralised wastewater treatment systems) and
reuse of products
Ullalu Upanagara, Bangalore
Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination

#621, 5th Main Road, OMBR Layout, Banaswadi Post, Bangalore 560 033
Tel Fax: +91-080-25452805 / 25452804
2006
The toilet centre comprises11 toilets and one shower facility each, for men and women. There are 10
washing slabs in each section for up to 750 users per day .
Urban area
BORDA (Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association)
BORDA
Separate streams of blackwater and greywater respectively
Hot water required for bathing is provided through biogas-fuelled heaters. The biogas is generated from
the biogas digesters that are part of the treatment system. Blackwater is treated by a biogas settler
followed by a baffled reactor and finally a planted gravel filter. Greywater from laundry and washbasins is
directed to planted gravel filters.
Groundwater recharge by soak pits of treated wastewater; biogas for heating purposes
11.5 m3/day treatment capacity; hot water required for bathing provided through biogas-fuelled heaters
- It was observed that the Planted Gravel Filter (PGF) had water stagnation and the filter material was
choked with mud. The reason for this might be the result of the levelling of ground surrounding the PGF.
Due to recent rains, mud was washed into the PGF. This stagnation resulted in reduced efficiency of the
PGF. Filter material has to be replaced or cleaned in the upcoming maintenance session to re-establish
permeability.
BORDA
(2006):
Maintenance
activities
at CBS
unit -ofUllalu
Upanagara.
Seethem
http://www.borda-sa.org/modules/news/article.php?storyid=60
(viewed 03.09.
- Educate
CBS users
about the
usage and
flushing
the toilet
and instruct
not to use toilet for the
disposal of unwanted cloth and other non-degradable material to avoid blockage.
For further information on BORDA South Asia see http://www.borda-sa.org.
email: bangalore@cddindia.org
New: Sren, 15.06.2007; update: 03.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
No
135
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as composting toilets) for ten schools in rural
areas (including tsunami hit villages), Tamil Nadu
Village school toilets: urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
St.Sebastian School, Kameshwaram Village

Government Higher Secondary School, P.R. Puram
Annai Ashram Girls Higher Secondary School, Trichy
Musiri Primary School, Musiri
Thakkalai Panchayat Union Primary School, Kanyakumari
Various timeUnion
periods,
starting
approximately
2007
Panchayat
Primary
School,
Lathur
Thimmapurum School, Krishnagiri District
Thogarapalli Girls Primary School, Krishnagiri District
Santhur Girls Primary School, Krishnagiri District
Bahalur Girls Primary School, Krishnagiri District
completed
In the mixed gender schools, there are separate toilet blocks for girls and boys.
St.Sebastian School, Kameshwaram Village: toilets 4, urinals 40, users 750
Government Higher Secondary School, P.R. Puram: toilets 2, urinals 20, users 540
Annai Ashram Girls Higher Secondary School, Trichy: toilets 2, urinals 10, users 400
Musiri Primary School, Musiri: toilets 2, urinals 14, users 117
Rural areaPanchayat Union Primary School, Kanyakumari: toilet 1, urinals 5, users 65
Thakkalai
Panchayat Union Primary School, Lathur: toilets 2, users 140
Thimmapurum School, Krishnagiri District: toilets 4, urinals 20, users 675
Thogarapalli Girls Primary School, Krishnagiri District: toilets 4, urinals 10, users 810
Santhur Girls Primary School, Krishnagiri District: toilets 4, urinals 10, users 730
For
Kameshwaram
Village:
Savior
Oser La
Solidarite
(SOS),
France;
India
Bahalur
Girls Primary
School,
Krishnagiri
District:
toilets
4, urinals
10,SCOPE,
users 480
I.e. total number of toilets and urinals is 168 with 4,707 users
SCOPE
For Kameshwaram Village: Funds raised by activists of SOS (Savior Oser la Solidarite) France; school
management
Kameshwaram Village was hit by tsunami; special problems of conventional toilets in high water table and
sandy coastal areas.
Separate urine, faeces, and washwater streams respectively
Double-vault UDDTs, and sanitary napkin incinerator with some toilets
Urine and wash water are used for irrigation, e.g. of adjacent cashew plantation
Dried faeces used for agriculture.
INR 200,000 (approx. 2,900 ) to construct toilets; Rs 250,000 (approx. 3,600 ) to construct incinerator
In Kameshwaram Village: Rs 20,000 were paid by the school

Good education should aim at inculcating in the minds of children the need for promoting health and
hygienic
that are
also environmentally
friendly.
The
implementation
was
The washpractices
water drains
through
the hole in the wash
water
bowl
and is taken of
to urine-diversion
a filter bed that toilets
filters out
a success
and,
shouldFrom
be implemented
in the
whole
state.
faecal
matter
in therefore,
the wash water.
the filter pit the
water
flows
out to vegetation near by. A blackened
vent pipe fixed in the faecal chamber quickens the dehydration of the faecal matter.
The Hindu newspaper. Village school gets 'ecosan' toilet (30.05.2007), see
http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/30/stories/2007053012170300.htm.
M. Subburaman
SCOPE
P/17 6th Cross, Ahamed Colony, Ramalinganagar, Trichy 620003, Tamil Nadu, India
scopeagency86@rediffmail.com
scopeagency86@sify.com
new: Yaniv, 30.07.07; updated 19.08.2009 by Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com); details added from
scope website, 5.11.09, Nadira Khawaja (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) and later update from email of M.
Subburaman.
No
136
India
Three public urine diversion dehydration toilet complexes (locally known as Ecosan Community
Compost Toilets) in Musiri Town linked to agricultural research trials at Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Tamil Nadu
Community urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in a small town and agricultural research trials with
urine
Musiri Town, Tamil Nadu
Saliyar Street, Musiri Town,

Parisalthurai Road, Musiri Town
Nataraja Nagar, Musiri Town
2005 - ongoing
Sep 2005: start of construction; Apr 2006: the opening; Tamil Nadu Agricultural University will research the
use of urine as fertiliser; Two major milestones have taken place in Ecosan movement in India in June
2009. Compost from the first chamber in the first Ecosan Community Compost Toilet (ECCT) in Musiri was
taken out. Furthermore, the first banana bunch (it weighed 17kg and had 202 fruits) raised under the
UNICEF-SEI research project, using urine as liquid fertiliser was harvested.
Three community toilet complexes with two blocks each, one for men and the other for women.
Saliyar Street, 7 + 7 toilets, 310 users
Parisalthurai Road, 7 + 7 toilets, 260 users
Nataraja Nagar, 3 + 3, 120 users
Small
town
inhabitants)
i.e.
total
34 (35,000
toilets and
690 users
SCOPE (India)
SCOPE (India)
WASTE (the Netherlands); UNICEF-SEI research project; Trichy based National Research Centre for
Banana (NRCB)
Risk of groundwater pollution due to high water table. 50% of the population who do not have domestic
toilets and resort to open defecation, contaminating the Cauvery River
Separate streams of urine, faeces, wash water respectively
3-hole squatting slab (and pedestal toilet constructed for the elderly and handicapped people); UDDTs;
wash water collection in a bed filter
Diluted urine used as fertiliser in nearby farm for paddy, banana and sugarcane culivation; filtered wash
water used in nearby farm for banana plantation. Dried faeces used in agriculture.
Rs 900,000 (approx. 12,900 ) per toilet for construction; user fees for operation

Two months awareness programme for the residents was launched; residents also visited the site during
the
phase.through the hole in the wash water bowl and is taken to a filter bed that filters out
Theconstruction
wash water drains
Fertiliser
trials:in the wash water. From the filter pit the water flows out to vegetation near by. A blackened
faecal
matter
Banana
was
grown
withchamber
30, 40, 50
and 60the
litres
of human urine
with irrigation water along
vent pipecrop
fixed
in the
faecal
quickens
dehydration
of theapplication
faecal matter.
with graded levels of commercial potassium fertilisers. Application of 50 litres of human urine per plant
WASTE
bulletin 52,commercial
May 2006; potassium fertiliser recorded 32.1% more plant height, 25.6% more
with 75%email
recommended
Scope
(2006)girth,
Options
for more
sanitation.
PPof
presentation
Mexico
City;
pseudostem
71.5%
number
leaves and in
68.8%
more
leaf area, 25% more leaf nitrogen
The Hindu newspaper,
16.4.07,
Reporter's
Diary
concentration,
52.6% more
phosphorus
concentration
and 6.5% more leaf potassium than normally
grown banana plants without urine application. Seasonal leaf spot disease incidence and sodium toxicity
(salinity) symptoms were not recorded with the application of human urine as liquid organic fertiliser, in
For
information
onstudies
projecton
onyield
SCOPE
homepage
see:quality
http://www.scopetrichy.com/First_ECCT_Musiri.asp.
Newspaper article see: http://www.hindu.com/2
banana.
Detailed
parameters,
edible
of banana fruits will be studied. The final
outcome of this experiment may pave solutions for impending challenges, in near future of Indian
agriculture.
M. Subburaman
SCOPE, P/17 6th Cross, Ahamed Colony, Ramalinganagar, Trichy 620003, Tamil Nadu, India
scopeagency86@rediffmail.com
scopeagency86@sify.com
new: Yaniv, 30.07.07; updated: 03.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)

updated 16.11.09 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from email of M. Subburaman
No
137
India
Decentralised wastewater management at Adarsh College, Badlapur, Maharashtra
Decentralised, reuse-oriented wastewater management at Adarsh Vidyaprasarak Sansthas College of

Arts & Commerce
Badlapur in the state of Maharashtra
Adarsh Vidya Mandir, Kulgaon Badlapur Municipal Corporation - East, Maharastra State, India, 421503
2006 - 2008
Inauguration of the new sanitation centre and the wastewater treatment scheme- January, 2007.
Start of construction: Apr. 2006
End of construction: Jun. 2008
Start of operation: Sep. 2008 (Project completed)
Approx. 2,600 students attending Senior and Junior College daily (1300 morning 1-6 standard, 1300
afternoon 7- 12 standard) and up to 800 people attending special programmes (such as wedding
ceremonies) on about 20 occasions per year
Urban area: college
Ecosan Services Foundation (ESF), Seecon gmbh, Paradigm Environmental Strategies Ltd.
Kulgaon Badlapur Muncipal Council, with technical support by Ecosan Services Foundation, Pune,
Maharashtra
EU-funded AsiaProEco II - project

GTZ-ecosan cell
Awareness amongst students: Awareness programmes for teachers and students were done for ecosan
concept and an overview of the implemented project. The council plans to replicate the concept in other
areas after evaluating the findings of this decentralised, reuse-oriented school sanitation project. Capacity
development and awareness-raising is being carried out parallel to the technical installation in order to
ensure the correct operation of the system in the future.
Separate brown and yellow water streams from the toilets used by students. Any black water from other
toilets?
Waterless urinals, Biogas settler, Anaerobic Baffle Reactor, Anaerobic Up-flow filter, Planted Gravel Filter,
Polishing pond (original entry mentioned pour-flush and UDDTs?)
Urine collected from gent's waterless urinals is stored and reused as fertliser in garden; treated greywater
for irrigation (biogas, effluent, sludge?)
430,000 INR (approx. 6,200 )
Total wastewater is 8 m3, BOD in = 1500 mg/L , COD in = 3000 mg/L. Treatment system is designed to
handle also additional load Organic load of 12 kgCOD/day and peak flow of 1 m 3/h (about 125 toilet
uses/h).
For further information provided by the Ecosan Services Foundation's (ESF) School Sanitation Project on Progress see:http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/o
http://www.ecosanservices.org/page.php?id=1
Kulgaon Badlapur Municipal Council opp. Badalapur Railway Station Badlapur Tal-AmbernathDist-Thane,Maharashtra, Indiaphone: +91-(0)251-2690397

Update 19.05.2009, Philipp Feiereisen;
Update 08.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
Update 06.10.2009, Mrs Pradnya Thakur (ESF) (email:pradnyathakur@yahoo.co.in)
see http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-badlapur-adarshschool.pdf
see http://www.sanimap.net/xoops2/modules/gnavi/index.php?lid=168.
138
India
Zero-discharge, recycling toilet being tested for Indian trains and communal toilet blocks, Kanpur,
Uttar Pradesh
Pilot project for trialling an ecological toilet for trains and public toilets that minimises water use and reuses
outputs.
Kanpur (toilet development), Aligarh (communal toilet testing), Lucknow-Chennai train (toilet testing in
train)
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh.
2007 to ongoing
Toilet model developed in 2007 and installed at IIT Kanpur. Currently testing phase by Indian Railways
(along with another ecological toilet) in trains. Indian Railways will install ecological toilet in its 9,000 trains
by 2011-2013. Meanwhile, UNICEF trialling toilet in Aligarh in a communal toilet block.
Four toilets have been installed in a congested locality of Aligarh by UNICEF where most households do
not have toilet facilities or the toilets discharge into open drains. Each toilet is designed for 25 users per
day, so the new toilet block serves 100 people.
Toilet in testing phase for Indian trains. In the future, 9,000 trains will be equipped with the toilet.
A full-scale model of the zero-discharge toilet was installed at the IIT Kanpur campus more than two years
ago and is still in operation.
IIT Kanpur, Indian Railway, UNICEF
A lack of access to proper sanitation in rural and urban regions threatens to hold India back. Conscious of
water shortages, an ever-increasing population and its important role in tackling climate change, India is
trying to find solutions to sanitation shortfalls that conserve water while providing access to a greater
number of people. The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur has created just such a solution a
zero-discharge toilet. A large proportion of the Indian population do not have access to public toilets, let
alone a domestic connection, so the zero-discharge toilet is being tried out in the public domain.
Furthermore, at the request of Indian Railways, via government funding, Tare and his team at IIT Kanpur
were asked to develop a new sanitation system for the national railway network. Filthy conditions at
railway stations, corrosion of rails and the underside of carriages, and a desire to improve sanitary
conditions on the nations vast rail network led Indian Railways to approach IIT Kanpur. Officials wanted a
system that used limited fresh water and prevented waste from coming into contact with infrastructure.
Railways Minister Lalu Prasad who has become something of a national icon is credited with
transforming Indian Railways from near bankruptcy several years ago to a thriving enterprise now making
billions of dollars a year in profit. Lalu Prasad wants change in India. He has traveled all over the world to
look at what kind of toilet systems are being used in trains, Tare says. The railways came to the
conclusion that none of the toilet systems available in the world are appropriate for Indian conditions, so
Separated
of solids
material) and liquids (urine, flush water, and cleansing water) from
that is why out
theystreams
are interested
in (faecal
our research.
a flush toilet.
Flush toilet with tank and separator below the toilet; filters; microbial cultures; pre-composting;
vermicomposting; liquid evaporation.
Compost and nutrients to be used for soil amelioration, water reused for flushing.
The main body of the toilet is essentially the same. Typically for a domestic toilet the additional cost (on
top of the toilet itself) will equate to $US 65 to $US 86 per toilet.
The main body of the zero-discharge toilet is identical to a conventional model, but the collection and
processing of waste is entirely different. A tank and separator device is installed to the P-trap (water seal)
below the toilet that divides solids and liquids. The separator generates a thin film of water that adheres to
the surface and flows outwards, collecting liquids (the water is guided into pipes in the sides that take it to
another tank), and the solids gravitate into the central retention compartment. The pipes are fitted with
microfilters made of high quality poly vinyl chloride which clean the liquid. The microfilters do not cost
more than Rs 100 and last at least a year. In community toilets where electricity may not be available,
-hand
The pumps
implementation
of dry
in trains
a useful
way
to save fresh
and
minimise
wastewater
can be used
to toilets
take the
filterediswater
to an
overhead
tank. Itwater,
needs
to be
pumped
twice or
production.
the of
toilets
decreases
of fresh
consumption.
thrice a day.Overall,
Treatment
the liquid
is onlythe
to alevel
certain
levelwater
because
it is reused only for flushing and
-remains
Using faecal
vermicomposting
is tricky.
in the matter
closed in
loop.
Specially developed
microbial cultures are used for eliminating odors. No
-compromise
The compost
produced
theisIIT
campus
is adequate
of good quality.
It can
be bought
10
is currently
made on being
hygiene,
as the at
toilet
flushed
with
volumes
of water.
The for
onlyRsfresh
per
kg.used in the operation of the toilet is for personal cleaning (about 1.5 L per person per use). Over
water
Misa,
S. S. (2008): Zero-waste
toilets developed
by particularly
IIT Kanpur. In Down
to Earthwith
magazine,
Nr. 31 2008.
-The
toilet
is relatively
inexpensive,
compared
time, zero-discharge
the quantity of the
flush
solution increases,
so the excess when
is taken
out every
twoconventional
to five days. It is
Available
at: http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?
alternatives.
then evaporated using solar energy to obtain valuable nutrients present in human urine. The solids
foldername=20080131&filename=news&sec_id=50&sid=39
gradually disintegrate to form a slurry, which is removed from the toilet periodically. The tank containing
For additional contact details and information on technology used see International Water and Sanitation
solid waste can have exit points connected to pipes, which can be sucked out and transferred into
Centre (IRC) article on project, available at: http://www.irc.nl/page/39337
containers or trolleys. In the railways, once the train moves into the yard, pipes could be attached to these
Basantani,
(2008). Indian
going
green
with eco-toilets.
For
furtherM.
information
on railways
IIT Kanpur
see:
http://www.iitk.ac.in/.
exit points and the tanks emptied. It is then converted into quality organic manure via activated aerobic
http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/05/15/indian-railways-going-green-with-eco-toilets/
composting followed by vermi-composting.
Follow-up article by Tufvesson, A. (2009). India trials new train toilet.
http://www.worldplumbinginfo.com/article/india-trials-new-train-toilet
Prof. Vinod Tare from the Environmental Engineering Department of the IIT Kanpur, India,
Tel.: +91-512- 2597792, Email: vinod@iitk.ac.in
Analiza from Newsletter 28 dated June 2008: 29.08. 2008; update 09.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze
(isa.kunze@gmail.com); update 12.11.09, adding details from articles on the web, Nadira Khawaja
(nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com).
No
No
139
India
Decentralised wastewater treatment in Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary Ashram
School, Sarole Pathar, Maharashtra
Upgrading school sanitation with decentralised greywater treatment and reuse.
Sarole Pathar, District Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra State
Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary Ashram School (Tribal Boarding School)
Sarole Pathar, Tal Sangamner, Dist. Ahmadnagar, 422620, Maharashtra State, India
2008 - 2009
Start of Planning: 03/2008;

End of construction: 05/2008;
Start of operation: 01/2009 (Completed Project)
Treatment system designed for 520 people. (A residential school with 200 tribal boys and 200 tribal
girls living and having classes there; 100 non-tribal girls living at the school but going to a
nearby school for classes; 20 teaching and non-teaching staff.)
Rural area: boarding school for tribal students
Ecosan Services Foundation (ESF), Paradigm Environmental Strategies Ltd. (http://ecoparadigm.com/)

seecon gmbh ?
Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary Ashram School; Watershed NGO; Pradigm
Environmental Strategies Ltd.?
EU-funded AsiaProEco II - project
Currently there is one toilet block for boys (5 toilets, 7 urinals, 6 bathrooms) and one for girls
(6 toilets, 7 urinals, 6 bathrooms). Each toilet (low flush toilet, rural pan) block has a water
tank with a capacity of about 2 m3 in its centre. The students can use a bucket to take water from there for
flushing after toilet use, anal cleansing, showering and washing clothes. The urinals are waterless and the
urine flows out into a trench system through which the water from showering and washing clothes also
flows; i.e. the urine gets flushed with this water to the outlet of the toilet block and from there directly into
the open field outside the school premises. The wastewater from toilet use flows into a septic tank (each
toilet block has a ST), and from there direct into the open field. The sanitary infrastructure was built in
1996. Since then the ST has never been desludged and therefore it is to be expected that the ST is full of
faecal sludge and the retention time of the blackwater in the tank has been substantially reduced, which
also reduces the treatment efficiency of the ST. Considering this status and that this is a water shadow
area, the need of reuse of water is a necessity. Hence a decentralised treatment system for grey water has
been finalised. Moreover, open defecation in the same premises has been observed. The school has
suggested to increase the number of toilet blocks along with the shower facility. There is no toilet facility for
teachers and non-teaching staff. Hence in the memorandum of understanding, it is suggested to have a
separate toilet provision for them.
Separate streams of urine (yellowwater), brown water from toilets, and greywater from bathrooms,
washing clothes etc.
Organic filter; vertical flow constructed wetland
The treated water shall be used for irrigation purposes at the school premises. Vegetation from wetland
presumably harvested and used as forage.
Approximately INR 530,000 (7,600 )
- Primary treatment of greywater and/or greywater-urine mixture (17.5 m3/d) in vertical flow organic filter to
remove solids (filled with rice husk, saw dust). Surface area and height of the organic filter media are 1 - 4
m2 (depending on anticipated wastewater production) and 0.90 m, respectively.
- Secondary treatment in a horizontal flow constructed wetland. Length and width is 6 by 20 m. The main
filter media is fine gravel with a grain size of 4 - 8 mm. The height of filter media (at inlet) is approx.. 0.80
m. while the saturated water depth is approx. 0.60 m. The wetland shall be operated as a productive
wetland growing (hybrid) Napier grass (also referred to as "Elephant grass" due to its height and vigorous
vegetative growth, "Sudan grass" or "King grass"), which is an improved fodder grass that produces a lot
of high-protein forage.
- Collection of effluent in a tank, ready for irrigation reuse on the campus. The pond/tank has an effective
volume of 14 m at a maximum depth of about 1.20 m.
- 2.5 m3/d black water is wastewater inflow (???). isnt this brown water. what is the treatment?? what
Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary Ashram School Case Study (draft) is available on SuSaA website: http://www.susana.org/images/docu
happenend to ST, what is decided about urine? treatment only described for greywater.
- The construction is brickwork (double brick) with external and internal (watertight) plastering.
For further information on the project see http://www.ecosanservices.org/page.php?id=1008
Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and Secondary Ashram School, Sarole Pathar, Tal Sangamner, Dist.
Ahmadnagar, 422 620, Maharastra State, India
Update 10.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze.

Update 06.10.09 Mrs. Pradnya Thakur (email:pradnyathakur@yahoo.co.in)
Update 12.11.09 Nadira Khawaja from Susana case study (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
No
140
India
Urban decentralised wastewater management, Badlapur, Maharashtra
Decentralised wastewater management and reuse concept
Badlapur, Maharashtra State
Madha Housing Society, Badlapur, District Thane, Maharashtra, India
2008 to ?
Start of Planning: 2008

Under consideration by ULB for funding.
Decentralised wastewater treatment scheme for 300 + 240 households (stage I & II, respectively) approx:
2000 persons
Township sanitation
Ecosan Services Foundation (ESF)

Paradigm Environmental Strategies Ltd.?
Kulgaon Badlapur Municipal Council
Kulgaon Badlapur Municipal Council
The wastewater from about 300 households (i.e. Cluster A) drains to a septic tank for treatment. But due
to the desolate condition of the existing sewer system a large amount of the wastewater does not even
reach the treatment system. The septic tank itself is in bad condition as well and partially filled with solid
waste dumped at the site.
Domestic watsewater
Treatment of domestic wastewater will happen in a decentralised treatment system comprising a biogas
settler, an anaerobic baffled reactor and an anaerobic upflow filter
Treated wastewater for irrigation purposes. Biogas will be converted into electricity via a (bio) gas
generator
A cost estimate suggests total project implementation costs of about INR 4,000,000 (i.e. approx.
57,300).
Daily wastewater production is estimated to be about 200 m. The surface area for construction of all
treatment steps is approx. 500 m2.
A SuSanA case study (draft version) is available at: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-casestudies/en-susana-cs-india-madha-housing.pdf. For images on the project design see flickr:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157613525856871/.
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-madha-housing.pdf
Project owner:
Kulgaon Badlapur Municipal Council opp. Badalapur Railway
Station Badlapur(E)
Taluka-Ambernath
Dist-Thane,Maharashtra, India
phone: +91-(0)251-2690397
email: rampatkar@gmail.com
web: http://www.kbmcinfo.com
Update: 10.09.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
Updated 06.10.09 by Mrs. Pradnya Thakur (email:pradnyathakur@yahoo.co.in)
draft version see: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-madhahousing.pdf
141
India
Improved traditional composting toilets with urine diversion, Leh, Jammu and Kashmir
Demonstration project on revitalisation of traditional ecological sanitation practices
Leh, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir
LEDeG (Ladakh Ecological Development Group) Ecology Centre,

Karzoo, Leh, Ladakh 194101
Jammu & Kashmir, India
1985 - 2006
1. Phase: start of planning: 1985; start of operation: 1986

2. Phase: start of planning: 2005; start of operation: 2006
Phase 1: 1 demonstration toilet in the Ecology Centre guest house used by appr.100 persons/day (1Phase)
Phase 2: 8 ecosan separation toilets
Rural area: isolated area, mountainous landscape
LEDeG
LEDeG
BORDA, eco-solutions
As opposed to the overall situation in India which is dominated by faecophobia, in Leh traditionally excreta
were composted and seen as an important resource for nutrients since centuries.
Ladakh (Little Tibet) is one of the last remaining traditional cultures on earth. Leh is situated in a
mountainous desert 3,500 m above sea level with long cold winters and severe water scarcity with rainfall
below 100 mm per year. In the 1970s, tourism came to Ladakh undermining traditional agrarian lifestyle
and values. In the case of sanitation, especially in Leh people tried to replace traditional sanitation
systems by waterborne toilet systems. This development e.g. increased water supply problems and
pollution of surface and groundwater due to leakages and disposal of untreated wastewater. The
waterborne systems often simply drain into the irrigation systems of the urban and peri-urban agriculture
of Leh, leading to smell and hygienic concerns. An additional problem of waterborne systems in this region
is freezing of pipes during winters with temperatures reaching minus 30 C. In 1978, the ecological
Ladakhi project was founded in order to preserve and develop ways of living adapted to the local
conditions and values. An indigenous NGO, LEDeG, started an Ecology Centre for visitors in Leh
establishing a soft tourism approach and facilitating close contact of tourists to the nature-based life of the
Ladakhi society. In the centre, a demonstration facility of the traditional Ladakhi toilet system is
implemented.
Combined soil, faeces and urine mixture
Traditional composting toilet; two-pit traditional toilet; trombe-wall, solar, passive toilet.
The quantity of composted excreta collected for reuse is about 3 m3 per year. The amount of soil added
per year is about 2 m3 . The excreta and soil mixture is removed once a year and traditionally reused as
fertiliser and soil conditioner, commonly in urban agriculture.
Total investment was 40,000 INR (appr. 650 Euro). The cost for each ecosan toilet in a household was
15,000 - 20,000 INR (appr. 300 Euro).
Traditional composting toilet (at the Ecology Centre): Based on the traditional local toilet system,
improved by a black-painted vent-pipe (like in VIP latrines) to ventilate the collection chamber and reduce
flies. Most traditional houses have an indoor toilet on the upper floor. Due to an extremely dry climate it is
possible to process human excreta indoors without prior diversion of urine, by using a combination of soil
composting and dehydration. On the floor of the toilet, there is a thick layer of soil from the garden. In the
floor, a drop hole leads to a small ground-floor room. This room can only be reached from the outside.
People excrete on the soil which is on the floor and then push soil and excreta together down the drop
-hole.
If theUrine
demonstration
toilet way.
in theAshes
Ecology
Center
is properly
used and
is accepted
as the
goes the same
from
the kitchen
are added
frommaintained,
time to time.it Normally
there
is no
traditional
solution.
anal cleaning.
The decomposed excreta are removed in spring and again at the end of summer and
-spread
Asheson
from
kitchen
are added
to maintained
time to reduce
andisthus
improve
compost
thethe
fields.
As long
as the from
toilet time
is well
andmoisture
enough soil
pushed
down
the drop hole
quality.
every day, there are no odours. In some cases there might be a faint smell of ammonia from urine
-splashed
Improving
system
a ventilation
thefly
comfort
of the
onthe
thetraditional
soil-covered
floorwith
of the
toilet room.increases
There is no
breeding
duesystem.
to the dryness of the
-soil/excreta
SEI
If compost
(2004).pile.
process
Ecological
Sanitation.
finished,
is brought to athe
nearby
fieldhas
andnot
covered
soil tothe
finalise
the
Dueistonot
the
very lowittemperatures,
material
alwayswith
finished
composting
process.
process before collection and is thus brought to a nearby field (200 m) and covered with soil to finalise the
-composting
Problems in
the system
when
peopledays,
practice
cleansing
with water. It increases the moisture
process.
Afteroccur,
a period
of 20-30
it is anal
applied
to the fields.
of
thepit
material
and thus
odor
breeding.
Two
traditional
toilet:
twoand
pits,flyurine
(connected to a diversion pipe) and excreta are collected
-separately.
Adding water
other liquids,
apart from
urine, treatment
makes removal
thetraditional
humid excreta
mix more difficult
Theorexcreta
are collected
for further
(like inofthe
system).
see
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-leh-composting-toiletand
people
refuse
to
do
it
properly
Trombe wall solar passive toilet system: The Trombe wall is a sunfacing-wall with a solar collector to
2009.pdf.
-heat
It may not be suitable for people with different toilet behavior (if the are clueless about the system)
-the
Information
material
in or nearand
the the
toilet
would wall
probably
the
awareness
aboutare
thestored.
advantages
air between
the tombe-wall
second
of theraise
room,
where
the excreta
The of the
traditional
toilet
and
explain
(mainlyatourists)
how it works.
temperature
rises
inside
andsome
even of
in the
the visitors
night it keeps
higher temperatureinside
than outside.
- There are different problems caused by the long cold winters: the urine diversion does not work, because
LEDEG
the urine freezes in the diversion pipe; the urine freezes inside the storage container; to hygienise the
Ladakh
Group
urine forEcological
reuse, theDevelopment
storage time has
to be extended, because the temperature is to low during wintertime.
Director:
Sonam
Dawa
- The quantity
of the
human fertiliser is too high for reuse, because agricultural activities are taking place
only a few months of the year.
Updated 18.05.2009 Philipp Feiereisen; updated 11.09.09 Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com);

updated Nadira Khawaja from case study 12.11.09 (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
yes, see http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-india-leh-compostingtoilet-2009.pdf.
142
India
Demonstration of household urine diversion dehydration toilets in Nagasandra Village, Karnataka
Demonstration of household urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) with reuse of urine and dried
faeces for promotion as a productive sanitation option in an agricultural village
Nagasandra Village near Berngaluru in the state of Karnataka
2008
9 double-vault UDDTs (one per household), assuming 5 people per family (said in film)
Rural area
Mythri Sarva Seva Samithi, Gram Panchayat (local governments at the village or small town level),
WASTE
Mythri Sarva Seva Samithi, Gram Panchayat, WASTE
WASTE, Dr. Srinivasamurty / PhD students from Arghyam- GKVK Centre of Excellence on Productive
Sanitation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
Nagasandra is a village comprising 65 households. Agriculture and animal husbandry are the main
occupations in the village. The village had 55 acres of irrigated land and 130 acres of rain-fed agricultural
land.
Separate streams of faeces, urine and anal cleansing water respectively.
Double-vault UDDT
Urine used as liquid fertiliser; faeces used as a soil conditioner
- Two above-ground defecation chambers, used alternatively.

- First chamber opened after storage time of 8 months.
- Use cover of millet grain and ash from cooking as drying and cover material after defecation.
- Urine stored in a container or pipe leads directly to neighbouring fields for fertilisation of ash gourd crop.
- Wash water appears to be used in the fields.
- On the 1st of September, 2009 the first dessicating chamber was successfully opened. The dried matter
had no smell was excellently dessicated and has been picked up for pathogen and nutrient analysis.
- In the same village, the Arghyam- GKVK Centre of Excellence on productive sanitation runs a farmers'
field trial. The latest experiment has been on ash gourd and this too has shown excellent results with
human urine application in 3 split doses. The crop flowered early, sprouted fruit early and had larger fruits
Project
is demonstrated on You Tube, see http://www.youtube.com/watch?
than usual.
v=RRTPFs6JRX0&feature=channel_page.
- Productive sanitation has a bright future if executed properly.
Vishvanath Skrikantaiah, email: zenrainman@gmail.com
New, 08.09.2009 Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)

Update 12.11.2009 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from youtube film
No
143
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, Ranchi, Jharkhand
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in a rural area with reuse for fertiliser
Jagriti Vihara, Mcluskieganj-829208, Jharkhand, Ranchi District, Jharkhand State, India
05/2008 - 12/2008
35 households presumably with a UDDT each and estimated 175 users (assumption from country list of 5
people per household)
Rural area: hilly terrain, tribal village
Jagriti Vihara
Jagriti Vihara
SEI-UNICEF
Poor sanitation conditions.
Presumably separate streams of urine, faeces and washwater respectively
UDDT
Urine used as fertiliser for kitchen gardening
INR: 374,000 (US$ 8,300)
Final report will be available soon.
saxena.ajitkumar@gmail.com, Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
new, 25.08.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com)
No
144
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the rural poor, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in a rural area with reuse for fertiliser
Tamilnadu Ecosan Initiatives, Arputham Illam, 2/362,Mettu Street , Ayyappanthangal, Chennai: 600056,
Tamilnadu
10/2008-09/2009
Rural area
Tamilnadu Ecosan Initatives
Tamilnadu Ecosan Initatives
SEI-UNICEF
UDDT
Urine used for kitchen gardening/fertiliser
INR: 599,000 (US$ 13,300)
ongoing project
ecosaninitiatives@gmail.com, Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
No
145
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households at a coastal area in Bhuvneshwar, Orissa
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with reuse for fertiliser
Bhuvneshwar
Plan India,MIG 19, Lakshmisagar Phase II, Bhuvneshwar, Orissa state
11/2008- 06/2009
100 households presumably with a UDDT each and estimated 500 users (assumption from country list of
5 people per household)
Coastal region
PREM Plan and Plan International
PREM Plan and Plan International
SEI-UNICEF
100 % coverage with ecosan
UDDT
Urine used for vegetable/kitchen farming
INR: 800,000 (US$ 17,800)
tushar.ray@plan-international.org, Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
No
146
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in the drought-prone, water-scarce area of
Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu
Construction of UDDTs and reuse of products as fertiliser
Dindigul
Rural Education and Action for Liberation (REAL) , M2/179, R M Colony, 12th Cross Street, Dindigul
624008, Tamilnadu.
10/2008-09/2009
100 households presumably with a UDDT each and estimated 500 users (assumption from country list of
5 people per household)
Rural Education and Action for Liberation (REAL)
REAL
SEI-UNICEF
Poor sanitation conditions, open defecation lead to a series of health problems and caused uneasiness
among women and girls who felt insecure and prone to abuse at times.
UDDT
Urine used for vegetable farming
INR: 397,200 (US$ 8,830)
The construction of ecosan toilet systems was very successfull in order to setup a hygienic system of
human waste disposal, retrieve and reuse of nutrients from human waste and to economise water use.
Overall, the project improved the living conditions and provided a sense of security and hgyiene to
women/girls in the village.
Reports; REAL Annual report 2007/2008 http://realvpm.org/downloads/ar0708.pdf (in particular section on
Water and Sanitation, p 11/12).
real.nagai@gmail.com, Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
No
147
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at rural households as a demonstration of an effective
sanitation option for the state of Nagaland
Piloting of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with rural households and reuse of products in
agricultural lands, as an effective solution for the poor sanitation conditions, with the long-term view of
upscaling ecosan in the whole state.
Near Dimapur
Beisumpuikam Village 40 km away from Dimapur, Peren District, Nagaland.

Care-Centre for Environment and Rural Poor (C-Cerp), A-Mao Colony, United North Block, Sector B,
Khatkhati Road, Dimapur, Nagaland
12/2008-07/ 2009
20 toilets with rural households, with estimated 100 people (assuming 5 people per household from
country list)
Rural area: Hilly terrain
C-CERP
C-CERP
SEI-UNICEF
This ecosan project is one of the first within Peren District in Nagaland State. The village was chosen for
the project because it is a neglected area in terms of development. The village cannot avail opportunities
from the headquarters and sanitation is very poor; its water is contaminated and unfit for human
consumption.
Separate streams of urine, faeces and wash water respectively.
Doube-vault UDDT
Faeces will be used for agriculture after one year of storage; Urine and wash water is diverted and let into
the home garden.
INR: 977,980 (US$: 21,700)

The C-Cerp toilet model costs around INR 9,000 for bamboo thatched walls and INR12,000 for cemented
structures. If used correctly, the toilet can last for 15 to 20 years.
The eco-san toilet is built above the ground with twin chambers beneath the toilet pan. Ash, soil or lime is
strewn over the collected matter to dehydrate and deodorise it. The collected matter is reduced to manure
in about one year (in Nagaland context) without any stench and can then be used for agriculture. Urine
and wash water is diverted and let into the home garden.
- UNICEF is also trying to make an impact in the GoI policy. Ecosan is just one component out of the five
ecological sanitation elements of brown, yellow, rain, grey water and solid waste.
- C-Cerp officials said they will be coming out with a document on the pilot project of eco-san in a months
time with inputs from users of Beisumpuikam village. The implementing agency is also in the process of
organising an awareness programme on the dos and dont of the eco-san toilets. And if the eco-san
project is successful
Nagaland
Post article
in itsentitled
experimentation
"Hygienic
here
'eco-san'
in the State,
toilets
C-Cepr
for rural
hopes
areas"
that with
(published
assistance
14/08/2009)
of the
see: http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowS
state government under the central scheme of TSC (Total Sanitation Campaign) and UNIECF, eco-san
would be introduced in all the villages as well as urban areas.
ccerp@rediffmail.com; Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com.
new, 25.08.2009, Isabelle Kunze (isa.kunze@gmail.com).

Updated 13.11.09 from articles Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com)
No
148
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Kolkata, West Bengal
Construction of household UDDTs and reuse of products as fertiliser
Kolkata
Water for People, 26/1/1, Gariahat Road (south), Kolkata 700031
12/2008-03/2009
Coastal region
Water for People
Water for People
SEI-UNICEF
Poor sanitation conditions
UDDTs
Urine used for vegetable farming
INR: 138,000 (US$ 3,070)
Reports
rmukherjee@waterforpeople.org, Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
No
149
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in a village near New Delhi
Construction of UDDTs in a rural area and reuse of products as fertiliser
near Delhi
Humana People to People India, C-183, First Floor , Madhuban, Preet Vihar, New Delhi:110092.
12/2008-12 2009
Rural area: in the plains
Humana People to people India
Humana People to people India
SEI-UNICEF
Partially covered village near Delhi
UDDT
Urine used for gardening
INR: 500,000 (US$ 11,100)
Reports
i_humana@hotmail.com,Prakash Kumar WES Consultant Delhi India, prakaash.kr@gmail.com
No
150
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Thergaon Village, Maharashtra
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) on a pilot scale in a rural area
Thergaon Village, Taluka Ozar, District Nashik, Maharashtra State
2007 - 2008
Start of construction: September 2007

End of construction: April 2008
Start of operation: July 2008. Project Completed.
1 UDDT is constructed for 15 people of a family. 2 UDDTs are constructed for male and female workers of
a farm. (how many people?)
Rural area
Ecosan Services Foundation and Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikarasn (MJP)
The farmers used to use artificial fertilisers for their farms.
Separated streams of urine, faecal matter, and anal cleansing water respectively
Double-vault UDDT
Urine is reused as fertiliser for the farms. The faecal matter is not yet ready for reuse but will be applied as
fertiliser.
40,000 INR (approx. 570)
Because of low soil bearing capacity (black cotton soil), a strong foundation of 1.2 m was necessary.
Volume of storage compartments: 1 m x 1.2 m x 1 m = 1.2 m3
Faecal chambers are used alternatively, i.e. faeceal matter is dessicated and treated by storage (storage
period?)
Farmers are using excreta as fertiliser. They are currently using stored urine, and dessicated faecal
matter (which is not yet ready ) will also be reused as fertiliser, thus reducing the cost of buying artificial
fertiliser and increasing their farm yield. The owners are satisfied with the UDDTs.
Mrs. Pradnya Thakur, Head Projects, ESF, email:pradnyathakur@yahoo.co.in
Mrs. Pradnya Thakur, on 6th October, 2009 (email:pradnyathakur@yahoo.co.in)
No
151
India
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Oasis Resort, Pune City
Decentralised wastewater treatment system for a resort with reuse of treated effluent
Pune City
NDA road, Kothrud (Chandni Chowk area), Pune - 411029
2009
Start of construction: March 2009

End of construction: June 2009
Start of operation: September 2009
Treatment system for wastewater generated by 700 to 800 persons (floating population: per week; 200
-300 on weekdays, 500 - 600 for weekends) and 70 staff members (out of which 35 residential staff)
Urban area: resort (lodging facilities only for staff)
seecon
The resort has no municipal water supply, thus the freshwater has to be supplied by tanker. Earlier, two
treatment systems were inefficient in treating the wastewater; thus, the owner desired a reliable tratment
system for reusing treated wastewater for gardening purposes. There are flush toilets present in all
sections of the resort.
Wastewater from kitchen, from toilets (black water), from bathrooms (grey water)- combined, right?
Oil & grease trap, settler, baffle reactor, up-flow filter & collection tank
The treated wastewater will be reused for gardening purposes
Approximately INR 300,000 (approx. 4,300 )
There was a treatment system already present. Instead of a totally new design, there are some
modifications made in the earlier design.
No
152
India
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Kamilini Kuteer Resort, Khariv, Pune
Decentralised wastewater treatment system for a resort with reuse of treated effluent
Khariv,Taluka Velha, Pune District - 412212.
2009
Start of construction: April, 2009

End of construction: June, 2009
Start of operation: June, 2009
Ongoing monitoring period planned for: October 2009
Project end: November 2009
Serves 25 people
Rural area: resort (with lodging facilities for customers)
seecon
The resort is situated next to Kanindi River and is surrounded by agricultural land. The wastewater
produced in the resort was treated on-site in a septic tank. The effluent of the septic tank percolated into
the ground; there was no reuse of the water. Leakage of septic tank caused unhygienic conditions around
the tank and river, and therefore the owner of the resort decided to go for a more sophisticated treatment
system. A small sewer network collects and transports the entire wastewater from the bungalows and the
kitchen to a location behind the bungalows. Fresh water for the resort is pumped up daily from the nearby
river.
Wastewater from kitchen, From toilets (brown water), from bathrooms (grey water)- combined, right?
Settler, Baffle Reactor and Upflow Filter steps, already present septic tank used as collection tank
The treated wastewater will be reused for gardening purposes. Sludge can be co-composted with wet
organic material. The compost can be used as soil conditioner in the garden
INR 200,000 (approx. 2,900 )
Generated wastewater: 5 m3/d

Inlet BOD: 240 mg/l
The tanks are designed for a desludging period of 2 years.
Concerning construction of the treatment system, the only challenge was the fact that there was a rocky
part at the location of excavation; to minimise the construction costs the location had to be shifted 1 meter.
No
153
India
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at residential complexes at Khidkali and
Desai, Thane, Mumbai
Decentralised wastewater treatment system for residential blocks (one location or two separate locations?)
and reuse of treated effluent
Thane, Mumbai
Thane, Mumbai
2008 - ongoing
Start of planning: November 2008

Stake holder meetings have been done and their consent has been taken.
Current phase: construction (excavation)
Serves 1,276 people
Urban area: residential
Enviro-con consultancy
Paradigm Environmental Strategies Ltd.
Previously, only one treatment system for the whole residential complex was planned. Due to hard rock, it
has been divided into 5 small treatment systems.
Wastewater & organic waste from kitchen, from toilets (brown water) & bathrooms (grey water)- all
combined right?
Primary treatment of the wastewater in a Biogas Settler, secondary treatment of the settler effluent in an
Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR) and Fix Film Reactor (AF). Further aerobic and anaerobic treatment in a
Planted Gravel Filter (PGF); collection of the treated water in two Collection Tanks. Overflow of the tanks
into an infiltration ditch.
Treated water reused for flushing, gardening & infiltration into the ground. Sludge is disposed off through
tankers and converted into organic compost. Biogas (methane) is used for electricity generation.
5 treatment systems of 74 Kld, 79 Kld and 15 Kld at Desai ; 18Kld and 139 Kld at Khidkali. Excavation
work is going on presently.
No
154
India
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets at Poonjeri Habitation, Mahabalipurum Town, Tamil
Nadu
UDDTs for households
Mahabalipurum
Poonjeri Habitation, Masimanagar, Town Mahabalipurum, Tamilnadu
Project completed.
3 household toilets for total 15 people.
Town near seashore
Ecosan Services Foundation
Jointly by Ecosan Services Foundation and India NGO, Chennai
Mahabalipuram Town Panchayat
The project is near the seashore.There is enough space for plantation and urine application. 50 houses
were without toilets. The need of the project was of 50 toilets, but only 5 toilets were planned for individual
houses. Earlier each house used to discharge their wastewater into their gardens. The people were very
positive towards UDDTs and were ready to reuse treated human waste. A total of 3 UDDTs are functioning
for single households with 5 members in each family. (what happeneed to other 2 toilets?)
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively. (other streams?)
Double-vault UDDT
???
INR 20,000 (approx. 290) for a single UDDT
Size of the UDDT: 2 m x 1.20 m x 3 m
No
155
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural farming households in hilly village of Talavadi
village, Tamil Nadu
Action research with pilot, micro-credit
Talavadi village , Tamil Nadu
c/o MYRADA KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA 272 Perumal Nagar,

Puduvalliampalayam,
Kalingiyam 638 453
Gobichettipalayam Taluk
Erode District (Tamil Nadu) INDIA
Jan-03 : (91) 04285 241626, 241727
Phone
Fax : (91) 04285 241 627
E-mail : myradakvk@dataone.in; myradakvk@gmail.com
Approximately 200 people
rural farming households
MYRADA KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, and State Government
MYRADA KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA and State government
UNICEF India
The original title is 'Ecosan Toilets In Hilly Terrain'. The project consisted of development initiatives related
to integrated and organic farming and, the use of a revolving fund managed by SHG federations to finance
members to build individual eco-san latrines in Tamil Nadu
Double vault urine diversion and compost toilet. New modification introduced to use a plastic drum instead
of constructing chambers- saves about 40% of construction costs.
Agriculture
unit costs from 4,000-12,000 Indian Rupees (use exchange rate of 60 INR = 1 EUR)
The two chamber toilet will be replaced by one chamber system. A Plastic Drum is used for collecting
faeces for a year or so, once it fills, the drum is replaced with empty one. The filled drum is kept for six
months for decomposition and used as manure. Like wise the plastic drum is changed as on when it fills.
This reduces 40 % of the present construction cost and also reduces the cost for clearing the compost
every year, the management also comparatively easy. 29 such models were constructed in erode district
on pilot basis.
This approach followed a systematic path that graduated from farm waste to animal waste to human
waste. Eco-san in this route of waste management has filled the gap very effectively. Because of this over
all holistic approach, each household today has a bio-gas plant, bathroom with eco-friendly water heater,
eco-san toilets, kitchen garden, cow shed with urine collection tank, and space for vermi-composting
indigenous growth promoters and pest repellents, rain water harvesting, tree planting on field bunds, etc.
Interestingly,
these facilities are interlinked
in a way toKENDRA
promote maximum utilization of waste either
Evaluationall
report,'MYRADA
KRISHI VIGYAN
being generated at household or at farm level. The journey of ecosan construction started in 2004 with 40
farm families in M.P Doddi of Talavadi hills , now after 5 years it has spread to 598 farm families. When
ECOSAN
TOILETthe
INKendra
HILLYtoTERRAIN
LESSONS
LEARNED'
(unpublished)
UNICEF approached
demonstrate the
eco-san, the
organization selected
the village where
the IFD program is being implemented. The farm families accepted the concept and integrated this
n/a
for project
but available
Krishi
Vigyan
Kendrahttp://www.myradakvk.org/
practice
in recycling
of farm for
andMyrada
household
waste;
it also
supported
their need for safe disposal and usage
system for human waste. Now the village looks greener and the people are living in a hygienic
environment; it stands as a model for others to advocate Eco-san with an integrated approach.In
September 2007 the strategy was mainstreamed and every district of Tamil Nadu was included in the
programme.
Prakash Kumar
Sustainable Sanitation Expert
UNICEF- Stockholm Environment Institute
New Delhi,India
Mobile:+91 9968411430
Telephone: +91-11-24606252
Fax: +91-11-24691410,24627521
Email:
enteredprakumar@unicef.org
by Belinda Abraham with information received from Prakash Kumar on 26 April 2010
no
no
156
India
Promotion of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural households in Dindigul District,
Tamil Nadu
pilot, monitoring and technical support
Ashwath Nivas
5-296, Anandhagiri 7th street
Kodaikanal 624 101
Phone: +91 4542 240881 Fax: +91 4542 240882
E-mail:
secretariat@washinstitute.org
1.11.2008
Approximately 173 households or 865 people
rural households
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
a. Jagriti Vihara Mccluskieganj, Ranchi

b. NIWYCD, Mandla
c. Tamil Nadu Ecosan Initiatives, Chennai
d. REAL, Dindigul
SEI and UNICEF
The project title is 'Capacity Building and Technical Support for SEI-Unicef Ecosan Pilot program partners
in India'. WASH Institute, Kodaikanal was entrusted the responsibility of monitoring 4 projects being
funded by Unicef-SEI to enable the pilot project partners across India to implement the program with
capacity building and technical support from WASH Institute.
urine and faeces separated
UDDT- pour flush toilets (why pour flush toilets here?)
Agriculture
For project monitoring and technical support 170,000 Indian Rupees or 2,870 Euros
The four projects have been introduced to ecosan concepts and made thorough on the skills for
construction of toilets. Awareness building is being continued and in the near future it is hoped all toilets
constructed will be in better use and the message will spread to all members in the village and to the
surrounding areas which will enable replication
monitoring report titled, 'Report on

Providing technical and capacity building support to UNICEF-SEI Ecosan projects in
India '
Prakash Kumar
Sustainable Sanitation Expert
UNICEF- Stockholm Environment Institute
New Delhi,India
Mobile:+91 9968411430
Telephone: +91-11-24606252
Fax: +91-11-24691410,24627521
Email:
Belindaprakumar@unicef.org
Abraham entered from report received from P. Kumar 26 April 2010
no
no
157
Indonesia
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems with reuse for urban low-income settlements,
Tangerand and Surabaya
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems for urban low-income settlements as a part of the community
sanitation system programme "MCK plus ++"
Tangerang and Surabaya
More than 30 units are build
Urban area: low-income settlements
BORDA
BORDA and BEST
BORDA
Wastewater
Decentralised Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS technology)
Compost for soil improvement, biogas for cooking, treated wastewater for gardening or fish ponds
Construction cost: 15,000
http://www.borda-net.org/modules/cjaycontent/index.php?id=29
BORDA e.V.
Fahrenheitstr. 9
D-28359 Bremen
e-mail: kontakt@borda.de
fon: +49 (0) 421 1 37 18, fax: +49 (0) 421 1 65 53 23
Christina 15.9.2009 small update.Contact updated by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 23/09/2010 from

website.okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
158
Indonesia
Pilot testing of ecological sanitation technologies at the Center for Urban Community
Empowerment (Pusdakota), Kali Rungkut, Surabaya
Pilot ecosan demonstration project built in the office compound of the NGO Pusdakota as part of a Phd
dissertation.
Kali Rungkut sub-district
East Surabaya
15 employees, visiting community people
Urban area: low-income settlement
Hamburg Universtiy of Technology
Sanitation facility coverage only reaches 65 %; the rest uses public toilet and natural
environments such as bushes and open ditches. Generally, those with a private toilet at their home use a
septic tank as on-site wastewater treatment. The outlet seeps directly into the groundwater, polluting it.
Grey water is normally disposed directly into ditches and nearest rivers without further processing.
Therefore, both groundwater and surface water are in bad conditions. Consequently, water from the
well is unfit for daily use. The 1997 SSDP Report shows that the incident index rate for diarrhea
reached 11.25 %, an alarming number indicating terrible sanitation conditions.
Urine, brownwater, greywater
Urine diverting pour-flush toilet, pre-composting container for brown water, 2 vermicomposting bins, urine
holding tank, urine storage tanks, constructed wetland
Diluted urine and vermicompost as fertilser
toilet: squatting, pour-flush urine diverting fiberglass toilet.

pre-composting container: 250L plastic drum, tightly covered, with ventilation pipe, plastic sieve 10 cm
from bottom of container supported by bricks and gravel, grille cloth hung in container to retain solid part
of brown water. Liquid flows through gravel and bottom hole into wetland.
vermicomposting bins: bins with holes in top and lower part. agitated once a week for homogenisation.
Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus rubellus used.
30 days filling phase in pre-composting container. Solids transferred to bins and not treated for 7 days.
Vermicomposting:
Worms then added and vermicomposting for 30 and 60 days.
-urine
On day
60 of tank:
vermicomposting,
matter
looked
liked with
soil and
nothe
longer
smelled like faeces.
holding
210L, tightly faecal
covered
plastic
container
tap at
bottom.
-urine
P andstorage
K content
increased
during
vermicomposting
process.
(reportedly
linked
to C:N
ratio being
tanks:
urine from
UHT
transferred to storage
tanks
which are
stored
outdoors
underlower
the
than
20)six months to sterilise also from perspective of faecal cross-contamination.
sun for
-horizontal
C:N ratio varied
between
3.9constructed
to 12, far lower
than 25acrylic
required
for optimal
sub-surface
flow
wetland:
plastic
troughsmicrobial
filled withdegradation.
filter media gravel or
Malisie,
A.F.
2008. 'Sustainability
Assessment
on Sanitation
Systems
for Low Income
-coconut
Finished
compost
had lower
ratio
composting
studies
of no water
use offirst
toilet
paper
charcoal,
planted
withC:N
cattail
or than
reed.other
the greywater
and
liquidbecause
part of brown
entered
Urban
Areas
in
Indonesia',
Phd
dissertation
submitted
to
TUHH.
-storage
Almosttank
complete
removal
of continuity.
E.coli afterwetland
60 days.
to maintain
flow
acclimated with tap water for one week.
Urine:
- Fresh urine is diluted (estimated 8 x) in the holding tank because users use water for washing after
urinating.
http://www.tu-harburg.de/aww/publikationen/pdf/diss/DissAlmyMalisie.pdf.
- Urine in holding tank and storage tank had no E. coli, i.e. iindicates probably no faecal crosscontamination.
Fertiliser treatments:
- Plant fertilising treatment tried for urine, urine and vermicompost, and vermicompost only. The first two
treatments had relatively better plant growth than the vermicomposting only treatment. The latter also did
not have any flower blooms whereas plants with the first two treatments did.
Wastewater treatment:
- the wetland using different treament conditions (two filter materials, and two types of plants) failed to
meet regulation effluent standards.
- The role of plants in removing pollutants was not significant.
- The two different plants and two different media did not show significant pollutant removal
Nadira on 27.08.09 from Phd dissertation of Almy Malisie
No
159
Israel
Landscape-integrated constructed wetland system for the treatment and reuse of greywater of a
residential block at Ganei Tikva (not authorised for operation yet)
Integrating greywater treatment and reuse with landscaping elements in a residential area, using
constructed wetland system.
Ganei Tikva
Ganei Tikva, east of Tel Aviv
Current state: construction completed

Start of the project: awaiting approval by the Ministry of Health
Construction completed, cells all planted, ornamental pond due to be sealed, pumps and
electromechanical equipment still need to be installed.
550 residences with estimated 2,200 inhabitants (assuming 4 people/household from country list)
Reuse from 100 m wastewater/day
Eli Cohen of Ayala Water & Ecology, working alongsinde Syrkin Buchner Kornberg Consulting Engineers
Ayala Water & Ecology
Located in an urban environment wiht 550 residences

Subtropical region, dry and hot summer.
Greywater
Constructed wetland system
Reuse of wastewater for agricultural irrigation and wetland treatment
The intention is to collect wasterwater from the residential area in an underground settling pond to
separate out the non-degredable material. The water will be pumped to the top of a constructed wetland
treatment system and will be collected in reservoir, after UV treatment, will again be pumped to the top of
the system, this time to flow down through an ornamental pond. Excess flow will be drawn off and used for
landscape irrigation.
96 cells, each 4 m by 4 m and 0.8 m deep with different plants. The ornamental pond is approximately 900
The
project
is stillwater
awaiting
approval
by the
of Health.
thesuspended
meantime,solids
grey water
m with
the inlet
quality
to this set
at 5Ministry
mg/l BOD,
5 mg/l In
total
and afrom
zerothe
value for
residential
area is routed to the sewer and the plants of the natural treatment system are being watered by
E.coli.
mains water.
Cells planted wth cyperus sedges, irises, sedges and botumus flowering rushes.
Article: Extending Israeli reuse in the urban environment in "Water 21"; magazine of the International
water association, August 2009
http://www.ayala-aqua.com
Ayala Water & Ecology

Moshav Zippori, Israel 17910
Tel. 972-77-7008156
Fax. 972-77-3008156
E-Mail: office@ayala-aqua.com
Laura Simon: 13.11.2009 (la.simon@gmx.de).Contact updated by Paul Okan - Adjetey on
23/09/2010.okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
160
Japan
Automated composting toilet system at Asahiyama Zoo, Asahikawa City
Heated and automated composting toilets installed as public toilets at the zoo
Asahikawa City
Kuranuma, Higashi Asahikawa-cho, Asahikawa City, Japan
1997
Start of the project: 1997
Gradual installation of 31 bio-toilets since 1997, approx. 4,000 users per day
Rural area
Seiwa Denko Co., Ltd. and Hokkaido University (Sustainable Sanitation Laboratory, Faculty of
Engineering)
Seiwa Denko Co., Ltd.
Located in a rural area, not covered by a sewage system. Before waste was collected using pumping cars.
Problems are odour, high maintenance costs, functional and operational problems especially in winter.
Temperatures 20 / 30, biotoilet system (OWDTS) should be implemented. Visitors will be 1.45 million
during the year 2004.
Excreta
Composting toilet
Compost for agriculture
Investment for all complete toilets: appr. 42,000.

Running costs: appr. 20-25 per month and toilet (mainly of costs for maintenance personnel and energy
costs)
A Biotoilet is an automated type of composting reactor that utilizes sawdust as an artificial soil matrix for
biodegradtion of human excreta. The system consists of the following main components: Excreta falls/runs
from the toilet bowl and/or urinal to the electronically steered composting reactor. There it is automatically
mixed in certain intervals and ventilated. To ensure an optimum temperature for the composting the
reactor is electrically heated as far as necessary. Almost all of the installed bio-toilets in Asahiyama zoo
are used to treat both faeces and urine, while few units are just used to collect urine from urinals.
During
eightcompost
years of is
monitoring
farand
no aproblem
has been
encountered.
The zoo
authorities
can now is
The gained
rich in N, so
P, K
good source
of fertilizer.
At present
a small
part of compost
open
the zoo
even during
winter by
season
because
freezing
is noBut
longer
problem.
Eachtounit
works even at
distributed
to interested
citizens
the toilet
company
for free.
mostaof
it is brought
stockbreeding
extreme
like freezing
temperatures.
The public
accepted
it very well, as
especially
since
areby
firm
free conditions
of charge, where
it is mixed
with conditioner
and then
commercialised
compost.
It is there
applied
no
odourasproblems,
which
are oftenUp
encountered
inwas
other
systems.
are adapted
toilet
farmers
fertiliser to
vegetables.
to now there
notoilet
detailed
followSince
up ofthere
this processes,
but
no
types
also for
special needs like those of handicapped people or portability of whole units no major
complaints
either.
PDS
030 have to
limitations
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-030-automated-compost-toilet-asahiyama-zoo-2006.pdf
be faced. The toilet solution has also been featured in the local newspapers and television networks and
received recommendable results.
www.xauat.edu.cn/FUWWS-XIAN2005/keynote-pgf/Naoyuki%20Funamizu.pdf
Dania 09.02.2006; Update 18.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen

Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) 24.02.2010 inserted information from Gtz datasheet (see above)
No
161
Jordan
Use of treated wastewater in agriculture, Jordan Valley
Development of optimised fertigation (irrigation and fertiliser) practices by farmers using reclaimed water
for irrigation based on their specific site conditions
Farms in the middle and southern Jordan Valley extending over a length of about 50 km between Kreimeh
and the Dead Sea.
2003 - 2011
The project was, and still is, part of three consecutive GTZ programmes (carried out on behalf of the
German ministry BMZ):
1. from 2003 - 2006: Reclaimed Water Project
2. 2006 - 2009: Water Management in Irrigated Agriculture
3. 2009 - 2011: Water Resource Management
About 4,000 farm units with 10,000 ha irrigable area;
Rural area
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
Jordan Valley Authority
BMZ (German Federal Ministry for Economic Collaboration and Development) via GTZ
The Jordan Valley is characterised by low annual rainfalls (an average of less than 300 mm at Deir Alla
and 100 mm at South Shuneh). However, the mild winter season between November and April allows an
off-season production of vegetables under irrigation. The majority of the farmers are small scale farmers,
with an
average farm area of about 3 hectares. Complementary activities of another GTZ project (Water
Management in Irrigated Agriculture) support the establishment of water user associations in order to
improve the water use efficiency. Both projects belong to the GTZ Water Program in Jordan.
In Jordan there are 22 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) treating approx. 250 ML/d of wastewater.
Most of the treatment plants are small, except for the plant as As-Samra, which treats more than 80% of
this quantity. In 2008 this plant was rehabilitated from a stabilisation pond system to an activated sludge
system. Approximately 66% of Jordans WWTP effluent of 250 ML/d is used for irrigation in the Jordan
Valley. In theory, untreated industrial wastewater is not allowed to be mixed in before treatment at Khirbet
As-Samra WWTP,
however it happens very often.
Wastewater
GTZ
programme did not build any infrastructure but worked on optimising fertigation practices. An
information system has been built (based on trials and guidelines developed for fertigation) to optimise
their fertigation in light of the irrigation water quality, location, crop, soil type and other factors.
WWTP (at As-Samra, the largest plant) with activated sludge, nutrient removal and chlorine disinfection.
Water transport infrastructure and drip irrigation infrastructure.
(not built by project)
Irrigation water
- In the project region the main source of reclaimed water for irrigation is the treatment plant at Khirbet AsSamra, the countrys largest treatment plant with a yearly effluent of currently 137 ML/d.
- From King Talal Reservoir (KTR) the discharged effluent is led via further wadis (small streams) and
canals to the middle and southern Jordan Valley. The reservoir is solely used for agriculture and has a
capacity of 75 Mm3.
- The distance to the main canal in the Jordan valley is 14 km, and this main canal has an extension from
north to south of 90 km. At the end of these canals, the reclaimed water is finally used to irrigate about
-4,000
The use
of with
reclaimed
water
for irrigation
is ha.
generally a sensitive topic in the public due to lack of
farms
an area
of approx.
10,000
information.
No country-wide
crop monitoring
system
for crops
irrigatedand
with
reclaimed water
been
- Treated effluent,
which is reused
for irrigation,
is diluted
with surface
precipitation
waterhas
by the
established
yet due
unclear
roles
overlapping
of roles)
between
involved
agencies
regards to
passage through
thetowadies
etc.
The(and
water
flows by gravity
from
the WWTP
via KTR
to thewith
agricultural
who
should
be inischarge
of such
scheme
for monitoring
biological
contamination
of crops.
fields.
Pumping
not required
asaKTR
is located
600 m above
sea level
and the valley
200 m below sea
-level.
Providing guidelines in this field helps to clarify and improve the situation. The majority of farmers in the
SuSanA
caseare
study,
'Use ofoftreated
wastewater
inof
agriculture,
Jordan
Valley'.
(seebeginning
website below)
project
area
not
aware
the
nutrient
content
the
reclaimed
water
and
are
appreciate
- The preferred irrigation method is drip irrigation in combination with very thin plastic sheetsto(in
Jordan
information regarding reclaimed water quality.
called
-mulch)
Resultswhich
of the cover
crop monitoring
program
a rapid
revealed
thatand
use of
the plant rows.
The and
typical
cropsassessment
are all kind of
of consultants
vegetables in
open field
treated
greenhouse cultivations.
wastewater
in developed
Jordan meets
the health-based
recommended program
by the WHO
for the workers
safe
-http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-jordan-treated-wastewater-reuse-2009.pdf
GTZ project
an information
systemtarget
(a computer-based
that guidelines
allows extension
use
of
and educated farmers to optimise their fertigation in light of the irrigation water quality, location, crop, soil
treated
type andwastewater.
other factors). Governmental and private extension providers were trained on the use of this
-software
The results
sites
revealed
that fertiliser
expenditures
can
be reduced by 60%. Moreover,
to befrom
ablethe
to demo
provide
extension
advice
in accordance
with this
tool.
between 2006 and 2009 a lot of emphasis was placed on training the farmers. A survey showed that 90%
of the farmers started to incorporate the recommendations of the advisers but in general it is a very slow
Reclaimed
Water Project
(RWP), P.O. Box 926 238, Amman 11190, Jordan
process to change
their attitudes.
- Nevertheless, it has to be pointed out that the surrounding situation changed since the program started:
More and more industry has been established in Jordan, and in most cases the factories do not have
onsite treatment of their wastewater but lead it untreated into the sewer. The municipal wastewater
treatment plants are not equipped to treat this industrial effluent adequately. This now poses a threat for
the treated wastewater reuse scheme in agriculture.
Dania 09.02.2006
Sren 14.02.2007, Update,
PN 2002.2108.5
Christina 16.9.2009 (colour changed from orange to white)
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) 24.02.10 added information from SuSanA case study
Yes
162
Jordan
Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse for households
demonstration project- what, how?
2002
The first phase was focused on capacity building and awareness raising. While on the current phase six
different demonstration systems for water collection and storage, wastewater treatment and reuse are
being realised. 45 home gardens are being built.
Wastewater
Constructed wetland
Treated wastewater for irrigation of the home gardens
This system consists of a septic tank followed by an anaerobic (upflow) rock filter and a trickling filter, with
recirculation from the trickling filter back to the pumping tank.
The anaerobic filter is used prior to the trickling filter to provide for further BOD and TSS reduction to
improve nitrification. Enhanced total nitrogen removal may be achieved by recirculatng the nitrified effluent
from the trickling filter to the anoxic conditions in the upflow rock filter or the influent of the septic tank,
which is not the case of the original design. Sufficient organic carbon can be provided from the septic tank
filter recirculation to the upflow filter for the denitrifying bacteria. The trickling filter unit doesnt include a
clarifier, which should return sludge to the septic tank.
office@austria.hilfswerk.at or markus.lechner@econsan.at or elke.muellegger@ecosan.at (Markus is not

longer with Ecosanclub?)
No
163
Kazakhstan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in and around Aksu-Jabagly and Naurzum Game Reserves
Portable urine diversion dehydration toilet (UDDT) built at a camp within the nature reserve.
Other UDDTs also built and constructed wetland planned (but details not known)
Aksu-Jabagly Reserve is located in the mountainous area in the south of Kazakhstan on the territory of the
Western Tian-Shan. Naurzum Reserve is located in steppe zone of Kostanay region.
In and around Aksu-Jabagly Game Reserve: Villages Karamendy and Urkash; Naurzum Game Reserve:
Villages Tonkeris and Baldybrek.
2008 - 2010
20 pilot UDDTs constructed, including two school UDDT.

Planned for 2009: 3 school dry toilets, 2 constructed wetlands for greywater.
(Additionally, urine diverting slabs by the SISTROM technology (Russian) and production of household dry
toilets are planned)
Game reserves,
rural
urban
areas
Assume
200 users
perand
school
UDDT
(for purposes of summary list), 400 school users
Members of Ecoforum of NGOs of Kazakhstan: Mountain club Jabagly-Manas, , Aksu-MSCH,

Naurzum Bionet, Ecocenter of Karaganda c., Eco-center Ak Tyrna, Association of single mothers of
Tekely town, Ak-Kem-Rider, Women in Europe for a Common Future (WECF)
MCJM, Bionet-Naurzum
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands.
Aksu-Jabagly Reserve is the oldest game reserve in Central Asia. Cesspools and discharge of waste
waters just on the surface is traditional. No village in rural districts has any treatment facilities. With
growing material well-being more and more people are able to build the toilets with flushing. Already now,
the South-Kazakhstan region is one of most affected, concerning infectious diseases. Naurzum Reserve
has impoverished population. The water supply systems constructed in the times of USSR are not
functioning. 95% of the population uses water from wells, which in most cases does not correspond to
sanitary standards. Rural schools have no warm toilets. The possibility of catching infectious and catarrhal
diseases is very high. Because of pit latrines, nitrate levels found between 50 - 500 mg/l
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively, greywater
Portable UDDT; double-vault household and school toilets; constructed wetlands;
Urine as fertiliser for garden
Mobile UDDT built at camp: 300 EUR

School UDDT: 2,000 EUR
Mobile UDDT built at camp:

Simple portable construction: double chamber made of iron sheets, green tent-textile, ventilation pipe,
canister for urine, some wood and linoleum for floor, and 30 minutes for installation.
Lesson Learnt:
- Inspectors in the game reserves have too low a salary (about 100 EURO). They have no interest in
tourism, the less tourists come the less troubles for them. So nobody and nothing can make them take
care of the toilets.
- Many people are interested in good quality slabs. Absence of local production of slabs is a bottleneck of
spreading of UDDTs. Understanding the importance of sanitation is improving the situation of poor people.
- There are many rich people who want to buy high quality dry toilets, but nobody sells equipment for dry
toilets.
- Some of the game reserves in Kazakhstan are very large (for example, Korgalzhyn has more than
500,000 ha, Naurzum has 190, 000 hectares). It is very difficult to take care of toilets, so they need mobile
ecosan toilets (auto). Much
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/present_Rauf_Sabitov.pdfhttp://www.thewaterchannel.tv/index.php?option=com_hwdvide
-There is much information in the Internet and other sources about ecosan, but only a few people know in
Kazakhstan about dry toilets.
- Support from the government and local administration may solve many troubles with spreading dry toilets
in schools, also financial restrictions.
Rauf Sabitov, Chair of NGO Mountain club Jabagly-Manas, Taraz city, Kazakhstan,
E-Mail: jabagly-manas@mail.ru, Tel: 7(7262) 571111, 310168, Mob: +77012335668
Nadira on 24.08.09, intial entry made from map attachment email of Dr. Claudia Wendland to Elisabeth
(16.06.09)
Update Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu, on 01.03.10
No
No
164
Kenya
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA), using urine
diversion dehydration toilets and a wetland, Nakuru
Implementing urine diversion dehydration toilets and a wetland as a part of the ROSA project
Nakuru
Nakuru, Rift Valley Province, Kenya
Oct. 2006 - Sep. 2009
Construction of 15 UDDTs, 2 soak pits, 9 urinal basins, one wetland, 2 shallow pits, one hand wash and
one agriculture demonstration plot. (Also awareness raising and sensitisation was done by using posters,
callenders and workshops).
The indirect beneficiaries of the project is the whole population of Nakuru (i.e. 400,000 people) while direct
beneficiaries are 230 people and 28 households.
Unplanned settlements, schools and community gathering places like churches
Strategic sanitation & waste plans (SSWPs) in Nakuru
Nakuru ROSA team
EU through ROSA
Poorly managed storm water drains, poor solid waste management, sewer blockages, unplanned
settlement structures
UDDTs; wetland
Reuse of urine and faeces for agriculture
Beneficiaries contribute labour force and materials are bought by the project
Double-vault UDDT with squatting pan
The municipal council is working together with NGOs, CBOs and donors like ITDG through JICA, WASTE;
after 2 years set-up of collection, treatment and commercial re-use of excreta; special requirements for
single-chamber UDDTs is optimal for densely populated plots; users seem to be willing to pay for the
collection service of faeces; not always enough ownership existent; re-use of excreta difficult in peri-urban
areas (because of not depending on farming).
Benedict M. Mutua, ROSA project. Nakuru Kenya.
Mndewa Lucas, 07.01.2009. Email: mndewal@yahoo.com,

PN 2004.2061.2 and 2004.2027.3; Christina 16.9.2009 from internal report of a visit (Feb. 2009) and
colour changed from orange to white
No
165
Kenya
Developing service providers of compost and biogas plants for small scale farmers in western
Nyanza rift valley, central and eastern provinces of Kenya
Developing entrepreneurs for the construction of small-scale biogas plants and training of self-help groups
in making composting plants
Promotion of Private Sector Development in Agriculture (PSDA) Nairobi, Kenya
Jan. 2005 - Dec. 2007
3 entrepreneurs which offer services for construction and operation of biogas plants for a rising number of
clients (22 clients in May 2006)
GTZ, Ministry of Agriculture (PSDA)
GTZ, Ministry of Agriculture (PSDA)
BMZ, Bundesministerium fr wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung
Firewood has become short because of cultivation of land and destruction of the forest cover, declining
soil fertility. A large amount of waste and wastewater from farms is not used at all but polluting the
environment.
Hence cost saving and environment-friendly technologies for energy production, fertilisation and irrigation
are needed.
Problems experienced earlier in the biogas plant construction and uptake have been mainly quality related
by
semi trained or untrained masons. Until 1994 there have been several support programs for regenerative
energies funded by diverse donors, that offered e.g. information literature or one-day trainings carried out
by national NGOs.. A number of entrepreneurs who only participated in these far short workfigure shops or
who were self trained by books, offered construction of inadequate biogas plants at the market, thus
contributing negatively to the reputation of the technology.
Although some private composting activities have been going on already for a number of years the used
technologies were often inadequate, resulting in a poor quality product, unattractive to customers.
Blackwater
Biogas digestor (for human and animal waste), composting
Biogas for cooking and lighting; slurry and compost used as soil conditioner
Investment costs for a turnkey 16 m3 biogas plant amount for instance to app. 1500 US$. Experience
shows that an average investment of app. 80 - 100 US$ per m3 digester volume can be taken.
Composting includes land costs
Biogas: The project targets to closely monitor the masons under training to ensure that they maintain
quality and are only allowed to undertake constructions after being properly trained. Follow-up supervision
and establishment of a network will contribute to monitoring of the skills development. However an
upscaling of implementation of biogas plants would help to meet the masons comprehensive training
requirements.
SEE PDS 029
Composting: Composting as a solid waste treatment model and the sale of fertiliser promises to be an
acceptable option if the market uptake of compost fertilisers is developed. With proper training in the
production of quality compost, and understanding of the economic advantages of using compost as an
alternative to petroleum sourced fertiliser, producers and users can contribute to expanding the market
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-029-small-scale-compost-biogas-kenya-2006.pdf
and thus encouraging more sector investments. Hence also composting in a larger scale, e.g. in
composting groups or as a commercial activity, should be encouraged to motivate individuals and
corporate investors to participate. A number of groups and individual investors are already interested in
undertaking these activities as income generating enterprise.
PSDA@gtzpsda.co.ke
Establishment of credit facilities for both biogas plant constructions and compost site establishments as
presently being investigated - would lead to further upscaling.
Update 18.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen;

Christina 16.9.2009 (small update and colour change from orange to white)
Nadira (nadirakhawaja) 24.02.10 added information from GTZ datasheet
No
166
Kenya
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at a clinic in Shela, Lamu Island
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) at a clinic
Shela
Shela, Lamu Island
planned
Whereever the Need (WTN)
WTN
WTN
Eleven years of civil war (1991 to 2002) decimated the country. One of the poorest countries in Africa. In
the villages looting and pillaging are still evident. The villages have poor or non-existent sanitary facilities,
leading to many problems ranging from issues of health, to gender discrimination and empowerment.
UDDT
http://www.wherevertheneed.org.uk/projects/projects.htm
David Crosweller. email: david@wherevertheneed.org.uk

telephone: (44) 01225 723673
fax: (44) 01225 723105
Nadira on 02.09.09 from email of D. Crosweller (02.09.09)
No
No
167
Kenya
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Khaimba Primary School, Butere
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school
Butere town
Butere a town in the Western province of Kenya
2005-2006, 2008 through EU-SIDA-GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project
Two units of UDDTs for teachers and two for students.

One 40 m3 rainwater harvesting tank for handwashing.
1000 pupils + teachers (number of teachers is not known).
Town area
EU-Sida-GTZ
Sida through KWAHO, later EU-Sida-GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project
A successful pilot project within the Ecosan promotion programme is Khaimba primary school (1000
pupils) in Butere, a town in the Western province of Kenya in the Butere/Mumias district.
UDDT
Fertiliser in the school farm land for crops such as banana, maize and spinach
For school it is also appealing to raise their social status and image with improved sanitation facilities that
are likely to attract more students and funds. The awareness on environmental benefits of ecosan is well
understood by the local population, but it is lower-ranking as an incentive for schools.
Christian Rieck, GTZ - Kenya, P.O.Box 12232, Tom Mboya street, 00400 Nairobi, Kenya. E-Mail:
christian.rieck@gtz.de
No
168
Kenya
Implementation of recycling-oriented sanitation services: urine diversion

dehydration toilets (UDDTs), wastewater treatment systems (biogas) and
constructed wetlands (overarching project with many sub-projects)
Implementation of recycling-oriented sanitation services: urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs),
waste water treatment systems (biogas) and constructed wetlands (this project was called the EPP:
Ecosan Promotion Project, funded by EU, SIDA, GTZ)
Nairobi
Ngong Road, Maji House, 3rd Floor/Suite 316
Oct 2006 - May 2010
Training on EcoSan philosophy, construction of 1000 UDDTs with rain water harvesting system for hand
washing promotion and construction of 18 decentralised wastewater treatment systems (DTS) including
biogas digesters, baffled reactors and a constructed wetland
Beneficiaries total of approx. 50,000 people from an avarage of 20 per UDDT and 1,500 per DTS unit.
Rural household, institutions, public places and peri-urban settlements
GTZ water program, Ministry of Water and Irrigation
GTZ EcoSan through Community Based Organisations (CBOs), Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs),
Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Artisans, Water sector institutions like Water Services Trust
Fund (WSTF), Water Services Boards (WSBs) and Water Service Providers (WSPs)
European Union (EU) through EU water facility ad co-funded by Swedish International Development
Agency (SIDA) and German Technical Corporation (GTZ)
Low sanitation coverage. Pollution of water resources by raw sewage and pit latrines. Pit latrines in rural
and urban areas pollute groundwater through leakage as well as surface water after strong rainfall and
flooding. Occurence of water-related diseases is the result. High costs for re-investing in latrines after the
pits are full, frequent flooding is prevelant and especially in areas where only shallow pits can be dug, e.g.
rocky, collapsing soils and high groundwater table. Poor agricultural soils in many areas with subsitence
farming and growing population. No and limited access to sanitation facilities in public places and
institutions.
Separate streams of urine, faeces, blackwater, greywater and kitchen waste
double-vaults UDDTs for households and primary schools, low-flush toilets (school and public toilets),
decentralised waste water treatment systems (DEWATS) with biogas digester (settler), anaerobic baffled
reactor (ABR), anaerobic filter (AF), wetlands and ponds for schools, prisons and public toilets.
Reuse of urine, faeces and treated waste water in agriculture. Use of biogas for cooking.
Beneficiaries contribute labour force and materials are bought by the project. Average costs for UDDTs is
EUR 500, costs for DEWATS for schools including 5 stand toilet and hand wash unit cost EUR 20,000,
costs for public toilet with 5 toilets, 2 showers, urinal and DEWATS are between EUR 30,000 and 40,000.
Double-vault UDDT with handwash facility- one per household and 2 bys units and 2 girl units in schools.
Rainwater harvesting system is included. DEWATS with digester of size 54 CM, 90 CM and 124 CM; ABR
with 6 chambers and 2 to 5 meter length and 1 meter width, AF with 2 chambers and 1,5 meter width and
same lengths.one constructed wetland with 50 sqm. Shallow ponds of differents sizes.
Implementation of EcoSan in rural households requires initial training of communities through community
based organisations. The communities easily adopts EcoSan technology when economic benefits are
emphasised. Revolving fund scheme does well in the area as the money from the toilet in terms of sold
agricultural products is saved for investment and to build other toilets (called ''factories'').
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/z-by-country/ssa/kenya/epp-rural-sanitation-hhImportance of user participation from planning, to implementation and to monitoring is essential for
kenya-2009-en.pdf
ownership as well as contribution of the beneficiaries to the toilet costs with unskilled labour and locally
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/z-by-country/ssa/kenya/epp-sanitation-instituitionsavailable materials.
kenya-2009-en.pdf
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/z-by-country/ssa/kenya/epp-sanitation-publicImplemenation with water sector institutions is a viable option to scale up ecosan in Kenya which should
-be further developed and mainstreamed!!!
places-kenya-2009-en.pdf
http://www.susana.org/lang-en/case-studies/region/ssa (case studies)
http://www.susana.org/lang-en/videos-and-photos/videos/from-east-africa (videos)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/collections/72157616752316076/ (photos)
Paul Patrick Onyango, GTZ EcoSan, Majihouse Room 316. P.O Box 19512-00202 Nairobi,
patrick.onyango@gtz-wsrp.or.ke, onyangopadak@yahoo.com
Christian Rieck, GTZ ecosan program, Eschborn, christian.rieck@gtz.de
Christian Rieck 23.05.2010
Yes
http://www.susana.org/lang-en/case-studies/region/ssa (case studies)
169
Kenya
Public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk at a bus park in Naivasha, Kenya, Rift Valley
Province (one sub-project of larger ecosan project)
Public toilet with biogas plant next to a bus park extented with a water kiosk that also serves as the
operators room (a sub-project of the larger EPP project, see entry to the left)
Naivasha
Naivasha Bus Park

Naivasha, Rift Valley Province, Kenya
2007 - 2010
Start of construction: October 2007

Ongoing monitoring period until May 2010
Up tp 300 visitors per day (5 toilets cubicles, 1 urinal cubicle and 2 shower cubicles)
Urban area
EPP - EcoSan Promotion Project Kenya

(Supported by the EU, SIDA, GTZ and embedded in the Kenyan Water Sector Reform Program)
Water Service Provider: Naivasha Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Company Ltd. (NAIVAWASS)
Water Service Trust Fund (WSTF)
EU-Sida-GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project
Small town, area of 30 km2, and aproximately 70,000 people population. Less than 5% of household and
businesses are connected to sewer system which is connected to a poorly functioning treatment facility.
The town has five public toilets managed by the municipal council which are in an appalling state. The
public toilets are therefore not conductive to healthy and comfortable living conditions. Naivasha Bus Park
is located in the town center. It operates 24 hours a day for overland buses.The bus park is surrounded by
residential areas where households mainly depend on individual or shared toilets. The water supply
situation is chatacterised by unreliable water supply and insufficient quantities supplied (partly due to
power shortages).
Combined wastewater from flushed toilets, flushed urinals, showers and hand washing.
Fixed dome biogas plant
Biogas for the stove of caf used for cooking food and making tea. (Applied)
Slurry (accumulated sludge) shall be used as soil conditioner. (Suggested)
Treated effluent water could be used as a source of fertiliser and irrigation water. (Suggested - not
possible due to prohibitive costs)
EUR 40,000 (material and labour costs for ablution block, water kiosk, biogas plant and adminstrative cost
for the WSP.
EUR 0.05 is the cost per visit based on 9000 visits per month, 10 years life span and 5% discount rate.
Tariffs: EUR 0.05 per toilet use/EUR 0.1 per shower use/EUR 0.02 per 20-22 litre jerrican)
5 toilets cubicles (2 male and 3 female) equipped with a 10 L cistern each
1 male wall urinal equiped with manual flushing
2 shower cubicles
Biogas Plant:
- Volume: 54 m3 with two expansion chambers
- Assumed daily user frequency: 1,000 people
- Design Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT): 5 days
Success
factors: biogas plant (robust technology that works without moving parts and can operate under
- Type: fixed-dome
-high
A prepared
business plan and management concept helped the water Servise Provider (WSP) and water
inflow fluctuations)
Service Board (WSB) to fulfill their mandates and helped to ensure sustainable Service provision.
- Coordinator supervision of the contractor is necessary to insure quality and timely work progress.
- WSB and WSP must work closely together.
SuSanA
case study,
toilet withconcept
biogas to
digester
water kiosk
Naivasha,
Kenya'an(see
- The pay-per-use
is 'Public
an appropriate
supplyand
convenient
services
to the Central
user through
website
operator.below)
- The operators must be well trained.
- The WSP need capacity building at the intial stages.
- Enough revenue is essential to make the facility attractive to the WSP and WSB.
See
case
here: http://www.susana.org/lang-en/case-studies/region/ssa
and photos on flickr
- Best
usestudy
for biogass
is for small resturants.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157623254082278/
- Low demand for heated waters in showers.
- Linking to legal institutions of water sector are necessary to enhance sustainability of service provision.
Challenges for the project:
Paul
Patrick Onyango,
Project
GTZ EcoSan
Project
(EPP) Kenya
- Architectural
design needs
to leader,
be enhanced
in termsPromotion
of space use,
efficiency,
safety against vandalism
T:
+254 721and
172user
661convenience.
(day/night)
E:
patrick.onyango1@gtz.de
or for saving water where there supply interuptions.
- Water
saving toilets are better
patrick.onyango@gtz-wsrp.or.ke
Antonius Armanious, 17.02.2010, the entry of the date based on the case study on the SuSanA website.
Yes
170
Kenya
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at St. Francis Nyangajo Girls Boarding High School in Kendu
Bay
UDDTs were built as part of a 50,000 dollar project at St. Francis Girls Boarding High School in Kendu Bay
Kendu Bay
Estimated to have started in 2010. need to confirm by mail.
4 UDDT Toilets for 40 students
The 4 UDDTs built were part of a $50,000.00 project. Money was raised to Build a Dormitory (Rodney &
Robin House) which is housing 40 students, a drilled Water Well, which was to supply clean water to the
School and surrounding community for at least the next 20 years. As pert of the project, 400 students and
staff were supplied with Mosquito Nets to help prevent Malaria, thereby savings lots of lives each year.
UDDTs
http://www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/pages/Millies-Village/113851028625026?ref=ts
Millie Klumpp,Tel.805-474-6100 or email luolady@gmail.com
Inserted by Paul Okan- Adjetey on 7/10/2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
171
Kenya
Implementation of urine diversion dehydration toilets by Community Based Organisations, Ugunja
District, Western Kenya (one sub-project of larger ecosan project)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) built by Community Based Organisations in rural areas and
reuse of products on crops (a sub-project of the larger EPP project, see entry to the left)
Rambula Magoya
2008 - 2009
Start of construction: October/2008

End of construction: February/2009
Start of operation: March/2009
Ongoing monitoring period planned for: 8 months
Project end: October 2009
Number of inhabitants covered: 3,040
Rural area
GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project Kenya
Community Based Organisations
EU-Sida-GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project
Double-vault UDDT
Urine as fertilier and dried faeces as soil conditioner for kale and banana crops
The investment in one toilet is KSH 50,000 (approx. EUR 500)
Double-vault UDDT: Faeces are collected in two vaults underneath a plastic, urine separating squatting
pan, where they are dried. There are two chambers, which are used alternatively and help in avoiding
handling of unsanitised human excreta. When the first vault is full, the defecation hole is closed, and the
squatting pan is transferred to the second vault. The urine is diverted by a funnel or specially designed
toilet into a urine container underneath the toilet. The basic design parameters include waste production
for sizing of the chambers. Faeces chambers have a volume of approx. 560 liters (length, width and
height: 750 x 1,100 x 750
The
has already
created
moreburned
interest
in agricultural
production asand
most
people
not aware of
mm).project
Construction
materials
include
bricks
for the superstructure
iron
sheetswere
for roofing.
reuse of human excreta as fertiliser. As a result of the project, the community members have formed a
revolving
fund
where thesystem
extra income
from the use to
of provide
the EcoSan
used for construction of
A
rain water
harvesting
is also incorporated
waterfacilities
for handiswashing.
more toilets for the members of the community based organisation. The experience has shown that
contributions by the beneficiary are essential for ownership of the facility.
SuSana case study, 'Implementation of urine diversion dehydration toilets by Community Based
Organisation, Ugunja District, Western Kenya'. (see website below)
See case study here: http://www.susana.org/lang-en/case-studies/region/ssa and photos on flickr:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157616661477861/
Paul Patrick Onyango, Project leader, GTZ EcoSan Promotion Project (EPP) Kenya
T: +254 721 172 661
E: patrick.onyango1@gtz.de or
patrick.onyango@gtz-wsrp.or.ke
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) 24.02.10 inserted from SuSanA case study (see above)
Yes
172
Kosovo
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural school, Blace Village
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in a rural school
Blace Village
2000 - 2001
School toilet for 500 pupils
Rural area: School
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers in Consortia with SETEC
UNMIK, Municipality of Suva Reka
Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Blace: 3,500 inhabitants; 89% damaged houses; 55% completely destroyed;

School director enthusiastic in the project
For the 500 pupils school a sanitation building was constructed with washing and toilet facilities. The
toilets are based on separation of urine and dehydration of faeces.
Reuse of dried faeces for agriculture
40,000 (?)
Teachers are not the ideal group for promoting ecosan as toilets are seen as a symbol of the poor
EcoSan (Blace/Vranic Kosovo); Teil 2: http://www.pap.co.at/downloads/Versuch%20EcoSan.pdf
www.pap.co.at
kaschka@pap.co.at
No
173
Kosovo
Piloting urine diversion dehydration toilets in Vranic and Blace Villages, Suva Reka Municipality
Piloting urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in two villages
Vranic and Blace Villages, Suva Reka Municipality
2000 - to date
Project 1: 2000 - 2001

Project 2: since 2002
5 UDDTs for households. Assuming average household size of 7 (from country list), 35 users.
Rural area
Posch & Partners Consulting Engineers in Consortia with SETEC
UNMIK, Municipality of Suva Reka
Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Own governance since autumn 2001; no drainage; mainly latrines for sanitation; in reconstruction
tendency towards flushing toilets; greywater infiltrates
Vranic: 3,200 inhabitants; 99% damaged houses; 68% completely destroyed;
Blace: 3,500 inhabitants; 89% damaged houses; 55% completely destroyed
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively. (beige water?)
Double-vault UDDT
Reuse of faeces for gardening
20,000 (?)
For 5 pilot families a double-vault UDDT has been designed and implemented. The toilet had to be
designed for the needs of the muslim population (preference for standing / water cleaning)
Succesful in Blace / Failed in Vranic

Possible reasons: Blace has older toilets, is economically worse off; good example from school toilet; hope
for canalisation in Vranic.
Ecosan accepted as provisional solution; better to implement in private field
EcoSan (Blace/Vranic Kosovo); Teil 2: http://www.pap.co.at/downloads/Versuch%20EcoSan.pdf
www.pap.co.at
kaschka@pap.co.at
No
174
Kyrgyzstan
Piloting of urine diversion toilets with households
Piloting of urine diversion toilets in Kyrgyzstan by four organisations
2006 - 2008
Planning phase/workshops in Dec. 2006 (two year project)
Each project partner will construct 3 toilets and 1 soil filter.

Below it says that four partners are collaberating, i.e. 12 toilets. Assuming average household size of 5
(from country list), 60 users
Four Kyrgyz NGO partners are collaborating in this project: the rural womens NGO ALGA, the ecological
movement BIOM, Habitat for Humanity Kyrgyzstan, and the Public Association ULGU
Four Kyrgyz NGO partners are collaborating in this project: the rural womens NGO ALGA, the ecological
movement BIOM, Habitat for Humanity Kyrgyzstan, and the Public Association ULGU
Funded by: German Environment Ministry (UBA) under its consulting support programme.
Kyrgyzstan is among the poorest countries of the former Soviet Union. Its population in the rural areas
faces many problems bad sanitary conditions are among them. Kyrgyzstans National Statistics claim
that only 12% of the rural population has access to improved sanitation. Outdoor pit-latrines are the norm.
They are a cause for ground- and drinking water contamination, many infectious diseases, and also infant
mortality.
Different types of urine diversion toilets and soil filters to the country's condition
Treated greywater for watering of the garden; treated urine and faeces for fertiliser
http://www.wecf.eu/english/articles/2007/01/uba_kz.php
sascha.gabizon@wecf.org ; Margriet.Samwel@wecf.org ; deegener@tuhh.de
Analiza from Newsletter 23 dated February 2007; 27.08.2008
No
175
Kyrgyzstan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with urban and rural households
Implementing urine diverison dehydration toilets (UDDT) with households and 2 constructed wetlands for
households
Bishkek, Kant, Ivanovka, village Saruu, town Kerben, Osh, village Kommuna
Provinces: Chui, Jalalabat, Osh, Batken, Issyk-Kul, Naryn
2006 - 2010
ca. 300 household UDDTs

Rural and urban areas
WECF, ALGA, BIOM, Habitat for Humanity, ULGU, Central Asian Alliance for Water and Mehr-Shavkat,
Unison, Agerkech, KAWS
ALGA, BIOM, Habitat for Humanity, ULGU, Central Asian Alliance for Water and Mehr-Shavkat, Unison,
Agerkech, KAWS
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Afairs, German Federal Environment Agency (Umwelt Bundesamt Germany),
WECF

Toilets implemented under the programmes
1) Ein nachhaltiges dezentrales Abwassermanangement fuer Kirgisistan
2) Empowerment & Local Action
UDDT; constructed wetlands
The urine and dehydrated faeces will be used by farmers in their farmland, partly by households
200 - 600 EUR
Double-vault UDDT for households, partly self developed squatting and sitting urine diverting toilet;
constructed wetlands for household grey water treatment
claudia.wendland@wecf.eu
gero.fedtke@wecf.eu
fedde.jorritsma@wecf.eu
farida.shorukova@wecf.eu
margriet.samwel@wecf.eu
No
176
Kyrgyzstan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for six schools and one madrasah in rural areas
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for 6 schools and 1 madrasah UDDT(religious school for boys)
with reuse
Village Myrsake, Ivanovka, Kommuna, Osh, Bokonbaeva

Provinces: Chui, Osh, Batken
2008 - 2009
UDDT for 6 schools and 1 madrasah UDDT (religious school for boys)
ca. 2.000 students and teachers
Rural area
WECF, ALGA, BIOM, ULGU, Central Asian Alliance for Water, Unison
ALGA, BIOM, ULGU, Central Asian Alliance for Water&Mehr-Shavkat, Unison
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, WECF, German Ambassy

Toilets implemented under the programmes:
1) Empowerment & Local Action
2) Project in cooperation with German Ambassy in Kyrgyzstan
UDDT
The urine and dehydrated faeces will be used by farmers in their farmland.
Double-vault UDDT for schools with UD slabs from China
claudia.wendland@wecf.eu
gero.fedtke@wecf.eu
fedde.jorritsma@wecf.eu
farida.shorukova@wecf.eu
margriet.samwel@wecf.eu
No
177
Lebanon
Greywater treatment and reuse for households in Tanoura Village, Rasha Caza
Greywater treatment and reuse in a poor village with water scarcity
Tanoura, Rasha Caza, Lebanon
2006
30 houses, each house with a greywater treatment system
Rural area
Middle East Centre for the Transfer of Appropriate Technology (MECTAT)
Shortage of water, poor village
Greywater
Treated greywater used for irrigating the garden
Each house is equipped with a 3 or 4 barrel treatment kit in which the anearobic treatment of the collected
greywater takes place during one or two days, then it is pump into a drip irrigation network installed in the
garden.
http://www.mectat.com.lb/metopics/Tannoura%20Web/tannoura.htm
http://www.mectat.com.lb/metopics/Tannoura%20Web/tannoura.htm
boghos@mectat.com.lb
Analiza from Newsletter 25 dated August 2007; 29.08.2008
No
178
Lesotho
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the domestic wastewater of single
households in Maseru and Mapoteng
Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment systems for single households and use of biogas
and effluent for fertiliser or irrigation
Maseru and Mapoteng
2007 - 2009
16 DEWATS systems for single households, with a total of 184 users.

Three of these households also included animal manure in the system. And one household had an
outhouse used by about 40 people (included in the number of users above)
TED
TED-BORDA, client
Combined wastewater from toilets, kitchen, bath, laundry and/or kitchen waste, animal manure. Some
have separation of kitchen wastewater or grey and blackwater.
Biogas plants, anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR), planted gravel filters (PGF) or trickling filter
Surface irrigation for garden, fertiliser for garden, biogas for cooking
12,000 - 24,000 Maluti per project
Type of construction: brick and block build

Amount of wastewater: 1 - 2 m3/d
Biogas plants: 2 - 12 m3
Anaerobic baffled reactors: 2.3 - 6 m3
Planted gravel filter: 2 - 18 m2
http://www.borda-sadc.org/modules/news/
Andreas Ulrich, email: ulrich@borda.de
Nadira on 22.09.2009 from fact sheets emailed by BORDA
No
No
179
Lesotho
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the domestic wastewater of three
institutions in Maseru, Thaba Bosiu and Rothe
Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment systems at institutions and use of effluent for
irrigation
Maseru, Thaba Bosiu and Rothe
2007 - 2008
1) Home for disable children- 60 users

2) Orphanage- 45 users
3) Boarding school- 180 users
Total 285 users
Institutions
TED and T.C.C.
TED-BORDA
Combined wastewater from toilets, bathroom, kitchen and laundry
Biogas plants, Anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR), planted gravel filters (PGF),
Irrigation of garden and natural forest
1) 112,000 Maluti; 2) 65,000 Maluti; 3) 45,000 Maluti
Type of construction: brick and block build

Amount of wastewater: 1) 5 m3/d 2) 3.2 m3/d 3) 10 m3/d
Biogas plant: 1) 16 m3 2) 9 m3 3) 20 m3
Anaerobic baffled reactors: 1) 21 m3 2) 10 m3 3) integrated into the biogas dome
Planted gravel filter: 1) 75 m2 2) 30 m2 3) non
No
No
180
Lesotho
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the wastewater of three tourism
facilities in Butha Buthe and Thaba Bosiu
Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment systems at tourism facilities and use of effluent for
irrigation
Butha Buthe and Thaba Bosiu
2007 - 2008
1) Lodge with restaurant, guest houses and staff buiding- 50 users

2) Cultural village with amphitheatre, museum, restaurant and staff building- 100 users
3) Cultural village with 41 shallays, restaurant and staff building- 100 users
Total 250 users
Tourism facilities
TED and Matekane transport and plant hire
Client
Combined wastewater from toilets, bathroom, kitchen, laundry
Anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR), planted gravel filters (PGF), and settlers for the two cultural villages.
Irrigation of natural forest
1) 45,000 Rand (approx. 4,000 ); 2) 170,000 Rand (approx. 15,200 ); 3) 120,000 Rand (approx.
10,700 )
Type of construction: 1) brick wall structure; 2) and 3) concrete structure and membrane
Amount of wastewater: 1) 4 m3/d 2) 35 m3/d 3) 12 m3/d
Settler: 2) 5 m3 3) 5 m3
Anaerobic baffled reactors: 1) 22 m3 2) 22 m3 3) 22m3
Planted gravel filter: 1) 15 m2 2) 550 m2 3) 326 m2
No
No
181
Malawi
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for poor households in the cities of Lilongwe, Blantyre and
Mzuzu
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for poor households in cities
Lilongwe, Blantyre and Mzuzu
2005 - 2008
500 UDDTS (the target is to reach 1900 UDDTs). Assuming average household size of 5 (from country
list), 2500 users.
Urban area
Homeless International in Cooperation with Center for Community Organization and Development
(CCODE) and Malawi Homeless People's Federation ( MHPF)
Homeless International in Cooperation with Center for Community Organization and Development
(CCODE) and Malawi Homeless People's Federation ( MHPF)
Access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities is one of urban Malawis most pressing problems.
Slums throughout the country lack adequate toilet facilities, and outbreaks of cholera and other
waterborne diseases resulting from poor sanitation are rife. At the same time, the availability of clean
drinking water in informal settlements is also a major issue. Practices by the water boards controlling
piped water supply into slum communities, as well as the use of unmetered taps, have resulted in
residents being charged exorbitant water rates. Water points in slum communities are also not
strategically placed and are usually concentrated close to main roads or on the outside of settlements,
making it extremely difficult for residents to access them.
UDDT
http://www.homeless-international.org/Home_1.aspx?
id=0:907&sw=1024&sh=734&sd=32&ww=550&wh=264
info@homeless-international.org ; skuenkhoma@malawi.net
No
182
Malawi
Low cost sanitation with arboloo, fossa alterna and skyloo latrines in rural areas of Embangweni,
Thylo and Phalombe
Arborloo, fossa alterna and skyloo toilets as low cost sanitation for rural households
Embangweni, Thylo and Phalombe
2002 - 2006
Previous: baseline survey

Current: operation
6523 household ecosan latrines in Embangweni, 6188 ecosan toilets in Thyolo and Phalombe. Assuming
average household size of 5 (from country list), have 63,555 users.
Rural areas
Water Aid, Central Church of Africa Presbyterian (CCAP)
Water Aid, Central Church of Africa Presbyterian (CCAP)
47% already plant banana trees on their old latrine pits; 38% of interviewed accepted ecosan concept,
30% with some reservations, 32% would not use; low soil fertility in Malawi
Excreta
Arborloo; fossa Alterna; and Skyloo latrines
Fertiliser, soil conditioner
Subsidy: Initially 2.10$, after success was proven: dropped to 1.40$; no more than that of a traditional pit
latrine improvement program
Arborloo (planted tree in shallow pit), Fossa Alterna (moveable superstructure for two alternately operated
pits) and Skyloo latrines (two brick vaults above ground level).
All latrines use an 80 cm diameter domed slab as the basic building unit - only raw material that has to be
imported is cement.
Success of first operating systems promoted ecosan in the whole community; latrines for children with
smaller sizes were a big success; Urine diverting toilet also promoted but its high costs and complexity of
construction has precluded widespread use; dedicated individuals are needed, who became enthusiastic
about ecosan to drive it forward.
Sugden, Steven: One step closer to sustainable sanitation - the experiences of an eco-sanitation project in
Malawi
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-lessons-low-cost-ecological-approach-malawi-2007.pdfhttp://www.nku.edu/~longa/haiti/toilets/Eco_sanita
Steven Sugden, WaterAid, stevensugden@wateraid.malawi.net;
19.02.2007: Sren NEW; 09.09.2009 Christina
No
183
Malawi
Double vault composting toilets in schools in Chinteche
rural, school sanitation program to support scaling-up
Chinteche, Nkhata Bay, Malawi
P.O. BOX #129

Chintheche, Nkhata Bay, Malawi
Southern Africa
Jul-02
11 schools (approximately 11,000 students) to be confirmed
primary schools
CPAR- Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
CPAR- Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
UNICEF
Under the UNICEF Strategic School Sanitation and Hygiene Program, CPAR was subcontracted to
implement a portion of the project in Nkhata Bay schools. The original title of the project is Strategic school
sanitation and hygiene project- sub-compoenent implemented by CPAR
urine diversion, faeces composted
double vaults- composting latrines
planned for agriculture
approximately US$ 20,000
developed by CPAR
With the inclusion of urinals for both girls and boys, latrines stayed rather dry. Urine was filtered with grey
water from handwash facility and then filtered into the near by school gardens
See evaluation of Strategic School Sanitation and Hygiene by J. Degabreiel et al. 2004
Tchaka Thole, Country Director. E-mail:tchakathole@yahoo.com
Belinda Abraham on 06.07.2010
No
No
184
Mali
Peri-urban urine diversion dehydration toilets (abandoned), Koulikoro
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and greywater treatment, with reuse for households in periurban areas. Project failure mainly due to institutional and financial weaknesses.
Koulikoro
2000 - 2001
11 Urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater infiltration gardens, each for approx. 10 - 25
inhabitants.
Currently mostly abandoned.
Peri-urban area
GTZ-ecosan and Otterwater GmbH, Lbeck
GTZ-ecosan, Eschborn
BMZ
Regional capital with approx. 26,000 inhabitans; existing drinking water supply: squatting toilets (with anal
hygiene); no public wastewater disposal; traditional decentralised separation and collection of faeces;
accommodation units with approx. 10 persons
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively (got alot of anal cleansing water with the faeces also),
greywater
Double-vault UDDT; greywater garden
Urine as fertiliser, dried faeces as soil conditioner, urine to enhance compost produced from organic
waste, greywater for irrigation of crops
The investment for the double-vault toilets was approx. EUR 270 to EUR 414 in the year 2001
See SuSanA case study
Examples for project failure:

1. Lack of interest/demand:This was shown by a very low user commitment and a lack of awareness for
the need of maintenance
2. Municipality cooperation: The cooperation of the Koulikoro municipality was very low throughout the
entire project and the fluctuation within its authorities was very high
SuSanA
study,
urine
toilets
(abandoned),
Koulikoro'
3.
Projectcase
scale:
The 'Peri-urban
project scale
wasdiversion
too smalldehydration
so that there
was not
enough urine
for usage
4. Design: For Koulikoro, a drying pan for urine was designed that did not work because in particular
women used lots of water to wash after urinating. The separate collection of this washwater into the
washwater drain was however not included in the user instructions.
Conclusion: This project has not been sustainable, mainly because institutional and financial sustainability
SuSanA
caseseverely
study: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-malicriteria were
neglected, for the reasons described above.
koulikoro-2009.pdf
In the technical regard the following observations are pointed out:
The drying of faeces and their use is possible in Muslim countries. The issue of anal cleansing water can
be solved through an appropriate construction, such as a 3-hole squatting pan, where anal washwater is
collected separated and treated in a soil filter.
1.
Dr.-Ing.
Martingarden
Oldenburg,
Email:
oldenburg@otterwater.de
The
greywater
system
is a possible
solution for families with a sufficiently large compound. The
2.
Christineimprovement
Werner/Heinz-Peter
Mang, christine.werner@gtz.de,
heinz-peter.mang@gtz.de
immediate
of the households
nutritional situation was
appreciated by the families in
Koulikoro (although not enough so that they would invest the required time for proper maintenance).
Urine fertilisation is very productive, but was only applicable if agricultural areas are nearby, as the
transport
of rather high amounts of liquid on bad roads with donkey carts proved difficult. A volume reduction of
collected urine would be desirable to ease handling and storage (but suitable systems, such as solar urine
desiccation, have not yet been found, mostly due to odour problems).
The use of urine for composting (household waste or agriculture residues) is a good approach in arid
regions and
is a promising alternative to the direct use of liquid urine. However composting in the Sahel
02.12.03
Ins
region can be
the dry climate
the low availability of compostable organic waste, which
aktualiziert
mitdifficult
Beitragdue
vomto27.10.03,
Daniaand
09.02.2006
is instead consumed
by livestock.
akutalisiert
am 04.01.2010
Laura Margarete Simon; la.simon@gmx.de
Yes
185
Mali
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households and women's centres in Commune VI, Bamako
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households and women's centres in urban and peri-urban
areas
Bamako
Commune VI, Bamako
2005 - 2009
Pilot phase: 2005 - 2006

Project phase: 2007 - 2009
Continuous promotion and monitoring pilot project finished (15 toilets), on-going promotion of ecosan
UDDTs through collaboration with other partners and self-financing.
20 households and 2 public centers for women's cooperatives (~ 350 inhabitants)
Urban and peri-urban
CEK Kala Saba (Consultancy) and COGEVAD (communal committee of Commune VI, Bamako)
CEK Kala Saba (Consultancy) and COGEVAD (communal committee of Commune VI, Bamako)
WASTE (pilot project), CREPA-Mali (second phase), DED (continuous technical assistance)
Commune VI, Bamako is the largest and most populated of the 6 communes of the Malian capital
(300.000-500.000 inhabitants according to different sources). Drinking water supply is existing, but
insufficient in some quarters. There is no operational infrastructure for treatment of blackwater. Latrine
sludges are dumped outside the town or disposed on farmland.
Double-vault UDDT; simple drains for urine and washing water
Direct use of urine and faeces as fertiliser and soil conditioner for agriculture and gardening.
Co-composting with organic waste, transport and use directly by the families in their field/ garden
Total costs for 13 toilets, environmental education, awareness raising campaigns and training in 2006:
31,000 Euro. Costs in 2007 and 2008 for construction of 5 toilets each: ~400 Euro, 60% grants, 40%
contribution of beneficiairies
System of awareness raising and supervision by peers partly succesful, dependent on personal motivation
and remuneration, success of urine use as fertiliser by the beneficiaries themselves led to construction of
other toilets outside the grant program, some cultural reserves to handling of faeces.
Report for WASTE available at cek@afribone.net.ml, documentation of experiences planned for 2009
Ellen Gunsilius, Ellen.Gunsilius@gtz.de, Lazare Tembly, cogevad@afribone.net.ml, Mandiou Gassama,

cek@afribone.net.ml.
Comit de Gestion et de valorisation des dchets en Commune VI (COGEVAD),
cogevad@afribone.net.ml
02.03.2009 Ellen Gunsilius (GTZ) and Elisabeth von Mnch (GTZ)
No
186
Mexico
Urban ecosan pilot program with multiple technologies at Tepoztln
Piloting multiple ecosan technologies at the scale of an urban municipality
Tepoztln
2002 - 2003
Start of planning: January 2002

Start of operation: January 2003
(Phase I: dissemination, implementation strategy evaluation, promotion)
Municipality of more than 35,000 -- including an integrated ecological sanitation closedloop system in
one periurban community.
Small-town urban area
Sarar Transformacin SC
Sarar Transformacin SC
EcoSanRes / SIDA
Tepoztln, a small urban centre 70 km south of Mexico City, has a special history of environmental
activism, strong municipality presents enormous contrasts that range from poor indigenous villages to
luxurious weekend homes. That socio-economic situation is, in many ways, a microcosm of contrasting
conditions prevalent in much of Mexico and Latin America. Tepoztln is located at the top of its watershed,
within a national park and an important biological corridor. This municipality has been included in a
comprehensive
development program, sponsored by the Ministry of Tourism, which aims at conserving the natural and
cultural heritage of 16 distinctive Mexican towns. As a tourist destination the municipality is both politically
and environmentally strategic. Because of its high location Tepoztln does not receive waters from
upstream
villages. But the clean water flowing down the mountains, after passing through various settlements, gets
polluted with greywater and black water as well as by garbage dumped into the ravines and rivers. An
estimated 70% of the urban population uses waterborne toilet systems emptying into septic tanks that
seldom conform to acceptable standards. Adequate emptying and maintenance rarely take place; so the
improperly treated effluent drains into the soil and underground fissures. Recent water quality tests
indicate that the aquifers, which supply water to most of the population, are being contaminated by nitrates
and phosphorous as well as detectable levels of faecal and total coliforms.
UDDT; arborloo; fossa alterna; reedbed; mulch filter; waterless male and female urinals; organoponics;
rainwater harvesting
Urine as fertiliser, dried faeces as soil conditioner, urine to enhance composting process, greywater for
irrigation.
Cost examples of a typical toilet with UD seat, male urinal and wash basin: $1,000 USD (including building
materials, accessories and labour). Fossa Alterna / Arborloo: $25 - $300 USD (depending on building
material). Greywater filter: $150 USD (including building material and labour).
1. Urine-diverting dry toilets, constructed with passive solar design and built with natural or traditional
materials. Over 30 UD dry toilets have been installed with: one dehydrating chamber with 2 large capacity
plastic containers (on wheels) for faeces collection, storage and pre-treatment; urine harvesting in 20 l
plastic
containers; south facing vent pipe and fly trap
2. Low-cost shallow pit composting sanitation system prototypes for poor peri-urban and rural populations
(Arborloo and Fossa Alterna).
Project
has resulted
in:greywater
integration
of dry systems
toilets within
households,
improvingtreatment.
security for users, especially
3. Reed-bed
or mulch
filtering
for physical
and biological
women
and
children; creation
ofwaterless
a networkmale
of alliances;
demystification
humancollection
urine for goal
use as
fertiliser;
4. Public,
institutional,
domestic
and female
urinals with of
a yearly
of 6000
l.
Resistance
to the A
project
due to:technique
lack of knowledge,
scepticism,
lack
of understanding
of the
5. Organoponics:
cultivation
in containers
or garden
beds,
mostly filled with
dry benefits,
leaves, lack
of
experience in government personnel.
soaked
with fermented human urine and a top layer of soil to produce vegetables.
PDS 012 (see website below)
6. Rainwater harvesting and pretreatment by sedimentation and volcanic gravel filtration. Local rainwater
harvesting potential of over 1 m per m of roof surface.
PDS 012: http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-012-mexico-tepoz-eco-2005.pdfhttp://www.laneta.apc.org/sarar/http://www.sarar-t.org/PDFS/clo
Ron Sawyer, Sarar Transformacin SC; AP 8, Tepoztln

Morelos 62520 Mexico, E-mail: rsawyer@laneta.apc.org
Tel/fax: +(52-739) 395-0364; Tel: +(52-739) 395-3001
Dania 09.02.2006
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) 24.02.10 add information from GTZ datasheet
No
187
Mexico
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater treatment contributing to the protection of El
Tule Lagoon
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) and greywater treatment contributing to environmental
protection
Mexican Pacific Coast
2006 - 2008
30 UDDTS until 2008. Assuming these are household toilets ?, assuming average household size of 5
(from country list), have 150 users
Coastal area
AproSanidad Melaque
UNEP
Problematic environmental condition
UDDT; waterless urinal; biofilter
All sanitation installations have a ceramic urine separating toilet and waterless urinal, a water saving
shower, wash basins and a biofilter for greywater treatment.
http://aprosanidad.blogspot.com/
jdeltoro1973@yahoo.com
No
188
Moldova
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a kindergarten, a school and households in Criscauti,
Bolduresti and Bacseni Villages, Drochia and Causeni Towns
Urine diverstion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for kindergarten, school and households with reuse of
nutrients
Drochia and Causenia towns are a part of the project
Criscauti, Bolduresti and Bacseni Villages, Drochia and Causeni Towns
2008 - 2009
1 Kindergarten, 1 school; 20 household toilets

Assuming an average household size of 3 (from country list), 60 users at household level.
Assuming 50 students for kindergarten and 200 students for the school (for the purposes of the summary
list), have 250 users
Rural area
Ecotox, WISDOM, WECF
Ecotox, WISDOM
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, TUHH, WECF
No central water supply, no sewage system, extremely bad sanitary status, nitrate and microrogansim
polluted groundwater
Toilets under the Empowerment for Local Action (ELA) project
UDDT, sandfilter
Urine reuse on demonstration garden. Urine and faeces as fertiliser for garden.
UDDTs: indoor and outdoor; home-made UD-seatrisers; for schools UD slabs from China
No
189
Mongolia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in an urban area, Ulaanbaatar
Piloting of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in an urban area
Ulaanbaatar
Oct. 2006 - Mar. 2007
5 UDDTs. Assuming 1 UDDT is to 15 persons ,the estimated number of people will be 75.
Urban area
GTZ
GTZ
Double-vault UDDT; urinal
Both urine and faeces will be reused for the local production of vegetables.
900000 MNT (ca. 530 Euro) per unit
The toilet model itself consists of a double-vault urine-diversion dehydration toilet (UDDT) and a urinal;
both are produced out of fibreglass in Ulaanbaatar. Both vaults have a drawer-like design that makes the
removal of urine containers or dried faeces very easy. In order to prevent the formation of stalagmites
from frozen faeces, the initial toilet was improved with a mesh where the faeces fall upon. This guarantees
a better aeration and drying of the excreta, and a more even distribution even in winter.
See Masters Thesis Katharina Conradin for elaborate description of this project:
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-ecosan-in-mongolia-mscthesis-2007.pdf
Erlback, Director of the Integrated Urban Development and Construction Sector Programme of the GTZ
and Katharina Conradin k.conradin@gmail.com
20.04.2009 Philipp Feiereisen philippf@students.uni-mainz.de. Total number of users updated by Paul

Okan-Adjetey on 24.09. 2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
190
Mongolia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at tourist camp Khovsgol Inn, Khatgal
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) at a tourist camp in a rural area
Khatgal
2007
Construction in 2007
2 UDDTs. Assuming the average person/ UDDT 15 persons ,the estimated number of people will be 30.
Rural area
Single-vault UDDT
Trial garden
Single vault with room to hold 2 - 3 faeces buckets which can be removed easily, instead of building of
multiple vaults and moving the pedestal periodically from one vault to theother. Toilet pedestals were
imported from South Africa.
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/nl/en-uddt-touristcamp-khatgal-mongolia-2007.pdf
See Masters Thesis Katharina Conradin for elaborate description of this project:
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-ecosan-in-mongolia-mscthesis-2007.pdf
rett139@yahoo.com, k.conradin@gmail.com
Analiza from Newsletter 25 dated August 2007: 29.08. 2008

16.02.2009: Update L. Ulrich.Total number of users updated by Paul Okan-Adjetey on
24.09.2010.okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
191
Morocco
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Souss Massa Park
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and waterliess urinals in a national park
Rabat
2006 - 2011
Current phase 2006 - 2008
The ecosan toilets are constructed in the Souss Massa Park to offer appropriate infrastructure for the park
visitors. 4 squatting pans and 2 waterless urinals
National park
GTZ in cooperation with Moroccan Forestry Department (Regional Office Agadir)
GTZ, Moroccan Forestry Department; local construction company "Boufetra".
BMZ / GTZ
Semi-arid climate, water scarceness, high pressure on ground water level because of agriculture and
mass tourism around the Agadir region; Souss-Mass National Park shall be opened to sustainable
tourism.
UDDTs; waterless urinals
Fertiliser and soil conditioner
Cubicle construction (4 cubicles) : 15000 Euro;

EcoSan toilets (4 squatting pans and 2 waterless urinals): approx. 340 Euro (including transport fees from
Germany)
Stroebert-Beloud Heidrun: heidrun.stroebert-beloud@gtz.de.

GTZ-PRONALCD, B.P. 433, 10000 Rabat-Hassan
06.10.2008 Heidi Beloud (GTZ Marocco) - small amendments 09.10.2008 Sren.No ofusers updated by
Paul Okan-Adjetey on 24-09-2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
192
Mozambique
Fossa alterna latrines in peri-urban areas of Lichinga City, Niassa Province
Fossa alterna latrines in peri-urban areas of a city and reuse of compost for crops
Lichinga
2000 - unknown
Latrines completly built; promotion
76 fossa alterna latrines. Assuming average household size of 4 (from country list), 304 users
Peri-urban area
Wateraid-Mozambique, ESTAMOS and Municipality
Niassa Province is characterised by poor infrastructure, a weak cash-based agriculture economy and
political and social isolation. Water and sanitation related health problems, groundwater pollution
Excreta
Fossa alterna toilet
Compost for vegetable gardens
Community participation reduces investment costs and increases the number of beneficiaries;
Adoption of double chamber EcoSan infrastructure is long lasting investment.
Programme is in final year. Last year rains wiped out most crops except EcoSan Crops, which has
spurred farmers on and led to dramatically increased demand.
Breslin, E.D. and dos Santos, F.: Introducing Ecological Sanitation in Rural and Peri-Urban Areas of
Northern Mozambique, Paper presented at the First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation,
5-11 November 2001, Nanning, China
Breslin, E.D.: Int
http://www.wateraid.org.uk/site/what_we_do/where_we_work/57.asp and
http://www.estamosoc.org./English/eco.htm
Edward D. Breslin, Wateraid, CP 276, Lichinga, Niassa Province, Mozambique, E-mail: wateraidmz@teledata.mz.
No
193
Mozambique
Fossa alterna and arborloo latrines in rural and peri-urban areas, Niassa Province
Fossa alterna and arborloo latrines in rural and peri-urban areas
Niassa Province (Nipepe, Maua)
Lichinga
2001
Study done in 1995
Dispersed in rural areas and congested peri-urban areas
The Niassa department of water and sanitation
ESTAMOS- Mozambiqan water supply & sanitation & HIV/Aids prevention/education; NGO
WaterAid-Mozambique
Poor infrastructure, weak cash-based agricultural economy & political and social isolation
Excreta
Various forms of ecosan technologies suitable for rural and peri urban reas as decided by the family
(model fossa alterna, arborloo models)
Fertiliser for agricultural purposes, demonstration with guava plant
Fossa alterna- US$18 - 27 (depending on scale);
1 plastic sheet for roof lining, 1 latrine slab, cement for mortar lining ~ 30 mcms of pit (from WaterAid)
All local materials and labor (from family)
Key lessons learnt from ongoing monitoring & evaluation:

Foul odours due to inadequate use of ash/soil for fear of quick filling of pits.
Improved hygienic practices, fear of witchcraft prohibits other users, the traditional belief that drinking
water is a threat to health compared to sanitation.
Breslin, E.D. and dos Santos, F (2001).: Introducing Ecological Sanitation in Rural and Peri-Urban Areas
of Northern Mozambique,
Breslin, E.D. (2001) Introducing Ecological Sanitation: some lessons from a small town pilot project in
Mozambique;
Breslin, E.D.; Kelleher, J & Sugden, S (2001): An Old Aproach Re-applied
www.wateraid.org.uk
Edward D. Breslin, Wateraid, CP 276, Lichinga, Niassa Province, Mozambique

E-mail: wateraid-mz@teledata.mz
Feliciano dos Santos, Director, ESTAMOS
Abdul 15.03.06
No
194
Mozambique
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural resettlement area, Sofala Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households, institutions and public areas in a rural
resettlement area, Sofala Province
Sofala Province
1999 - 2001
Start of planning: 03/1999

Start of construction: 03/2001
245 domestic latrines; 5 latrines for primary schools; 10 public latrines; 2 latrines for rural health post -->
5200 persons
Rural area
Programme for rural Water Supply and Sanitation PAARSS, Mozambique
Department for Water and Sanitation, Provincial Directorate for Public works in the Sofala province
Mozambique
ADA Austrian Development Cooperation
In 2000 devastating floods affected the Sofala province in Mozambique and more than 4000 people were
resettled in the locality of Guara Guara. Sanitation was the major problem since the ground water table
was high and all the emergency water supply was provided from shallow aquifers. First 16 emergency
latrines were constructed using drums of 210 liters capacity designed to prevent groundwater
contamination.
During the resettlement period the families had already started to construct low cost latrines but
encountered difficulties since they always would reach the groundwater table in digging the pit. Their
solution to the problem was to pile up earth and then make a hole in it. Projects with pit latrines soon
abandoned the area due to challenges with the groundwater. The acceptance and understanding of the
EcoSan technology was based on the obvious advantages and the technology was quickly accepted by
the future users and the local administration. To get the concept accepted by advisors and donors took 1
year a considerably longer time.
Double-vault UDDT
Urine as fertiliser and dried faeces as soil conditioner
Family UDDT: 478 US$ per family

Public UDDT: 700 US$ per toilet
The chosen technology is a simple squatting platform for urine and faeces separation made of local
material (concrete and cement - plastic is not very durable in the hot humid climate) with ventilated double
vault collection and drying chambers above ground, oriented to the sun. The latrine building includes a
shower compartment.
- The technology is well accepted as a feasible solution that can even be realised self-dependently by the
users in cooperation with local artisans.
- It is accepted as a durable and long lasting investment compared to emergency latrines or other interim
devices.
- The major project hinderings in the beginning were worries about cultural conflicts and costs, which were
See PDS 027
invalidated
by (website
practical below)
experience.
- Awareness raising; the discussion and education process has raised the interest in sanitation and
hygiene of both communities and decision makers.
- Community participation in the design of sanitation infrastructure contributes to appropriate use and
maintenance due to better knowledge of the technology and increased ownership.
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-027-rural-uddt-programme-mozambique-2006.pdf
- Active community participation in the project implementation has also an impact on reduction of
investment
costs and hence increases the number of beneficiaries.
- The technology is in the meanwhile also applied by other local initiatives in other towns or districts.
Alberto Cumbana, PAARSS project coordinator, PAARS, Mozambique,
Phone: 258 -03-328552/329595 Paarss@teledata.mz
Madeleine Fogde, PAARSS Consultant
mfogde@telia.com
18.05.2009 Philipp Feiereisen.

Updated 13.11.09 Nadira from information in E. Von Muench email
No
195
Namibia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with peri-urban households in Mariental Town
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) with peri-urban households
Mariental town
Urban area
SDPP GTZ-Services, Universitt of Namibia
MAWRD, DWA, MHSS, Ministry of Argicuture, Habitat research and Development centre
Dry country, 400 mm p.a., evaporation potential of 3,000 mm, 87% of the households have access to safe
water but 54% have no toilet facilities, mostly in rural and peri-urban areas, desert and savannah region
UDDT
Fertiliser
Acceptance, interest was raised nationwide at different levels, exposure of ecosan
www.gtz.de/ecosan
Christine Werner/Heinz-Peter Mang, ecosan-Projekt

christine.werner@gtz.de, heinz-peter.mang@gtz.de.
Mr. Wiwnwcke: andreas_hrdc@yahoo.com; Ms. Namene: NameneL@mawrd.gov.na;
Mr. Roeis: roeisR@mawrd.gov.na; Mr. Kohima: dinokohima@yahoo.co.uk
dania 10.02.2006
No
196
Namibia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with rural households, Gibeon Village
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) with rural households
Gibeon Village
Feb. - Jul. 2004
Agreement for 12 UDDTs. Assuming average household size of 5 (from country list), 60 users.
Rural area
SDPP GTZ-service, Universitt of Namibia
MAWRD, DWA, MHSS, Ministry of Argicuture, Habitat research and Development centre
Dry country, 400 mm p.a., evaporation potential of 3,000 mm, 87% of the households have access to safe
water but 54% have no toilet facilities, mostly in rural and peri-urban areas, desert and savannah region.
In the old location of Gibeon village, the sanitation system consists of a mix of on-site flush toilets with
septic tanks or conservancy tanks, soak aways, pit and bucket latrines, all causing environmental and
health hazards.
UDDT
Fertiliser
Acceptance, interest was raised. The Village Council is still willing to provide the 12 UDS pilots to the
community. Furthermore political priorities have led to the decision of implementing a vacuum sewage
system. Although the community is in favour of the dry UDS solution, because more than 30% will not be
able to pay the water bill, government is financing only a capital project.
www.gtz.de/ecosan
Christine Werner/Heinz-Peter Mang, ecosan-Projekt

christine.werner@gtz.de, heinz-peter.mang@gtz.de
dania 10.02.2006, Updated: Alemayehu, 09.11.2009, alemerika27@yahoo.com
No
197
Namibia
Sanitation centres with vacuum toilets and biogas plants for an informal urban settlement in
northern Namibia
Sanitation centres in informal settlements in Northern Namibia (Oshakati) with vacuum sewer system,
biogas digesters, biogas production and possibility to use water and fertilisers in agriculture
Oshakati (but may be changed due to problems with the communal administration)
In Namibia it is still not sure in which settlement the sanitation centres will be build.
2010 - 2014
Pilot phase: until 2010

Implementing phase: until 2014
Sanitation centres for 50 - 250 people for an informal settlement of about 5000 inhabitants
Informal houses and huts in urban areas
ISOE (Frankfurt), Fraunhofer Institute Institut fr Grenzflchen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik (Stuttgart) TU

Darmstadt, Institute WAR,
Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture and Forestry, Namibia, BGR
Germany (CIM expert in Namibia) and GTZ NA.
Informal settlements have no access to sanitation, or share a toilet with up to 70 person. Inhabitants use
the bush for defection. President of Namibia promised to increase access to sanitation but with water
toilets. Northern Namibia faces water problems, due to transboundary water sources in Angola and no rain
(driest country in sub saharan Africa). Northern namibia is densely populated and has many poor people.
Blackwater
Vacuum toilets; biogas digester
Water for irrigation with nutrients as fertilisers (N, P) and biogas for cooking and lighting
not sure: 5 Mio.
Vacuum toilets need 3 litre water per flush
see website
http://www.cuvewaters.net/index.htm
Thomas Kluge (ISOE) ,Alexandra Lux (ISOE), Walter Trsch.

In Germany: ISOE Institute for socio-ecologic development, Frankfurt.
Annika, 20.11.2008
No
198
Nepal
Urine bank in Siddhipur
Struvite recovery from Urine in Nepal" (STUN)
Siddhipur
May 2010 till present
100 UDDTs are available for collection of urine in Sidhipur,and will generate 35000 litres of urine which will
be available for use as plant fertiliser annually.
EAWAG,UN-HABITAT
The urine bank, which is a spin-off from the project "Struvite recovery from Urine in Nepal" (STUN), is a
pilot project aimed at increasing the reuse of nutrients from human urine. Source-separated urine is
collected from households which do not have a use for it and is sold for 1 Nepalese Rupee (or 1 Eurocent) per litre to farmers who use it to fertilise their crops. The entire urine of one adult would therefore
fetch a price of about EUR 5.5 per year. The urine bank is a project supported by EAWAG Switzerland)
and UN-HABITAT.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157624918691080/with/4975071532/
Bastian Etter
UN Habitat Pulchowk PO Box 107 Kathmandu Nepal
t: +977 1 55 42 816 f: +977 1 55 39 877 m: +977 98 41 32 87 93
bastian.etter@gmail.com
Inserted by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 4/10/2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
199
Nepal
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Darechowk VDC (Open Defecation Free Declaration
Programme) Chitwan District
Darechowk VDC Open Defecation Free Declaration Programme
Darechowk VDC
Estimated to have started in 2008.yet to clarify by sending out e - mails.
717 households have constructed EcoSan toilet at their home. according to the Central Bureau of
Statistics, Thapathali, Kathmandu.Nepal.
www.urbwatsan.org.np
Tel. + 977-16- 200776,

www.guthi.net
www.guthi.net. http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/gtz2010-en-ecosan-nl37.pdf
G.P.O Box 21036, Tripureshwor,kathmandu, e-mail : mail@guthi.net, URL-
Inserted by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 4/10/2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
No
200
Nepal
Urine diversion toilets for a school in Darechowk Village, Chitwan District
Mahjgaun Lower Secondary School, Darechowk Village in Chitwan district
2007
School project is done and is doing well. The whole village tries to become an ecological village. See
entry on ecofarming
Over 120 ecosan toilets, approx: 500 students
Rural area: school
WHO
Urine diversion toilet
Reuse of urine in the agriculture (mainly oranges, cabbage and cauliflower)
The whole village became cleaner and now the community has plans to make the village an ecological
tourism area, with trekking routes and bed and breakfast facilities.
Han Heijnen; Environmental Health Advisor; World Health Organization; UN House, P.O.Box 108
Pulchowk, Kathmandu, Nepal
e-mail: hanheijnen@gmail.com heijnenh@searo.who.int
No
201
Nepal
Household urine diversion toilets in peri-urban areas in Kathmandu Valley
Peri-urban sanitation improvement in the Kathmandu Valley with urine diversion toilets for households
Kathmandu Valley, Terai Region (Parsa)
2002 - ongoing

In 2009, toilets also under construction
Presently (in 2009) 200 toilets in 6 areas operated and under construction.
Assuming an average household size of 6 (from country list), 1200 users.
Peri-urban areas
DWSS - Department of Water Supply and Sewerage
2005 pilot: Jyoti Youth club; DWSS; ENPHO, Lumanti
WHO, Development Network, CODEF; WaterAid Nepal
80% live in rural areas; Sanitation coverage: 39% (2004) - only 20% in the low land; preferred sanitation:
open defection; high ground water table (dry ecosan difficult)
Wet ecosan latrine system for Terai region; separate urine collection
Faeces and urine as fertiliser; urine as catalyst to decompose garbage and cow dung / as pesticide to kill
pest
2005: support 200,000 NR for 20 latrine units
Twin pits lined with concrete rings for faeces; plastic jars for urine
High acceptability in the region; dry latrine was modified by locals themselves
Kishore, Nawal and Shrestha, Guna Raj: A Way Forward to Promote Ecosan Programme in Nepal
See PDS 028
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-028-private-uddt-kathmandu-nepal-2006.pdfhttp://www.enpho.org/sprog.ht
Mr. Nawal Kishore, ess@most.gov.np, Mishra, Chief, ESS/DWSS; Mr. Guna Raj Shrestha,
gunaraj_shrestha@yahoo.com, Executive Chairperson of CODEF
ENPHO, 110/25 Adarsa Marga-1, Thapagaon, New Baneshwor
Email: enpho@mail.com.np
New: Sren, 4.12.2006; Update: 18.05.2009 Philipp Feiereisen
No
202
Nepal
Biogas digesters for household sanitation in the Nepal Biogas Support Program
Large-scale implementation of biogas digesters for rural sanitation and animal cow dung; economic
development (biogas market establishment); GHGs reduction
Country-wide project; taking place in 66 districts (out of 75 in total)
1992 - 2009
92-'94 Phase 1: 6,824 units installed; '94-2/96 Phase 2: 13,375 units installed; 3/97-6/03 Phase 3: 91,196
units installed; 6/03-12/05 Phase 4: 29,154 units installed;
Actual phase: July 2003 - June 2009
980,000 beneficiaries; over 150,000 units were built (June 2006).
70% are connected to toilets, 70% of 980,000= 686,000
Rural area: households
Biogas Support Program (BSP)
Biogas Support Program (BSP)
HMG/N, DGIS, KfW, ADB/N, SNV (Netherlands Development Orga.), Gobar Gas Company (GGC)
Overexplotation of fuelwood, acceleration of deforestation, agricultural residues and dung as alternative

cooking fuel, soil degradation, rapidly increasing population, high workload on women, poor indoor air
quality and smoke exposure.
Cattle dung, blackwater (~70% of plants have toilet connections, some rejections due to relegious beliefs),
rainwater
Anaerobic digester with biogas production, compost pits, rainwater harvesting
Biogas for energy, compost as soil conditioner
~US$ 350/unit; Government subsidy of US$ 70-150/household; Loans available thru micro finance
institutions; Savings due to reduced fuelwood use, agricultural residue, dung, kerosene, chemical fertiliser,
labour, time and carbon emmissions (potential income of US$ 665,000/yr thru CDM).
GGC 2047 model - uniform dome design. 4 - 20 m3, depending on amount of daily dung. Hydraulic
retention time: 70 days. Power delivery of 1.16 - 2.32 KW.
Importance of working in a positive political framework, understanding the end-user/market

needs/concerns, identifying most appropriate design and key partners, securing commitment and support
of financial institutions, succesful demonstrations
1) Bajgain, S., Shakya, I. & Mendis, S. M. (Ed). The Nepal Biogas Support Program: A successful model of
public private partnership for rural household energy supply. 2) Acharya. J., Bajgain, S. & Subedi, P. S.
2005. Sacling up biomass in Nepal: What else is needed? Boiling Point 50: 1-4. 3) Mendis, M. S. & van
Nes, W. J. 2001. Biogas in rural household energy supply: The Nepal biogas supply program. Regional
seminar on commercialization of biomass technology, Guangzhou, China.
http://www.bspnepal.org.np/introduction.htm http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/methane_nepal.html
BSP Nepal; Bakhundole, Lalitpur

PO Box 9751, Kathmandu, Nepal;
Tel: +977-1-5529840 / 5524665 Fax: +977-1-5524755
Email: bsp-nepal@wlink.comp.np
14.02.2007: Sren NEW 31.5.2007: update Yaniv
No
203
Nepal
Ecofarming using products from urine diversion toilets in nine villages
Ecological farming using products from urine diversion toilets in nine villages replaces chemical fertilisers
9 communities: Nagarkot, Tiggni, Siddipur, Khokana, Techho, Pyngaon, Parsa, Sunwal, Dharechowk
2003 - 2009
The concept of ecological sanitation, was formally introduced in Nepal in 2002/3 by the Departement of
Water Supply and Sewerage and WHO.
Pilot project finished, evaluation phase finished.
Nagarkot (16 units), Tiggni (21 units), Siddhipur (100 units) , Khokana (57 units), Techho (215 units),
Pyngaon (50 units), Parsa (81 units), Sunwal (110 units) , Dharechwok (42 units).
A total of 1135 UDTs (dry and wet). Assuming an average household size of 6 (from country list), 6810
users.
Rural area
Currently organizations such as Development Network, Community Development Forum Environment and
Public Health Organization, LUMANTI, Water Aid Nepal, UN-Habitat, Nepal Water for Health, Center for
Integrated Urban Development, Plan Nepal, Rural Village Water Resource Management
(RVWRMP)/FINNIDA, Practical Action, SEAM-N and UNICEF etc.
UD toilets introduced in Siddupur about 1999 by WHO. An NGO gave demonstrations on urine separation
and biogas process. Based on these skills, a farmer Jeevan started eco-farming practices. Jeevan learnt
about urine separation and biogas processes. After this he switched from his chicken farming, which was
running at a loss, to vegetable production with eco-farming. Since then eco-farming has spread to several
villages .
urine; faeces; blackwater
UD toilets; biogas digester
Fertiliser; biogas for lighting and cooking
Jeevan has stopped using any chemical fertiliser, rather substituting urine and cow manure as fertiliser.
Urine drip irrigation used to fertilise an acre of crops. Household biogas plant provides lighting and fuel for
cooking twice a day.
Experience of ecofarming in Siddhipur village by Farmer Jeevan:

- Urine and cow manure used to replace chemical fertiliser effectively, saves 7000 Rs per year spent
previously on chemical fertiliser.
- Farmer earns profit of 10-15000 Rs per month from ecofarming.
- Biogas plant provides lighting and cooking fuel, saves 1000 Rs (per year?) spent previously on firewood.
WHO
2009,
a winning complement
to ecological
sanitation'
Environmental Health Update,
- Farmer
has'Ecofarmingcreated a demonstration
effect, others
are learning
from him.
Vol. 4, No. 3, May 2009
The study on all the ecofarming villages reports show that the communities are largely benefited throuh
the sale of ecological sanitation based agricultural products, particulary vegetables. UDT is being adopted
as an appropriate technology not only for the disposal of urine and faeces as well as of agricultural
wastes.
http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/SDE_EH_Update_May_09.pdf
Dr Abdul Sattar Yoosuf, Director, Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments.

Email: yoosufa@searo.who.int
Han Heijnen, Environmental Health Advisor, World Health Organisation, UN House, P.O.Box 108 ,
Pulchowk, Kathmandu, Nepal. Tel: +977 1 5523200/ext 1318. Fax : +977 1 5527756. WHO GPN 24418
Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, 3rd floor, Singha Durbar. Tel: +977 1 4211578.
e-mail: hanheijnen@gmail.com, heijnenh@searo.who.int
Nadira 24.08.2009 from website link above.

Update unknown 1.1.10
No
204
Nepal
Urine diversion toilets as a part of the Rural Village Water Resources Management Project
(RVWRMP), Kailali District
Urine diversion toilets as a part of the Rural Village Water Resources Management Project (RVWRMP),
Kailali District. Sulabh toilets also made. Should they be included? - should the 1148 sulabh latrines be
included in the count? (it is not clear if the sulabh toilet 'compost' is also reused.) Then the number of
users should be changed from 210 to 7098? --> We decided not to include the Sulabh toilets!
Kailali District is located in the plain area of Terai Region
2006
Latrines completely built and evaluated
The project is providing 5 numbers of urine-faeces diverting eco-san latrine in pilot scale each in 6 VDC
(Total 35 number) to see the acceptability and use of this latrine.
(The project is also providing 1148 number of sulabh pour-flush latrine.)
Rural
areaSulabh toilets, with an average household size of 6, have 6888 users of Sulabh toilets.
If
include
RVWRMP is bilateral development cooperation in water resources sector between the Government of
Nepal and Government of Finland.
There is no scarcity of water as a handpump is installed in each household. The working area of this
project is rural area to reach the poorest of the poor.
Urine and faeces
Urine application and vermicomposted faeces on agricultural fields.
(Sulabh flush compost toilet is eco-friendly, technically appropriate, socio-culturally acceptable and
economically
affordable. It is an indigenous technology and the toilet can easily be constructed by local labour and
materials. It provides health benefits by safe disposal of human excreta on-site. It consists of a pan with a
steep slope and an especially designed trap with waterseal requiring only 1.5 to 2 litres of water for
flushing, thus helping conserve water. It does not need scavengers to clean the pits. There are two pits of
varying size and capacity depending on the number of users ( Sulabh international). In the project, the
The
has
become
cleaner and people have started to be motivated in hand washing after using
toiletsettlement
pan used is
water
seal type,
the
toilet. alternatively to two pits each of height 1.10 m and diameter 1m. The toilet and pit is connected
connected
through 110 mm diameter, 1m long HDPE pipe. The basic principle of on-site sanitation is: liquids infiltrate
In
Nepal
which
predominantly
male dominated
society
and where
women
have
a low status
and
into
the soil
andisthe
solids are retained,
anaerobically
digested
and have
to be
removed
(M. Feroze,
position,
theseone
changes
in women's
rolesexcreta
and responsibilities
through
the female
LLBsludge
represent
2000). When
pit is full,
the incoming
is diverted into
the second
pit. The
gets adigested
dramatic
leap dry
towards
the empowerment
women
and towards
equalityUsers
between
men and(UCs)
women.
and is almost
and pathogen
free, thusof
safe
for handling
as manure.
Committees
are the
main responsible bodies for implementing and managing the operation and maintenance of schemes.
Capacity building at local level is an inherent component of the project. Local Latrine Builders (LLB)
training was given to the people selected by community, encouraging the participation of female and
disadvantaged groups.)
Bimala Prajapati*,Water Resources Engineer, Rural Village Water Resources Management Project
Taranagar-5, Dhangadhi, Nepal, Telephone:977-9841864872, Email: bimala.prajapati@gmail.com.
Sunil Kumar Das*, Project Coordinator, Rural Village Water Resources Management Project, Taranagar-5,
Dhangadhi, Nepal, Telephone:977-9851101644, Email: sunilkumardas1@gmail.com.
Chet Raj Joshi, Accountant, Rural Village Water Resources Management Project, Taranagar-5,
Dhangadhi, Nepal
Telephone: 977-9749006766, Email: joshi.chetraj@gmail.com.
4.1.2010 Laura Margarete Simon: la.simon@gmx.de
No
country
205
Netherlands
project title
Ecological housing estate, Culemborg
type of project
city
Culemborg
address
proj. period
1999 - 2003
previous and
current phase
project size and #

of served inhab.
type of settlement
planning
institution
executing
institution
supporting
agency
general
conditions
waste streams
The EVA Foundation (Ecological Center for Education, Information and Advice) and the municipality of
Culemborg
technologies
applied
The houses are equipped with water saving toilets. The blackwater and greywater are collected
separately.
type of reuse, use
costs
technical data
and design
criteria
experiences and
lessons learnt
publications and
other available
documents
web-site
contact
name & date of

actual., comment
28.12.04 Sonny --> ask EvM for more info (ecosan online course)
Uploaded on
SuSana Website
as case study
No
Posted on
sanimap by:
206
Netherlands
Greywater treatment of a residential area using a constructed wetland, Groningen
Groningen
1995 - 1997
166 dwellings 110?? Assuming an average household size of 4, 110 dwellings will mean 440 users.
The municipality Groningen and the local housing agency
110 households are equipped with grey and black wastewater separation and greywater treatment. The
greywater is treated in a free surface constructed wetlands.
Mels. A and Zeeman G, 2003: Practical Example of DESAR concepts in urban areas in the Netherlands, in
Proceeding of the second international symposium on Ecological Sanitation, luebeck, 2003
http://www.drielanden.nl/
28.12.04 Sonny. No of users updated by Paul Okan-Adjetey on 24/09/2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
207
Netherlands
Greywater treatment and reuse as a part of the Green Roof Project for ecological housing, Utrecht
Greywater treatment and reuse as a part of the Green Roof Project for ecological housing
Utrecht
Het Groene Dak (HGD); Simon Bolivarstraat 51; 3573 ZJ Utrecht

Telefon HGD: 030-2735979; Email HGD: groenedak@planet.nl
1989 - 1993
10 houses with greywater separation system (out of a residential area with 40 rental and 26 private-owned
houses).
Urban area
A social housing association 'Portaal' and private developer
The Province and City of Utrecht, the water utility company, and the Ministry of the Environment and
Housing
After seven years of operation the experiment of composting toilets was stopped by urgent request of the
inhabitants. The toilets created odour and had flies.
Composting toilets (disused); greywater treated in an oxidation bed, followed by a sub-surface reed bed
filter (5 houses); wetland in a greenhouse (5 houses).
Irrigation
11,000 guilders was made available per dwelling for environmental measures
Grey water is treated in a process train consisting of sedimentation and a trickling filter. A part of the
treated grey water is led into a surface-flow constructed wetland from where it is led into a retention pond;
another part is used as irrigation water in a small greenhouse.
The black water was at first composted in Clivus Multrum composting toilet systems but the disused.
Rain water from the roofs is collected and used in a number of collective laundry machines.
- After many problems with smell, flies and a disturbed composting process, these systems were removed
and replaced by (low) flush toilets. The black water is currently discharged into the municipal sewer. Rain
water of the entire neighborhood is infiltrated.
The tenants are responsible for the in-house equipment (toilet, pipes, etc.) and take part in the
1.
Bookoff. Maia,
2002:
GROENE
maintenance
of the
pondHET
system
(yearlyDAK,
removal of the plants) and the small greenhouse. The housing
http://www.antenna.nl/atalanta/hetgroenedak/TheGreenRoof.ppt
company is responsible for the treatment and maintenance of the grey and rainwater system. The effluent
2. Mels.
A andon
Zeeman
G, basis.
2003: The
second
international
symposium
on
quality of the grey water system is not
monitored
a regular
interviewed
tenants
appreciated
Ecological
luebeck,that
2003
the systemSanitation,
and they indicated
it made them feel environmentally concerned. They managed to reduce
3.
Switch
'Sustainable
Water Management
in the Citytoofthe
theaverage
Future' (see
below)
their
water2009
consumption
by approximately
40% compared
Dutchwebsite
water consumption.
They
http://www.groenedak.nl/
http://www.antenna.nl/atalanta/hetgroenedak/index.html
reported
Switch
report:
incidental
smellhttp://www.switchurbanwater.eu/outputs/pdfs/W4coming from the constructed wetland and the greenhouse. The greenhouse was reported
1_GEN_DEL_4.1.1b_Adoption_and_performance_of_urban_ecosan_systems.pdf
to have occasional flooding problems due to loss of infiltration capacity and the tenants were considering
removing it at the time of the interviews (autumn 2005). There were no noise complaints and no vermin
problems.
-
28.12.04 Sonny
Update Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from Switch report above
No
208
Niger
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals. For villages of Dan Bid, Maifarou,Milli, Saja Manja,
Dogoraoua,Tsamiya Bakoye ,Zabon Mousso, and Malloumey Saboua in Agui
Project on Productive Sanitation in Agui
Agui
estimated to have started in 2009 (12 months)
200 toilets (subsidy ~ 45$) and 700 urinals (subsidy ~ 13$) are built to collect fertilizers.The project aims to
involve 700 households (8 villages)
CREPA in collaboration with SEI.
IFAD
This one year pilot project is carried out in the Agui province in southern Niger. The project aims to
involve 700 households (8 villages) in the recycling of nutrients and organic matter from human excreta
via simple urinals and composting toilets. IFAD is the main donor of the project. CREPA is implementing
the project in collaboration with PPILDA (a local development program financed by IFAD) and SEIs
EcoSanRes II program.
http://www.ecosanres.org/aguie
Linus Dagerskog, CREPA HQ linusdagerskog@yahoo.fr
Inserted on 05/10/2010 Paul Okan-Adjetey okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
No
No
209
Niger
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and fossa alterna latrines linked with Farmer Field Schools in
rural areas, Aguie
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and fossa alterna latrines and use of urine as fertiliser tested
with farmers in Farmer Field Schools
2007
700 urinals and 210 toilets. Assuming an average household size of 6 (from country list), 1260 users.
Rural area
CREPA; PPILDA and SEI
IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively in UDDT; excreta in fossa alterna
Double-vault UDDT; fossa alterna latrine
Urine and faeces used in agriculture
The term "productive sanitation" is used instead of ecological sanitation to emphasise the reuse aspect.
The reuse training is made in farmer field schools by comparing urea and urine in tests on different
vegetable and cereal crops.
No
210
Nigeria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in six riverine communities in Cross River State
Research with pilot
Riverine communities of Nigeria in Cross River State
c/o UNICEF Nigeria
Jan-06
Six communities approximately ### number of persons
rural households
State Rural Water

Supply and Sanitation Agency and UNICEF
State Rural Water

Supply and Sanitation Agency
UNICEF
The project is under GoN and UNICEF Country Program- WASH Program: UNICEF is supporting a
research on appropriateness of ECOSAN for riverine
areas in Nigeria. Riverine communities are those located at the river and have issues of high water
table/water logged land. This is being piloted as other facilities are inappropriate for high water table.
not indicated
Double Vault Urine

Diversion Dehydration Toilet.
Agriculture/ crop production
Based on the preliminary findings of the research, a

National Training of Trainers workshop have been conducted to build the
skills of sector professionals from riverine and other geologically
disadvantaged states on Ecological Sanitation. Apart from riverine areas,
ECOSAN is also being promoted in few communities with very difficult
n/a
geological
formation.
The research is also looking at;
Acceptability of ECOSAN in the riverine communities.
Treatment procedures required for sanitization of faeces.
Environmental impact on use of urine and decomposed faeces for farming.
Our involvement in promotion of ECOSAN is still at piloting stage and based
on the outcome of the pilot, scaling up of the model can be considered
especially in riverine and geologically disadvantaged areas where
Bisi AgberemipitWES
Specialist,
conventional
latrines
are not Sanitation
feasible.
IGD, Integrated Growth and Development, United Nations Children's Fund
UN House, Plot 617/618
Central Area District, Diplomatic Zone
PMB 2851, Garki, Abuja
FCT, Nigeria
e-mail: bagberemi@unicef.org>
entered by B.Abraham on 1 July 2010 based on information received from Bisi Anberemi via e-mail on the
26 April 2010
no
no
211
North Korea (Peoples Democratic Republic of Korea)
Decentralised wastewater treatment system (biogas plants with constructed wetlands) in Yonton
County
Urban sanitation project (Biogas digesters as a sanitation unit followed by constructed wetland as a
second treatment step and use of biogas for cooking)
Yonton-County town/ equivalent to district head quarters serving 10,000 people.

County?
Also called Yontan
c/o UNICEF PR Korea
2009
Constructed wetlands not finished ( some of the anaerobic units are already connected to houses, and
producing biogas). In mid of 2009, already 70% constructed.
Benefiting 10,000 people from 2,400 families. (31 biogas digesters and a second treatment step in 5
constructed wetlands.)
peri-urban households in a county
Ministry of City Management at the County level, BORDA and UNICEF
Ministry of City Management at the County level
UNICEF PRK ( Technical),

AusAID ( financial) and BOARDA (Bremen Overseas Research Association
Germany) ( technical and financial).
Area described as plains area, largely a farming community. Initial feasibility and design started in 2007
and constructed kick off only at the 2nd quarter of 2008 and complete in Nov 2009.
Mixed sewage is treated
Mixed sewage (Grey and black water) treatment in the anaerobic digester, baffled reactor and constructed
wetland. Biogas digester; constructed wetland
waste used in greenhouse and wetland; biogas for cooking (It is enough gas for 3-4 hours of cooking)
material contribution from community 40 USD per capita in kind and Cash contribution from UNICEF 50
USD per capita (use exchange rate 1 USD = 0.77 EUR)
A total 31 anaerobic reactors (10 m3 size and 25 m3 size) and same number of baffle filter constructed.
Total 6 facultative pond / constructed wetland constructed and wastewater conveyance pipe laid for a
length of 15 km including the collection pipes and main conveyer. The treated effluent is discharged in to
the river. All together 6 greenhouse are constructed above the anaerobic reactor and baffle filter to assess
the improvement in temperature in severe winter. This was first year and several activities were still going
on during Jan Feb so actual benefit of having greenhouse on top of the plant could not be ascertained
yet
The initial finding is that the plant is relatively expensive for both community and the UNICEF (material
contribution from community 40 USD per capita in kind and Cash contribution from UNICEF 50 USD per
capita). Evaluation is expected in July August 2010 and we expect to find the appropriateness of the
component installed and overall operational efficiency of the plant. This pilot DEWATS was expensive,
much beyond the UNICEFs standard sanitation intervention unless the upcoming evaluation recommends
n/a adaptation and drastic cost cutting aspects. UNICEF will evaluate the pilot DEWATS and
some
disseminate the lessons learned. One of the aspects the evaluators will look into is the prospects of
scaling down the current size and developing a small scale DEWATS for facilities like hospitals and
education institutions. If such recommendation turns out to be a viable option we may still consider
expanding DEWATS in school and hospitals. Nonetheless, we will encourage government and other
agencies to replicate the model wherever possible /feasible. This is an appropriate technology for
environment protection.
Ramesh Bhusal Chief, WASH Programme, UNICEF Country Office P.O. Box 90, Pyongyang, DPR of
Korea
E-mail: rbhusal@unicef.org
Sanitation Consultant , Unicef Pyongyang DPR of Korea , 28 Munsudong,PO BOx 90
Web site:www.unicef.org/dprk, E-Mail: inajurga@hotmail.com
Skype: inajurga
Updated by B. Abraham on 1 July 2010 from information received via e-mail from Mr. Bhusal on 27 April
2010
No
No
212
Palestine
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with households in rural and peri-urban areas of Hebron District
Demonstration of urine diverting dehdration toilets (UDDT) with households
West Bank and Gaza
2000 to date
Follow-up and evaluation for large-scale implementation
28 households with ecotoilets. Assuming average household size of 7 (from country list), 196 users
(According to work plan 50 dry toilets to be built)
Rural and peri-urban areas
Uno Wiblad, Sida and Palestine Hydrology Group (PHG)
Sida
UDDT
Urine and dehydrated faeces as fertiliser for tomatoes and olive trees
For each household unit US $ 700-1000
Squatting pan allowing 4 separate streams: faeces, toilet paper, anal cleaning water and urine. Models
similar to those designed and produced by SanRes in China
http://www.sida.se/Sida/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=2241&a=17352
No
213
Peru
Urine diversion dehydration toilets as a part of a private public partnership project in the Regions
of Lima, Cusco and San Martin
A PPP project for the implementation of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
2008
60 UDDTs. Assuming average household size of 5 (from country list), 300 users
Rotria del Per SAC
Rotria del Per SAC
PROAGUA (GTZ)
Double-vault UDDTs
The material of the chambers is sometimers used as fertiliser
Projects have to be attended a long time. If the projects are not monitored, they do not work.
In each project there needs to be a person who feels
responsible
http://peru.rotaria.net/
Heike Hoffmann; see also photos in our flickr collection!

Calle Navarra N 143 - Urb. Higuereta - Surco, Lima
No
No
214
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the rainforest of three districts,
Region Loreto
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural rainforest villages with native households
Region: Loreto; Districts: Andoas, Tigre, and Trompeteros
2005 - 2009
UDDTs constructed: 612. Assuming an average household size of 5 (from country list), 3060 users.
UDDTs in use: 272
Rural zone in the rainforest
Caritas de Peru
Caritas de Peru
JASS, Cenca
Humidity and rainfall in these semitropical areas can be extremely high during certain times of the year. An
adapted construction of the UDDTs is recommended with special focus on best condition for faeces
drying. The cultural circumstances have to be considered in a special way. The introduction of UDDTs has
to be very careful, with a lot of explanations adapted to the mindset of the people.
Double-vault UDDTs
It is necessary to know the social characteristics of the culture in the place.

It is necessary to build a model UDDT, so the people can imagine the project.
The project has to be supervised the whole time (in the construction period and after the
construction).
The families have to participate in the project (participate in the costs).
http://www.caritas.org.pe/
Jerado Gutierrez
No
No
215
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlment Nieveria, Lima
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in a squatter settlment in a peri-urban area
Lima
Nieveria, Lima
2004
UDDTs constructed: 120. Assuming an average household size of 5 (from country list), 600 users.
UDDTs in use: 43
Peri-urban
Cenca
Cenca
The major part of the inhabitants are farmers. A large number of illiterate people.
Double-vault UDDT; constructed wetland
The reuse of the faeces is not posible because of the exaggerated use of lime

Constructed wetland for greywater treatment
Cenca published a system of implementing alternative sanitation- ECODESS
Ecosan. Eine nachhaltige Lsung fr die Sanitrprobleme der Marginalsiedlungen Limas (Peru)?
http://www.cenca.org.pe/
Juan Carlos Calizaya; see also photos in our flickr collection!
No
No
216
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets as emergency sanitation in rural areas of three
districts in Caete Province, Region Lima
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural areas of Caete after as emergency sanitation after an
earthquake
Caete Province: San Vicente, San Luis, and San Francisco
May 2007 - 2008
UDDTs constructed: 241. Assuming an average household size of 5 (from the country list), 1,205 users.
UDDTs in use: >135
Rural area
Care
Care
IPES (is helping since 2008 with the maintenance)
Double-vault UDDTs
Approximately 1500 Soles (500 US$)
Project without a good preparation of the users. No training courses of "how to use a UDDT" after UDDTs
were build. Two weeks after construction Care got help from IPES. The work of IPES ended 2009. Less
than half of the UDDTs are in use today (January 2010). Some UDDTs were destroyed by the municipality
of Caete to build a new canal and a new street.
Lesson learned:
(1) UDDTs need training courses how to use them. They need them before, while and after the
construction. Only then they can be sustainable.
(2) Local governments, like the municipality of Caete, has to be more incorporated in the whole UDDT
project.
(3) People have to participate in the costs of their UDDT. If they don`t get involved they do not appreciate
http://www.care.de/
the UDDT and they don`t take care of them.
Lourdes Elena Mindreau Zegarra [lmindreau@care.org.pe] it can be that they dont speak English, it is
CARE-Peru, as I know it is a separate Peruvian national ONGs without relation to CARE (USA).
No
No
217
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlement Nuevo Pachacutec, Lima
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) as a part of resettlment of people de Via el Salvador
Lima
Nuevo Pachacutec, Lima
2001
UDDTs constructed: 140. Assuming average household size of 5 (from country list), 700 users.
UDDTs in use: <70
Squatter settlement in an urban zone
Alternativa
Alternativa
BMZ, Welthungerhilfe
Population with a very low income. Approximate 650 Soles/month (217 US$/month)
Double-vault UDDT; constructed wetland
Urine as fertiliser. Faeces as soil conditioner, but most of the time not practiced. Faeces as soil conditioner
for a small garden. Garden for rabbit rearing.

People did not use the rabbits for food, they rear them like pets. Most of the gardens were abandoned.
Ecosan. Eine nachhaltige Lsung fr die Sanitrprobleme der Marginalsiedlungen Limas (Peru)?
http://www.alter.org.pe/portal/index.php
Oswaldo Caceres Loyola; see also photos in our flickr collection
No
No
218
Peru
Blackwater and greywater reuse system, Chorrillos, Lima
Lima, Peru
Address of School:
Avenida de los Faisanes No. 950,
La Campia, Chorrillos,
Lima, Peru
2007 - 2008
Start of planning: February 2007

Construction period: July 2007 - October 2008
53 population equivalents (35 handicapped pupils plus personnel)
Urban area: school
Rotria del Per, Lima, Peru
Centro Educativo Bsico Especial (education centre)

San Christoferus, Lima, Peru
Private donors (mostly for financing)

Work-camp volunteers (during construction period)
Pro Nio (school board of San Christoferus)
The Peruvian capital Lima (8 million inhabitants) is situated in one of the worlds driest areas (9 mm
rainfall per year). 15% of the total Peruvian area is a desert, but unfortunately 60% of the population of
Peru lives there, 30% thereof in Lima. All of them are affected by water limitation; especially the poorest
people live with an extreme water stress situation: 1.5 million inhabitants are using only 20 litres water per
capita per day.
The education centre San Christoferus is located in a desert area in urban Lima. It is a care facility for 35
handicapped children in the age range of 5 to 18 years. The 0.6 ha school area includes an outdoor area
and six separate buildings at two locations, including a bakery, a laundry and a kitchen. The children are
mentally disabled and many of them also have physical disabilities and birth defects of various kinds
(sadly, there are only few institutions and opportunities for disabled children and adults in Peru). Six
teachers supported by international volunteers take care of them from 8.00-14.30 oclock. They spend
their time playing music, baking, doing handicraft, cooking and since 2007 cultivating the garden, or just
playing indoors and outdoors.
Before the start of the project, wastewater from 12 flush toilets (15 litres per flush), from bathrooms with
Greywater;
separate
streams
of faeces,
and
greywater
respectivley
from
UDDT;
blackwater from
showers and
3 kitchens,
1 laundry
and 1urine
bakery
was
disposed
to the public
sewer
system.
flush toilets mixed with some greywater
Grease trap and constructed wetland for greywater treatment

Compost filter for pre-treatment of blackwater treatment
Constructed wetland for blackwater treatment
Vermicomposting for separated solids from treatment system
Treated
greywater
is reused
in the
school
garden.
(Composting
already
existedfor
forirrigation
kitchen and
garden
waste)
Compost, dehydrated faeces and urine as fertiliser.
Material costs for the composter with two double-chamber composting filters for pre-treatment, the
vermicomposter, the constructed wetland and a 6 m storage tank were about EUR 3,250.
UDDTs: Material costs for the two toilets with infiltration of the hand washing water were about EUR 910.
Greywater constructed wetland: 1 grease trap of 1 m for grease and oil separation. 1 tank with a pump for
the storage of the effluent from grease separation and laundry. 1 Sub-surface, vertical-flow wetland with
papyrus plants: surface area: 16 m (4 m x 4 m) = 0.7 m per capita. Total depth: 1.1 m (from bottom to
top: 20 cm gravel with drainage pipe (4), 60 cm sand, 10 cm gravel with 3 distribution pipes (1) and 20
cm freeboard). 3 m storage tank for the treated greywater with a pump for irrigation.
Blackwater pre-treatment: Compost filter system: 2 compost filter beds, each with 2 chambers with an
active
The
implementation
of ecosan
always
qualified
engineeringcover
staff with
volume
of 1.44 m (1.2
m x 1.2 components
m, 1 m deep).
Each needs
chamber
has a removable
and asufficient
3 m long
experience,
especially
countries
here
wetlands,
not well
ventilation tube
(3). 4 in
filter
bags ofwhere
0.7 mthe
(1 technology,
m x 1 m x 0.7
m) constructed
(custom-made
productismade
outknown
of a
yet.
The system
is relatively
complex
with
whilst
populationevery
equivalent
of 53
resistant
plastic material
normally
used
to many
shadesub-components,
greenhouses). For
the only
liquidacollection,
unit has
a
people
served.
deeper is
tank
with
The
following
twophase
pointsfrom
are important
to consider:
pump.
The liquid
the first unit
is pumped to the second unit and from there to the constructed
study,
'Blackwater
and
greywater /reuse
system,
Chorrillos,
(see website
below)
SuSanA
In case case
of flow
stream
separation
(blackwater
greywater),
the
load can Lima'
differ extremely
from
reference
wetland.
values.
This can lead
to overloading
clogging
Vermicomposter:
2 composting
beds and
of 0.3
m (0.5ofmthe
x 1wetland.
m x 0.6 m). The two beds are separated by a
brick
The wall.
selection
of materials
andofthe
construction process have to be controlled to avoid irreparable
The bottom
is made
cement.
mistakes,
for example
the perforation
of the
plastic linerwetland
(water loss),
too fine plants.
or too coarse
Blackwaterlike
constructed
wetland:
Sub-surface,
vertical-flow
with papyrus
Surfacesand
area: 45
(clogging
or
badTotal
efficiency),
unequal
distribution
of top:
wastewater,
no possibility
to clean
the
distribution
and
m
(5
m
x
9
m).
depth:
1.3
m
(from
bottom
to
20
cm
gravel
with
a
single
drain
pipe
(4), 80 cm
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-peru-lima-sanchristoferus-2009.pdf
drainage
system,
wrong
plants,
etc.
sand, 10 cm gravel with 6 distribution pipes (1.5) and 20 cm free board). 6 m storage tank for the treated
blackwater with a pump for irrigation.
Further
experiences
in thefor
SuSanA
study.consist of two separate chambers with an active
Double-vault
UDDT: given
The vaults
faecescase
collection
volume of 0.21 m (0.6 x 0.7 m, 0.5 m depth) each. Each vault has a black metal cover at the back of the
building (sunny side). Sawdust is added after use.
Update 19.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen
Yes
219
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for the squatter settlement Huascar in San Juan de
Lurigancho District, Province Lima
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the squatter settlements in an urban area
Province: Lima, District: San Juan de Lurigancho; Squatter Settlement: Huascar
1999
UDDTs constructed: 60
Squatter settlment in an urban zone
Cenca
Cenca
Double-vault UDDTs; constructed wetland

Juan Carlos Calizaya
No
No
220
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the peri-urban zones of Ica City, Region Ica
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for peri-urban areas
Ica
Region: Ica; Province: Chincha; Capital: Ica
Peri-urban area
Red Uniendo Manos Per - CENCA
Red Uniendo Manos Per - CENCA
The city Ica lies in a coastal desert. The climate is very dry and hot.
Double-vault UDDTs
No
No
221
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the rainforests near Pucallpa
Town, Region Ucayali
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural rainforest villages with native households
Region Ucayli; Provincia Ucayali; Town Pucallpa
Rural zone in the rainforest
Fundacin contra el hambre
Fundacin contra el hambre
Cenca
Humidity and rainfall in these semitropical areas can be extremely high during certain times of the year. An
adapted construction of the UDDTs is recommended with special focus on best condition for faeces
drying. The cultural circumstances have to be considered in a special way. The introduction of UDDTs has
to be very careful, with a lot of explanations adapted to the mindset of the people.
Double-vault UDDTs
Reuse of the products in gardening and agriculture only if the user do not use so much lime.
No
No
222
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural mountain villages of Huallanca District,
Region Ancash
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural mountain villages
Region: Ancash; District: Huallanca
Assuming average household size of 5 (from country list) 75 users
Rural zone- mountains
SUCO
SUCO
Cenca
Double-vault UDDTs
www.suco.org
No
No
223
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in Huanta District, Region Ayacucho
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
Huanta
Region: Ayacucho; District: Huanta
Assuming average household size of 5 (from country list), 120 users
Salud sin limites-Peru
Salud sin limites-Peru
Cenca
Double-vault UDDTs
Reuse of the products in gardening and agriculture only if the users do not use so much lime.
No
No
224
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for peri-urban households in Sechura City, Region
Piura
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in peri-urban areas of a coastal town
Sechura
Region: Piura, City: Sechura
Peri-urban area
Local government
Local government
Cenca
Because of the upwelling of cold coastal waters and because of subtropical atmospheric subsidence, the
Peruvian desert is one of the most arid on Earth.
Double-vault UDDTs
Water-saving is something everybody see and accepts like a neccesary work to do in Peru. Everybody
wants to save water, but the people only save water when they have to. (1) If water is very expensive or
(2) they have to carry it over a huge distance.
http://www.munipiura.gob.pe/
No
No
225
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas around Pisco Town, Region Ica
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural areas
Region: Ica; Province: Pisco; Town: Pisco
Rural area
Cruz roja espaa
Cruz roja espaa
Cenca
Pisco was very near the epicenter of the 8.0-magnitude earthquake which struck south central Peru on
Wednesday August 15, 2007.
Double-vault UDDTs
http://www.cruzroja.es/preportada/tv/index.html
No
No
226
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Lalaquiz District, Region Piura
Region: Piura; Province: Huancabamba; District: Lalaquiz

Rural area
Yachachiq SOLCODE
Yachachiq SOLCODE
Cenca
Double-vault UDDTs
http://solcode.org/
No
No
227
Peru
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Zurite District, Region Cusco
Region: Cusco; District: Zurite
Dec. 2008 - Dec. 2009

Rural area
Municipality Surite with the municipality Cusco
Municipality Surite with the municipality Cusco
Ground-water level very high; 1 meter to 50 centimeter. Construction of latrines is not possible. Very plain
area. Village very loose constellation.
Double-vault UDDTs
http://www.municusco.gob.pe/web/index.php
No
No
228
Peru
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for poor native families in the rainforest near Satipo in
the department of Junn
rural upgrading
Aoti
department Junn
August 2008- March 2009
Project starts march 2009
UDDTs for families: 41
rural zone
NGO: salud sin limites
NGO: salud sin limites and the municipality Rio Negro
Ground-water level very high. Latrines are complete.
faeces, urine treatment
UDDTs for scools: 3
UDDT in use: 41
Double-vault urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) + wetlands
Reuse of the products in gardening and agriculture.
Project very good prepared and executed. Nearly 100% of the UDDTs are in use. Only the UDDTs in the
scools are not working. The construction of the wetlands is not working.
http://saludsinlimitesperu.blogspot.com/
See also photos in our flickr collection!
no
no
229
Philippines
Constructed wetland for a peri-urban housing area, Bayawan City
Constructed wetland for tjhe wastewater of a peri-urban housing area
Bayawan City, Negros Oriental Province
FishermenS Gawad Kaling Village, Barangay Villareal, Bayawn City
2005 - 2006

Start of Construction: June 2005
Start Operation September 2006
The constructed wetland was inaguarated in September 2006 and is in operation since then. A number of
measures to improve the facility have been undertaken since the operation started. The header tanks
Relocation
housing
area for
houses
(average
household
were covered
to minimise
the676
odour
during
the filling
process.size of 5 people, although some houses
contain more than one family); design figure: 3380 people.
Peri-urban areas
City of Bayawan, Oekotec GmbH, Belzig, Germany

Gerry F. Parco & Marc Mulingbayan; Philippines
City of Bayawan, City Engineering Office
DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation Program
The project is located in the peri urban part of Bayawan. It is a resettlement area for families that lived
along the coast in informal settlements without safe water supply and sanitation facilities. Records from
the City Health Office showed a high incidence of morbidity and mortality arising from water-borne
diseases
waste water
Household septic tanks; small bore sewer; header tanks; constructed wetland; drying bed for sludge;
effluent storage tank
Concrete production during construction.

Irrigation in organic cut flower and vegetabel farming project.
Firefighting
The total cost for the construction of the constructed wetland are about 200,000 US$ including cost for
consultancy and labour. The cost for operation and maintenance are estimated at 1,600 US$ per year.
This figure does not include the cost for electricity because it has not been recorded yet.
- The total surface area is 2680 m2 and the wetland has a specific surface area of 0.9 m2 per person (a
relatively low design figure and hence optimistic design made possible by the low per capita flowrate,
the sewage pre-settling in the septic tanks and the tropical temperatures).
- The total depth of the filter basins is 2 m (for module 1) and 1.2 m (for module 2) from the concrete
bottom to the top of the wall (including the drainage systems and about 0.60 m of free board). The filter
layer itself is 0.6 m in both cases. The water flows by gravity through the distribution system and a
constant head assures an even distribution of the wastewater over the whole area of the cell.
The
vertical
soil filter
combination
the horizontal
filter
achieves
good
treatment
results.
The
- Both
the village
andin
the
constructedwith
wetland
are closesoil
to the
sea
shore and
during
the rainy
season
effluent
quality
complies
with level.
the standards
water.
Labour
forcebuilt
is comparably
This
groundwater
rises
to ground
Both cellsfor
ofirrigation
the wetland
were
therefore
of concretecheap.
and concrete
option
implementation
forpositioned
a bigger pump
reduces
the operating
for electricity.
The
blocks.saved
A drainage
system hascost
been
at theand
bottom
of each
cell which costs
is covered
by a
inventiveness
of and
City then
Engineering
and the responsiveness of the consultants made it possible to
separation layer
the filterstaff
layer.
continuously
adjust
to locally
the local
conditions.
- The plants used
inthe
thedesign
filter are
available
reed called tambok (Phragmites karka). It was grown
1. SuSanA case study, 'Constructed wetland for a peri- urban housing area, Bayawan City' (see website
during the construction phase in a nursery at the relocation site. The tambok was cut for the first time in
below)
2008 and it was decided that it should henceforth be cut annually. The reeds also act as an odour barrier
2. DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation Program, 1st International Symposium on low cost technology options
during the filling process of cell 1.
for water supply and sanitation September 2004
- The wastewater distribution system is composed of 4 concrete header tanks and a system of perforated
3. Dr. Joachim Niklas, Oekotec GmbH, 1st expert report Implementation of a soil filter treatment plant for
HDPE
pipes. The system is operated manually, i.e. switching on and off of the pump and emptying the
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-philippines-bayawan-constr-wetlands-2009.pdf
water reuse in Bayawan, Negros Oriental, March 2005
header tanks into the distribution system. The header tanks are filled 2 to 3 times a day.
4. Dr. Joachim Niklas, Oekotec GmbH, 2nd expert report Implementation of a soil filter treatment plant for
water reuse in Bayawan, Oriental Negros, Status report of the site supervision in November 2005,
December 2005 Dr. Joachim Niklas, Oekotec GmbH,
5. Proposal for an Operation and Maintence Manual, December 2005 Dr. Joachim Niklas, Oekotec
1.
OfficeMission
of the City
Mayor,
City Hall, Bayawan
www.bayawancity.gov.ph
GmbH,
Report
III Implementation
of aPhilippines,
soil filter treatment
plant for water reuse in Bayawan,
2.
DILG-GTZ
Water
& Sanitation
Program, 5th Fl. DILG-WSSPMO, Francisco Gold Condominium II, EDSA
Negros
Oriental,
July
2006
corner Mapagmahal Street, PO Box 1176 QCPO, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines,
gtzwater@info.com.ph, www.watsansolid.com.ph
3. Dr. Joachim Niklas, Oekotec GmbH, Rosa - Luxemburg - Str. 89D - 14806 Belzig, info@oekotecgmbh.com, www.oekotec-gmbh.com
Yes
230
Philippines
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural areas, Bayawan City
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households and institutions in a rural area
Bayawan City, Negros Oriental Province
Private Households and public instititutions of rural areas of Bayawan
2005 - ongoing
Start of planning: June 2005

Start of construction: Nov 2005
Start of operation: Jan. 2006
Phase 1 started June 2005 and is still on-going
Phase 2 started in April 2008 and is on-going
Phase 1: 40 UDD toilets planned in 28 barangays/ villages (approx. 220 people or 5.5 people per
toilet) End of 2008: UDD toilets at 22 households (household size: 5-6), 1 rural health centre, 6 barangay
agricultural development centres in operation
Phase 2: UDD toilets for schools (planned number not yet known); End of 2008: 8 UDD toilets completed
Rural area No. of Users (assumed for summary list) ??:
Estimated
22 household toilets completed with approx 5 users per UDT, 110 users
8 school UDDTs with assumed 50 users per UDDT, 400 users
City of Bayawan
City of Bayawan
DILG- GTZ and Water & Sanitation Program
Bayawan City is located in the south-western area of Negros Island in the Central Visayas region, about
700 km southeast of Manila. It has a population of about 105,000. The city has 7 barangays1 that are
classified as urban and sub-urban areas, and 21 barangays that are classified as rural. 80% of the
population of Bayawan lives in these rural areas which cover 83% of the land area.
In the project area only 10% of the population are served with safe drinking water. The majority relies on
dug wells and springs. Only 1% of the rural population has a household connection. 63% of the
households have a toilet. These are mainly pour-flush or pit/VIP latrines.
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively. Beige water collected separately.
Single- and double-vault UDDTs
Urine as fertiliser, faeces as soil conditioner
Double-vault UDDTs: 300 - 340 US$. incl. material and labour cost.
Single-vault UDDT: 220 and 250 US$.
Costs for operation and maintenance have not been monitored but are estimated at 30 US$ per year.
Double-vault UDDTs: designed for households with 5 to 6 members and a 12-month storage time for the
faeces. The required faeces storage vault volume per person was estimated at 110 liters. Based on these
design parameters, each faeces collection vault has a storage capacity of 0.7 m 3.
Single-vault UDDTs: have mobile collection containers in a faeces vault volume of about 1 m 3. The
collection containers consist of used plastic or steel drums equipped with bin liners. When the bags are full
they are stored in the vault next to the container or in another safe place if the vault is full.
The planning and implementation process took much longer than originally planned because the project
area
covered
ruralcontainer
barangays
Bayawan
Some
UDDTs
hadthe
nottoilet
beenstairs.
used The
at allurine
The size
of theallurine
is of
limited
by theCity.
space
thatofisthese
available
below
because the
households
didnt
feel confident
to handle
them. Refresher
the problem
containers
vary
in size: Most
UDDTs
have a 20-liter
container
which wastrainings
shown toresolved
last a family
of 5 for
and
allone
facilities
used
andofwell
maintained.
Monitoring
ensure
users
can discuss
issues
about
week.are
If the
urine
2 adults
and 3 children
wasvisits
collected
forthat
onethe
week
at 1.25
L per adult
per
and
withthe
theamount
members
the ecosan
TWG.
day, ideas
and half
for aofchild,
this would
result in 30 L of urine per week. But in farmer families
1. SuSanA case study, 'Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural areas, Bayawan City' (see website
people are often out in the fields, and urinate in the open and hence, less urine is collected. Moving the
below)
20-L container is not too difficult, especially not for people who are used to physical work such as farmers.
2. DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation Program, "1st International Symposium on low cost technology options
for water supply and sanitation" September 2004 Anne Kleyboecker, DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation
Program, "ecosan potential for Bayawan", January 2005
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-philippines-bayawan-uddt-rural.pdfwww.bayawancity.gov.ph;
gtzwater@info.com
3. City of Bayawan, Office of the City Mayor, Executive Order No 2005-20 "Creating the ecological
sanitation technical working group for the implementation of the ecosan project of Bayawan in cooperation
with the German Technical Cooperation Agency", June 2005
DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation Program, "1st ecosan training for rural areas in the Philippines", September
2005
1.
the CityP.Sarana,
Mayor, City
Hall, Bayawan,
Philippines,
www.bayawancity.gov.ph
4. Office
Mayor of
Herman
"Bayawan
City adopts
ecosan as
a tool for health and environmental
2.
DILG-GTZ Water
& Sanitation
Fl. DILG-WSSPMO,
Francisco Gold Condominium II, EDSA
management",
presented
at DongProgram,5th
Sheng, August
2007
corner Mapagmahal Street, POBox 1176 QCPO, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro
Philippines,
5. Manila
Provincial
Engineering
gtzwater@info.com.ph,
www.watsansolid.com.ph
Office Negros Oriental, Technical
Drawings for double and single vault UDDT, February 2006
6. Imelda Balbuena, DILG-GTZ Water & Sanitation Program, "Project Report on Monitoring of ECOSAN
Urine Diversion - Dehydration Toilets (UDDT) in Bayawan City, Negros Oriental, Philippines", February
2008
Yes
231
Philippines
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with reuse in allotment gardens, Cagayan de Oro
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households in peri-urban areas and use of treated
products in allotment gardens
Cagayan de Oro City
Barangays Balubal, Balulang, Carmen, FS Catanico, Gusa, Kauswagan, Lapasan and Macasandig 9000
Cagayan de Oro City Philippines
2005 - 2009
Start of planning: May 2005

Start of construction: October 2005
Ongoing monitoring: planned until 2009
100 urban poor families in 10 self-sustaining allotment gardens (3 within premises of public elementary
schools) in 8 city districts (barangays). Nine allotment garden have one UDD toilet each. --> approx.: 400
person
Urban and peri-urban
Peri-urban Vegetable Project (PUVeP) of Xavier University College of Agriculture (XUCA)
Peri-urban Vegetable Project (PUVeP) of Xavier University College of Agriculture (XUCA)
Local government units of Lapasan, Macasandig, Kauswagan, Carmen and Gusa; City Government of
Cagayan de Oro (Philippines), German Embassy Manila, Philippines; Center for International Migration
Allotment gardens for urban poor families had already been set up in the city districts (barangays). The
land being used for the gardens is owned by private individuals. With the city government as a project
partner, the use of the land was negotiated with the private owners and fixed with a written memorandum
of agreement. Vegetable production is the main purpose of the gardens wherein the families cultivate
vegetable crops with technical support from PUVeP. The families consume and sell some of their products.
The member families of the different barangays had earlier expressed their need to install toilets in their
gardens.
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively.
Double-vault UDDT; waterless urinal
Urine, after 6 months of storage, is added to compost heaps. It adds nitrogen to the compost thus
accelerating the decomposition process. It is also used as a side-dress fertilizer (second fertilizer
application) after diluting it with water before soil application. Faeces as soil conditioner.
The total estimated cost in the construction of one UDD toilet is PhP 27,365.60 ( 437). Labour cost in this
case was not included because the work force was provided by the gardeners.
Double-vault UDDT:
Floor area: 2.00 m X 1.50 m ; Floor Elevation: 0.9 m; Ventilation pipe: 2 in diameter PVC; plastic
container for collection and storage of urine; Nipa for the roofing Plain G.I. Ridge roll; For the chamber
door plain G.I is used painted with black to increase the absorption of heat from the sunlight. 4x4 coconut
wood for the post in 4 corners of the toilets. For the urinal pipe 1 diameter also for the urinal drain
difference.
A study on the socio-economic benefits was conducted on the ecosan projetcs. All of them consider the
use of the UDDT as far better than open urination and defecation. Besides the missing privacy and
washing facilities there is a high risk of snake bites and harmful insects. Few gardeners, however, are not
using the toilets because they prefer to go to their own toilets in their houses which are located nearby.
Other gardeners feel not yet comfortable using it because they are to shy to use it. This results from the
1.
SuSanA
study,
'Urinebeautiful
diversionthan
dehydration
with have
reuseatinhome.
allotment
gardens,
Cagayan
de
fact
that thecase
toilets
are more
the toiletstoilets
that they
There
is a need
to improve
Oro'
(see website
below)
the design
of the urinal
for men because sometimes urine remains in the urinal and produces odour
2.
Robert J.Odour
Holmer,
Analizaalso
U. Miso,
A City-Wide
Ecosanwhen
Concept
for Cagayan
de Oro, Philippines.
problems.
problems
occur2006.
from the
faecal chamber
faeces
are not well-covered
with ash
Proceedings
of the GTZ/BMZ/DWA
Conference
"New
Sanitation
Concepts
- International
Project
or lime after defecation.
The odour problems
could
also
be caused
by malfunctioning
of the
ventilation
Experiences
Dissemination
Strategies,
Eschborn
, Germany
25-26, 2006to use since there
pipes. There and
is a commonly
agreed
on that the
anal cleaning
area, October
is very inconvenient
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-philippines-cagayan-de-oro.pdfhttp://puvep.xu.edu.ph/
3.
Robert
J. Holmer
& Axel
2006.
through Integrated
is few
space
available,
it is W.
veryDrescher,
shallow and
it isEmpowering
located too Urban
close toPoor
the Communities
wall.
Vegetable Production in Allotment Gardens: The Case of Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. Proceedings
of the FFTC-PCARRD International Workshop on Urban/Peri-Urban Agriculture in the Asian and Pacific
Region, Tagaytay City, Philippines, May 22-26, 2006, p. 20-40.
4. Robert J. Holmer & Axel W. Drescher, 2005. Allotment gardens of Cagayan de Oro: Their contribution to
1.
Dr.security
Robert and
J. Holmer;
Director-Periurban
Vegetable In:
Project
Xavier
University College
of Agriculture
food
urban environmental
management.
Urban
and Peri-Urban
Development:
A
Cagayan
de Oro
City, Philippines
# 088
8588026
Comparison
of Conflict
StructuresEmail:rjholmer@yahoo.de;Tel
and Solutions. Southeast Asian
German
Summer School 2005,
2.Stephen
Agronomist-Ecosan
in-charge
Periurban
Vegetable Project. Xavier University College
October
16-29,Lee;
2005,
Cologne, Germany:
149-155.
(ISBN 3-00-018291-8).
of Agriculture Cagayan de Oro
City,
Philippines
Tel # 088
8588026
4. 5.
Yvette
B. Guanzon,
Analiza
U. Miso & Robert J. Holmer, 2005. Use of
Jocelyn
Salcedo;Fertilizer
Community
Organizer
City Local
and NaturalinResources
Office
Urine3.as
Supplemental
for Sweet
corn- (Zea
mays Environment
var. rugosa) Production
a Philippine
Urban
(CLENRO)
Cagayan
de OroPaper
City, Philippines;
# 09193207015
Setting during
Dry Season.
presented atTel
the
17th NOMCARRD Regional Symposium on Research
& Development Highlights, MOSCAT, Claveria, Misamis Oriental Philippines, August 4-5, 2005
6. Robert J. Holmer, Clavejo, M.T., Dongus, S., Drescher, A., 2003. Allotment Gardens for Philippine Cities.
Urban Agriculture Magazine, 11, 29-31, RUAF, Leusden, Netherlands
SuSanA
Case Study
New:
14.05.2008
Analiza
Ahabwe Gerald, 03.11.2008 email: gz.ahabwe@gmail.com; Update 19.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen
Yes
232
Philippines
Rural community and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in Misamis Oriental, Libertad,
Initao and Manticao (province of Misamis Oriental)
Urine diverting dehydration toilets (UDDTs) as community and school toilets in rural areas
Municipalities of Initao, Manticao and Libertad, in Misamis Oriental Province
2006 - 2007

Start of construction: March 2007
Start of operation: August 2007
Monitoring and support period: March 2007 to present (and ongoing)
23 community ecosan UDD toilets at barrio centres and at primary schools (at 14 different locations),
frequented by an estimated total of 1,000 people
Rural area
Water, Agroforestry, Nutrition and Development Foundation, Inc. (WAND)
Water, Agroforestry, Nutrition and Development Foundation, Inc. (WAND)
German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) through the German Doctors
for Developing Countries
Most families have poor sanitary conditions because they lack proper toilet facilities. 42% of the residents
have no toilets and they just defecate in open fields or in creeks and rivers. This results to prevalence of
parasites, worms, and transmission of communicable diseases within the local residents.
Double-vault UDDT
Urine is used as fertiliser in household vegetable gardens, fruit orchard, and seedlings in the nursery.
Faeces not used.
1 UDDT is 300.
The UDDT design with 2 chambers was adopted from ecosan projects of the allotment gardens in
Cagayan de Oro City.
Some people did not participate, distrusted or even opposed the ecosan project because it aimed at
changing existing sanitation norms and practices. It became clear that social acceptance cannot be
reached by a one-time activity, since it may be very difficult to change long-held religious beliefs and
cultural practices. It shows that it is important to involve the community from the very planning phase to
the full implementation and to provide for a proactive, consistent, clear and reliable communication with all
SuSanA
case
study, 'Rural
and
school
diversion
toilets
in Misamis
Oriental,
concerned
stakeholders
in community
order to gain
trust.
The urine
lack of
political dehydration
will and budgets
among
the local
Libertad,
Initao
and
website
below) constituted a major obstacle to meet with.
government
units
forManticao'
pursuing (see
a waste
management
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-philippines-community-udd-toilets-misamis-oriental.pdf
1. Cora Z. Sayre (Executive Director), Local Empowerment Foundation (LEF), Libertad, Misamis
Oriental, 9021, Philippines.
2. Enerito Acain (Municipality), Municipal Mayor, Initao Municipality, Misamis Oriental, 9022, Philippines
3. Peter Wychodil (Program Officer), Aerzte fuer die Dritte Welt Offenbacher Landstr. 224, 60599
Frankfurt, Germany
NEW: 16.05.2008 Analiza

Update 18.05.2009 Philipp Feiereisen
Yes
233
Philippines
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural areas, San Fernando City
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households and schools in a rural area
San Fernando City
Barangay San Agustin (coastal) and Barangay Nagyubuyuban (upland) in San Fernando City, La Union,
Philippines
2004 - 2010
2003 - search for solution sanitation problem. In August 2004, the city government, CAPS, and 3 other
local nongovernment organizations had formed a partnership to mainstream ecological sanitation in the
city. The project in the pilot sites began with the selection of a volunteer household that will use the dry
toilet for 3 months. After the 3-month trial period, applications for ecosan toilets began pouring in from the
residents of the pilot barangays, Barangay San Agustin (coastal) and Barangay Nagyubuyuban (upland).
358
UDDTs
By close
of 2007, the project has expanded. Within San Fernando City, 358 units of ecosan toilets are now
Estimated
users
for summary
list)250
?? households in the pilot barangays, the city constructed dry
giving comfort
to (assumed
the residents.
Beyond the
250
households,
assuming
average
household
size1,000
of 5 (from
country
1250
toilets
in 3 elementary
schools.
A plan
to construct
ecosan
toiletslist),
by 2010.
and 100 students for each of 3 elementary schools, 300 users.
Rural area
City of San Fernando and Center for Advanced Philippine Studies (CAPS)
WASTE of the Netherlands through CAPS and the Philippine-German Cooperation, Water Program
towards an Integrated Water Resources Managment
WASTE of the Netherlands and Philippine German Cooperation
The residents of coastal and upland villages in San Fernando City polluted their drinking water with their
own excreta. There are around 426 households competing for the use of the villages 3 communal toilets.
More than 500 people line up to use each of these toilets everyday. Water is scarce and few users care to
keep the toilet clean. They cook only easily digestible food to avoid indigestion; they rarely entertain for
fear that visitors may need to use a toilet during the visit; they delay urinating and bowel movement; and
they contend with diarrhea and gastroenteritis on a daily basis.
UDDT
PhP 1 million (US$20,000) for constructing the toilet facilities
Skepticism about the approach is ever-present so the need to build awareness is constant. Likewise, an
appropriate UDDT design for the handicapped still has to be made; a sustainable source of ash has to be
developed; and the design of toilet sub-structures in flood-prone areas has to be improved to ensure that
the system is not compromised by floods.
http://www.ecosan.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=32 http://www.caps.ph/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&
http://www.adb.org/water/actions/PHI/San-Fernando.asp

Ahabwe Gerald, 03.11.2008 email: gz.ahabwe@gmail.com
No
234
Philippines
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at the Lumad Infirmary Hospital, Balit,
Agusan Del Sur Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and constructed wetland for a hospital
Balit, San Luis Municipality, Agusan del Sur Province
2003 - 2006
Planning: 2003
Implementation/construction: 2004 - 2006
Start of operation: 2006
Assume 100 users a day (assumption made for summary list) ??
Hospital
Lumad Infirmary Hospital Balit
Dreiknigsaktion der Katholischen Jungschar (DKA Austria)
UDDTs and waterless urinals; constructed wetland; composting

(for waste management -waste separation, low cost medical incenerator, sanitary landfill and composting;
rainwater harvesting and local infiltration of storm water)
Faecal compost for hospital staff garden; urine as fertiliser
http://www.ecosan.at/esc%5Fconsulting/
elke.muellegger@ecosan.at and markus.lechner@ecosan.at
Analiza from Newsletter 18 dated May 2006: 20.08. 2008
No
235
Romania
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at a rural school, Garla Mare,
Mehedinti District
Urine diverting dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and constructed wetland for a school in a rural area
Garla Mare, Mehedinti District, Romania
2002 - 2003
Start of planning: November 2002

Start of construction: August 2003
Start of operation: October 2003
4 urine diversion toilets and 3 waterless urinals at a rural school with 200 pupils
Rural area
University of Technology Hamburg, Institute for industrial and municipal wastewater management (TUHH)
WECF (Women in Europe for a Common Future, Netherlands)

M&S (Medium & Sanitas, Romania)
MATRA, Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs
80% of the Romanian population are not connected to a central drinking water supply. Groundwater is
however often polluted (contamination caused by pesticides and some of the nitrates are a result of
agricultural practices, the faecal bacteria and the rest of the nitrates are a result of the traditional and
widespread use of pit-latrines, which infiltrate their liquid contents into the sub-soil, have a bad smell and
are often built very close to household wells), rural population having health problems as a result of using
polluted drinking water
Double-vault UDDT; waterless urinals; small constructed wetland
Compost will be used by local farmers for fruit trees or crops and urine as fertiliser for agriculture. The
water of the washbasins infiltrates the underground after passing through a gravel-sand bed.
6,341 Euros
For each toilet there are two easily accessible composting-chambers (vaults) with a sealed floor made
from concrete. The vaults are used alternating in a 1 year rhythm. The volume of each chamber is 1.2 m
with a useful volume of 1 m. The floor of the compost vaults has a slope of 1 % to drain any leachate. The
middle of the floor has one big hole to the collection chambers covered by the squatting pan. When one
chamber is full the pan has to be turned round 180 in order to situate the faeces whole above the empty
chamber.
Ventilation pipes with fly nets were installed from the composting-chambers to above the roof to avoid
It
is important
to By
keep
anddesign
faecesofseparate
as most
of the pathogens areonly
contained
in the faeces.
odour
and flies.
theurine
special
the compostchamber-dividing-walls
one ventilation
pipe
Double
vault urine
diverting
toilets
is a low cost,
very fast
and easy
realise
methodhad
to protect
was installed
for both
chambers
(compared
to former
designs
wheretoevery
chamber
one pipe).
groundwater. With proper education even 6 year old children understand the principle of urine diverting
toilets
as afrom
part the
of ecological
sanitation.
The
new toilet
system
was accepted
very well
the of
teachers
The urine
diverting-toilets
and the
waterless
urinals
is collected
in a urine
tank by
made
glassand
pupils. plastic (GRP), bought in Romania. This urine tank is divided into two chambers of 3 m 3
fibrethe
reinforced
Documents
are
to understanding,
down load fromurine
website
www.wecf.eu/publication
ora available
important
are
real
and
faeces
separation,
twice
year
the
condition
must
be
each. The two compartments, similar to the composting chambers, are necessary for the 6 monthschecked
or
by contacting WECF.
longer resting time, during which most of the pathogens are killed or at least reduced.
See PDS 011 (website below)
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-011-romania-garla-mare-2005.pdfhttp://www.wecf.eu/english/projects/47-ro
Project responsibility: S. Gabizon, WECF. Email: Sascha.gabizon@wecf.eu

Project Coordinator: M. Samwel, WECF, St. Jacobs-Platz 10 , 80331 Munich Germany.
Email: margriet.samwel@wecf.eu
Information inserted from GTZ datasheet
No
236
Romania
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for institutions and households in Garla Mare and Vrata,
Mehedinty, Beiu-teleorman, Pietrele-Giurgiu County
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for three schools (other than the one in Garla Mare) and
households with reuse of nutrients. Public toilet and town hall toilets also mentioned below.
Garla Mare (public toilet, town hall) and Vrata, Mehedinty, Beiu-teleorman, Pietrele-Giurgiu County
Since 2006
2 schools, 1 kindergarten, (these schools are other than the Garla Mare school). 20 households.
Also public toilet and toilets in townhall (??)
Assuming 200 students per school and 50 for kindergarten (assuming for summary list), 450 users
Rural
area
i.e.
total
510 users
FVC Garla Mare, EuroTeleorman, Local administration, WECF
FVC Garla Mare, EuroTeleorman
Foundation Ensemble France, TUHH, WECF
None or partly central water supply, no sewage system, extremely bad sanitary status, nitrate and
microorganism polluted groundwater.
Sanitation as a part of the "Sustainable Development for All" and "Safe Sanitation, Health and Dignity"
projects
Double-vault UDDT; sandfilter
Reuse of urine and faeces
Double-vault UDDT: for school UD slab from China, for household and townhall home-made urine
diverting seat riser. For male user extra urinals. Outdoor and indoor toilet.
No
237
Russia
Biotoilet installations at the Kizhi Reserve Museum, Kizhi Island, Republic of Karelia
Biotoilets (??) in a touristic area
Kizhi Island (situated in Lake Onego), Republic of Karelia
2008 - 2010
First stage was preliminary analysis of hte area to determine ist unique characteristics, number of tourists,
and to choose the place for locating the biotoilets to meet aesthetic requirements and natural settings of
the museum. Then toilets were installed and toilets trained for maintenance.
2 biotoilets
Reserve museum, natural landscape
Kizhi Pogost ensemble is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Tourist traffic in 2008 was over 195,000
people. Water supply issues are closely related to environmental pollutions, specifically pollution of the
groundwater in the catchment area.
Biotoilets
- Local people who had the chance to get familiar with the 'dry biotoilet' method in the museum territory
have requested toilets in their settlements.
T. Regerand, Ph: + 7 814 2 576401; email: regerand@nwpi.krc.karelia.ru

Yu. Protasov, email: protasov@kishi.karelia.ru
J. Laurila, ph: (06) 325 4255; email: juhani.laurila@vaasa.fi
Nadira on 17.09.09
No
No
238
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two rural schools, Huye and Ngororero Districts
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in two rural schools with reuse of faeces and some reuse of
urine
District of Ngororero and Huye
2006 - 2007
Start of Planning: Nov. 2006

Start of construction: Jan. 2007
End of construction: March 2007
Project end: April 2007 (end of GTZ-Rwanda project, but toilets are still in use)
24 UDDTs built in two primary schools: in Kiruhura (Huye District) and Kiziguroro (Ngororero District).
2,800 students served.
Rural area: school
Fachliche und Finanzielle Untersttzung: Sektorvorhaben Krankheitsbekmpfung und

Gesundheitsfrderung (GTZ)
Cooperation Allemande en Sant au Rwanda: Gesundheitsprogramm der GTZ & und des DED
GTZ-Rwanda (Program Health Cooperation) and DED (German Development Services)
GTZ-Rwanda and GTZ program Disease Control and Health Promotion on behalf of German Federal
Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
Generally, the sanitation infrastructure in rural districts, including school sanitation, is under the
supervision of the districts due to Rwandas decentralisation policy. The district has personnel in charge of
health, education and social affairs. This unit is coordinated by the social development coordinator. At the
national level, there are three ministries which are concerned with public health, child-friendly school
environment and adequate sanitation infrastructure. Those ministries are the ministry of health, ministry of
education and the ministry of infrastructure, respectively. Rwandan education policy is emphasising
primary school education for all, where all Rwandans will have free access to 9 years universal primary
education starting from February 2010. But inadequate sanitation and poor hygienic conditions at schools
result in high drop-out rates due to illness.
Single-vault UDDT
Reuse of dried faeces in school garden; urine is used to fertilise coffee plantation in one school and
drained into the soil in the second school.
EUR 500 for one UDDT
- The single vault UDDTs were designed based on an average of 700 pupils per primary school (the
current number of pupils is higher however). The toilet cubicles are 1 m x 1 m (length by width), and the
faeces vaults are the same plan area as the cubicles and are 1 m high (therefore total volume of the
faeces vaults: 1 m3).
- The ventilation of the faeces vaults is provided with PVC pipes installed at the back of the UDDTs. The
pipes start in the vault and reach up to approximately 75 cm above the roof and have a diameter of 110
mm. The openings are covered with fly screens to prevent flies from entering.
-- At
the UDDTs
were
assigned
for plastered
each class
in addition
providing
At Kiruhura,
Kiruhura, separate
there are cubicles
waterlessofurinals
for boys
made
of walls
with
a mixturetoof
sand and
separate
toilets
boys and
girls.
This
proved to be very effective in enhancing the students
cement (they
areforlocated
on the
side
of measure
the UDDTs).
ownership
respective
toilet
cubicles,
when
it is reflected
thechicken
maintenance
rules
- The shed for
for the
drying
of faeces
(after
drying especially
in the faeces
vaults)
is fencedinwith
wire and
its roof is
whereby
class cleans
ownIttoilet
cubicle(s).
made outeach
of corrugated
irontheir
sheets.
is directly
behind the UDDTs and its length is the same as that of
-the
Maintenance
has become an issue because the UDDTs have been constructed by FEA without
UDDT block.
SuSanA
caseofstudy,
'Urine diversion
dehydration
toilets
in rural
schools,
and
Ngororero
Districts'
involvement
local people
(due to time
constraints
at the
time when
theHuye
project
was
implemented).
This
(see
is thewebsite
case ofbelow)
Kiruhura primary school where two compartments of UDDTs are not functioning anymore
because the urine pipes became clogged after only a short time. There is nobody in that place who can
repair such UDDTs, the headmaster said.
- The problem of repairing UDDTs can be solved by training of local technicians and other interested
SuSanA
case
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-rwandapeople on
the study:
maintenance
of UDDTs and sanitisation of urine and faeces before reuse as fertiliser. In
uddt-rural-school-2009x.pdf
turn, trained technicians can help UDDT owners in repairing them when necessary.
- It is advisable to have bins in the girls UDDTs (and the related user training) where the adolescent girls
can dispose of sanitary pads separately from faeces this would make reuse of dried faeces easier.
- The UDDTs are preferred by the pupils compared to the formerly used traditional pit latrines. In addition
Friederike
Amani
Paul F.A.Paul@lse.ac.uk
to acceptance
of UDDT
by pupils and teachers the surrounding households would like to have them. But
Karolin
Hadja
they think
that Herzog
the costKarolin.Herzog@gtz.de
of UDDTs is too high so no spontaneous copying has taken place so far.

Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com), information from SuSanA case study
Yes
239
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural primary school, Huye District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) at a rural primary school
PO-Box 30 Huye Rwanda
2006 - 2008
Construction till 2008 January

Start of toilet use about 1 July 2008; ongoing work
Primary school of 350 students
Rural area: primary school
Rwanda Village Concept Project (Student-run Organisation)
Villagers and RVCP
Private funds, donations from perspektive eine Welt e.V., UNESCO-IHE Knowledge transfere, FEA Fond
de l'Eau et del'Assaissenent for technical design
Toilet construction for the Muyongoro Primary School and hygiene education programme. School is on a
hill.
UDDT
Compost as fertiliser for school gardens/fields (future plans); urine currently infiltrated (groundwater
contamination apparently unlikely)
Total 700,- for one toilet block with 4 toilet cubicles
FEA Construction plans
Need of construction plans for toilets for bigger communities, like schools, markets, etc.
youtube, online publication http://www.youtube.de/d0rn30
http://www.rwanda-vcp.org and http://perspektiveev.de/projekte/ruanda/
Alexandra Hhne asb.hoehne@gmail.com

Hovaire Nsabimana hova0020@gmail.com
24.07.2008 Hhne, Rinnhofer

Ahabwe Gerald 27.10.2008 email: gz.ahabwe@gmail.com
No
240
Rwanda
Biogas sanitation plants in prisons, Cyangugu City
Biogas digesters used for sanitation in prisons of a city
Cyangugu
2001 - ongoing
2001: operation in 1st prison;

2001- Nov 2005: plants running in 5 more prisons;
2006 onwards: 3 more prisons to be added per year
6 different prisons; ~5000 people per prison; ~30,000 people in total
Prison
Kigali Institute of Science, Technology and Management (KIST), Rwanda
Kigali Institute of Science, Technology and Management (KIST), Rwanda
Rwanda's Ministry of Internal Security; The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC); Government
of Holland
Huge prison population of 120,000 (result of the 1994 genocide); overflowing septic tanks and strong
odour; great demand for fuelwood for cooking (10 tons/day).
Blackwater
Biogas digester, stabilisation tank, composting, laboratory checks of sludge
Composted sludge used in prison gardens for above-ground crops (papya, maize, bananas etc.)
~50,000 for 500 m3 plant; phased payments possible - final 5% paid only after 6 months of satisfactory
operation; 25,000/yr cut in firewood expenditure achieved
Several underground beehive-shaped digesters of 50 or 100m3; concrete base; 0.5 m diameter man-hole
at top; wastewater flushed in closed channels
no odours, effluent used for crops; 50% reduction (27,000 m3/yr) in fuelwood consumption; reduced
emmissions (10,000 tons/yr CO2 equivalent); 30 civilians & 250 inmates received technical & business
training; 3 biogas businesses created; project won Ashden Award
BBC News. 30/6/05. Rwanda award for 'sewage' cooking; Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy
http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/kist05 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4639363.stm
NEW 1.6.2007 Yaniv

Ahabwe Gerald, 28.10.2008 email: gz.ahabwe@gmail.com
No
241
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural secondary school, Nyamagabe District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in a rural secondary school
Nyamagabe, South Province
2006 (signing of protocol)
Assume 100 users (assumption made for summary list)??
Rural area
Ministry of Lands, Environmentment, Forest, Water, and Mines (MINTERE)
Financed by: Water and Sanitation Fund (FEA)
Rwanda lacks sanitation- very far from reaching the MDGs. In the context of acheiving MGD and Vision
2020, the Ministry of Lands, Environmentment, Forest, Water, and Mines (MINTERE) has signed a
protocol of agreement with the Common Development fund for execution and works for 100 blocks of
UDDT toilets. Out of 100 toilets, 10 public toilets are already built and are in use while 16 are in
construction phase. In Nyamagable the UDDTs are provided because of lack of adequate sanitation
facilities and water scarcity in the region and the school is not connected to a water supply system.
UDDT
Dried faeces use as fertiliser in the school garden
http://www2.gtz.de/publikationen/isissearch/environment/details.aspx?RecID=ECO-GTZ001878
Noella Joyeuse Urwibutso: email urwijoy2002@yahoo.fr
Analiza: 02.09.2008
No
242
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Kigeme Hospital
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) at a hospital
2006 (signing of protocol)
Assume 100 users (assumption made for summary list)??
Ministry of Lands, Environmentment, Forest, Water, and Mines (MINTERE)
Financed by: Water and Sanitation Fund (FEA)
A bad experience is seen at Kigeme where there is nobody in charge of maintenance of UDDTs. It smelt
bad and flies were everywhere and later FEA (wate and Sanitation Fund) put a responsible person who is
in-charge in explaining the Do's and Don'ts of using the toilet and incharge of the management and
maintenance of the toilet.
UDDT
Dried faeces
Noella Joyeuse Urwibutso: email urwijoy2002@yahoo.fr
Analiza: 02.09.2008
No
243
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilet for rural households in Bulera District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for implementation with rural households at a large scale
E.g. Gahunga Village, Bulera District
Target: around 800,000 households of the district
Rural area
UNICEF
UNICEF; local government
UNICEF project funded by the government of Netherlans
In the past in Bulera district 80% of the population used to defecate in the bushes and 20% used pit
latrines. Pit latrines are not suitable in this area because it is vulcanic and therefore difficult to dig.To
address the hygiene and sanitation standard local governemnt with UNICEF promoted the UDDT. And
materials are locally available.
UDDT
Sanitised excreta for the garden
Noella JoyeuseUrwibutso: email urwijoy2002@yahoo.fr
Analiza: 02.09.2008
No
244
Rwanda
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in a business centre, Bulera District
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) tested in Rugarama business centre
Bulera
Rugarama, Bulera
UNICEF and Bulera District
UNICEF
There is a person in charge of maintenance and cleaning. The UDDT is located in Rugarama business
center. Unfortunately it is not clean. Urinals are not yet constructed. But generally people in Bulera district
are already aware of improved sanitation. UNICEF constructed a UDDT model located at the strategic
point (market, office) and households are encouraged to construct their own latrines.
UDDT
The public toilet has four cubicles for each block
Noella Joyeuse Urwibutso:email urwijoy2002@yahoo.fr
Analiza: 02.09.08
No
245
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural communities and schools of Burera, Musanze,
Nyabihu, Rubavu and Rusizi Districts
rural communities and schools
Districts of Burera, Musanze, Nyabihu, Rubavu, Rusizi
c/o UNICEF Rwanda
Jan 2000
10,000 households in districts of Burera, Musanze, Nyabihu, Rubavu,

Rusizi, etc....will have eco-san latrines. By end of 2012, it is projected that:at least 120 schools (110,000 - 120,000 pupils) have ecosan
latrines (UDDTs);
at least 20,000 households (100,000 - 120,000 people) have
rural households
ecosans. and schools
Mainly work with Ministries of Infrastructure & Local Government; and local government authorities at
district and decentralized levels
Mainly work with Ministries of Infrastructure & Local Government; and local government authorities at
district and decentralized levels; with local NGOs/Faith-based organizations/Associations (Dusukure,
Virunga ECOSAN); and the private sector. Those in private sector include, manufacturers of ecosan
slabs/plates (e.g. AquaSan & Roto); local artisans/masons (trained through UNICEF support); and other
community groups
UNICEF, Governments of the Netherlands and Japan
Started as pilot, with direct support to districts and local associations (2000-2006) - but currently being
scaled-up , thanks to Government of Netherlands funding, and considering increased interest among the
users/beneficiaries and local leaders who are actively supporting its
adoption in their respective areas. Project period is 5 years from 2009 to 2013.
- as pilot project in Rusizi and Nyamasheke (2009-2010)Ecosan latrines are promoted at national level
and currently implanted in
different districts around the country. Promotion is supported by
GoR and other development partners including UNICEF. They can be
found mainly in Northern, Western & Southern Regions. Eco-san
latrines have been installed as public latrines along main highways in Northern & Southern
Regions;
in some schools mainly in Musanze, Rusizi & Burera Districts;
in households mainly in Burera (currently over 1000 households)
and Rusizi & Nyamasheke Districts (currently about 500 households)
have installed. There is growing interest in ecological
urine sanitation
& faeces separated.
by rural communities in these 3 districts, as well as
neighboring ones.
Biogas linked to the latrines installed piloted in some schools
and demonstration centres. Target areas mainly
hilly - volcanic region with underlying thick volcanic rock (Burera,
Musanze, Nyabihu & Rubavu Districts); and collapsible soils in Rusizi
and Nyamasheke. Normally very difficult terrain to dig pit or VIP
latrines. Thus, ecosan was a highly suitable option.
Urine Diversion & biogas. The common latrine model promoted is urine diversion (UD) - Faeces are
sanitized (left to decompose in safe place for 6 - 12 months depending on quantities, sunshine or
temperatures) before they can be utilized as fertilizer.
Agriculture
Faeces are sanitized (left to decompose in safe place for 6 - 12

months depending on quantities, sunshine or temperatures) before
they can be utilized as fertilizer. Urine can be utilized on
farms to fertilize crops immediately after collection, but
normally stored for 12 - 30 days to ensure it is properly hygienized.
High crop yields from farms fertilized with urine and/or decomposed manure have been achieved. In
some cases, yields have more than doubled compared to unfertilized plots. Highest yields have been
obtained with addition of urine and manure. Compared to
chemical fertilizer (NPK), higher yields have been obtained using ecosan products.
More than ever before, men are now keen to build and/or to participate in cleaning eco-san family
n/a
latrines.
They are mostly
motivated by increased crop yields associated with this technology.
Urine and decomposed manure are becoming more and more
commercialized because of their fertilizer value.
Based on our experience, eco-san latrines are generally less
expensive to build in terms of time and materials consumed - with
exception of slab which has to be bought, most other materials
needed can be obtained locally.
When properly used, ecosan latrines fulfill conditions of
safe/hygienic latrines; are flexible in terms of where they can be
Guy Mbayo
Kakumbi
[gmbayokakumbi@unicef.org]
UNICEF
located;
better economy
of land needed to build
latrinesRwanda
(through
recycling of the wastes; and less pollution of soil and ground
water.
Biogas digesters, especially those directly linked to use of
faecal manure are known to generate more gas/energy to cook and
light.
Intensive hygiene education sessions need to be availed to
targeted communities to minimize health risks deriving form use of
un-hygienized products. Some other agencies building
ECOSAN
latrines in
Rwanda
are Water for
People,
Rwanda
Environment
Entered
by B. Abraham
based
on information
received
from
Guy Mbayo
Kakumbi
Care (REC)...
[gmbayokakumbi@unicef.org]
on 5 May 2010
no
no
246
Senegal
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in villages of Dakar and This Regions
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural areas
The sites are the villages of:

Dakar Region: Mbye; Wayembame; Dni sud; Bonoba ; Kanyak, Nguindouf, Pikine Niayes valley
Thies Region: Keur Saib Ndoye, Keur Daouda Ciss, Keur Matar Arame, Keur Demba, Keur Karamokho,
Keur Mor, Keur Saara, Mbayne, Ndirne, Hanne, Keur ibra Niane; Mbodjine, Keur Madaro, Nbob
gadiaga, Darou Diop, Ngatty yaram Tabi.
2002 - 2010
2002-2006: research phase

2006-2010: dissemination period
Dissemination phase recently started, with the introduction of ecosan in urban areas and some schools.
232 toilets and 12 urinals, reaching an estimated 15,227 people
(Additionally, people reached indirectly through 7 press articles, seminars, radio -broadcast, replicated
training sessions by teachers, students or hygienist trained by the project, advocacy, sensitising
Rural area: villages
and schools
campaigns,
items (flyers,
T-shirt, cap) is estimated at 135,000 persons. The overall population reached by
the project directly and indirectly so far is 150,227 persons.)
CREPA (Regional Centre for low cost Water Supply and Sanitation) network in collaboration with the
National Representative of Senegal
UDDTs; urinals
Faeces as fertiliser for agriculture
Two types of urine diversion latrine have been used: The Vietnamese and the Tecpan model. In all 232
toilets have been constructed so far. In addition, twelve urinals have been constructed: two in schools and
ten to introduce Ecosan in urban areas
Fod Abou CAMARA

Address: CREPA-Sngal, Routes des Pres Mariste
B.P: 2041 Hann, Dakar Senegal (West Africa)
Tel: +221 33 832 29 97/ +221 76 699 86 76
Fax: +221 33 832 67 29
Email: fodeabou@yahoo.fr
www: www.reseaurcrepa.org
05.01.2010, Laura Margarete Simon, la.simon@gmx.de
No
247
Sierra Leone
Urine diversion composting toilets as community sanitation in Chiefdom Pejeh, Pujehun District
Urine diversion composting toilets as community sanitation in rural villages
All 19 villages of Chiefdom Pejeh, Pujehun District
2006 - 2010
The 19 villages of Chiefdom Pejeh, comprising 10,000 people.

To date (Sept 09): 25 toilets built in 3 villages, with approximately 75 people per unit, i.e. about 1900 total
beneficiaries.
By end of 2010: will be total 136 toilet units in all 19 villages, for 10,000 people.
Rural area
Wherever the Need (WTN) and community
WTN and community
WTN
Urine diversion composting toilets.
Fertiliser
Estimated $1000 per ecosan toilet
Eco-sanitation or compost toilets are comprised of a raised platform above two chambers, one full and
composting, alternating with the other. Organic material is regularly added to the chambers to introduce
carbon for composting, to oxygenate the composting process and neutralise odours. It takes roughly five
months for pathogen free compost to be produced. To help prevent the toilet from smelling, faeces and
urine are not allowed to mix, as a chemical reaction between the two creates odour. Therefore, a pipe
takes
urine to a separate chamber. This may be used to nourish soils for crop growth.
- Toilets in Gbongay village had been completed and used. Each toilet unit was maintained and cleaned
by the people who lived in the area.
Pdf document and travel diary available on WTN website

telephone: (44) 01225 723673
fax: (44) 01225 723105
Nadira on 25.08.09 from WTN website

Nadira on 02.09.09 update from D. Crosweller by email (02.09.09)
No
248
Sierra Leone
Ecosan toilets at the Holy Rosary Secondary School for girls, Pujehan City
Combined primary and senior secondary schools eco-sanitation and water facilities project
Pujehan City
Pujehan City
Planned
450 girls.
Urban area: school
WTN
WTN
WTN
UDDTs
Richard Napper
richard@wherevertheneed.org.uk
www.wherevertheneed.org.uk
Wherever the Need,
Limpley Mill,
1 Lower Stoke,
Limpley Stoke,
Bath,
BA2 7FJ,
UK.
Nadira on 02.09.09 from email of D. Crosweller (02.09.09) Updated on the 18th of October.
+44(0)1225 723673 (Tel)
+44(0)1225 723105 (Fax)
+44(0)7768 770303 (Mob)
skype:
richardwrn
No
No
249
Sierra Leone
Ecosan public toilets for a market site at Waterloo
what type of toilets?
Waterloo
Waterloo
planned
750 people
WTN
WTN
WTN
What type of toilets?- write in title also

telephone: (44) 01225 723673
fax: (44) 01225 723105
Nadira on 02.09.09 from email of D. Crosweller (02.09.09)
No
No
250
South Africa
Provision of sustainable sanitation services with urine diversion dehydration toilets to peri-urban
and rural communities in the eThekwini (Durban) Municipality
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) to improve sanitation conditions, however without reuse
because of safety concerns
Durban
Ethekwini Municipality, 3 Prior road, Durban, 4001
2005 - 2010
Provide adequate sanitation for 200,000 families, the eThekwini project has approximately 30,000 UDDTs
after 2 years work.
Periurban and rural areas
eThekwini Municipality
eThekwini Municipality
Central government of South Africa in the form of municipality infrastructure or housing grant
With funding from the central governement in the form of municipal infrastructure or housing grants, the
municipality assists low-income households to improve their latrines. To empty a VIP latrine $150 is
needed, which is very high, due to the high costs for sanitation in these areas, the municipality promotes
UDDTs as an alternative to pit latrines to avoid the pit emptying costs. 90,000 households using
conventional on-site facilities, 30,000 households connected to septic tanks and conservancy tanks
60,000 uses VIP. Majority of the households (425,000) are connected to the sewerage network.
eThekwini's UDDT project has already funded the construction of 74,000 UDDTs. Athough, these
households are given information about how to dispose of the waste hygienially, the programme is not an
ecosan programme, because the municipality does not promote excreta reuse due to health concerns.
UDDT
Not reused at this stage. This project is nevertheless regarded as an important ecosan project as the
setup would allow an easy and safe reuse of urine and faeces in the future (if there are drivers for reuse).
Making the assumption that the agricultural conditions are 'average' and assuming that the households
receive a financial benefit for the sale of the crop, reuse enables a financial saving by reducing the
amount of expenditure on food. UDDT become attractive when excreta are reused.
Report from WSP: "Study for financial and economic analysis of ecological sanitation in sub-saharan
Africa"
Dr. Doulaye Kon (Eawag/Sandec), Doulaye.Kone@eawag.ch, berlandstrasse 133, P.O.Box 611, 8600
Dbendorf, Switzerland, +41-44-8235553; M. Baba Coulibaly, ONAS, baba.coulibaly@onas.sn, Cit TP
Som No. 4 Hann, BP 13428 Dakar, Senegal, +221-832-1386
New: Sren, 14.11.06. Updated by Alemayehu, 28.09.2009
No
251
South Africa
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Genadendal in the Western Cape
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for an urban area
Genadendal
Genadendal, Western Cape
2003
Urban area
NORAD (Norwegian Government Agency)
The urine is diverted from the faeces but not yet collected, the urine storages are not yet available. The
urine is seeping into the ground
VIP toilet; Double-vault UDDT
Urine as fertiliser; feaces as soil conditioner but most of the time not practices
7 million euro over 5 Years (R70 millions)
Wilson, Z., Politcs of sanitation, Kuala Lumpur, 2006-http://www.ikmas.ukm.my/v1/files/Zoe

%20Wilson.pdf;
Macleod, N., provision of sustainable sanitation,Third international
conference on Ecological sanitation, Durban, 23/25 may 2005http://conference2005.ecosan.org/presentations/macleod.pdf,
http://www.ethekwini.gov.za/durban/services/services/water_and_sanitation/toplevelmanagement/toplevelmanagementpage
Neil Macleod nam@dmws.durban.gov.za +27(0)31.302.46.00 mobil 083.274.69.90
Walter, 2007-12-10
No
252
South Africa
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Kaheylitsha in the Western Cape
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for an urban area
Kaheylitsha
Western Cape
2003
Urban area
Mvula Trust and Cemforce Company and the Cape Town Metropolitan Council
Mvula Trust and Cemforce Company
Poor operation and maintenance condition, until Dec 2003 the concept of reuse and diposal has not been
taken care of in this project
UDDT
21.12.2004 Sonny
No
253
South Africa
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Emzamweni High School, Msunduzi in KwaZulu-Natal
Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in a rural school
Emzamweni High School, Msunduzi, KwaZulu-Natal Province
Rural area: school
CSIR
CSIR
Municipality and school
Sanitation facilities, mostly with old and unimproved pit latrines, were dilapitated, smelly and unhygienic
UDDT
21.12.2004 Sonny
No
254
South Africa
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in Eastern Cape Province
Umtata
Eastern Cape Province
1997
Rural areas
CSIR and ECATU
Mvula Trust; P.O. Box 416; KIMBERLY; 8300
CSIR, Eastern Cape Government
UDDT
http://www.csir.co.za/plsql/ptl0002/ptl0002_pge001_home
Aussie Austin, Programme for Sustainable Human Settlements, CSIR Building & Construction Technology,
PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001 South Africa
Tel: +27-12-8412568, Fax:+27-12-8413400, Mobile: +27-82-4429888, E-mail: Laustin@csir.co.za
No
255
Sri Lanka
Toilet Rehabilitation Project for disaster areas using urine diversion dehydration toilets
Urine diversion dehydration toilet (UDDT) as emergency sanitation
2005
Lein Foundation in Singapore; WTO based in Singapore; Habitat
Many NGOs working in the country lack sanitation experts. As a result many implemented sanitation
systems are a danger to environment and humans; in other cases, the construction of toilets is neglected
altogether. Financed through the Lien Foundation in Singapore, WTO assisted Habitat for Humanity to
incorporate sustainable sanitation concepts into their projects. The WTO Sri Lanka Team is also
developing a composite sanitation document for in-field selection of appropriate sanitation solutions for
World Vision Sri Lanka.
UDDT (no greywater recycling)
http://www.mvula.co.za/Inveloper.asp?iP=479&iS={B3812286-ABDB-402F-BD3F-2AB051916025}&iSQ=1
and http://www.csir.co.za/plsql/ptl0002/ptl0002_pge001_home
Richard Holden, National Sanitation Operations Manager, Tel. 011 403 3425, Fax. 011 403 1260, Cell 082
451 4796, E-mail: holdenr@mweb.co.za
The Mvula Trust, P.O.Box 32351, Braamfontein 2017, Tel: 011 403 3425, Fax: 011 403 1260, Email:
richard@mvula.co.za
No
256
Swaziland
Urine diversion composting toilets and enviroloos as a part of the Dry Sanitation project,
Msunduza Township
Mbabane
Msunduza Township above Mbabane (the capital)
2007 - 2011
15,000 population. So far 23 toilets built both in public places (schools, meeting point) and private families.
Peri-urban
Global Dry Toilet Association of Finland
Salvation Army of Swaziland
Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland and Turku University of Applied Sciences
Msunduza has a variety of sanitation solutions in use. In the official area majority of 70% of households
are connected to the sewage system and have a water closet. In the unofficial area only 10% have a water
closet, of which only 8.6% were connected to the sewage systems and the rest use traditional pit latrine
(Koivisto, 2005). Some households use their neighbours' toilet, bucket system or so called "flying toilet",
where faeces are disposed in the nature in a plastic bag.
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively (UD composting toilet); excreta (enviroloo)
Double-vault urine diverting composting toilet; enviroloo
Reuse it in agriculture
Enviroloo- the urine and faeces are collected in the same container and the liquid is evaporated
Msunduza is extremely leader-centered. Village elders and community leaders have authority and they are
respected and heard when making decisions. In order to get local people to participate it is vital to get
leders' approval to the projects. Therefore it is extremely important to give education to decision makers
as well.
Turku University of Applied Sciences

Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) Inserted information on 04.03.10 from email of S. Huuhtanen.
No
257
Sweden
Ecological Village Bjrnsbyn
eco-development What type??
Bjrnsby near Lulea
1994
NLH (Norrbottens Lns Hushallningssllskap - the Agricultural Society of Norrbotten County)
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-srilanka-mission-report-1-2005.pdf
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-srilanka-mission-report-2-2005.pdf
elisabeth@worldtoilet.org ; and thilo@worldtoilet.org
Analiza from Newsletter 19 dated February 2006: 20.08. 2008
No
258
Sweden
Urine diversion dry toilets in the Gebers collective housing project, Stockholm
Urine diversion dry toilets for a collective housing building complex, treatment of urine and composting of
faeces off-site and reuse in agriculture.
Stockholm
Gebersvgen 20-30, S-12865 Orhem, Sweden
1998
32 apartments, 80 inhabitants, 3500 m living area
Peri-urban; residential building
HSB (The National Association of Tenants Savings and Building Societies) and EKBO (Ecological
Collective Housing in Orhem)
Fastighetsgare, BRF Konditorn, Gebersvgen 24, 128 65 Skndal
The Gebers collective housing project is located in an area with a Nordic climate on a 3,2 ha site on the
lake of Drevviken, in Orhem, a southern suburb of Stockholm, near a nature reserve. The project was
promoted by a network of friends and neighbours, who had a vision of communal living based upon
practical, human and ecological considerations. They formed an organisation called EKBO (Ecological
Collective Housing in Orhem) in 1995. In 1998 work began to convert the Gebers site, a former
convalescent home which had become a deserted and vandalised building complex of 3500 m, to 32
apartments and facilities for collective use, including a large kitchen, a dining-hall, a sauna and a laundry
room. Currently around 80 people live at the Gebers.
Yellowwater; faeces
Urine diversion dry toilet; urine storage; composting
The treated urine is used as fertiliser in agriculture and is enough for approximately 2 ha of barley.
Compost as soil conditioner.
Investment for sanitation system: 90,000 USD

Wost Man Ecology ESClassic toilet: 300 USD.
Toilet: Single-flush urine-diverting toilets, the ES-Classic model of Wost Man Ecology AB, flushed with
0.1 l of water. It is piped in polypropylene pipes of 50 mm diameter to groups of polypropylene collection
tanks of 10-15 m under the house.
Faeces collection: The faeces are collected without flushing water and fall straight down through gravity
pipes of 200 mm diameter into individual ordinary plastic bins of 140 l in the cellar, which are removed
when full. No additional solid waste is allowed to be thrown into the toilet. An extraction system draws air
from the ventilation
-outlet
The overall
system performance
satisfactory
for the
users.
problems
occurred
wereThis
of the bathrooms
through theisfaeces
collection
area
and Some
to a vent
pipe onhave
the roof
of thebut
house.
solved
by improved
planning
and management.
keeps the
faeces bins
under negative
pressure, improves their dehydration and removes odours even
-when
Mostthe
problems
were
toilets are
in related
use. to urine sediments which are surprisingly voluminous. Pipes tend to get
clogged if the
diametergreywater
is rather is
small
mm) Itand
if there led
areto
any
water trapsgravity
(whichsewers
initially and
Greywater:
At present
not (under
treated50
locally.
is instead
conventional
existed
in the form
of a narrow
horizontal
wastewater hose between toilet and downpipe). Cloggings can
the Henriksdals
wastewater
treatment
plant.
See
PDS 008
(see website
below)
be
cleaned
mechanically
withfaeces
low amounts
hot water under
pressure. This
be best 200
Faeces
treatment:
When and
full, the
bins areoftransported
to a composting
site,should
approximately
performed
the tanks are emptied to avoid dilution of the urine.
meters
fromwhen
the building.
- Any Water-traps should be avoided and are in any case unnecessary because of the ventilation system.
- Based on practical experience, a urine pipe diameter of 110 mm is recommended for the common part of
the system to which all toilets are collected.
- Fly barriers, installed in places that allow an easy cleaning, should be integrated into the ventilation
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-008-sweden-gebers-2005.pdfhttp://www.ekbo.se
system.
- The addition of ash, or a more frequent (less than 6 months) emptying of the faeces bins, have both
proved suitable to prevent fly invasions.
No
259
Sweden
Urine diversion toilets in the Palsternackan housing project, Enskede
Urine diversion toilets and composting toilets for residential apartments and reuse of urine and faeces in
agriculture
Stockholm
Enskede, few km south of central Stockholm
1996
51 apartments and 160 inhabitants
Urban area: residential apartments
AB Stockholmshem
AB Stockholmshem
Previously consisted of apartments for elderly people, in connection with a renovation priority was given to
environmentally sound construction materials, greenhouses for the residents and a sewerage system
based on urine separation
Urine separating toilet, composting toilet, low water systems
Reuse of urine and composted faeces for agriculture
90,000 $US
"ES-Classic" model from the company Wost Man Ecology AB
No anthropogenic nutrient export, water consumption of 110 l/p.d very low in Sweden.
The sanitation fees to be reduced.
Farmers can save fertilizer but still not allowed to use any human waste
No energy saving in the house.
www.iees.ch/cs/cs_4.html or http://www.wost-man-ecology.se
Nicholas Hort, Tel. 0046 8 508 107 87; Email: Nicholas.hort@ostermalm.stockholm.se

or
Sven Ingvar-Nilsson; Wost Man Ecology AB; Email: info@wost-man-ecology.se
Dania 10.02.2006
No
260
Sweden
Urine diversion flush toilets at Understenshjden ecovillage in the suburb of Bjrkhagen,
Stockholm
Urine diversion flush toilets for residential apartments and reuse of urine in agriculture
Stockholm
Understensvgen 111-113, Bjrkhagen
1995
The system has been in operation since 1995
44 households with 160 inhabitants
Urban area: chain houses, condominium
User driven project from the early planning phase
Brf Understenshjden (the condominioum) and the housing organisation HSB.
None
User driven project with very high ambitions concerning wastewater treatment, building materials,
renewable energy, source separation of waste, social aspects etc.
Yellowwater; brownwater and greywater mixture
Urine diverting dual flush toilet. Urine storage on-site and off-site. Brownwater and Greywater are
discharged to Stockholm wastewater system.
Treated urine is reused on farmland for cereal crops at Lake Bornsjn (30km south of Stockholm) in
Salem
Urine diverting dual flush toilets (Dubbletten), urine pipes (polyethylene, diameter 75 or 110 mm) and
collecting / holding tanks (3 single tanks, 30m3 each). Urine is reused after a second storage in a tank
system (3 single tanks, 150 m3 each).
In spring 2000, the tenants took steps to set up a tenant-owner association to manage the estate
themselves.
Mats Johansson, VERNA Ecology: "Urine separation - closing the nutrient loop" available at
www.stockholmvatten.se
Mats Johansson, Verna Ekologi AB, Malmgardsvgen 14, 116 38 Stockholm, Sweden
Tel.: 0046 8 641 75 00, E-mail: mats@verna.se, Webpage: www.swedenviro.com mats@verna.se
update: Sren, 27.06.2007
No
261
Sweden
Urine diversion flush toilets at the neighbourhood of Skogaberg, Gothenburg
Urine diversion flush toilets for residential apartments and reuse of urine in agriculture
Gothenburng (Gterborg in Swedish)
2005
110 small houses and 17 flats in 3 apartment blocks.

Urban area
City Gterborg and Recycling Board
City Gterborg and Real Estate Company
City Gterborg
Sewage system led to nutrient contamination and loss; enrichment of pollutants in food products
Yellowwater; brownwater and greywater mixture
Urine diverting dual flush toilet. Urine storage on-site and off-site. On-site treatment for brownwater +
greywater in the series 3-component septic tank + biological treatment + sedimentation + UV-filter + Pond
system
Yellowwater is reused on farmland for cereal crops at Lake Bornsjn (30km south of Stockholm) in Salem
No thorough economic evaluation has been performed.
Urine diverting dualflush toilets (Dubbletten + Gustavsberg), urine pipes (polyethylene, diameter 75 or 110
mm) and collecting / holding tanks (2 in series, 40m3 each). On-site treatment in a trickling filter and pond
system. Urine is reused after a second storage in a tank system (3 single tanks, 150m 3 each).
Toilets, piping systems and collecting tanks, system for reuse is still running in cooperation with the
Stockholm Water Company. The findings are published in english. The first full scale urine and organized
system for reuse of human urine from urban settlements to farmland.
The former used copper toilet seal where replaced by plastic toilet seals. P-Treatment of the system is
insufficient, that is why treated black-/greywater is pumped to municipal WWTP
Mats Johansson, VERNA Ecology: "Urine separation - closing the nutrient loop" available at
www.stockholmvatten.se
www.swedenviro.com
Mats Johansson, Verna Ekologi AB, Malmgardsvgen 14, 116 38 Stockholm, Sweden
Tel.: 0046 8 641 75 00, E-mail: mats@verna.se,
02.12.03 Ins
aktualiziert mit Beitrag vom 26.08.2003
update: Sren, 27.06.2007
No
262
Sweden
Water management in Universeum, Gothenburg
Gothenburng (Gterborg in Swedish)
Sdra Vgen 50, Gothenburg, Sweden
Universeum and a part reseach of Department for Applied Environmental Science at Gothenburg
University
Separation between blackwater and greywater for wastewater system and local treatment facilities
Nutrients recycling
Kristina Fremskog; Recycling Board, City Gteborg; Box 11192; 404 24 Gothenburg, Sweden
E-mail: a6krifer@ulmo.stud.slu.se
No
263
Sweden
Eco-house, Noorkping
Noorkping
18 flats
Urban area
Twin-bowl toilets
The nutrient solution from the the toilets are pumped into glass vats containing various species of
microscopic algae
www.universeum.se; www.gryaab.de
21.12.2004; Sonny
No
264
Sweden
Integrated Water Management with urine diversion flush toilets at Elkanlandstad School, Mlndals
Urine diversion flush toilets with urine reuse, faeces separation from brownwater, subsequent vermicomposting and reuse in garden and on-site treatment of greywater.
Elkanlandstad
In Mlndals Stad
1999
Currently 65 UDT
65 UD flush toilets were installed to service a school population of 450 students which has grown to 600
students in 2009. From 6 to 16 years of age with an additional 18 flushing toilets installed in the last year
Urban area: public school for children aged 6-16 years of age
Molndals council municipal initiative
Well maintained and functioning system with a passionate maintanenace person.
Urine, brownwater, greywater
Dubbletten urine diversion toilets; water and faeces are separated with an 'Aquatron'; faeces composted
with vermiculture; greywater and separated water from the Aquatron is treated locally in reed beds.
(rainwater tanks supply water, composted food waste, solar heated water for hot showers and kitchen)
Urine is taken once a year in May to a local farmer for reuse, composted faeces is used by the
maintenance person for use in the local school garden.
(composted food waste is collected periodically by local farmer, collected rainwater is used within the
school)
Urine diversion - One step toward sustainable sanitation

http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Urine_Diversion_2006-1.pdf
Urine diverting toilets in climates with cold winters
http://www.wecf.eu/cms/download/2007/WP-26_web-07.pdf
See above
Technical maintenance person: William Harrysson - william.harrysson@molndal.se
Dena Fam 26.06.2009 - Dena.M.Fam@student.uts.edu.au
No
265
Switzerland
Testing of NoMix toilets and waterless urinals in Eawag's (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic
Science and Technology) new main building 'the Forum Chriesbach', Dbendorf
Installation and operational monitoring of NoMix toilets (urine diverting flush toilets) and waterless urinals
in an office building. Separate urine used for nutrient extraction experiments.
Dbendorf
Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), berlandstrasse 133, 8600
Dbendorf, Switzerland
2004 - 2009
Construction period: July 2004 - Sep. 2006

Evaluation of system done in 2009 after operational monitoring period of 2 years
Office workplaces: 150; Conference room: 140 seats; Seminar rooms: 180 seats; Restaurant: 150 seats.
I.e. With visitors, an estimated number of 400 users is assumed.
37 NoMix urine diversion WCs (19 for women, 12 for men, 6 for invalids), 7 waterless urinals
Urban area: office building and research institute
Bob Gysin & Partner
Bob Gysin & Partner; Implenia Generalunternehmung
Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology)
Building for administration, research, library, seminars, conferences, etc.; Zero-energy house: 4x less
energy consumption than conventional building; no conventional cooling or heating system.
Separate streams of undiluted urine, brown water, and greywater.
Urine diversion water closet, waterless urinal, separate urine drainage pipes, urine storage tank, rain
water collection system
Urine being used for experiments in nutrient extraction.

Rainwater is used for flushing of the WCs.
Planned (current status unknown) for now is the possible reuse of grey water, stormwater in domestic
activities. Planned also is the use of wood and solar heating. In place are compost facilities for household
toilet waste and that from chickens and plants.
Capital contribution limited to SEK 2,750/m2 floor space; production cost/purchase price for converting to
Gebers adds up to SEK 9,800/m2
Urine diversion WC:

The separate urine collection hole in the front part of the toilet opens up when somebody sits on the toilet.
When the person gets up, the urine drainage hole closes automatically so that no rinse water is able to go
through the urine drainage pipe. The brown water can be flushed with either a low 3 L flush or a higher 6 L
flush setting. However, this has often not been enough to push through the toilet paper and faecal matter,
i.e. users often used a double flush. The WC urine pipes were rinsed through once a month with a 10%
acid solution (zitronensare); during this time the rinsing solution and urine was diverted for a few days to
-the
Total
participation
numerous,
lengthy
The lack of technical know-how in such fields
sewer
to preventrequired
contamination
of the
storeddiscussions.
urine.
and
some amount
Waterless
urinals: of ignorance in receiving new ideas.
Results
from 5two
years of
operational
monitoring
following:
Models from
different
companies
were
tried, theshow
mainthe
difference
being the type of smell control
-mechanism
Irrespectivebeing
of theused.
use frequency,
blockages
from depositions
did with
not occur
either
in the
sealing
These included
a membrane
seal, siphon
a sealing
liquid,
siphon
with an
mechanism
of thestone,
urine and
separation
part in the WC or
in the requiring
urine drainage
pipes. connection.
integrated odour
an electro-mechanical
sealant
and electrical
Article
on resultstoofconventional
2 years of operational
monitoring:
-3 In
comparison
WCs,
more
maintenance
time
is
required
for
the
WCs
for
the
monthly
separate urine drainage pipes were used (1 for the urinals, 1 for the women's and invalid toilets, and 1
Goosse,
P. (2009).
system'.
Eawag
rinsing
through
with'Nomixtoiletten
acid
(10pipes,
minutes
perslope.
WC
per month).
for the men's
toilet),
65 mm
2.6%
http://www.forumchriesbach.eawag.ch/dokumente/Monitoring_NoMix_20090707.pdf
-2 Owing
to
the
softness
of
the
rainwater,
using
for flushing
probably
helped
minimising
tanks of 1 m3 each were used to collect and itstore
the urine
for between
27inand
42 days.depositions
Eawag took
forming
in the
urine from
herepipes.
for nutrient extraction experiments. The rest of the urine was discharge into the sewer, but
-with
Thecare
higher
slope
and
large
diameter
of
the
urine
drainage
pipe
also
probably
minimised
depositions
from
so as
not to overload the sewer wih the nitrogen rich urine.
www.hsb.se;
www.ekbo.se
forming.
The urinals were cleaned daily with a cloth dampened with a 10% acid solution. I.e no water or solution
-was
It isallowed
recommended
that the
NoMix
WCsdrainage
not be used
where alot of public comes because people have to
to go through
into
the urine
pipes.
become
aware
of how to properly use the toilets. The system has to especially be aligned for different
Rainwater
collection:
body
sizes was
as itcollected
was found
thatthe
children
tended
to deposit
faecal
matter
the into
frontaurine-separating
Rainwater
from
roof and
pumped
through
a textile
filterinand
storage tank. In part.
order
-toAlot
of
nitrogen
was
lost
through
the
pipe
ventilation
system
and
exited
from
the
roof.
This lowers
prevent
discolouration
of
the
water and
not to overload
the S-12865
filter, no clay
and Sweden
lime materials
were the
used
Gebers:
HSB
Stockholm,
Brf
Konditorn,
Gebersvgen
20-30,
Orhem,
nitrogen
value of the urine and can lead to a nitrogen loading of surrounding forests and natural areas.
on the roof.
EKBO
Different solutions are currently being tried to reduce this loss of nitrogen.
representatives:
stbye,
tel: +46 8due
605to4092
& Solveigwith
Hllcalcium
tel : +46
8 605
2106
- There was also Gunlaug
some loss
of phoshporus
precipitaiton
and
magnesium.
Abdul 17.03.06
Updated 13.11.09 Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) from article link given above
No
266
Switzerland
"UrinPur" pilot project with NoMix toilets, Liestal (these toilets were removed in April 2009!)
urban upgrading/pilot
Liestal; Kanton Basel-Landschaft
2003-2005;
Usage started in 2005; NoMix toilets were taken out April 2009
public library
BUD, EAWAG, Fachhochschule Beider Basel (FHBB)
rainwater; greywater+brownwater; urine
rainwater harvesting; storage and reuse as toilet flush water; waterless urinals and NoMix-toilets
(Roediger) for urine-separation
groundwater recharge of not used prepipitation; urine for research purposes
29.544 Mio. Swiss Francs
NoMix-toilets were taken out in April 2009 and replaced by normal ones. Reasons: Roediger toilets are not
suitable for children resulting in problems for cleaning; Sedimentation in the pipes was no problem as
pipes had sufficient slope, a large diameter was selected, and acid was used for cleaning in regular time
spans to clean the pipes; The separation of the majority of pharmaceutical residues did not work out as
only approx. 50% were contained in urine; The amount of urine collected was much smaller then expected
http://www.forumchriesbach.eawag.ch/FC-Baumonographie.pdf
http://www.20min.ch/news/basel/story/Urin-Trennung-macht-keinen-Sinn-26811796 (Artic
resulting in high maintenance costs.
http://www.forumchriesbach.eawag.ch/
Eawag aquatic research; berlandstrasse 133; 8600 Dbendorf;

Switzerland; Tel. +41 (0) 44 823 55 11; Fax +41 (0) 44 823 50 28;
Mail: forumchriesbach@eawag.ch
13.12.2006: Sren NEW
267
Switzerland
Urine diversion toilets and decentralised domestic wastewater treatment with a membrane
bioreactor
Urine diversion toilets and decentralised domestic wastewater treatment with a membrane bioreactor
(MBR)
2004 - 2007
Two phases of operation & the first phase approximately one year
Planned summer/autumn 2004
Start October 2004
Still ongoing till 2007
Small scale, for a 4 person household
Swiss federal institute for environmental science and technology (EAWAG)
EAWAG and Canton Solothurn
Conventional sewer treatment of household wastewater
Urine, brownwater
Urine separating toilets; waterless urinals; membrane bioreactor
No reuse yet, but could easily be implemented in the future (?)
www.baselland.ch/docs/bud/zeitung-bud/buz36/buz36.pdf
2004-12-03; Tim
Update 28.07.2009: Martina Winker
No
268
Syria
Effluent reuse from constructed wetland system, Haran Al-Awamied
Constructed wetland in a rural area with reuse of effluent for irrigation
Haran Al-Awamied about 40 km from Damascus

Governorate of Rif Damascus, Syria
1997 - 2000

Start of construction: April 1999
Monitoring ongoing
Design value in 1999: 300 m/d domestic wastewater (7000 people)
Measured value in 2009: 600 m/d domestic wastewater (possibly now 14,000 people connected)
Rural area
Ministry of Housing and Construction (MHC), Syria

University of Damascus (Environmental Engineering)
Ministry of Housing and Construction (MHC), Syria

University of Damascus (Environmental Engineering)
(BMZ): 24%, Ministry of Housing and Utilities Syria: 70%, German Embassy in Syria: 6%
Inefficiently and uneconomically use of water. Agriculture uses 87% of the freshwater, water treatment is
only in big cities, untreated wastewater leads to health hazards.
The pilot plant is constructed in the village of Haran Al- Awamied, in the Governorate of Rif Damascus.
The village is located 40 km south east of Damascus and has a population estimated to be 17,500 (during
the design phase, the estimate was 8,750). It has a semi-arid climate, with 185 mm of rainfall per year,
falling within a period of four months. The residents get their water (for domestic use and for irrigation)
from wells, most of which are not licensed but are illegal. The inhabitants in the village are poor with
farming being the main source of income. Farming consists of cattle-breeding and production of wheat,
corn and cultivated fodder. The population growth in the village is high (2.3% p.a.) Before the installation
of the constructed wetland, the villages wastewater was already collected by a gravity sewer system and
used for irrigation without treatment. In Syria more than 87% of the inhabitants are connected to sewers,
but few of these sewer systems are connected to treatment plants.
Household wastewater
Settling tank (pre-treatment); vertical flow constructed wetland; reed bed for sludge treatment; effluent
collection tank
The treated wastewater in Haran Al-Awamied is used for irrigation with a fertilising effect due to its nitrogen
and phosphorus content. The inhabitants in the village use the treated wastewater to irrigate their fields;
the
distribution is organized by the villagers themselves in cooperation with the treatment plant workers.
Capital cost in 2000: Euro 95,900
The treatment plant consists of the following treatment units:

- Pre-treatment with manually-raked bar screens
- Primary treatment with a circular sedimentation tank (primary settling tanks)
- 2 vertical-flow, sub-surface constructed wetlands or reed beds (each: 68 m length, 22 m width, 1.5 m
depth) for secondary wastewater treatment (total area of both reed beds: 2992 m 2).
- A reed bed (20 m x 10 m x 1.8 m) for sludge treatment.
- A 150 m collection tank for treated wastewater for irrigation purposes (with a pump to pump effluent to
future
tanks
should be constructed air tank and provided with sufficient ventilation if plants are established
adjacent
fields).
indoors. Another problem is during aeration, the surface of the stainless steel tanks vibrates leading to
unpleasant noise. Hence, aeration was stopped during night hours.
The project site is used during workshops and training events on constructed wetlands in Syria. Based on
SuSanA
caseofstudy,
'Effluent
from government
constructed wetland
system,
Haran Al-Awamied'
(seetowebsite
the success
the pilot
plant, reuse
the Syrian
has decided
to allocate
more resources
build
below)
constructed wetlands in other regions of the country.
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-syria-constructed-wetland-2009.pdfwww.eawag.ch
Christian abeggeln, eawag ingenieurabteilung, berlandstrasse 133, postfach 611, 8600 dbendorf,
Switzerland.
Mail: Christian.abeggeln@eawag.ch; telefon +41 (0) 44 823 53 79
abdul 16.03.06
Yes
269
Tajikistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at six schools in Sogd Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) at six schools
Safoi Organisation
1) School # 18, Village Kuruksay/Jamoat (sort of County) Kuruksay/Matcho District/Sogd Province
2) School # 15, Village Qaznok/Jamoat Digmay/Rasulov District/Sogd Province
ASDP Nau Organisation
3) School # 5, 6, 7, 17, Villages: Taghoyak, Khujaho, Mehnatabad, Nau
2008 - 2010
The toilets with 5 - 8 seats each, 4X4.

Total 2500 students and teachers
Rural area
ASDP Nau, SAFO, local administration, WECF
ASDP Nau, SAFO
Dutch Ministry of Forreign Afairs, WECF
People vulnerable to water-transmitted diseases obtained by faecal-oral way due to low level of sanitation
and hygiene. Households generally dig holes fenced by different kinds of materials as toilets. Toilets
exacerbate groundwater contamination. Groundwater floods cesspools of traditional toilets every spring.
After collapse of USSR, agriculture of region and whole country deteriorated. Chemical fertilisers
causeing groundwater pollution.
Toilets implemented under the project 'Empowerment and Local Action- ELA'
UDDT
The urine and dehydrated faeces will be used by farmers in their farmland.
Each school toilet: 2500 - 7,000
Double-vault urine diversion dehydration toilet. Ash and sand will be added after defecation. The first
chamber will be full about after 15-20 months, and then will be closed. And it will take another 15-20
months to fill second chamber. So it is planned to get dehydrated faeces after 3 years.
As per SAFOI Sughd organisation, 'it is a great project, and we gained many interesting things more than
just a dry toilet. Of course during realisation of this project we have met many problems, and still have
some, but it has helped us to go forward and we hope to spread the ideas on DT throughout Tajikistan. In
addition, teachers and especially principals participated actively in the construction of the school toilets.
We built the toilets by community mobilisation which became a problem and took more time. In the future,
just to construct toilets for schools we have decided to involve contractors for the quality of construction.'
SAFOi Sughd (a women's public organisation), Kamoli Khujandi st. 138/4, 735700, Khujand, Tajikistan,
Tel: (+992 3422) 64975; e-mail: ngosafo@gmail.com
Jamshed E Ulmasov, email: jamshed.ulmasov@gmail.com
ASDP Nau (Agency Support Development Process Nau); director: Mamurkhon Akramov; Lenin street 2034, Khujand, Tajikistan. Tel: (+992 3422) 60362/45320; e-mail: agency_nau@sugdinter.com or Surae
Saidova surikova_params@mail.ru
Nadira on 24.08.09, intial entry made from map attachment in email of Dr. Claudia Wendland to Elisabeth
(16.06.09). Information obtained about SAFO schools via email contact with J. Ulmasov.
Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu, 01.03.10, update about four schools of ASDP
Nau
No
270
Tajikistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Matcha and Jabbor Rasulov municipalities,
Sogd Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) with rural households
Villages Surhobcho, Shohon, Khujaho, Yangi Ariqi Bolo; Matcha and Jabbor Rasulov Municiplities; Sogd
Province
2007 - 2010
Planning: 2007
Construction: 2008
SAFO organisation: 34 toilets, 1 per household. Assuming 7 people per household (from country list),
238 beneficiaries.
ASDP Nau organisation: 10 hh uddts; 1 per hh, 5-9 people per hh, 71 beneficiaries
Rural area
ASDP Nau, SAFO, WECF
ASDP Nau, SAFO
People vulnerable to water-transmitted diseases obtained by faecal-oral way due to low level of sanitation
and hygiene. Households generally dig holes fenced by different kinds of materials as toilets. Toilets
exacerbate groundwater contamination. Groundwater floods cesspools of traditional toilets every spring.
After collapse of USSR, agriculture of region and whole country deteriorated. Chemical fertilisers
causeing groundwater pollution.
Toilets made under the 'Empowerment and Local Action' project.
UDDT
The urine and dehydrated faeces will be used by farmers in their farmland and garden in households
SAFO provided 450 Euro per toilet for materials. Households provided labour and additional materials
(e.g. tiles where desired)
Double-vault urine diverting dry toilet. Ash and sometimes sand is added after defecation. The first
chamber will be full about after 15-20 months, and then will be closed. And it will take another 15-20
months to fill second chamber. So it is planned to get dehydrated faeces after 3 years (2011).
- Construction of one dry toilet takes approximately 30 days and should be finalised before beginning of
autumn and cotton campaign.
- All except one toilet are used fully. Additionally one family toilet was temporarily unoperational after a
wedding ceremony where the guests had been informed about proper use but the children did not use it
properly.
available members
at websitereliase
below the objectives of environmental sanitation and aware of proper utilisation
-Paper
All household
and maintenance.
- The neighbours of all households, except two, said that they are interested in a having a new type of
toilet.
- 31 households set up a kitchen garden and used urine as fertiliser. Other 3 households didnt have space
but poured urine under trees and bushes.
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/Jamshed_Ulmasov.pdf
SAFOi Sughd (a women's public organisation), Kamoli Khujandi st. 138/4, 735700, Khujand, Tajikistan,
Tel: (+992 3422) 64975; e-mail: ngosafo@gmail.com
Jamshed E Ulmasov, email: jamshed.ulmasov@gmail.com
ASDP Nau (Agency Support Development Process Nau); director: Mamurkhon Akramov; Lenin street 2034, Khujand, Tajikistan. Tel: (+992 3422) 60362/45320; e-mail: agency_nau@sugdinter.com or Surae
Saidova surikova_params@mail.ru
Nadira on 10.09.2009 from paper and presentation given of Jamshed Ulmasov presented at Dry Toilet
Conference 2009 about SAFO toilets
Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu, 01.03.10, update about ASDP Nau toilets
No
271
Tanzania
Constructed wetland and effluent reuse in a pilot area Majumbasita, Dar Es Salaam
Pilot project to test constructed wetland for wastewater treatment and reuse of effluent for irrigation
Dar Es Salaam
Nov. 2000 - to date
Peri-urban area with 23,000 inhabitants, 95 households and 6 stances in 1 school are concerned with
7,000 users.
Unplanned settlements at peri-urban part of Dar Es Salaam
Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control Organization (EEPCO); (special know-how: participatory
approach methodologie: PHAST)
Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control Organization (EEPCO)
UNICEF Tanzania
Dar Es Salaam - Total Population 2,497,940 (Male 1,261,077) (Female 1,236,863);

Total Household Number 596,264 Average Household Size 4.2
Intercensal Growth Rate 1988 - 2002 (%) 4.3
80% people depend on water from wells with doubtful quality. Sewage sytem serves only about 12% of
residents in Dar Es Salaam. Rest use on-site sanitation (79% pit latrines, 9% septic tanks and 12 %
conventional system Mato.
Project consisted of awareness raising, capacity building, contruction of UDDTs, demonstration farm,
innovation(locally made UDSP).
Wastewater
Wetlands
Reused for irrigation
Construction costs: 95,900 Euro, per person 13,7 Euro

Running costs: 7,000 Euro per year, per person and year: 1 Euro
The treated wastewater contains sufficient N, P, so the soils do not need any fertilisers residents prefer
another wastewater resources. Costs were clearly less than other systems, low costs and simple operation
and maintenanceis are inviting reasons for the use. the cooperation between diverse participants was
effective to overcome the water problem as water demand and water pollution.
EEPCO, P.O.Box 7018, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Tel: +255744316328
Dania 10.02.2006
No
272
Tanzania
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA), using urine
diversion dehydration toilets, Arusha
Implementing urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) as a part of the ROSA project
Arusha
Oct. 2006 - Sep. 2009
The population of the pilot project site in three selected wards of Arusha municipality is 37,062 people (i.e.
Daraja II: 30,458; Sokoni I: 4,016; and Lemara: 2,588)
Densely populated informal settlement, school and community areas
Strategic sanitation & waste plans (SSWPs) in Arusha
ROSA team in Arusha
EU through ROSA
Arusha town: Population is estimated to be over 530,000 and annual population increase is 4.5%, waste
disposal and sewage systems are not well organised.
Project consisted of capacity building, contruction of UDDTs, demonstration farm, innovation (locally made
UDSP).
Double-vault UDDT
Urine as fertiliser on household and school level
Cost sharing between household and project (88 + 113 = 201 US$). (The project cost excluding household
contribution is US$ 58,323.00)
Double-vault UDDT, squatting pan and seating pan
Use of Participatory methods/aproaches e.g Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation transformation (PHAST)
to community level in imparting knowledge is very important. The technology designs should use as much
as possible localy available materials and be similar to the houses in the consened community. Political
determination is vital.
Note: in Collumn I hh latrines has increased by 20 units, built by full cost of the hh concerned. This makes
Shayo
A (2003)
the title of
Paper
Lubeck)
Chaggu
E 6and
John
(2002).
Ecological
a total of
115 hh(Isert
with EcoSan
latrine
in presented
the project in
area.
There
are also
units
outEthe
project
area but in
Sanitation
Toilets
in Tanzania.
Paper
presented
to the 3rd
International
Conference
on Integrated
the same city
(ie Dar
es Salaam).
Column
K population
data
3.4mil reported
were forecasted/projected
Environmental
in Southern
Johannesburg
August
2002. is
Prof.
D. Mashauri, E John and E
from 1988 national
sensus.Africa.
according
to 2002 sensus
the27-30
population
2,497,940
Chaggu (2003). Performance of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Tanzania Paper presented In Dry Toilet
Conference Tempere Finland August 2003. EEPCO (2002). Piloting Ecological Sanitation Majumbasita,
Final
report. - EEPCO and University of Dar Es Salam (2002). Report on EcoSan research in Dar Es
Salaam. EEPCO (2001/2002). Qartely progressive reports(Q1, Q2 & Q3 reports respectively).
EEPCO(2002) EcoSan Toilets - Building and Using Guides First edition*. ( Documents in column AA are
available by dowload while those in column AB are available by request from EEPCO. *a document in
local language-Swahili in column AB)
Alfred J. Shayo; EEPCO, P.O.Box 7018; Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Tel: +255744316328; E-mail:
shayoalf@excite.com
University of Dar Es Salam, UNICEF, local government
ROSA project, P.O. Box 3013, Arusha, Tanzania
Ahabwe Gerald, 16.10.2008 email: gz.ahabwe@gmail.com, and edited by Mndewa Lucas, 20.01.2009.
No
273
Tanzania
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households and a school in Hai District, Kilimanjaro region
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for households and a school
Hai
August. 2002 - to date
Hai District (in Kilimanjaro region) with Total Population 259,958 (Male 127,782; Female 132,176) - 5
households and 12 stances in 1 school are concerned.
Assuming an average household size of 5 (from country list), have 25 household users.
Assuming 200 users in the school (for purposes of summary list)
Planned
settlements
Total
users
is 225. at Hai district town and 10 villages in Hai district rural

(special know-how: participatory approach methodologie: PHAST)
UNICEF Tanzania
Kilimanjaro region: Total Population 1,381,149 (Male 667,865; Female 713,284); Total Household Number
297,439; Average Household Size 4.6 Intercensal Growth Rate 1988 - 2002 (%) 1.6
No conventional systems, >90% people use pit latrines. Rest < 10% people use septic tanks.
Soil condition - about 2/3 of the total area is characterised with hard rock, hence most of the pit latrines
are dug very shallow.
Project consisted of capacity building, contruction of UDDTs, demonstration farm, Innovation(locally made
UDSP).
UDDT toilets
Urine as fertiliser and faeces use in farms
Construction materials were bought by the project and beneficiaries contributed locally available materials
and unskilled labour tasks
Double-vault UDDT, squatting pan
The project was targeting unplanned settlements where people are much more vulnerable to insanitary
conditions and problems like cholera outbrecks, salmonella, bilhazia and stomach fevers. The project is
highly participatory as many actors were involved including government, politicians, local leaders, experts
and beneficiaries.
ROSA-Tanzania implementation report in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Senzia, M.A, Arusha, Tanzania

EEPCO, P.O.Box 7018, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Tel: +255744316328,
Mndewa Lucas, 07.01.2009. Email: mndewal@yahoo.com
No
274
Tanzania
Testing acceptability of dry toilets in a nomadic community in Malinyi
Nomadic community in Malinyi
Nomadic
The project is implemented using participatory methods, reflecting the community model of organisation.
The community is led by the heads of the clans. Once the heads of clans accept an idea, others follow. A
nomadic Sukuma person belives that if the faeces of another person drop above his or her, he or she will
become inferior. The women are not allowed to defecate at the same point or area where men defecate.
Children are not allowed to know that mature person defecates. To solve such problem advocacy and
education is necessary.
To plant bannana on the pit.
Eng. Matthew Josephat Matimbwi, principale Engineer, Conservators Bureau, P.O.Box 93, Malinyi, via
Ifakara, Tanzania. E-Mail: matimbwi@gmail.com, Tel: +255-784-993755, +255-777-993755
No
275
Togo
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for Datcha and surrounding villages (in planning phase)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) to improve sanitation in villages
Datcha is located in the region Plateau in Togo. Its prefecture is Ogou, 2 kilometers south of the regional
capitol Atakpam, along the national highway.
Planning phase (financing not clear; depends on donation)
The latrines will be accessible to about 7,000 people in Datcha and the surrounding villages.
Approximately 50 villagers will be involved in the construction, and about 600 will be directly affected.
Rural area: agricultural community
Peace Corps Volunteer Directing Project
Datcha is an agricultural community, where most families are self-sufficient . Only about 1 in 15 families
has latrines. According to local health officials in the area, the lack of proper sanitary infrastructure is the
number one contributor to illness.
Double-vault UDDT
Fertiliser
500 US$ per project
The double-vault UDDT has two chambers where the contents of the first chamber are allowed to
decompose while the second chamber is used. By the time the second chamber is full, the first chamber
can be dug out and the compost used for gardening.The toilet is constructed above ground, and the
faeces are prevented from coming into contact with the soil and underground water sources. No water is
needed for its use.
Because of the agricultural lifestyle of Datcha, a project of ECOSAN latrines is a perfect fit. It will be
accompanied by hygiene and health education, so it will immediately have an impact on disease.
The project uses a technology proven to be effective in the region. It can be replicated, as workers are
being trained in the building technique. Once built, the latrines will require little maintenance, thus assuring
sustainable use in the commun
Peace Corps Volunteer Directing Project, Laura Groggel
04.01.2010 Laura Margarete Simon; la.simon@gmx.de
No
276
Togo
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the village and school of Kouv, Prfecture de lAve
peri-urban community and school
Kouve village Prfecture de lAve (Togo)
c/o CREPA Togo [crepa-togo@reseaucrepa.org]
1.12.2009
250 people and one school ; 20 communal household latrines and two blocks for school
schools, peri-urban households
CREPA Togo with government departments
Department of Agriculture/ CREPA
European Union and Plan Togo
Theproject'soriginaltitleis'Amliorationdelasantetdelaqualitdeviedesenfantsetde
leursfamillesutilisantlapprochededveloppementcommunautairecentrsurlenfant
financparlUnionEuropenneetPlanTogo'.FundingwillgountilNovember2010.
seperationoffaecesandurine
urinediversionandcompostingtoilets
Agriculture and school gardens
2,800,000 CFA or Euros 4,268
not specified
Socio-cultural, technical agronomic and economic of ecological sanitation factors had positive results.The
re-use of the urine and the faeces was introduced and is the motivator for the use of the latrines. The
schools use the urine and faeces to improve the school fields or it is used by the director or a teacher in
one of their fields. There is a lot of interest to use waste.
www.reseaucrepa.org
Fataou SALAMI
WASH Officer UNICEF Togo
tl: +228 223 15 33/ 15 00
Cel: +228 904 32 41
mail: fsalami@unicef.org and CREPA Togo au + 228 225 74 54 et sur
crepatg@togo-imet.com or crepa-togo@reseaucrepa.org
Entered by B.Abraham on 1 July 2010 from information received via e-mail from Fataou Salami on 13 April
2010 and e-mail from CREPA 8 July 2010
No
No
277
Togo
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in the Plateau Region
sanitation improvement/ community development
Plateau region of Togo (Atakpam)
c/o CREPA TOGO [crepa-togo@reseaucrepa.org]
Jan-06
42,900 people and 1,200 latrines constructed
Rural households
CREPA Togo
Crepa Togo and Plan Togo
European Union and Plan Togo
ActualtitleinFrench,'Amliorationdelasantetdelaqualitdeviedesenfantsetdeleurs
famillesutilisantlapprochededveloppementcommunautairecentrsurlenfantfinanc
parlUnionEuropenneetPlanTogo'translated:HealthandqualityofLifeimprovementsfor
childrenandfamiliesusingacommunitydevelopmentapproachedcentredonchildren.This
wasfinancedbyEuropeanUnionandPlanTogo.financingendedonXXX.
urineseparationandfaecescomposting
urinediversionanddehydrationtoilets(UDDT)
agriculture
92,885,511 CFA or Euros 141,600
not specified from website- a diverse number of technologies are implemented in each case and adapted
to the various local solutions. Sanitation facilities are encouraged to have a handwashing facility. CREPA
provides specifications for this on website.
not specificied
CREPA has handwash technology on file via website
www.reseaucrepa.org
Fataou SALAMI
tl: +228 223 15 33/ 15 00
Cel: +228 904 32 41
mail: fsalami@unicef.org and CREPA Togo at + 228 225 74 54 and on
Entered by Belinda Abraham, 15 July 2010 from e-mail received from CREPA Togo on 8 July 2010
no
no
278
Togo
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural and urban communities in the Savannes
Region
Integrated resourcement management and water project
savanna region of Togo (Dapaong)
1.3.2007
125,573 people (catchment area); 60 school facilities and 364 household facilities
Urban and rural poor households
CREPA Togo
CREPA Togo CREPA Togo
European Union
Actualtitleofproject'
AmliorationdelaqualitdeviedesmnagesurbainsetrurauxpauvresduTogo(AQUAVIE)atraversunegestionintgredesressourceseneau'.Translated:Improvementstothe
qualityoflifeforurbanandpoorhouseholdsinTogothroughaintegratedwaterresource
management.
Urineandfaecesseparation
UDDTs
Agriculture
115,050,940 (CFA) or Euros 175,394
not stipulated
not stipulated
www.reseaucrepa.org
Fataou SALAMI
tl: +228 223 15 33/ 15 00
Cel: +228 904 32 41
no
no
279
Togo
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools and communities of Maritime (Lome), Kara
and Savanna Regions
Rural sanitation improvement project, integrated water, resource management
Maritime, Kara and Savanna (Dapaong) Regions of Togo
May-09
Catchment area: 50,000 people; 14 school blocks in Lome area, 8 blocks in Kara and 44 blocks in
Dapaong area ( to date)
schools and surrounding communities
CREPA Togo with government offices
CREPA Togo with government offices
UNICEF
ActualtitleAppuilamliorationdelenvironnementdesenfantstraverslaparticipation
enmatiredesantducationdans75coleset60USPdesRgionsMaritime,delaKaraet
desSavanesduTogoSupportfortheimprovementoftheenvironmentofchildren
throughhealtheducationin75schoolsand60communitiesofMartime,KaraandSavanna
RegionsofTogo.UNICEFissupportingaprojectofpromotionofhygieneinschoolswhich
hasallowedtoaccess75schoolsin2009with140ecologicalblocksoflatrinesbuiltatarate
oftwoblocksperschool.
In2010,UNICEFwillworkin40schoolsandconstruct80ecologicalblocksoflatrines.In
TogoecologicalsanitationstartedwithCREPATogowhohasthefactsonthepilotprojects
withcommunitiesandthe'University(DepartmentofAgriculture/medicalGenius).
Urineandfaecesseparation
UDDT
agriculture
87,000,000 CFA or Euros 132,630
not specified
not specified- website does have reports on projects in schools in general
See website
www.reseaucrepa.org
Fataou SALAMI
tl: +228 223 15 33/ 15 00
Cel: +228 904 32 41
280
Turkey
Highly efficient wastewater treatment in arid or semi-arid regions
pilot plant
Tourist resorts
BMBF
blackwater
Anaerobic baffled reactor as alternative to conventional septic tanks; post-treatment alternatives for ABR
effluent: anaerobic filter, sand filter, constructed wetlands
upgrading of septic tanks by coupling of in-tank baffles
Sri-Anant W. 2003: Upgrading conventional septic tanks by integrating in-tank baffles. Master Thesis.
SERD/AIT, http://www.sandec.ch/Wastewater/Documents/ABR_Anant_03.pdf; Koottatep T, Sri-Anant W,
Morel A, Schertenleib R. 2004: Potential of the anaerobic baffled reactor as decentralised wastewater
treatment system in the tropics, http://www.sandec.ch/Wastewater/Documents/ABR
%20paper_Perth_04.pdf
http://www.serd.ait.ac.th
Antoine Morel (Sandec/Eawag), antoine.morel@eawag.ch, P.O.Box 611, 8600 Dbendorf, Switzerland,

+41-44-8235394; Dr. Thammarat Koottatep, Assistant Professor SERD, AIT, thamarat@ait.ac.th,
Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian
Institute of Technology, P.O.Box 4; Klong Laung Pathumthani 12120, Thailand, +66(2)5246188
New: Sren, 13.11.06
No
281
Uganda
Composting toilets and Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in Kisoro
South Western Towns Water and Sanitation program (swTws), funded by the Austrian government.
Kisoro is located in the Kisoro district, in the southwestern part of Uganda, bordering Rwanda. It is
mountainous,
Between 1999 and 2000,
Over 250 UDDTs and composting toilets built, mostly heavily subsidized for about 247 households
District capital and administrative headquarters of the Kisoro district.
Austrian government
In 1997, the first Ecosan project in Uganda began in Kisoro town, under the South Western Towns Water
and Sanitation program (swTws), funded by the Austrian government. Kisoro was chosen for the
immediate concerns with water supply contamination. Between 1999 and 2000, over 250 composting
toilets and UDDTs were build in Kisoro town, most of them household toilets, but some were also
constructed at schools and other public sites.16 The toilets are quite expensive to construct if made out of
cement and brick, which was the design chosen by the program, and reported costs range from $400 to
almost $1000. In talking with program staff and
13
households, the price of cement, which often has to be transported from far away, accounts for the bulk of
the high cost
Composting toilets and Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
Range from $400 to almost $1000 per UDDT or Composting toilet
Geological problems: latrines collapsing in areas with loose soils, pit latrines difficult and expensive to
build in areas with hard rock
Naishin Fu [mailto:naishin.fu@gmail.com]
Inserted 7.10.2010 by Paul Okan-Adjetey. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
282
Uganda
South Western Towns Water and Sanitation Project (SWTWS)
South Western Towns Uganda
1996 - 2002
Promotion, dissemination
140 composting and 107 dehydrating toilets at domestic level, 3 dehydrating toilets at institutions and 4 for
the public. 209,000 inhabitants (where??, beneficiaries??, toilets dont match with technology below??)
Urban and rural areas
Directorate of Water Development (DWD), Environmental Health Division (EHD) and Water and Sanitation
Program (WSP-AF)
swTws - Project Office, EcoSan Club
ADC
Groundwater contamination due to porous nature of the rocks in Kisoro and use of pit latrines
Membrane bioreactors combined with fermentation module (??? Not same as composting and DTs
mentioned above??)
production of service water, fertiliser and biogas
http://www.fzk.de/stellent/groups/public/documents/published_pages/ptwte_index_ia3eed8150-3.php
Dr. Rdiger Furrer; Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH; Projekttrger des BMBF und BMWA fr
watertechnologie und Entsorgung (PtWT+E); Postfach 36 40, D-76021 Karlsruhe
Telefon: 07247/82-4851 / -4850; Telefax: 07247/82-7851; E-Mail: Ruediger.Furrer@ptwte.fzk.de
Amaizi Marunga; swTws - Project Office; PO Box 75; Kabale, Uganda; Tel./Fax: +256 486 23245
No
283
Uganda
Kitgum Town Water Supply Expansion and Basic Sanitation Programme
Water supply and sanitation
Kitgum
Kitgum Municipal Council
2001 - 2006
The project rehabilitated and extendeded the water supply system in Kitgum Town and provided technical
support to the improvement of basic sanitation services. Two pumps were equipped with 22000 Wp
photovoltaic solar power systems. Furthermore capacity buidling of relevant organisations, institutions and
authorities (Kitgum Town Council, WSSB, Private Operator, etc.) with regard to management of the water
supply system and the improvement of the sanitary situation was supported.
Urban area
SETEC
TBL / EcoSan Club
Austrian Development Agency
urine, faeces
Water supply; urine diverting dry toilets
Reuse of sanitised products on household level
http://www.esc-consulting.at/esc/index.html
Updated: 19.02.2010: Elke Mllegger (elke.muellegger@ecosan.at). EcoSan Club Consulting KG

Wiener Strasse 2
3424 Muckendorf
Austria
Updated 09.03.2010: Enno Schrder (schroeder.enno@gmail.com), based on email communication with

Elke Mllegger
No
284
Uganda
Resource-Orientated Sanitation Concepts for Peri-urban Areas in Eastern Africa (ROSA), Kitgum
Town Council
Resource-oriented sanitation
Kitgum
Kitgum Municipal Council
2006 - 2010
Peri-urban areas of Kitgum
EcoSan Club
ROSA Team Kitgum and Kitgum Municipal Council
EU 6th Framework Programme
Poverty due to two-decade war.
Greywater towers, urine diverting dry toilets, co-composting
greywater recycling, reuse of sanitised products
Various project documents are available at the ROSA homepage
Inserted: 19.02.2010: Elke Mllegger (elke.muellegger@ecosan.at). EcoSan Club

Schoppenhauerstr. 15/8
1180 Vienna, Austria
Updated 09.03.2010: Enno Schrder (schroeder.enno@gmail.com), based on email communication with

Elke Mllegger
No
285
Uganda
Water supply and ecological sanitation infrastructure rehabilitation projects (Kalungu, Kanawat
and several other towns)
Ecological Sanitation
Kalungu (Kalungu Girls Secondary School), Matany (St. Kizito Hospital Matany), Kalongo (Kalono
Hospital), Lacor (St. Marys Lacor Hospital), Maracha (Maracha Hospital), Nyapea (Nyapea Hospital),
Naggalama (St. Franzis Naggalama Hospital), Kanawat (Kanawat Health Centre), Kitgum (St. Josephs
Hospital)
ESC Consulting (U) Ltd.-Uganda
1997 - ongoing
Aim of this group of projects is the sustainable improvement of the water & sanitation infrastructure of
institutions (Hospitals, Health Centres and Schools). The projects commonly comprise (participatory)
planning, decision support, detailed technical design and construction supervision. Since 1997 nine
projects have been implemented.
Hospitals, health centres and schools in rural areas
EcoSan Club Consulting KG
DKA / Horizont 3000 / BBM
faeces, urine, wastewater, greywater
constructed wetland systems, urine diverting dry toilets, composting toilets
urine, faeces, treated wastewater
Two detailed project descriptions are available at the SuSanA Homepage (www.susana.org): UDD toilets
at a rural secondary school, Kalungu, Uganda; Improvement of sanitation at Kanawat health center,
Kanawat, Uganda
http://www.esc-consulting.at/esc/index.html
EcoSan Club Consulting KG

Wiener Strasse 2
3424 Muckendorf
Austria

Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) added info from SuSanA case study
Update 09.03.2010: Enno Schrder (schroeder.enno@gmail.com) based on email communication with
Elke Mllegger
Yes
286
Uganda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland with reuse in the Pdimu landing site
ecosan project
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) and constructed wetland for greywater treatent in the Pdimu
landing site for a semi-nomadic community
Kyanamukaaka sub-County, Masaka District
2002
Two UDDT blocks.
The population is `nomadic' in semi-permanent structures which moves according to fish catches.
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programe (LVEMP)
District Water Office, Masaka
Network for Water and Sanitation-NETWAS
There had been ground water contamination due to flying toilets and defecation in bushes on landing
sites. Previously, there were only four stances of lined pit latrine before the project was started.
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively; greywater
Double-vault UDDT; greywater treatment in constructed wetlands
Greywater recycling for irrigation
15,000 (??)
Two blocks, each having 4 stances of double vault latrines were constructed. Each of them had a 500-litre
tank for urine collection.
EcoSan Club / TBL

Markus Lechner, Elke Mllegger Oberwindhag 1, 3970 Weitra, Austria
Tel: +43(0)2856 27339, Fax: +43(0)2856 27362, Email: elke.muellegger@ecosan.at
Internet: www.ecosan.at
Ahabwe, 17.10.2008 gz.ahabwe@gmail.com
No
287
Uganda
Urine diversion dehydration and composting toilets as a part of the Lake Victoria Environmental
Management Project (LVEMP), Ddimo
Urine diversion dehydration (UDDTs) and composting toilets as a part of the Lake Victoria Environmental
Management Project (LVEMP)
Ddimo
1997 - 2002
11 rural districts (mostly fishing villages)

124 shoreline settlements
Shoreline settlements
National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC)
National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC)
World Bank
Sewerage coverage under 20% and poor sanitation, in Ddimo only 25 pit latrines. Additionnally,
continuous disposal of untreated human waste into the lake due to increased human settlement.
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively; excreta
UDDTs; composting toilets
Urine applied in some agricultural fields
23 million Ugandan Shillings
Double vault latrines with solar heating
Brenda Achiro, NETWAS Uganda, Chorey Crescent Road, Luzira, P.O. Box 40223, Kampala, Uganda,
netwasuganda@gmail.com
Ahabwe Gerald 24.10.2008.

achbrens@yahoo.co.uk; Update 15.02.2010: Enno Schrder (schroeder.enno@gmail.com)
No
288
Uganda
Multi-story urine diversion dehydration toilets in Rubaga Girls Secondary School
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in a secondary school
2005 - unknown
600 students and around 50 staff
Rubaga Girls Secondary School
Sanitary facilities are pit latrines and wash rooms for girls; some flush toilets for staff. Major problem of the
school management is lack of space for the construction of new pit latrines which means constant
emptying of the current pit latrines. Ecosan is considered as a solution.
UDDT
Faeces and urine reuse for agriculture
2 unit blocks: 15,000 US$
Rose Kaggwa, NWSC, Jinja Road, Plot 39, PO Box 7053, Kampala, Uganda, rose.kaggwa@nwsc.co.ug
Updated 15.02.2010: Enno Schrder (schroeder.enno@gmail.com)
No
289
Uganda
Rural sanitation programme with urine diversion dehydration toilets
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural areas
500 UDDTs. Assuming an average household size of 5 (from country list), 2500 users.
Rural area
African Development Bank (ADB)
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively; greywater
UDDT
Composted excreta will be reused; pre-treated greywater will be treated in contructed wetland
Sitting and squatting models of UDDTs
markus.lechner@ecosan.at
From the Newsltter 17 dated August 2005: Analiza 12.08.2008
No
290
Uganda
Self-uptake of urine diversion dehydration toilets by households in Kabale Municipality, Kabale
District
Research on uptake of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) by households due to self-initiative
Kabale Municipality, Kabale District
1999-2009
163 households (20.2 % of respondents) had a toilet each. According to the case study conducted by
WSP, 2009 entitled "Study for Financial and economic analysis of ecological sanitation in Sub-saharan
Africa" 6,000 households use pit-latrines and on-site sanitation. But 150 households use UDDT and
among these 60% of the ecosan households were estimated to be reusing excreta for agriculture.
Rural area
SWTWSP = South Western Towns Water and Sanitation Programme, Uganda
Makerere University, Sustainable Sanitation and Water Renewal Systems (SSWRS), Water and Sanitation
in Developing Countries (Sandec), Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP)
The Belgium Technical Cooperation (BTC), Makerere University Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of
Water and Environment, Sustainable Sanitation and Water Renewal Systems NGO (SSWARS) and
Kabale Municipality Authorities.
Ecosan promotion started in Uganda in 1997 by the Directorate of Water for Development. National
strategy aims at achieving at least 15 % of the total sanitation to be ecosan by 2018. The government
estimates 8000 ecosan facilities in the country (3000 govt built, 5000 private built).
Kabale District has a rocky terrain, high water table in the low lying areas and floods in rainy season. The
district was one of the pioneer districts where ecosan was started.
UDDT
Fertiliser for agriculture (by 60% of 150 households)
Range of $224 to $673, but in low-cost options which uses less expensive construction material, the
CAPEX investments are reduced to $340 for ecosan and $270 for conventional sanitation
Increasing prevalence of ecosan toilets in Kabale District could be due to:

- It was one of the pioneer districts for ecosan
- The difficult geo-physical terrain and high water table areas favor ecological sanitation as opposed to the
conventional sanitation systems.
- People are knowledgeable about ecological sanitation and its importance due to maassive
Prevalence
of ecological
uptake
and associated
in Kabale
Municipality,
Kabale
District,
communication
channels sanitation
that were used
(radio,
communityfactors
meetings,
churches,
use of trained
masons
Uganda
and others learning from neighbors and friends).
Factors found to be associated with uptake of ecosan in the study were:

- The higher the level of education, the greater the likelihood for uptake of ecosan toilets. This may be
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/Innocent_Kamara.pdf
report
of WSP attitudes
"Study fortowards
Financial
andand
economic analysis of ecological sanitation in sub-sahara
because with increased level of education the cultural bond
of negative
urine
excreta are loosened.
- Respondents in age group higher than 40 years more likely to uptake than 30-39 age group. Probably
because the former are more involved in farming and realise the need for the sanitised excreta as
fertiliser.
Mr.
Tumwebaze
Kamara*
the
iktumwebaze@yahoo.com
- The
higher theInnocent
disposable
income,
greater the likelihood for uptake. Ecosan toilets are known to be
Dr.
Orach
Christopher
cgorach@musph.ac.ug
for the
richG.
who
can afford- to
build them.
Mr.
Niwagaba
cbniwagaba@yahoo.co.uk
- Some
peopleCharleswere motivated
because of religious support
Mr.
Lthi who
Christoph
-christoph.luethi@eawag.ch
- People
had used
ecosan facilities elsewhere were more likely to adopt than those who had never
Dr.
Kamara
- kamarakjf@yahoo.com
heard,
seen JohnFred
or used them
before.
Lessons learnt:
- Govts and development partners should promote low cost ecosan design suitable to target populations.
Nadira on 11.09.2009 from paper presented at Dry Toilet Conference 2009, Updated from the report of
WSP by Alemayehu, 28.09.2009
No
291
Uganda
Social marketing approach in scaling-up sanitation and hygiene with urine diversion dehydration
toilets in urban slums of Kawempe Division, Kampala
Scaling-up urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in urban slums
Kawempe, Kampala
2008 - 2018
SSWARS-Sustainable Sanitation and Water Renewal Systems
Kampala city council
The promotion and adoption of ecological sanitation in slum communities with high population
concentrations remains complex in some developing countries. Not only is there resistance to the
approach and application of the sanitised excreta as soil fertilisers to boost agricultural productivity in
some areas, ecological sanitation success is also affected by higher user loads and lack of dicipline in
using them, limited agricultural activities, land tenure systems. In Uganda, the 10 year national ecological
sanitation strategy aims at achieving at least 15% of the total sanitation coverage in the country by 2018
(WSP 2008).
UDDT
Use in the garden and agriculture
Innocent K. Tumwebaze, e-mail: iktumwebaze@yahoo.com, Elizabeth Kebirungi, e-mail:

kebirungie@yahoo.com, Charles Niwagaba, e-mail: cbniwagaba@yahoo.co.uk
No
292
Uganda- no of users? (Waiting for response...)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Biina primary school in Luzira, Kampala
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for a primary school
Kampala
Luzira, Kampala
8 urine diversion drying toilets at a boys and girls primary school in Luzira, a suburb of Kampala
Assuming 100 students (assumption for the summary list)??
Peri-urban: school
Sida
The facilities were recently constructed so the good conditions were very good.
UDDT; urinal
Reuse takes place in the school garden. The caretaker is responsible for that.
Brenda Achiro, NETWAS Uganda, Chorey Crescent Road, Luzira, P.O. Box 40223, Kampala, Uganda,
netwasuganda@gmail.com
achbrens@yahoo.co.uk
Inserted by Enno Schrder on 09.02.2010 who visited the school on 17.11.2009

(schroeder.enno@gmail.com)
No
293
Uganda
Kampala City Council (KCC) Ecological Sanitation Project testing urine diversion dehydration
toilets in slums, Kampala (regarded as not very successful)
Development, construction and testing of UDDTs in Kampala slums in order to improve the sanitation of
poorly sanitised areas in urban slum area.
Kampala
2002 - 2007
140 UDDTs. Planned: 1000

Urban and periurban slum areas
KCC EcoSan Project
KCC
Sida
Development, construction and testing of UDDTs in Kampala slums in order to improve the sanitation of
poorly sanitised areas in urban slum area. Furthermore other project objectives were training, capacity
building, promotion awareness raising, improvement of health related issuses to of EcoSan and
development of a popular model for the agricultural reuse of sanitised urine and faeces. The long term
objective was large scale implementability and a strengthening of the legal framework for the sanitation
sector under the KCC.
Number of constructed toilets as mentioned in the final report (140) differs from the information gathered
during the interview (270 of which 100 - 120 are in good conditions).
Double vault UDDTs
Idealisticly agricultural reuse on farms outside Kampala's urban areas.
At the time of construction the unit prices were ranging from 330 - 910 Euro
Most of the units are double vault UDDTs, that are structurally sound.
The project was not as successful as anticipated. In an interview with one of the staff members involved in
the project the following deficiencies were reported: Lack of management (partly because of a lack of
ownership from the users side, partly because of misuse and reluctancy to change that attitude), problems
with the provision of cover materials (ashes), underestimation of user numbers, the aspect of reusing
urine and faeces (Transport was provided by KCC but did not continue autonomously after the end of the
http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-promoting-ecological-sanitation-in-uganda-2008.pdf
provision
of the tranport service. Reasons being high tranport costs, unsuited transport vehicles, low level
of appreciation)
ruthmuguta@yahoo.co.uk
Project for Promoting Ecological Sanitation in Kampala, Department for Public Health, KCC Building, Box
700, Kampala, Uganda,
Inserted by Enno Schrder on 09.02.2010. Based on interviews, field visits and the the final evaluation
report. (schroeder.enno@gmail.com)
No
294
Uganda
EcoSan Promotion in Adjumani Town Council, Arua Municipal Council and Luwero Town Council
urine and faeces collected and used in farms and gardens as fertilizer
Adjumani, Luwero, Arua
Adumani Town Council, P.O.Box 3, Adjumani, Luwero Town Council, P.O.Box 111, Luwero, Arua Municipal
Council, P.o.Box 27, Arua
2007-2012
promotion, dissemination and construction of Ecosan toilets on household level
The population of project site is 80,000 inhabitats
Adumani Town Council,
Luwero Town Council
Arau Municipal Council
Adumani Town Council,
Luwero Town Council
Arau Municipal Council
DED
groundwater contamination due to porous nature of the rocks in Arua and Adjumani through use of pit
latrines
separate urine and faeces
double vault, urine diversion, squatting pan and use of urine as fertilizer input
Urine and faeces collected and used in farms and gardens as fertilizer
20 million UGX
double vault, urine diversion, squatting pan
After various Ecosan workshops and after seeing a low cost Ecosan demonstration toilet, the community
started to adopt the new technologies. Already 50 Ecopans were given out and households start
constructing their own Ecosan toilet instead of the common pit latrine. There is an increased
understanding of Ecosan by key stakeholders, local leaders and parts of the community including a
knowledge transfer of different technical options of Ecosan (Washer friendly technologies) Constructing a
cost Ecosan toilet was not very successful for demonstration purposes. The community admired the
structure, but feared to construct an own toilet at their property due to the high investment costs. Even
when they were told, that they could also build a low cost Ecosan toilet with local material, they refused to
adopt the new technology. Only after constructing a low cost demonstration toilet, people realised the
benefit and started to take up the idea.
Jan-Michael MockCoordinator Water & Sanitation, Renewable Energy & Energy EfficiencyGerman Development ServiceDE
Inserted: 19.02.10: Jan-Michael Mock
No
295
Ukraine
Urine diversion dehydration school toilets in ten schools in Gozhuly, Bobryk, Yaremche, Vorochta,
Stepanovka, Stepovoe, Sherbanka, Nova kakhova, Gradenitsy, Nizhyn
Urine diversion dehydration school toilets (UDDTs) for 10 schools as a part of various programmes with
reuse of nutrients
Schools at: Gozhuly, Bobryk, Yaremche, Vorochta, Stepanovka, Stepovoe, Sherbanka, Nova kakhova,
Gradenitsy, Nizhyn
Within the Oblasts (provinces) of: Poltava, Ivano Frankivsk, Chernigiv, Atremievsk, Feodosia, Nizhyn,
Mikolaiiv, Kyiv, Nova Kakhovka, Tatarbunary and Sevastopol.
2004 - 2006
Separate information for two schools available:

Ghozuli, Poltava Oblast: 3 urine diversion toilets and 3 waterless urinals at a rural school with 160 pupils
and 15 staff
Stepanovka: 350 students and 50 teachers
Rural area:200
school
Assuming
users for each of the remaining 8 schools (assumption made for summary list), have 1600
users.
i.e. estimated total number of users is 2,175
Mama-86, Black Sea Women Club, WECF, local administration, University of Technology Hamburg
(TUHH)
Women in Europe for a Common Future, Netherlands (WECF); MAMA-86; Black Sea Women's Club;
Vorozhdenije
MATRA, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Fondation Ensemble France, TUHH, WECF
The citizens rely on severely polluted groundwater (by bacteria and nitrate) for drinking water purposes,
the sanitation is to be considered as inadequate (bad smell and groundwater pollution by pit latrines).
These school toilets were constructed under various programmes: "Cooperation for Sustainable Rural
Development", "Sustainable Development for All", and "Safe Sanitation, Health and Dignity", ELAEmpowerment and Local Action
Double and single vault UDDTs; sandfilter
Urine as fertiliser, dehydrated faeces as soil conditioner. Greywater goes to sewage system
14,500 Euro total cost of toilet facility
In general:
UDDT: single and doulbe vault; indoor and outdoor; UD slabs from China
Ghozuli Village:
A toilet facility with 3 double vault dry urine diversion toilets, 3 waterless urinals; urine storage reservoirs;
- For each toilet there are two easily accessible composting-chambers (vaults) with a sealed floor made
from concrete. The vaults are used alternating in a 2-year rhythm. The volume of each chamber is 1.2 m 3
-with
With
propervolume
education
children
the principle
of urine
toilets
as a part To
of
a useful
of 1also
m3. young
The floor
of theunderstand
compost vaults
has a slope
of 1 diverting
% to drain
any leachate.
ecological
sanitation.
avoid odour
and flies ventilation pipes equipped with fly nets are conducted from the compost-chambers
atop
In the
using
toilets, they
less accepted by the young women.
reason could
be
thestart
roof.ofDue
to the
the ecosan
special design
of thewere
compost-chamber-dividing-walls
only oneA ventilation
pipe
that
the beginning
no chambers
cleaning tools
and water
for thedesigns
young women
was available
the one
restrooms.
was in
necessary
for both
(compared
to former
where every
chamberinhad
pipe).
- The
5 mm thickness
of the
PE tanktowas
not enough
to support the soil pressure.
All restrooms
also have
a window
be opened
for ventilation
See
PDS 024: http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-024-shool-toilets-ukraine-2007.pdf
- Problems
odour wasand
solved
changing
the urinals
outlet.in a urine tank made of Poly
The urine with
frombad
the urine
diverting-toilets
the by
waterless
urinals
is collected
The ventilation
the urinal
seems
be related
seasonal
Ethylene
(PE), 5 problem
mm. Twoofurine
tanks restrooms
of 2 m3 each
weretobought.
Thewith
two the
tanks,
similartemperature.
to the composting
chambers,
The design
of necessary
the ventilation
was6 not
ptimal
some
construction
mistakes
are
for the
months
or and
longer
resting
time, during
whichoccurred.
most of the pathogens are
killed
Decision
to improve the situation in the restrooms by installing a ventilation pipe in every rest
or at was
leasttaken
reduced.
room.
http://www.afdb.org/portal/page?_pageid=293,174339&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&press_item=645099&press_lang=ushttp://www.irc.nl/page/2812
The aforementioned smell problems could be improved by:
- Installing urinals with adequate odour blockers, which are in the region not available. The waterless
urinals with odour blockers from abroad are for the region too expensive.
- Installation of electric or wind-driven ventilation for the restrooms, which is unfortunately in Poltava
deegener@tu-harburg.dewww.tu-harburg.de/aww/english/indexDr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu
province
not allowed to use for schools
Analiza from Newsletter 20 dated May 2006: 21.08. 2008 Update 19.05.2009: Philipp Feiereisen
Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) 03.03.10 inserted info from GTZ datasheet
Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu, 1.03.10 information about all 10 schools
No
296
Ukraine
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural households in Oblasts. Poltava, Ivano Frankivsk,
Chernigiv, Atremievsk, Feodosia, Nizhyn, Mikolaiiv, Kyiv, Nova Kakhovka, Tatarbunary and
Sevastopol.
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for households with reuse of nutrients
Oblasts in Ukraine: Poltava, Ivano Frankivsk, Chernigiv, Atremievsk, Feodosia, Nizhyn, Mikolaiiv, Kyiv,
Nova Kakhovka, Tatarbunary and Sevastopol.
Working since 2006
74 Household toilets finished- 16 under construction in several Oblasts

Assuming an average household size of 3 (from country list) for a total of 90 households, 270 users.
Rural area
Mama-86, Black Sea Women's Club, Vorozhdenije
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Fondation Ensemble France, TUHH, WECF
None or partly central water supply, no sewage system, extremely bad sanitary status, nitrate and microorganism polluted groundwater.
These toilets made as a part of several programmes: "Cooperation for Sustainable Rural Development",
"Sustainable Development for All", and "Safe Sanitation, Health and Dignity", ELA- Empowerment and
Local Action
Double and single vault UDDTs; sandfilter
Urine and faeces as fertiliser for garden
UDDT: double and single vault, indoor and outdoor, Home-made UD seatrisers
Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu, 1.03.10
No
297
United Arab Emirates
Three examples of wastewater reuse after reed bed treatment, Dubai, Industrial Zone
Treatment and reuse of wastewater of commercial buildings (workshops, offices, car washing)
Industrial Zone, Dubai
Example 1: Waagner Biro Gulf, Al Awir Ind. Area, Dubai

Example 2: The Lagoons Sama Dubai, Ras Al Khoor, Dubai
Example 3: Dubai Municipality Jadaf, behind ship yard,
Dubai
2005 - 2006
Start of planning: 2005 / 2006

Start of construction: 1 month after planning start
Start of operation: 2-6 months after planning start
60-270 persons/day, and 10 cars/d
Urban area: Industrial Zone
Waagner Biro Gulf
Respective owners / Waagner Biro Gulf
None
Dubai has a sub-tropical, arid climate with infrequent and irregular rainfall, totalling less than 130 mm per
year. Temperatures range from 10C to 48C. Both industries and the population in Dubai and the
surrounding Emirates is growing very fast and public infrastructure is unable to keep up with the exploding
volume of sewage. On newly built developments and industrial sites, which are not (yet) connected to a
public sewer, temporary or self-contained solutions for waste and wastewater management are needed.
Presently, wastewater is often either:
discharged via long sewer networks to the main sewage treatment plant; or, if the site is not connected to
sewers
stored in storage tanks and later transported by tanker to a central sewage treatment plant or
pretreated in septic tanks and then infiltrated into the ground with soakaways.
Whilst the latter approach causes problems through increased road traffic, additional unplanned loadings
to
sewage treatment plants, soil contamination and possible groundwater contamination etc., the installation
of huge sewer lines is technically demanding and costly.
blackwater and grey water
Settling tank; greywater reed bed; septic tank; sludge-dewatering reed bed; UV disinfection; sub-surface
drip irrigation
Treated greywater for concrete mixing, soil watering, car washing and a fish ponds; treated blackwater for
sub-surface irrigation of different plants including vegetables and ornamental plants (excluding
underground plants); mineralised sludge as soil conditioner.
Investment costs of the 3 examples in the range of 4,500
to 21,000
Example 1a: Domestic wastewater at the Waagner head office (270 staff members):
Transport by separate gravity sewer lines for grey and blackwater. Treatment and reuse of both greywater
from
showers / bathrooms and blackwater from toilets and the kitchen.
Greywater: After settling in a 2-chamber tank, it is pumped in turns onto two vertical flow sand filter reed
beds, each with an area of 250 m. The outflow of the greywater reed beds is directly used for different
purposes.
- Blackwater:
The continuous
of a large
volume of septic
storedtank,
and treated
greywater
in a pondismakes
some
Afteravailability
passing through
a 3-chamber
the pre-treated
blackwater
pumped
processes
through a in the construction and maintenance works much easier.
mechanical
The verticalself-backwashing
flow reed plantedfilter
sand
filter
achieves
results indrip
the treatment
of domestic
sewage which
into
a 700
m subsurface
irrigation, watering
a gardening
area,
allow
thus a direct reuse for irrigation of the treated sewage without any further treatment.
avoiding
The treatment
in such
hot climate
leads
even better results than in Western and Northern Europe
any direct
exposure
of people
toto
blackwater.
SuSanA
case
study, reuse,
'Three the
examples
of wastewater
after is
reed
bedhigher
treatment,
Dubai,
Industrial
Regarding
manual
acceptance
of greywater
treatedreuse
greywater
much
than tank
that
of treated
Settled solids
from the pretreatment
units of
and blackwater
(settlement
and
septic tanks):
Zone'
(see website below)
blackwater,
They are pumped every two months onto a 200 m sludge dewatering reed bed for mineralization. This is
whereas
sub-surface irrigation
blackwater
accepted
for gardening
purposes
due to vertical
the non flow
a further development
of sludgewith
drying
beds in is
thewell
form
of a sealed
earth basin
with a shallow
Drip
irrigation
limits
of Dubai Municipality
exposure
to the
water.
it should above
be handled
withlayer
caretowith
regard to the
surface
drainage
and
reed planted
sand
filterHowever,
and 1 m freebord
the filter
accumulate
sludge
over the
next 10
http://www.environment.gov.ae/environment/major/inform
ationbulletins
leakages,
and well trained staff should run and maintain such
a system.
years.
case
study:
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-dubai.pdf
SuSanA
Project
references
and
results
of
reed
bed
treatment
in
sub-tropical
climate:
w.sievert@gmx.de
The gardens
and fishponds
created
the onsite
treated(10
wastewater
from workers accommodations
Example
1b: Waagner
companys
carwith
washing
wastewater
cars / day):
and
Information
about
sub-surface
drip irrigation
system:
www.geoflow.com
staff
cabins
have
great social
for the
people
there
who chemicals,
otherwise mostly
no greenery
3-step
pretreatment
bya gravity,
threevalue
chamber
oil separator
without
20 m have
horizontal
flow sand
http://ecotube-concept.com/index.html
around
their
work
placesof
and
filter reed
bed
treatment
oil accommodation.
separator outflow, additional treatment of reed bed outflow in reed bed for
greywater
Larger reed
beds
also
contribute
to
biodiversity
by
serving
as
reserves
for
birds
and
small
water
animals.
treatment.
Example
2: Domestic wastewater of SAMA Dubai site office (200 staff members):
Dubai
Municipality:
3-chamber
and 100Head
m vertical
flow sand
filter reed
bedDrainage
treatment& for
toilet blackwater
Eng.
Rashid septic
Nassirtank
Al Suwaidi,
of Planning
& Design
Section
Irrigation
Department
Reuse of treated blackwater in 400 m sub-surface drip irrigation (gardening)
P.O.Box
2-chamber
67 settlement tank and 40 m separate vertical flow sand filter reed bed treatment for greywater
20 m U.A.E.
sludge dewatering reed bed (reed-planted sand filter bed) for mineralization of septic tank sludge
Dubai,
Example
3 Conversion
Office:
+971
4 2063627of conventional septic tank with soak away at Dubai Municipality (60 staff
members):
E-mail: rnsuwadi@dm.gov.ae
Use of septic tank as pretreatment
Conversion of soak away to a pump station and pumping of outflow to a 170 m vertical flow sand filter
reed bed for biological and tertiary treatment of pre-treated wastewater. Analyses proved sufficient quality
Joyce
for dripEkuful.
irrigation.
Nadira
inserted
info from
study steel pipe.
Optional
additional UV treatment of stored
effluent
withSuSanA
UV lampcase
in stainless
Yes
298
United States of America
Ecosanitation at the office of an engineering company in Bellingham (further information pending)
local
Bellingham, Washington
2020 ENGINEERING,
814 Dupont Ave, Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A.
since 1995
2020 ENGINEERING
office centre of the company 2020Engineering
blackwater and yellowwater
UD toilets
www.2020engineering.com
2020 ENGINEERING,
814 Dupont Ave, Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A.
2020@2020engineering.com
Marthe Roestel, 09.03.2010
299
United Kingdom
Geo-textile based dry toilet tested in the Cairngorms National Park, Scotland
Dry toilet in a remote, hard to access, environmentally sensitive area.
Scotland
2008
1 toilet in a bothy. No. of users not known. Collected about one bag of excrement per month.
National park
Volunteers
The Park is 3800 sq kilometres in area. An arctic wilderness. The land above 600 metres - known as the
'montane zone' - is the largest area of arctic mountain landscape in the British isles. The National Park is
home to
25% of the UK's threatened bird, animal and plant species.
Problem of the accumulation of human waste at bothies open refuges located in the Cairngorm
wilderness area. Water flush toilets and septic tanks are well known, but they depend on having a supply
of water, ease of access to install and empty the septic tank if necessary, and ground conditions to permit
digging a big hole to take the tank.
Excreta
Dry toilet with the use of a geotextile bag.
The faeces will either be buried on site (if analysis considers safe) or added to the composting system
at the car park.
Work was done by volunteers; materials supplied by donation so no useful data;

Materials were helicoptered in => expensive
- Selection process: Flush toilet was ruled out since it would never be possible to get a septic tank safely
installed in the unremitting bog, and no reliable supply of water in the depths of winter. Composting toilet
ruled out due to the need for a soak material and the size of the required construction.
- A standard pedestal seats is mounted on a raised floor. A geotextile bag is attached underneath. This
bag works like a mini septic tank - the bag receives the contributions and its woven structure allows the
liquid to pass through while retaining the solids. The liquidised effluent needs a flocculating agent added to
it to help the solids precipitate. The drainage is run out to a small soak-away. When the bag is full, it is
-left
Over
the first year
trialpedestal
period, over
150 kg
haveabove
been stored
in abag. When the second bag is
to dewater,
and the
is moved
toof
befaeces
positioned
a second
specially
built
structure
and has
saved
the surroundings
refuge
further
full, the first
bag
is detached
andthereby
stored in
a secure
structure andofa the
newCorrour
bag fitted.
Thefrom
stored
bags are
pollution.
left to decompose over time and when safe, either buried in an suitable location or removed from the site.
-- The
problems of maintenance
situation
personnel
visitconsiders
less thansafe)
onceorper
The anticipated
bag is not biodegradable.
The faeces in
willa either
be where
buried MBA
on site
(if analysis
month
takes at least
3 hours
added
toaccess
the composting
system
at theby
carbicycle
park. and foot from the nearest road - have been minimal,
indicating
that potential
serious users
of the
refugesfrom
are well
motivated toNothing
look after
the facilities
thatit have
- Considering
of nitrate
leachate
the soak-away:
is worse
than how
was before.
been
provided
them
the MBA
anpeat
organisation
run
entirelysobyvery
volunteers.
The soak
awayfor
runs
intoby
about
100m of
before the
stream,
little real concern.
www.compostloos.org.uk,http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/present_David_Shields.pdf
Dr. John Cant: Suite 5, 3 Cornwall Street Edinburgh EH1 2EQ,Scotland, U.K.
email: johncant@phdcc.com,
Tel: +44 (0) 131 466 1373
Nadira on 16.09.09 from presentation by J. Cant at Dry Toilet Conference 2009. Further filled in on
18.09.09
from email communication with J. Cant.
No
No
300
Uzbekistan
Composting toilets to improve sanitation in the Fergana Valley
Fergana Valley
2003 - 2006
Pilot scale project finished; future project (Start 2007)
> 300 toilets, 2000 served inhabitants
Rural area
ISW Uzbekistan and Central Asian Alliance for Water (CAAW)
ISW and CAAW
SDC, NOVIB, CSCE-CIDA, UNDP-BDP-ESDG; French Catholic Committee Against Hunger
More than 6 million people in Fergana Valley do not have access to safe drinking water and sanitation.
The only form of sanitation used currently: pit toilet emptied by vacuum truck (badly maintained); Health
problems from water-borne diseases.
Composting toilets
Richard Abbott, Public Health Sanitarian, City of Syracuse, Watershed Protection Programm, 20 West
Genesee St., Skaneateles, New York 13152, E-mail: rlawater@adelphia.net
No
301
Uzbekistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for schools and households in urban and rural areas
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) for 3 schools, households in urban and rural areas, with reuse
of nutrients
Madenyat, Engels, Nukus, Kandekly, Karabuga
Since 2007
3 schools, 15 household UDDTs

Assuming 200 students per school (for purposes of summary list), 600 users
i.e. Total 675 users
Rural and urban areas
Mehriban, local administration, WECF
Mehriban
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Fondation Ensemble France, TUHH, WECF
None or partly central water supply, no sewage system, extremely bad sanitary status, detriorated
environment (Aral sea region).
Toilets constructed under the "Tapping Resources", and "Empowerment and Local Action- ELA" projects
Double-vault UDDT, sandfilter
Urine as fertiliser for garden
Double-vault UDDT:for schools DU slabs from China; for households partly self developed squatting urine
diverting toilet
Dr. Claudia Wendland, Email: Claudia.Wendland@wecf.eu, 1.03.10
No
302
Vietnam
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for urban and peri-urban areas, Hanoi City
Urine diversion dehydration toilet (UDDT) with reuse in agriculture for urban and peri-urban areas
Hanoi
Hanoi
2004 - 2007
Several monitored houses
Urban and peri-urban parts of Hanoi City
Eawag; Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec); Centre for Environmental
Engineering of Towns and Industrial Areas (CEETIA), Hanoi University of Civil Engineering
Eawag; Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec); Centre for Environmental
Engineering of Towns and Industrial Areas (CEETIA), Hanoi University of Civil Engineering
DFID
Widely usage of conventional septic tank
Double-vault UDDT
Urine and faeces as fertiliser
155 Euro per toilet in 2003. 215 Euro per toilet in 2006
People are able to build and use eco-toilets; Subsidy (60%) for construction is needed; farmers benefit
more from ecotoilets because of reusing urine; subsidies not given systematically due to strong clan ties;
better crop results
http://www.inbo-news.org/pdf/inbo13.pdf (page 14)
http://www.i-s-w.org
Gabriel Regallet; Head of Representative Office of ISW in Uzbekistan; Fergang; Tel: +998 732 24 23 41;
Email: bggr@vodiy.uz
New: Sren, 13.11.06
No
303
Vietnam
Support Project to the Biogas Programme for the Agricultural Sector in some provinces in Vietnam
Rural upgrading, economic development (biogas market establishment), GHGs reduction, Consultation
Nation-wide:
Phase 1: plants were built in 12 provinces (out of 64 in total); economic consulting provided to 2 additional
provinces.
Phase 2: expansion to 20 provinces (May 2007), final coverage of 35 provinces planned
2003 - 2011
Jan & Apr 2003: bilateral meomrandums signed; Sep 2003: project inauguration; Nov 2004: 6,000th plant
built; Jun 2005: 12,000th plant built; Jan 2006: 18,022 units built, Phase 1 ends; Feb 2006: initiation of
Phase 2; May 2007: 9,000 units built, 8 more provinces added
27,000 plants built (May 2007) serving same amount of households; final target - 150,000 units serving
800,000 people.
To determine estimated no. of users now, assumed 4 people per household (from country list). 27,000 x 4
= 108,000
Rural areas
Biogas Project Office (BPO), which consists of members of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural
Development & the Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV) -Vietnam.
BPO
The Netherlands' Directorate General for International Cooperation (DGIS), national donors; Fauna &
Flora International & the SNV / EU NAPA financed additional consulting
High population density; growth of livestock sector, must of which expected to be in semi-urban areas;
presumed health implications due to groundwater pollution and foul odours; households rely on firewood
as energy source, consume time and money on O&M and subject to health hazards due to somke.
dezentralized water systems (??)
Reuse of substrates (close nutrient cycle)
http://www.fzk.de/stellent/groups/public/documents/published_pages/ptwte_index_ia3eed8150-3.php
Dr. Rdiger Furrer; Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH; Projekttrger des BMBF und BMWA fr
Wassertechnologie und Entsorgung (PtWT+E);
Postfach 36 40, D-76021 Karlsruhe; Telefon: 07247/82-4851 / -4850; Telefax: 07247/82-7851
E-Mail: Ruediger.Furrer@ptwte.fzk.de
No
304
Yemen
Biogas digesters for sanitation in Al Shehr, Jaar, Jiblah and Zinjibar as a part of the 'Provincial
Towns Programme II' in Al Shehr, Jaar, Jiblah and Zinjibar
Biogas digesters for treatment of blackwater and animal manure and use of biogas and digestate in four
towns
In the towns Al Shehr, Jaar, Jiblah and Zinjibar
Nov. 2002
Four towns in Yemen
Rural area
Ministry of Electricity and Water; National Water and Sanitation Authority (NWSA);
Kreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau (KfW)
BMZ
Coastal area in the south of Yemen. It is expanding rapidly in circles.
Animal dung (swine, cattle, buffalo), blackwater (40% of households connected their toilets)
Biogas digesters
Biogas used for cooking & electricity; use of residues as fertiliser (55% of households)
BP 1 total costs: US$ 2.4 million, of which US$ 2.33 million financed by DGIS and US$ 70,000 by local
donors. Additional US$ 2.2-3.3 million invested by farmers. avg unit price ~US $ 250; a 25-30% subsidy
was made available. Domestic savings of 5/month on fuel and 1-1.5 working hours/d. 300,000 labour
days created; 35-55,000 tons of CO2 equivalent gas reductions yearly. Expected expenditure for BP 2:
64.4 million. ~20% of costs should be covered by CDM revenues
KT 1 & KT 2 digester models developed by the Vietnam Institute of Energy; volume range 4 - 16 m 3, most
commonly 8 m3; manufactured from local materials including bricks, cement & iron bars; avg. annual CH 4
production 993 m3/unit.
Quite successful in achieving declared goals (number of plants installed, market creation, continuous
operation etc.). Cooperation with governmental organisations was instrumental; quality control, trainings
and workshops were crucial to proper construction and operation. Programme won the 2007 Global
Energy Award.
BPO (2006) BP1 final report; Tenue, B. & Da Binh, K. M. (2007) the biogas programme in Vietnam:
amazing results in poverty reduction & economic development. Boiling Point 53: 11-13. ter Heegde, F.
(2005) Domestic biogas & CDM financing
http://www.snv.org.vn/OurProgramsDetail.Asp?Id=26&Show=2&SubId=26http://www.hedon.info/docs/BP53-Teune-5.pdfhttp://www.snv.org.vn/DocFile/200
Mr. Nguyen Thanh Son, Deputy Director of Livestock Production Department

The Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development, Ngoc Ha Street 2, Ba Dinh District; Hanoi, Vietnam
+84-4-7332219
+84-4-8436802
thanhsonkn@yahoo.com
NEW 6.6.2007 Yaniv
No
305
Yemen
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural schools in two governorates. Hajja and Marib
Rural school sanitation project (new, extension, rehabilitation), full scale
30 different locations in two governorates of Yemen (Hajja and Marib)
Start of construction: 2006 End of construction: 2010 Start of operation: 2008 (for some schools)
Project end: Jan. 2010 (operation of toilets continues)
30 schools with urine diversion dehydration toilets (overall approx. 80 schools were included in this
project)
Ministry of Education Yemen with support by GOPA Consultants, Germany
GOPA Worldwide Consultants Germany (design and implementation)
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) through German
development Bank (KfW)
30 schools with urine diversion dehydration toilets (overall approx. 80 schools were included in this
project) Approximately EUR 7,500 per school for one toilet block with five cubicles School size: 3 to 20
classrooms Overall project budget for 80 schools was about 10 million Euro Address of project location:30
different locations in two governorates of Yemen (Hajja and Marib)
UDDTs,Greywater collection ,Soak pit infiltration
Used as soil conditioner (planned)
Overall project budget for 80 schools was about 10 million euros and approximately EUR 7,500 per school
for one toilet block
done by GOPA Worldwide Consultants Germany (design and

implementation)
http://www.gopa.de
reflect on discrepancies, missing installations or mistakes.

One very important experience is that most of the regular
WCs installed in schools were locked up after some time due
to the lack of water.
http://susana.org/lang-en/case-studies?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=80 http://www.gopa.de
http://www.sfd-yemen.org/
KfW Office Sana'a

Mr. Bernd Schnewald
P.O. Box 296
Sana'a, Yemen
Phone: +96 71 42 63 51
Fax: +96 71 42 63 50
Email: bernd.schoenewald@kfw.de
Inserted on 05/10/2010 by Paul Okan-Adjetey okanadjetey1@yahoo.com
Yes
306
Yemen
Treatment and reuse of greywater from a mosque
Treatment of greywater from a mosque using a sand filter and reuse of effluent for irrigation
World Bank
Sand filter
Irrigation for agriculture
Greywater from the Mosque, a result of ritual washing before praying, passes through a sand filter, is
collected in the tank and is then used for agricultural irrigation.
there is a draft in I3-I13
Christine Werner/Heinz-Peter Mang, ecosan-Projekt, Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische

Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Postfach 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany, Tel: ++49-6196-79-4221,
christine.werner@gtz.de, heinz-peter.mang@gtz.de
Dania 09.02.2006
No
307
Zambia
Decentralised Wastewater Treatment System and biogas plant at Pestalozzi Childrens Village in
Kasisi, Lusaka
Decentralised Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS)
Lusaka
2009/10
growing school: 200 pupils in 2009/10 to grow to 900 pupils in the coming years
peri-urban school
Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia (WASAZA)
construction: Pestalozzi World, Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia (WASAZA); follow-up:
Pestalozzi World, Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia & German Toilet Organization
Pestalozzi World, Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia (WASAZA) and German Toilet
Organization (GTO)
the school has water availability and preferred flush toilets, as they require irrigation water anyhow and
can now use the treated effluent for this purpose (nutrient rich)
Blackwater, greywater and biodegradable waste lead into DEWATS
Biogas Digester, Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) and Planted-Gravel-Filter (PGF)
treated wastewater is used to water/fertilise the student gardens
??? shared between partners
It is a challenge to teach the students to water the soil and not over the plants.
see "project progress" on GTO website
http://www.germantoilet.org/de/projekte/sambia/menu-sambia/galerie.html
thilo.panzerbieter[at]germantoilet.org
Inserted by Paul Okan- Adjetey on 07/10/2010. okanadjetey1@yahoo.com updated on the 02/11/2010 by

Paul with info received via mail from THILO.
No
No
308
Zambia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Chaisa compound of Lusaka
Pilot project on EcoSan facilities in Chaisa Compound, a peri-urban area of Lusaka. The study focused on
collecting information on the operation and maintenance from 45 household which benefited from the
SIDA-CARE project with respect to being provided with EcoSan facilities in Chaisa Compound.
Chaisa,Lusaka
Chaisa,Lusaka
2009 estimated.needs clarification
45 households, with average household size being 6
SIDA-CARE
Double Vault as compared to the Sundome
It was observed that acceptability of the facilities among the residents of Chaisa was very high. This was a
result of unfavourable hardships people faced in accessing toilet facilities. Historically, initiatives of flying
toilets and seeking access from neighbours and drinking places have caused a number of people to have
high acceptance of the facilities because they are seen as a solution to their suffering in the past. But even
then, there is more acceptances on the Double Vault as compared to the Sundome as they take relatively
a much longer time to fill up. However, it was observed that less than 25% of the beneficiaries could use
the human manure in agriculture which defeats the principle of ecological sanitation.A lot of sentiments
were expressed on the suitability of the squatting slabs which presented big challenges to the physically
disabled and the pregnant women. The
309
Zambia
Urine diversion composting toilets as a part of the Madimba Integrated Ecological Sanitation
Project, Lusaka
Urine diversion composting toilets as a part of the Madimba Integrated Ecological Sanitation Project in a
peri-urban settlement
Lusaka
2003 - 2010
1st Phase: 2003 - 2007 by NECOS

2nd Phase 2008 - 2010 by NECOS and Dry Toilet Association, Finland
6000 people in all, 750 households

Phase I: Unknown
In phase II: so far built 35 toilets mostly to private use (estimated amount of users 500), around 5 to public
places such as schools and church. In addition repaired 15 old ones (info: S. Huuhtanen, Dec 2009).
Peri-urban informal settlement
NECOS (Phase I), Global Dry Toilet Association of Finland (Phase II)
NECOS and Zone Development Committee
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland and GRZ
Madimba peri urban community is not served with water and sewage services. The area is waterlogged
and it floods during the rainy season. The road network becomes impassable during rain period. The
common excreta disposal is traditional pit latrine which is not suitable for waterlogged area like Madimba
community, hence to adopt dry ecosan toilet system.
Double-vault urine diverting composting toilet
Urine and composted faeces used in agriculture
Toilets self built from cement and bricks. Urine and composted feacal material are used in fields. Storage
time min. 1 month for urine, 12 months for compost. Post-composting if necessary (so far haven't done).
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEVMARKETPLACE/4416738-1196093766795/21583185/DM.htm ; http://www2.gtz.de/ecosan/download/en-Poster-M
Dr. Lia Sieghart liasieghart@hotmail.comNECOS: P.O:BOX FW 153, 10101, Lusaka, ZambiaSari Huuhtanen, e-mail: sambia@huussi.net, tel: + 358 500

Nadira (nadirakhawaja@yahoo.com) Inserted information about Phase II on 04.03.10 from email of S.
Huuhtanen.
No
310
Zambia
Urine diversion toilets for household applied in the North-western and Southern Provinces
Dry urine diversion toilets for households and community sanitation
Livingstone, North-Western Province
GTZ., KfW
Separate streams of urine and faeces respectively, degradable solid waste
Double chamber, overhang self composting dry toilet (ecosan) (??)
Urine as fertiliser and faeces composite as soil conditioner especially in backyard gardens
160 million ZMK
Overhang double chamber urine diversion toilet designed to meet the local environmental requirements.
Both communal and household based dry toilets are being implemented in Madimba ecovillage model.
Unlocking culture shock of excreta reuse requires multi-dimensional approaches
Obed Chibwe Kawanga Network for Environmental Concerns and Solutions (NECOS) email:
Okawanga2007@yahoo.com, phone: Germany 015224867188, Zambia 260977850809
New: April 2008, Obed
No
311
Zambia
Urine diversion composting toilets as a part of the Dry Sanitation Improvement Programme for
Zambia (ZASP), Kaloko Region
Integrated area-level sanitation development programme; thereby improving health, schooling possibilites,
food security and income generation opportunities.
Kaloko, Masaiti District, (26 000 ha)
2006 - 2011
Baseline study (2006), Hygiene education (2007- ), Toilet construction, UD Dry toilet (2007- ), Capacity
building (2007- ), Promoting gardening (2008- ), Boreholes (2009- )
In all there are around 10,000 people in the area but it's very difficult to estimate how many can be served.
At the moment around 20 toilets have been built, most of them in public places (5 schools, with around
2000 pupils) and village health outposts (info: S. Huuhtanen, Dec 2009).
Global Dry Toilet Association of Finland
Kaloko Trust
Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland
2/3 of inhabitants are using open, unprotected shallow wells and rivers as their water source. Only few
boreholes in the area. 90 % use pit toilets, 4 % are using VIP-toilets. In schools and other public places,
too few toilets and also their quality is bad. In some schools no toilets at all. Usually no hand washing
possibilities
Double-vault urine diverting composting toilet
Urine and composted faeces used in agriculture
Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland (85 %) and Global Dry Toilet Association of Finland (15 %),
Budget ~ 60 000/ year
Toilets self built from cement and bricks. Urine and composted feacal material are used in fields. Storage
time min. 1 month for urine, 12 months for compost. Post-composting if necessary (so far haven't done).
Challenges
- People were sceptical towards dry toilets, concept wasnt familiar to most of the people
- Local believes and cultural issues (e.g. eating of toilet waste, witchcraft)
- Community participation was low at first
- Weak leadership in communities
- Poor relationship between community people and local co-operation partner
- Public toilet type too expensive for private households
- Maintenance of the toilets
- Transport and roads
www.huussi.net,
Key solutions
www.drytoilet.org,
- To make people understand and accept the concept LOTS of education of hygiene, maintenance of
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/present_Sari_Huuhtanen.pdf
toilets, use of toilet compost and urine was needed; drama was used as a tool for education
- Understand the importance of key stakeholders and change agents
- Forming village sanitation clubs, members lead the way, capacity building and leadership skills
Project
Coordinator
Sari Huuhtanen
- Test field
and demonstration
plots of sanitation clubs
e-mail:
sambia@huussi.net
- More interaction
between local co-operation partner and village people, open discussion channels
+ 358 500 953357
-tel:
Co-operation
with local clinic and schools, putting resources together (e.g. hygiene education session
during the village under-five clinic)
- Low cost model was planned and introduced
Nadira on 15.09.09 from presentation of S. Huuhtanen at Dry Toilet Conference 2009. Inserted further
information on 04.03.10 from email of S. Huuhtanen.
No
No
312
Zimbabwe
Urine diversion toilets for peri-urban and rural areas in Harare and Guruve
Urine diversion toilets for peri-urban and rural areas
Harare and Guruve and UMP District
1997 - unknown
Numerous latrines have been built, instruction accomplished for agriculture use, evaluation
Informal peri-urban and rural areas
Mvuramanzi Trust (local NGO)
Mvuramanzi Trust (local NGO)
Sanitation-related health problems, in some cases one toilet squat used by more than 100 people, overpopulated poor settlements, poor over-cultivated rural areas.
Urine and faeces as fertilisers
http://www.mondialogo.org/102.html?&L=de
Chibesa Pensulo email: mondialogo@gmx.net
From Newslletter 17 dated August 2005: Analiza 11.08.2008
No
313
Zimbabwe
Promotion of "fossa alterna" toilets under emergency situations in settlements in Hopley, Hatcliffe
and Victoria Falls
emergency, urban
Hopley, Hatcliffe and Victoria Falls
c/o UNICEF Zimbabwe

P.O. Box 1250
Harare, Zimbabwe
2006
Over 23,000 people assisted in Hopley, Hatcliffe and Victoria Falls
peri-urban
UNICEF
The original title is ' GoZ and UNICEF Emergency Water and Sanitation Project ( Construction of
individual household ecological sanitation facilities (fossa alterna) at Hopley, Hatcliffe and Victoria Falls.)'
This was an emergency response to a government action to re-settle people. The areas where they were
re-settled had no basic amenities including water and sanitaiton. Ecological toilets were introduced as a
package of interventions to support the 'internal refugees' as part of an exit strategy for medium to longerterm support
separation of faeces and urine (was urine really separated?)
fossa alterna (similar to UDDTs but urine is usually infiltrated)
not stated
Mr. Maxwell Jonga

Tel. #: (263 4) 703881(ext 314)
Email: mjonga@unicef.org
WES Specialist
Health Nutrition & Environment, PROGRAMME PLANNING & COORDINATIONS
UNICEF Harare, Zimbabwe
P.O. Box 1250
Harare, Zimbabwe
Entered by Belinda Abraham on 1 July 2010 from information received from Maxwell Jonga via e-mail on
7 May 2010
no
no
Europe
Short-rotation willow biomass plantations irrigated and fertilised with wastewaters (FAIR5-CT973947): 1998 - 2002
Agricultural reuse
Roma (Gotland Isle; Sweden); Orchies (near Lili, France); Culmore (by Londonderry, Northen-Irland);
Laissa (north of Athens, Greece).
1998 - 2002
Svalf Weibull AB, Sweden; Other?
Various
EU FAIR Programme
Each region has a different climate and soil type hence, site-specific irrigation schemes were developed..
12-18 plots of 400 m2 planted with Salix viminalis (willow) ; 20 m buffer strip between plots; Total area up
to 5 ha.
Composting and dry sanitation and urine separation
Compost (faeces) and urine for agriculture
Compost Pit Latrines and from 1999 Arbour Loo, Urine Deverting system and Fossa Alterna
www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2003/87.../87-7972-746-8.pdf
Edward Guzha, Muramvanzi-Trust, House n. 2 Manfield Road, PO Box 103 Malbrough, Harare,
Zimbabwe, Tel/fax: +263 4 300511, E-mail: 237612@ecoweb.co.zw
No
Europe
European Sanitary Waste Treatment Project, Sanbox (for remotely located tourist facilities)
Reasearch project funded by EU, tourism
The Alps, Scandinavia, Mediterranean conditions
To be started
Wastewater modules suited for accomodations with 15-60 overnight guests.
Remotely located tourist facilities
JETS Norway, NORP Latvia, SEECON Germany, GYSI Switzerland, BIOAZUL Spain, UMB Norway, TTZ
Germany, UL Slovenia, UT Estonia, SAC Switzerland, SOLINE Slovenia
As above
EU
Aim of project is to develop an innovative, compact wastewater treatment system to serve the growing
market for upgraded sanitation facilities for remotely located tourist facilities such as mountain lodges or
buildings in sensitive coastal and karst areas.
blackwater, grey water
membrane system, vacuum toilets and pumps, solar energy, evapotranspiration system
fertiliser, irrigation
1.15 million Euros
http://www.ttz-bremerhaven.de/deutsch/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/data/112_pm_sanbox.html
http://www.sanbox.info/index.htm
sanbox@jets.no
Nadira on 01.09.09 from sanbox website, an article, and TTZ Bremerhaven website.
No
No
West Africa
EU-Sanitation project network for Africa: NETSSAF (Network for the development of sustainable
approaches for large scale implementation of sanitation in Africa), 2005 - 2008
EU-Funded project focusing on West Africa
West African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa, Cote d'Ivoire, Congo, Gabon,
Guinee-Conakry, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tchad, Togo and Guinee-Bissau)
2002 - 2010 (varies according to the supporting agency)
Implementation
peri-urban and rural areas in West Africa
NETSSAF and EU
NETSSAF, EU and local government
EU, TTZ, TUHH, CREPA, BioAzul, BOATA, IEES, IWA, UAA, SLU, MATAM, EAWAG, Ville-de-SYA, ESCA,
KNUST, Uleeds, CEPAPE, SEI, GTZ, TUT.
It focuses on case tudies and analyis in the following areas: appropriate low-cost sanitation technologies,
potential reuse in agriculture, comunity based management in Africa, governance and institution in
sanitation.
Aim is to develop a variety of innovative, adaptable and replicable approaches to sustainable sanitation,
integrating appropriate low-cost technologies with community-based management and their relevant
governance, institutional frameworks and socio-economic constraints.
Recycling of nutrients for agricultural and aquacultural potential
Very High
GTZ Wissensspeicher (there is no information on the project number)
http://www.netssaf.net
Joyce Ekuful.12.03.2009. Information form ecosan list (overview from Sren, April 2008)
Update Alemayahu on 22.09.09 information from the netssaf website (www.netssaf.net)
No
Worldwide list of all documented ecosan projects by various organisations

Page to calculate number of users and to check for German TC projects
Country
1 Afghanistan
2 Afghanistan
3 Afghanistan
4 Afghanistan
5 Afghanistan
6 Afghanistan
7 Afghanistan
8 Algeria
9 Armenia
10 Armenia
11 Australia
12 Australia
13 Australia
14 Australia
15 Austria
16 Austria
17 Austria
18
19
20
21
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
22 Bangladesh
23 Bangladesh
24 Bangladesh
Project title
Bathroom construction with urine diversion dehydration toilets for

households in Katachel and Nasseri Villages, Kunduz Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for women at the Pedagogical Academy,
Kunduz
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested with households in rural areas of
Herat Province
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in villages in Dehrawud District,
Uruzgan Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two villages as a part of the Clean
Village Project, in Injeel District, Herat Province and Chaghcaharan City,
Ghor Province
Public toilet and bath complexes with biogas digesters in five localities of
Kabul City
Integrated water and sewage management with effluent reuse in the Bni
Abbs Oasis
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in households and five schools in rural
areas of Hayanist, Fantan, Khachpar, Dzorghbyyur, Urud, Sverdlov,
Saghmosavan
Urine separating sanitation facilities at Maryborough Educational Centre
(high school), Victoria
The reuse oriented Water Reclamation and Management Scheme at
Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney
Urine diverting flush toilets and grey water recycling system with rural
communities at Kinglake, Victoria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and on-site greywater treatment at the
mountain hut 'Bettelwurf Htte', Karwendel Alpine Park
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Shabuzpur Tea Estate for the
households of the estate workers, Mowlobibazar District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested as sustainable emergency
sanitation in cyclone affected areas
Action research and construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets
(UDDTs) in seven hilly districts of Rangpur, Moulovibazar, Narsigdi,
Sunamgonj, Bandarban, Cngonj, Gaibandh (overarching project)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) construction in 60 rural
households in Wrisipara, Gazipur Municipality
25 Bangladesh
26 Bangladesh
27 Bangladesh
28 Bangladesh
29 Bangladesh
30 Bangladesh
31 Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in five schools in Gazipur

Municipality
Action research on ecological alternatives and construction of 100 UDDTs
in difficult areas of Gaibandha, Rangpur, Cngonj, Narsindhi, Moulovibazar,
Sunamgonj, Bandarban
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with 19 households in Pazulia
and Fawcal villages, Gazipur district under Gazipur Municipality
Sanitation block with biogas plant at G.K. Model High School in
Dhirassharm under Gazipur Municipality
Construction and promotion of concrete urine diversion pans through
piloting community-based urine diversion toilet (UDT) in Wrishipara Polli of
Gazipur Municipality
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) constructed in eight schools in
Gazipur City
Pilot demonstration of 10 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for
rural households at Sitakunda Upazila in Chittagong and Noakhali districts
32 Bangladesh
Construction of 200 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural

communities of Gazipur, Tangail, Mymensingh Municipalities
33 Bangladesh
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the poor

and excluded of indigenous community in Durgapur, Netrokona
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) to improve sanitation at
Bashaivog and Bejgoan villages, Munshigonj in Bangladesh through
information dissemination and awareness raising
34 Bangladesh
35 Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural households in

16 villages in Naogoan, Jessore, Satkhira, Gazipur districts
36 Bangladesh
Double vault composting toilets and urine diversion toilets in 4 rural

villages in Manikgonj and Gazipur Districts
37 Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion in urban community of

Rangamati
38 Bangladesh

Bogra, Gaibandha, Joypurhat, linked to micro-financing
39 Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities in

Bandarban, and Coxs Bazar
40 Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets and action research in
difficult rural areas in Bandarban, Gaibandha, Chapainawabgonj Districts
41 Bangladesh
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities of

Meherpur, and Naogoan Districts
42 Bangladesh
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in 20 flood prone villages in

three districts of Sirajgonj, Gaibandha and Kurigram (large scale project)
Urine diversion dehydration toilet project at Goenpasingma Lower
Secondary School and village, Zobel Geog Pemagatshel
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in 18 households and one
school in Euyamo Village, Teop Geog Punakha
43 Belarus
44 Bhutan
45 Bhutan
46 Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in San Pedro town,

Department (State) Santa Cruz
47 Bolivia
48 Bolivia
49 Bolivia
50 Bolivia
51 Bolivia
52 Bolivia
53 Bolivia
54 Bolivia
55 Botswana
56 Bulgaria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Departments (States)

Oruro and Beni
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in the peri-urban areas
of El Alto, Desaguadero, Puerto Acosta and Warisata cities in Department
(State) La Paz and private sector development for the collection, treatment
and reuse of excreta in El Alto City
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school in Department (State)
Chuquisaca
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, with private sector
development for the collection, treatment and reuse of excreta, in a periurban area in Department (State) Cochabamba
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in rural areas of
Saavedra, Oquinawa and Mineros, Department (State) Santa Cruz
Rural household and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in the subregional Andean programme for basic services against poverty
(PROANDES) in the Departments (States) of Potos, Cochabamba,
Chuquisaca and Oruro
Urine diversion dehydration toilets as emergency sanitation, Trinidad City,
Department (State) Beni
Urine Diversion and Dehydration Toilets in the Departments of
Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Pando, Beni and Potosi, Bolivia
Rural urine diversion dehydration toilets (after 6 years), Hanahai and Paje
Villages
Household, school and public urine diversion dehydration toilets and
greywater treatment systems in villages of Stara Zagora, Pleven and Sofia
Provinces
57 Burkina Faso Urban urine diversion dehydration toilets and reuse, Ouagadougou
58 Burkina Faso Launch of ecosan during Film Festival with mobile urine diversion toilets
and waterless urinals and use of the mobile units in subsequent events,
Ouagadougou
59 Burkina Faso Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals to obtain fertiliser for
conservation agriculture.Ouagadougou
60 Burkina Faso Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in the rural communities and
schools of Nassr, Rollo, Rouko and Zimtenga in the Province of Bam
61 Cambodia
62 Chad
63
64
65
66
China
China
China
China
67 China
68 China
69 China
70 China
Community-led Total Sanitation with urine diversion dehydration toilets in

Kampong Cham
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in refugee camps of Farchana,
Kounoungo and Mile

Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Zhonghe Village,
Kunming, Yunnan Province
Ecosan pilot projects with reuse of wastewater and compost in the ecocity
programmes in Yangzhou and Changzhou, Jiangsu Province
Ecosan project in Xianrendong Village with urine diversion dehydration
toilets and biogas units for households and schools, Yunnan Province
Erdos Ecotown Project, Dongsheng District, Inner Mongolia Autonomous
Region
71 China
72 Congo
Brazzaville
73 Cote d'Ivoire
74 Denmark
75 Denmark
76 Ecuador
77 Ecuador
78 Ecuador
79 Ecuador
80 Ecuador
81 Egypt
82 Egypt
83 Egypt
84 El Salvador
85 Ethiopia
86 Ethiopia
87 Ethiopia
88 Ethiopia
89 Ethiopia
90 Fiji
91 Finland
92 Georgia
Ecosan toilets to improve sanitation in a middle school in Zhao Jiagou

Village, Shanxi Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in Ganga Edouard Primary
School
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the workers' villages of SAPH agro
industries in the rubber tree industry
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Chordeleg, Azuay
Province
Constructed wetlands with reuse for a new urban settlement in Sabiango

Town, Loja Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the building complex of Pestalozzi
Foundation, Pichincha Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the Achuar-Indios in the Province of
Pastaza (pilot project AMAZONICA)
Decentralised wastewater management in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate
(with reuse?)
Improvement of the effluent quality of aerated lagoons (ponds) by
membrane filtration and reuse of treated wastewater in a village near Cairo
Subterra constructed wetlands for treatment of wastewater from cruise
liners on the Nile with reuse in agriculture, Luxor
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and solar toilets tested with households
in rural areas
Urine diversion dehydration toilets on the campus of Adama University,
Adama
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa
(ROSA) using several technologies, Arba Minch
Large-scale rural sanitation with arborloos and fossa alterna toilets for
households
Biogas sanitation plants in seven schools in Addis Ababa, Jimma and
Bahir Dar
Composting toilets and greywater reuse in a wastewater garden at a
tropical resort, Beqa Island
Ecological sanitation with different types of toilets at Kangasalan
Yhteiskyl communal village, Kangasala town
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland for two
schools, households and a training centre in Mtskheta, Zugdidi, Khashuri,
Dusheti and Gori Districts.
93 Germany
Development and combination of innovative system components from

process engineering, information technology and ceramics to create a
sustainable technology for water and nutrient cycles, Kaiserslautern.
94 Germany
Sustainable water management and wastewater purification in tourism

facilities project (SWAMP) using urine separation toilets at Stranddorf
Augustenhof
95 Germany
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at the Huber SE

office building, Berching.
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system in buildings of
the Berliner Wasserbetriebe in the Sanitation Concept for Separate
Treatment (SCST) project, Berlin
96 Germany
97 Germany
98 Germany
99 Germany
100 Germany
101 Germany
102 Germany
103 Germany
104 Germany
105 Germany
106 Germany
107 Germany
108 Germany
109 Germany
110 Germany
Restaurant and farm with biogas plant, Waldmichelbacher Hof,

Bessenbach
Composting toilets and constructed wetlands for multi-story buildings at the
ecological settlement of Bielefeld Waldquelle, Bielefeld
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at
Lambertsmuehle museum, Burscheid
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse systems within the project
'Alternatives for urban water supply and wastewater infrastructure systems'
(AKWA 2100), Northrhine-Westfalia
Urine and brownwater separation (and partial treatment) at the GTZ main
office building, Eschborn
Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for a
residential and office building at Vauban, Freiburg
Vacuum sewerage and greywater recycling at the Ostarkade office building
of the KfW Bankengruppe, Frankfurt
Composting toilets and constructed wetland for a residential area at
Braamwisch, Hamburg
Multiple sanitation technologies for decentralised treatment and reuse at
Oeko-Technik Park, Hannover
The Emscher River Head Centre - decentralised wastewater treatment
with separation of brown, grey and yellowwater
facilities project (SWAMP) using reedbed treatment at the Elbterassen
Wussegel tourism facility, Hitzacker
Composting toilets and constructed wetland with reuse for a residential
area at Hassee, Kiel
Decentralised water and wastewater treatment and reuse for a housing
development area through the Decentralised Urban Infrastructure Systems
(DEUS 21) project, Knittlingen
111 Germany

facilities project (SWAMP) using vacuum toilets and waterless urinals at
the Burg Lenzen tourism facility, Lenzen
112 Germany
Ecological housing estate at Flintenbreite (vacuum toilets and constructed

wetlands), Lbeck
Rural farm and ecological conference centre with biogas plant and
constructed wetland at Wacholderhof, Murrhardt
Greywater recycling in Hotel Arabella Sheraton Am Bsing Palais,
Offenbach
Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for the
visitor centre of the national park Jasmund, Rgen
facilities project (SWAMP) using urine diversion toilets at the Park Morna
See tourism facility, Soltau
113 Germany
114 Germany
115 Germany
116 Germany
117 Germany
118 Ghana
119 Ghana
120 Guinea
(Conakry)
Vacuum toilets and biogas plant as a part of the Hamburg Water Cycle
concept implementation in a new residential area in Jenfeld, Hamburg
Pilot scale co-composting of faecal sludge and organic solid waste,
Kumasi (currently not in operation)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools in Ansoumaniya,
Dubrka and Kissidougou, Conakry, Kindia, Guinea
121 Guinea
(Conakry)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools Bamban High School and
Sguyah Primary School (Kindia)
122 Guinea
(Conakry)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in schools of Salloube, and Tialre and

the community of Dalaba
123 Guinea
(Conakry)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the Community of Damakhanyah in

Kindia
124 Guinea
(Conakry)
125 Guinea
(Conakry)
126 Haiti
127 Haiti
128 India

Urine diversion dehydration toilet centres at Navsarjan Boarding Schools,
Gujarat
Demonstration of an eco-friendly, reuse-oriented public toilet centre in
Rajendra Nagar Slum, Bangalore, Karnataka (no longer in use)
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as compost
toilets) in four villages (including tsunami hit villages) of Trichy and Nagai
Districts, Tamil Nadu
129 India
130 India
131 India
132 India
133 India
134 India
135 India
136 India
137 India
138 India
139 India
140 India
141 India
142 India
143 India
Total Sanitation Campaign Project using urine diversion dehydration toilets

(locally known as composting toilet), Mysore, Karnataka
Sustainable sanitation infrastructure project at the pilgrimage town of
Pandharpur, Maharashtra
Pour-flush toilets with biogas plant at DSK (Dalit Shakti Kendra) Training
Institute, Gujarat
Community-based, public toilet centre with a decentralised wastewater
treatment and reuse system (pilot project) at Ullalu Upanagara, Bangalore
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as composting toilets) for
ten schools in rural areas (including tsunami hit villages), Tamil Nadu
Three public urine diversion dehydration toilet complexes (locally known as
Ecosan Community Compost Toilets) in Musiri Town linked to agricultural
research trials at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Decentralised wastewater management at Adarsh College, Badlapur,
Maharashtra
Zero-discharge, recycling toilet being tested for Indian trains and
communal toilet blocks, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Decentralised wastewater treatment in Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary
and Secondary Ashram School, Sarole Pathar, Maharashtra
Improved traditional composting toilets with urine diversion, Leh, Jammu
and Kashmir
Demonstration of household urine diversion dehydration toilets in
Nagasandra Village, Karnataka
144 India
145 India
146 India
147 India
148 India
149 India
150 India
151 India
152 India
153 India
154 India
155 India
156 India
157 Indonesia
158 Indonesia
159 Israel
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households at a coastal area in
Bhuvneshwar, Orissa
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in the drought-prone,
water-scarce area of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at rural households as a demonstration
of an effective sanitation option for the state of Nagaland
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in a village near New
Delhi
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Oasis Resort,
Pune City
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Kamilini Kuteer
Resort, Khariv, Pune
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at residential
complexes at Khidkali and Desai, Thane, Mumbai
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets at Poonjeri Habitation,
Mahabalipurum Town, Tamil Nadu
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural farming households in
hilly village of Talavadi village, Tamil Nadu
Promotion of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural
households in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems with reuse for urban lowincome settlements, Tangerand and Surabaya
Pilot testing of ecological sanitation technologies at the Center for Urban
Community Empowerment (Pusdakota), Kali Rungkut, Surabaya
Landscape-integrated constructed wetland system for the treatment and
reuse of greywater of a residential block at Ganei Tikva (not authorised for
operation yet)
160 Japan
161 Jordan

162 Jordan
Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse for

households
163 Kazakhstan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in and around Aksu-Jabagly and

Naurzum Game Reserves
(ROSA), using urine diversion dehydration toilets and a wetland, Nakuru
Developing service providers of compost and biogas plants for small scale
farmers in western Nyanza rift valley, central and eastern provinces of
Kenya
164 Kenya
165 Kenya
166 Kenya
167 Kenya
168 Kenya

169 Kenya
Public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk at a bus park in Naivasha,
Kenya, Rift Valley Province (one sub-project of larger ecosan project)
170 Kenya
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at St. Francis Nyangajo Girls Boarding

High School in Kendu Bay
Implementation of urine diversion dehydration toilets by Community Based
Organisations, Ugunja District, Western Kenya (one sub-project of larger
ecosan project)
171 Kenya
172 Kosovo
173 Kosovo
174 Kyrgyzstan
175 Kyrgyzstan
176 Kyrgyzstan
177 Lebanon
178 Lesotho
179 Lesotho
180 Lesotho
181 Malawi
182 Malawi
183 Malawi
184 Mali
185 Mali
186 Mexico
187 Mexico
188 Moldova

Piloting urine diversion dehydration toilets in Vranic and Blace Villages,
Suva Reka Municipality
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for six schools and one madrasah in
rural areas
Greywater treatment and reuse for households in Tanoura Village, Rasha
Caza
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the domestic
wastewater of single households in Maseru and Mapoteng
wastewater of three institutions in Maseru, Thaba Bosiu and Rothe
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the wastewater
of three tourism facilities in Butha Buthe and Thaba Bosiu
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for poor households in the cities of
Lilongwe, Blantyre and Mzuzu
Low cost sanitation with arboloo, fossa alterna and skyloo latrines in rural
areas of Embangweni, Thylo and Phalombe
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households and women's centres in
Commune VI, Bamako
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater treatment contributing to
the protection of El Tule Lagoon
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a kindergarten, a school and
households in Criscauti, Bolduresti and Bacseni Villages, Drochia and
Causeni Towns
189 Mongolia
190 Mongolia
191 Morocco
192 Mozambique Fossa alterna latrines in peri-urban areas of Lichinga City, Niassa Province
193 Mozambique Fossa alterna and arborloo latrines in rural and peri-urban areas, Niassa
Province
194 Mozambique Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural resettlement area, Sofala
Province
195 Namibia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with peri-urban households in Mariental
Town
196 Namibia
197 Namibia
Sanitation centres with vacuum toilets and biogas plants for an informal
urban settlement in northern Namibia
198 Nepal
199 Nepal
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Darechowk VDC (Open Defecation

Free Declaration Programme) Chitwan District
200 Nepal
201 Nepal
202 Nepal

Biogas digesters for household sanitation in the Nepal Biogas Support
Program
Urine diversion toilets as a part of the Rural Village Water Resources
Management Project (RVWRMP), Kailali District
203 Nepal
204 Nepal
205 Netherlands
206 Netherlands

Greywater treatment of a residential area using a constructed wetland,
Groningen
207 Netherlands
Greywater treatment and reuse as a part of the Green Roof Project for
ecological housing, Utrecht
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals. For villages of Dan Bid,
Maifarou,Milli, Saja Manja, Dogoraoua,Tsamiya Bakoye ,Zabon Mousso,
and Malloumey Saboua in Agui
208 Niger
209 Niger
210 Nigeria
211 North Korea
(Peoples
Democratic
Republic of
Korea)
212 Palestine
213 Peru
214 Peru
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and fossa alterna latrines linked with
Farmer Field Schools in rural areas, Aguie
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in six riverine communities in
Cross River State
Decentralised wastewater treatment system (biogas plants with
constructed wetlands) in Yonton County
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with households in rural and peri-urban

areas of Hebron District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets as a part of a private public partnership
project in the Regions of Lima, Cusco and San Martin
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the
rainforest of three districts, Region Loreto
215 Peru
216 Peru
217 Peru
218 Peru
219 Peru
220 Peru
221 Peru
222 Peru
223 Peru
224 Peru
225 Peru
226 Peru
227 Peru
228 Peru
229 Philippines
230 Philippines
231 Philippines
232 Philippines
233 Philippines
234 Philippines
235 Romania
236 Romania
237 Russia
238 Rwanda
239 Rwanda
240 Rwanda
241 Rwanda
242 Rwanda
243 Rwanda
244 Rwanda
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlment

Nieveria, Lima
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets as emergency sanitation in
rural areas of three districts in Caete Province, Region Lima
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlement
Nuevo Pachacutec, Lima
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for the squatter settlement
Huascar in San Juan de Lurigancho District, Province Lima
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the peri-urban zones of
Ica City, Region Ica
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the
rainforests near Pucallpa Town, Region Ucayali
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural mountain villages of
Huallanca District, Region Ancash
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in Huanta District, Region
Ayacucho
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for peri-urban households in
Sechura City, Region Piura
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas around Pisco
Town, Region Ica
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Lalaquiz
District, Region Piura
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Zurite
District, Region Cusco
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for poor native families in the
rainforest near Satipo in the department of Junn
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with reuse in allotment gardens,
Cagayan de Oro
Rural community and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in Misamis
Oriental, Libertad, Initao and Manticao (province of Misamis Oriental)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at the Lumad
Infirmary Hospital, Balit, Agusan Del Sur Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at a rural
school, Garla Mare, Mehedinti District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for institutions and households in Garla
Mare and Vrata, Mehedinty, Beiu-teleorman, Pietrele-Giurgiu County
Biotoilet installations at the Kizhi Reserve Museum, Kizhi Island, Republic
of Karelia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two rural schools, Huye and
Ngororero Districts
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural secondary school,
Nyamagabe District
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in a business centre, Bulera
District
245 Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural communities and

schools of Burera, Musanze, Nyabihu, Rubavu and Rusizi Districts
246 Senegal
247 Sierra Leone Urine diversion composting toilets as community sanitation in Chiefdom
Pejeh, Pujehun District
248 Sierra Leone Ecosan toilets at the Holy Rosary Secondary School for girls, Pujehan City
249 Sierra Leone Ecosan public toilets for a market site at Waterloo
250 South Africa Provision of sustainable sanitation services with urine diversion
dehydration toilets to peri-urban and rural communities in the eThekwini
(Durban) Municipality
251 South Africa
252 South Africa
253 South Africa
254 South Africa
255 Sri Lanka
256 Swaziland
257 Sweden
258 Sweden
259 Sweden
260 Sweden
261 Sweden
262 Sweden
263 Sweden
264 Sweden
265 Switzerland
266 Switzerland
267 Switzerland
268 Syria
269 Tajikistan
270 Tajikistan
271 Tanzania
272 Tanzania
273 Tanzania
274 Tanzania
275 Togo
276 Togo

Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Emzamweni High School, Msunduzi
in KwaZulu-Natal Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in Eastern Cape
Province
Toilet Rehabilitation Project for disaster areas using urine diversion
dehydration toilets
Urine diversion composting toilets and enviroloos as a part of the Dry
Sanitation project, Msunduza Township
Urine diversion dry toilets in the Gebers collective housing project,
Stockholm
Urine diversion flush toilets at Understenshjden ecovillage in the suburb
of Bjrkhagen, Stockholm
Urine diversion flush toilets at the neighbourhood of Skogaberg,
Gothenburg
Integrated Water Management with urine diversion flush toilets at
Elkanlandstad School, Mlndals
Testing of NoMix toilets and waterless urinals in Eawag's (Swiss Federal
Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) new main building 'the Forum
Chriesbach', Dbendorf
"UrinPur" pilot project with NoMix toilets, Liestal (these toilets were
removed in April 2009!)
Urine diversion toilets and decentralised domestic wastewater treatment
with a membrane bioreactor
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Matcha and Jabbor
Rasulov municipalities, Sogd Province
Constructed wetland and effluent reuse in a pilot area Majumbasita, Dar
Es Salaam
(ROSA), using urine diversion dehydration toilets, Arusha
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households and a school in Hai
District, Kilimanjaro region
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for Datcha and surrounding villages (in
planning phase)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the village and school of
Kouv, Prfecture de lAve
277 Togo
278 Togo

Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural and urban communities
in the Savannes Region
279 Togo
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools and communities of

Maritime (Lome), Kara and Savanna Regions
280 Turkey
281 Uganda

Composting toilets and Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in
Kisoro
282 Uganda
283 Uganda
284 Uganda
285 Uganda
286 Uganda
287 Uganda
288 Uganda
289 Uganda
290 Uganda
291 Uganda
292 Uganda
293 Uganda
294 Uganda
295 Ukraine

Resource-Orientated Sanitation Concepts for Peri-urban Areas in Eastern
Africa (ROSA), Kitgum Town Council
Water supply and ecological sanitation infrastructure rehabilitation projects
(Kalungu, Kanawat and several other towns)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland with reuse in
the Pdimu landing site ecosan project
Urine diversion dehydration and composting toilets as a part of the Lake
Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP), Ddimo
Multi-story urine diversion dehydration toilets in Rubaga Girls Secondary
School
Self-uptake of urine diversion dehydration toilets by households in Kabale
Municipality, Kabale District
Social marketing approach in scaling-up sanitation and hygiene with urine
diversion dehydration toilets in urban slums of Kawempe Division,
Kampala
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Biina primary school in Luzira,
Kampala
Kampala City Council (KCC) Ecological Sanitation Project testing urine
diversion dehydration toilets in slums, Kampala (regarded as not very
successful)
EcoSan Promotion in Adjumani Town Council, Arua Municipal Council and
Luwero Town Council
Urine diversion dehydration school toilets in ten schools in Gozhuly,
Bobryk, Yaremche, Vorochta, Stepanovka, Stepovoe, Sherbanka, Nova
kakhova, Gradenitsy, Nizhyn
296 Ukraine
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural households in Oblasts. Poltava,

Ivano Frankivsk, Chernigiv, Atremievsk, Feodosia, Nizhyn, Mikolaiiv, Kyiv,
Nova Kakhovka, Tatarbunary and Sevastopol.
297 United Arab

Emirates
298 United States
of America
(USA)
Three examples of wastewater reuse after reed bed treatment, Dubai,

Industrial Zone
Ecosanitation at the office of an engineering company in Bellingham
(further information pending)
299 United
Geo-textile based dry toilet tested in the Cairngorms National Park,
Kingdom (UK) Scotland
300 Uzbekistan
301 Uzbekistan
302 Vietnam
303 Vietnam
304 Yemen
305 Yemen
306 Yemen
307 Zambia
308 Zambia
309 Zambia
310 Zambia
311 Zambia
312 Zimbabwe
313 Zimbabwe
Regional
projects
Europe
Europe
West Africa

Urine diversion dehydration toilets for schools and households in urban
and rural areas
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for urban and peri-urban areas, Hanoi
City
Support Project to the Biogas Programme for the Agricultural Sector in
some provinces in Vietnam
Biogas digesters for sanitation in Al Shehr, Jaar, Jiblah and Zinjibar as a
part of the 'Provincial Towns Programme II' in Al Shehr, Jaar, Jiblah and
Zinjibar
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural schools in two governorates.
Hajja and Marib
Decentralised Wastewater Treatment System and biogas plant at
Pestalozzi Childrens Village in Kasisi, Lusaka
Urine diversion composting toilets as a part of the Madimba Integrated
Ecological Sanitation Project, Lusaka
Urine diversion toilets for household applied in the North-western and
Southern Provinces
Urine diversion composting toilets as a part of the Dry Sanitation
Improvement Programme for Zambia (ZASP), Kaloko Region
Promotion of "fossa alterna" toilets under emergency situations in
settlements in Hopley, Hatcliffe and Victoria Falls
Short-rotation willow biomass plantations irrigated and fertilised with

wastewaters (FAIR5-CT97-3947): 1998 - 2002
European Sanitary Waste Treatment Project, Sanbox (for remotely located
tourist facilities)
EU-Sanitation project network for Africa: NETSSAF (Network for the
development of sustainable approaches for large scale implementation of
sanitation in Africa), 2005 - 2008
ous organisations
Same as
column J
Start of use Estimated
number of
users
2009
2,000
2003
2007
3,600
150
2000
102
2008
12,500
2009
810
2005
5,000
planned
* Nos. given in bold are assumptions of people per household

German TC Case Study?
participation
No. of
people per
household
or per
school
No. of
sanitary
units or of
households
20
2006
2006
376
1,140
2007
1,500
2008
2000
16
20,000
2010
40
100
2000
36
6
3600
150
17
102
40
12,500
135
810
99
5,000
bio treat.
plant
10
Total no. of
people
served
376
1140
1500
7
16
20,000
30
40
147
150
460
?
150
1993
2008
2004
2007
690
10
1,350
1,000
2008
500
2004
2002 2002
460
1.33
X
2
114
15
690
10
1350
1,000
100
500
60
300
2009 not
applicable
(overarching
project)
2008
300
2009
5,000
1000
5,000
2009
500
100
500
2007
95
19
95
2009
1,000
1000
1,000
2008
unknown
2009
3,675
2009
75
15
75
2010
600
30
20
600
planned
2005
177
7.08
25
177
2007
1,280
6.50
197
1,280
2008
744
6.20
120
744
2008
42
7.00
42
2008
57
6.33
57
2009
300
15.00
20
300
2009
251
6.61
38
251
2009
137
5.07
27
137
2009
15,500
2008
2009
33
440
3
5
11
18
33
440
2009
440
18
440
2005
2,000
500
2,000
15,500
140
29
140
1,845
369
1845
750
22
750
120
30
120
1997
9,000
1,800
9,000
2006
41,510
5899
41510
2007
5,000
100
5000
2010
200,000
40
200000
2002
252
42
252
2005
866
2007
6,000
2007
2,000
2009
8,400
2008
83,242
2006
8,000
2009
440
2004
2005
2007
2003
175
196,000
18,800
426
5000
X
866
933
6000
2,000
1050
8,400
2000
8,000
88
440
42
20000
42
142
175
196000
18,800
426
X
X
X
3
1,100
2005
910
2003
2,900
1998
2,055,000
910
685,000
2055000
2006
370
2007
832
2007
30,000
1995
2000
16
40
46
1996
42
2001
850
1998
40
2003
70
2007
2,750
370
30000
2
2
8
20
12
16
40
46
850
40
10
70
2,750
500
500
2004
1,200
400
2000
624
2010
400
2006
78,000
1996
2004
500
269,200
2000
5,500
156
624
16.66666667
24
400
78000
5
5
100
53,840
500
269200
5500
1999
1997
36
2006
560
560
2007
200
200
14
36
14
2002
200
200
2003
35
35
1994
274
274
1994
400
400
2000
2000
15,800
15800
2005
400
2000
50
50
2002
350
350
1985
140
80
400
140
80
1995
800
800
2006
40
40
2003
40
40
1990
90
90
2004
200
2007
120
120
1999
380
380
380
380
500
500
1996
1995
2004
planned
2003
2002
2,500
2010
5,000
720
2500
X
156
32
5000
2008
2,000
1000
2000
2008
2,250
1000
11
2250
2008
14
250
2006
250
150
2006
150
2007
planned
2005
300
660
2000
300
X
24
2006
3,450
2006
90,000
660
1000
1,020
3,450
2010 planned
2005
800
2006
750
Dewats
750
2007
4,707
168
4,707
2005
690
34
690
2006
2,600
2007
100
100
2008
520
Greywater
treatment
Dewats
1
520
2,000
100
2010 planned
2005
100
800
2,600
X
X
2008
45
45
2008
175
35
175
2008
2008
250
500
5
5
50
100
250
500
2008
500
100
500
2008
100
20
100
2008
2008
60
175
5
5
12
35
60
175
2007
40
15 + ?
2009
800
Dewats
800
2009
25
Dewats
25
2009
1,276
Dewats
1,276
15
15
2003
200
2008
865
440
5.0
173
865
X
15
-
2,200
1997
2003
4,000
4,000
2002
225
2008
400
2006
230
2005
22
2010 planned
2006
1,000
2008
45,200
15
4
2200
31
X
4000
4000
225
22
400
230
22
X
X
40
1000
45200
20
1000+18
2008
1,800
1800
2010
40
2008
3,000
2000
2000
500
35
2007
2006
2008
60
1,500
2,000
2006
120
2007
184
184
2007
285
285
2007
250
250
2005
2,500
500
2500
2002
63,555
12711
63555
2002
11,000
1000
11
11000
2000
2005
350
350
2003
2006
35,000
150
35000
150
2008
310
2007
75
2007
30
2006
180
2000
304
20
150
3000
500
35
5
5
12
300
60
1500
2000
30
120
30
310
75
30
180
76
304
2001
120
2001
5,200
250
1,030
206
1030
2004
planned
60
X
X
12
60
2010
600
2008
4,302
2007
2003
1992
500
1,200
686,000
2003
2006
6,810
210
1999
1995
440
1989
20
2009
1,200
2007
1,260
2006
600
2009
10,000
4.17
2400
10000
2000
196
28
196
2008
300
60
300
2005
3,060
612
3060
5200
600
717
4302
500
1200
686,000
X
6
6
1135
35
6810
210
440
10
20
200
1200
210
1260
600
2004
600
120
600
2007
1,205
241
1205
2001
700
140
700
2007
1999
53
300
60
53
300
2007
460
92
460
2002
200
40
200
2004
75
15
75
2008
120
24
120
2005
410
82
410
2007
350
70
350
2008
1,200
240
1200
2008
1,005
201
1005
2009
205
41
205
2005
2005
2005
3,380
510
400
X
X
X
X
X
X
3380
510
400
2007
1,000
1000
2004
2003
1,550
100
2002
200
200
2006
510
510
1550
100
2008
2007
2,800
24
2800
2006
2001
2006
350
30,000
100
350
30000
100
2006
100
100
800,000
2000
2002
2006
15,227
1,875
75
244
25
15,227
1875
30,000
200,000
30
120
2010 planned
2010 planned
2005
200,000
2003
2003
1997
120
2005
2007
1994
1998
80
80
1996
1995
160
160
160
160
2005
254
1999
50
600
2004
400
2003
254
600
44
400
2004
2000
2008
2008
14,000
2,500
309
2000
7,000
7000
2006
37,000
37000
2002
225
225
planned
600
600
2009
750
X
44
12.5
20
2500
309
750
2006
2007
42,900
32,555
2009
49,500
35.75
1200
42900
32555
49500
X
2000
1,235
247
1235
1996
2006
40,000
2003
400
2002
2,000
80000??
X
45
400
1997
2005
650
1999
2,500
750
650
5
5
500
150
2500
750
2008
100
2002
700
2007
1,000
2004
2,175
2006
270
2005
270
100
5
140
2175
90
planned
2008
700
270
2003
2007
2,000
675
>300
2000
675
27,000
108000
2004
2003
108,000
2002
4
X
2008 planned
2009
900
2009
2003
270
500
2004
planned
900
6
45
270
500
2006
2,000
1997
2006
23,000
2000
1998
2010 planned
2005
60 users
ons of people per household from the country list

Comments
hh size assumption from country list
Planned beneficiaries: 12,000
assumptions made, see entry
but also includes flush toilets in school

more toilets are planned
30 household systems
user per day
Technologies used
UDDTs
Biogas
Constructed
wetlands
Pupils in school estimated - still to check


Pupils in school estimated - still to check
Total number of people served given in

report as 600 direct beneficiaries (this
means 30 people per household!?)
hh size chosen to match the statement:

25 UDDTs and 177 beneficiaries!
hh size chosen to match the stated
figures on number of UDDTs and number
of beneficiaries
of beneficiaries
of beneficiaries
of beneficiaries
of beneficiaries
of beneficiaries
of beneficiaries

(+350 students)
18 households and 1 school (hh assumed
from country list; school size assumed to
be 350 like in the other Bhutan project)
Assumption: 5000 people per

municipality.
The 6000 users are only for the hh

UDDTs. Users unknown for the public
toilets
Have converted number of users to a
daily average based on first event
Average hh size from country list
I would like to know how many toilets
were constructed. Large project!? Is it
counting indirect beneficiaries, too?
Assumption for number of users per
UDDT; sent e-mail to get actual number
Assuming an average of 5 people per
household, 1:5(facility to persons) total
no. of users will be 440. Given 88
facilities,
No. Of users per day

Assume hh size from country list

Assuming an average of 6 people per

household, 1:6 (facility to persons) total
no. of users will be 42. Given 7 facilities,
Assuming an average of 150 litres per

day/person for Egypt, 60m3/day (60,000
litres) of wastewater means 1200 people
are served.

Recent info from CRS Ethiopia. Average
hh size from country list.
Family houses
Assume 2 people per holiday home
10 users assumed for office
average hh size from country list
rough guess - it is a building for seminars

and workshops
WW treatment for p.e.
5000 based on the number of pupils.that

have access to the facility from 2 schools.
Needs checking! 156 pupils per toilet??
2000 is based on the average number of

pupils in each school.Needs checking!!!
11 facilities built in two schools and a

community.Total no.of people served is
based on the average no. Of school
pupils and a community average of (250)
Total number of people served is based

on the average number of people per
community according to UNICEF
standards(250).(yet to clarify from contact
persons)
Total no. Of people served is based on

urinals
average number of people per community
Needs checking!!
total number of people served is given in
report as 150 direct beneficiaries (this
means 30 people per household(5)).
no longer in use
90,000 families? How many actual no. Of

users? Users of UDDTs?
Future expansion to 9,000 trains
Project not constructed yet.
urinals

Estimated no of users entered. Change
after info from P. Thakur

of beneficiaries
550 residences with estimated 2,200

inhabitants (assuming 4
people/household from country list)
Reuse from 100 m wastewater/day
4000 farms use the wastewater (these
are counted as beneficiaries, not the
people who produce the sewage!)
Assumed currently from country list.
Change no. of people per hh after
checking
assumptions made,see entry.
1000 household UDDTs and 18 UDDTs at

institutions. Assume 20 users per
household UDDT. (I subtracted the
amounts for the two sub-projects)
Assumption: each day of a week we have

250 new users (travellers etc.) and 50
permanent users. We then calculated per
week: 250*7 + 50 (difficult to decide how
users of public toilets should be counted
here!)
estimated to have started in 2010. Yet to
clarify by sending mail.
Guess: 150 UDDTs built
household size assumed from country list


Number of pupils per school assumed to
be 1000
abandoned

5 UDDTs. Assuming 1 UDDT is to 15

persons ,the estimated number of people
will be 75.
2 UDDTs. Assuming the average person/
UDDT is 15 persons ,the estimated
number of people will be 30.
Assuming an average of 1:15 (1 UDDT to
15 users) 4 squatting pans (UDDTs) will
mean 60 users. 2 waterless urinals for
boys based on UNESCO Kenya
standards will be 1:60 for
boys=120.Hence total number of users
will be 180.

No.of users is assaumed to be 250.based
on information given on the project range
50 - 250 people for an informal
settlement.needs checking!
35,000ltrs p.a divided meaning 9.589
litres/day equivalent to 6.3person/day
since average litres per person/day is 1.5
litres.so given 100 UDDTs it will make 600
persons served.
Average household size for rural areas in
Nepal is 6 persons(Central Bureau of
Statistics,Nepal.),totalling 4302 users
Project estimated to have started in
2008.yet to clarify by sending out e mails.
70% of 980000 beneficiaries are
connected to toilets
hh size assumption from country list;
Sulabh toilets are NOT included in this
count
Assuming an average household size of 4
for Netherland,110 dwellings will mean
440 users.
with an average of 6 people per
household total no. of users is estimated
to be approx. 1200. yet to confirm year of
project
Six communities approximately ### number of
persons - assumed 100 people per community
HH size calculated



hh size assumption from country list; not
counting the 3 schools UDDTs as school
size is not known.
based on assumptions, see entry


in one village??- check how many actual
users
???? Needs checking as it is a large

program!
By end of 2010: will be total 136 toilet
units in all 19 villages, for 10,000 people.
450 users
750 users
HH size calculated plus 500 pupils

assumed
HH size calculated - seems very high!
60 school facilities and 364 household

facilities: assume hh size based on
country list and school size of 500 pupils
Catchment area: 50,000 people; 14

school blocks in Lome area, 8 blocks in
Kara and 44 blocks in Dapaong area ( to
date) - assume 750 pupils per school to
match the total given
check technology used and no. Of users?
Assumes inhabitants, not actual no. of

users. No info on no. of toilets
??? From where is this number?

office building, number of users not

known (is it built yet?)
number of users not known
Planned are 150,000 units serving

800,000 people by 2011
up to 60 people per module
53
Worldwide list of documented ecosan projects by various organisations

Notes:
- A more detailed list (with type of technology, reuse system, experiences etc.) is available on request (e-mail: ecosan@gtz.de).
- The list includes: sustainable sanitation / ecosan projects with reuse of some or all treated waste streams in principle being aimed for
(even if reuse is not fully achieved, e.g. UDDTs where urine is infiltrated are included in the list); only domestic sanitation projects.
- Projects not included in the list: small research projects; industrial wastewater reuse; non-reuse projects
- Number of users is only a rough estimate and may include one-time users (mobile urinals) or school pupils etc.
- Over 30 projects also have SuSanA case studies (see: http://www.susana.org/lang-en/case-studies)
- Several smaller projects are often grouped together (thus the total project number is larger than the count of 307 in this table)
- If you spot any errors or omissions, please contact us (ecosan@gtz.de).
- This list was compiled by GTZ team "sustainable sanitation - ecosan" with input from many people.
Start of use of
installation
Estimated
number of
users
Country
Project name
Afghanistan
2009
2,000
2
3
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
2003
2007
3,600
150
Afghanistan
2000
102
Afghanistan
2008
12,500
Afghanistan
Bathroom construction with urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in

Katachel and Nasseri Villages, Kunduz Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for women at the Pedagogical Academy,
Kunduz
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested with households in rural areas of
Herat Province
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in villages in Dehrawud District,
Uruzgan Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two villages as a part of the Clean Village
Project, in Injeel District, Herat Province and Chaghcaharan City, Ghor Province
2009
810
Afghanistan
2005
5,000
Algeria
9
10
Armenia
Armenia
Public toilet and bath complexes with biogas digesters in five localities of Kabul
City
Integrated water and sewage management with effluent reuse in the Bni
Abbs Oasis
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in households and five schools in rural areas
of Hayanist, Fantan, Khachpar, Dzorghbyyur, Urud, Sverdlov, Saghmosavan
11
Australia
12
13
Australia
Australia
14
Australia
15
16
17
Austria
Austria
Austria
18
19
20
21
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
22
Bangladesh
23
Bangladesh
24
Bangladesh
25
Bangladesh
26
Bangladesh
27
Bangladesh
28
Bangladesh
29
Bangladesh
Last updated: 12 Nov. 2010
planned
2006
2006
376
1,140
Urine separating sanitation facilities at Maryborough Educational Centre (high

school), Victoria
The reuse oriented Water Reclamation and Management Scheme at Sydney
Olympic Park, Sydney
Urine diverting flush toilets and grey water recycling system with rural
communities at Kinglake, Victoria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and on-site greywater treatment at the
mountain hut 'Bettelwurf Htte', Karwendel Alpine Park
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Shabuzpur Tea Estate for the households
of the estate workers, Mowlobibazar District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets tested as sustainable emergency sanitation
in cyclone affected areas
Action research and construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs)
in seven hilly districts of Rangpur, Moulovibazar, Narsigdi, Sunamgonj,
Bandarban, Cngonj, Gaibandh (overarching project)
2007
1,500
2008
2000
16
20,000
2010
40
2004
2002
2002
460
1993
2008
2004
2007
690
10
1,350
1,000
2008
500
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) construction in 60 rural households

in Wrisipara, Gazipur Municipality
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in five schools in Gazipur
Municipality
Action research on ecological alternatives and construction of 100 UDDTs in
difficult areas of Gaibandha, Rangpur, Cngonj, Narsindhi, Moulovibazar,
Sunamgonj, Bandarban
2008
300
2009
5,000
2009
500
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) with 19 households in Pazulia and

Fawcal villages, Gazipur district under Gazipur Municipality
Sanitation block with biogas plant at G.K. Model High School in Dhirassharm
under Gazipur Municipality
Construction and promotion of concrete urine diversion pans through piloting
community-based urine diversion toilet (UDT) in Wrishipara Polli of Gazipur
Municipality
2007
95
2009
1,000
Page 965 of 985
2009
2008
150
not applicable
(overarching
project)
30
Bangladesh
31
Bangladesh
32
Bangladesh
33
Bangladesh
34
Bangladesh
35
Bangladesh
36
Bangladesh
37
38
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
39
Bangladesh
40
Bangladesh
41
Bangladesh
42
Bangladesh
43
44
Belarus
Bhutan
45
Bhutan
46
Bolivia
47
Bolivia
48
Bolivia
49
Bolivia
50
Bolivia
51
Bolivia
52
Bolivia
53
Bolivia
54
Bolivia
55
Botswana
56
Bulgaria
57
58
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
59
Burkina Faso
60
Burkina Faso
61
Cambodia
62
Chad
63
64
65
66
China
China
China
China
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) constructed in eight schools in

Gazipur City
Pilot demonstration of 10 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural
households at Sitakunda Upazila in Chittagong and Noakhali districts
Construction of 200 urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural
communities of Gazipur, Tangail, Mymensingh Municipalities
Construction of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the poor and
excluded of indigenous community in Durgapur, Netrokona
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) to improve sanitation at Bashaivog
and Bejgoan villages, Munshigonj in Bangladesh through information
dissemination and awareness raising
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural households in 16
villages in Naogoan, Jessore, Satkhira, Gazipur districts
Double vault composting toilets and urine diversion toilets in 4 rural villages in
Manikgonj and Gazipur Districts
Double vault composting and urine diversion in urban community of Rangamati
Bogra, Gaibandha, Joypurhat, linked to micro-financing
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities in
Bandarban, and Coxs Bazar
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets and action research in
difficult rural areas in Bandarban, Gaibandha, Chapainawabgonj Districts
Double vault composting and urine diversion toilets in rural communities of
Meherpur, and Naogoan Districts
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) in 20 flood prone villages in three
districts of Sirajgonj, Gaibandha and Kurigram (large scale project)
Urine diversion dehydration toilet project at Goenpasingma Lower Secondary
School and village, Zobel Geog Pemagatshel
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in 18 households and one school in
Euyamo Village, Teop Geog Punakha
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in San Pedro town,
Department (State) Santa Cruz
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Departments (States)
Oruro and Beni
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in the peri-urban areas of El
Alto, Desaguadero, Puerto Acosta and Warisata cities in Department (State) La
Paz and private sector development for the collection, treatment and reuse of
excreta in El Alto City
2009
3,675
2009
75
2010
600
planned
2005
177
2007
1,280
2008
744
2008
2008
42
57
2009
300
2009
251
2009
137
2009
15,500
2008
2009
33
440
2009
440
2005
2,000
140
1,845
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a school in Department (State)

Chuquisaca
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households, with private sector
development for the collection, treatment and reuse of excreta, in a peri-urban
area in Department (State) Cochabamba
750
120
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in rural areas of Saavedra,

Oquinawa and Mineros, Department (State) Santa Cruz
Rural household and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in the subregional Andean programme for basic services against poverty (PROANDES) in
the Departments (States) of Potos, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Oruro
1997
9,000
2006
41,510
Urine diversion dehydration toilets as emergency sanitation, Trinidad City,

Department (State) Beni
Urine Diversion and Dehydration Toilets in the Departments of Cochabamba,
Chuquisaca, Pando, Beni and Potosi, Bolivia
Rural urine diversion dehydration toilets (after 6 years), Hanahai and Paje
Villages
Household, school and public urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater
treatment systems in villages of Stara Zagora, Pleven and Sofia Provinces
Urban urine diversion dehydration toilets and reuse, Ouagadougou
Launch of ecosan during Film Festival with mobile urine diversion toilets and
waterless urinals and use of the mobile units in subsequent events,
Ouagadougou
2007
5,000
2010
200,000
2002
252
2005
866
2007
2007
6,000
2,000
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals to obtain fertiliser for

conservation agriculture.Ouagadougou
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in the rural communities and
schools of Nassr, Rollo, Rouko and Zimtenga in the Province of Bam
Community-led Total Sanitation with urine diversion dehydration toilets in
Kampong Cham
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in refugee camps of Farchana, Kounoungo
and Mile
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households in Zhonghe Village, Kunming,
Yunnan Province
2009
8,400
2008
83,242
2006
8,000
2009
440
2004
2005
2007
2003
175
196,000
18,800
426
Page 966 of 985
67
China
68
China
69
China
70
71
China
China
72
73
Congo Brazzaville
Cote d'Ivoire
74
75
76
77
78
Denmark
Denmark
Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador
79
Ecuador
80
Ecuador
81
Egypt
82
Egypt
83
Egypt
84
El Salvador
85
86
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
87
88
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
89
Ethiopia
90
Fiji
91
Finland
92
Georgia
93
Ecosan pilot projects with reuse of wastewater and compost in the ecocity
programmes in Yangzhou and Changzhou, Jiangsu Province
Ecosan project in Xianrendong Village with urine diversion dehydration toilets
and biogas units for households and schools, Yunnan Province
Erdos Ecotown Project, Dongsheng District, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
1,100
2005
910
2003
2,900

Ecosan toilets to improve sanitation in a middle school in Zhao Jiagou Village,
Shanxi Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in Ganga Edouard Primary School
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the workers' villages of SAPH agro
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Chordeleg, Azuay Province
Constructed wetlands with reuse for a new urban settlement in Sabiango Town,
Loja Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the building complex of Pestalozzi
Foundation, Pichincha Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for the Achuar-Indios in the Province of
Pastaza (pilot project AMAZONICA)
Decentralised wastewater management in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate (with
reuse?)
Improvement of the effluent quality of aerated lagoons (ponds) by membrane
filtration and reuse of treated wastewater in a village near Cairo
Subterra constructed wetlands for treatment of wastewater from cruise liners on
the Nile with reuse in agriculture, Luxor
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and solar toilets tested with households in
rural areas
Urine diversion dehydration toilets on the campus of Adama University, Adama
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA)
using several technologies, Arba Minch
Large-scale rural sanitation with arborloos and fossa alterna toilets for
households
Biogas sanitation plants in seven schools in Addis Ababa, Jimma and Bahir Dar
1998
2006
2,055,000
370
2007
2007
832
30,000
1995
2000
1996
2001
16
40
46
42
850
1998
40
2003
70
2007
2,750
Composting toilets and greywater reuse in a wastewater garden at a tropical

resort, Beqa Island
Ecological sanitation with different types of toilets at Kangasalan Yhteiskyl
communal village, Kangasala town
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland for two schools,
households and a training centre in Mtskheta, Zugdidi, Khashuri, Dusheti and
Gori Districts.
1999
Germany
Development and combination of innovative system components from process

engineering, information technology and ceramics to create a sustainable
technology for water and nutrient cycles, Kaiserslautern.
94
Germany
95
Germany
96
Germany
Sustainable water management and wastewater purification in tourism facilities

project (SWAMP) using urine separation toilets at Stranddorf Augustenhof
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at the Huber SE
office building, Berching.
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system in buildings of the
Berliner Wasserbetriebe in the Sanitation Concept for Separate Treatment
(SCST) project, Berlin
97
98
Germany
Germany
99
Germany
100
Germany
101
Germany
102
Germany
103
Germany
104
105
Germany
Germany
106
Germany
500
2004
400
2000
624
2010
2006
400
78,000
1996
2004
500
269,200
2000
5,500
1997
36
2006
560
2007
200
14
2002
200
2003
35
Restaurant and farm with biogas plant, Waldmichelbacher Hof, Bessenbach

Composting toilets and constructed wetlands for multi-story buildings at the
ecological settlement of Bielefeld Waldquelle, Bielefeld
Source separation, treatment and reuse sanitation system at Lambertsmuehle
museum, Burscheid
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse systems within the project
'Alternatives for urban water supply and wastewater infrastructure systems'
(AKWA 2100), Northrhine-Westfalia
1994
1994
274
400
2000
2000
15,800
Urine and brownwater separation (and partial treatment) at the GTZ main office
building, Eschborn
Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for a
residential and office building at Vauban, Freiburg
Vacuum sewerage and greywater recycling at the Ostarkade office building of
the KfW Bankengruppe, Frankfurt
Composting toilets and constructed wetland for a residential area at
Braamwisch, Hamburg
Multiple sanitation technologies for decentralised treatment and reuse at OekoTechnik Park, Hannover
2005
400
2000
50
2002
350
1985
140
80
1995
800
Page 967 of 985
107
Germany
The Emscher River Head Centre - decentralised wastewater treatment with

separation of brown, grey and yellowwater
project (SWAMP) using reedbed treatment at the Elbterassen Wussegel
tourism facility, Hitzacker
2006
40
108
Germany
2003
40
109
Germany
Composting toilets and constructed wetland with reuse for a residential area at
Hassee, Kiel
Decentralised water and wastewater treatment and reuse for a housing
development area through the Decentralised Urban Infrastructure Systems
(DEUS 21) project, Knittlingen
1990
90
110
Germany
2004
200
111
Germany

project (SWAMP) using vacuum toilets and waterless urinals at the Burg
Lenzen tourism facility, Lenzen
2007
120
112
Germany
1999
380
113
Germany
114
115
Germany
Germany
116
Germany
Ecological housing estate at Flintenbreite (vacuum toilets and constructed

wetlands), Lbeck
Rural farm and ecological conference centre with biogas plant and constructed
wetland at Wacholderhof, Murrhardt
Greywater recycling in Hotel Arabella Sheraton Am Bsing Palais, Offenbach
Vacuum toilets with on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system for the
visitor centre of the national park Jasmund, Rgen
project (SWAMP) using urine diversion toilets at the Park Morna See tourism
facility, Soltau
117
Germany
planned
118
119
Ghana
Ghana
120
Guinea (Conakry)
121
Guinea (Conakry)
Vacuum toilets and biogas plant as a part of the Hamburg Water Cycle concept
implementation in a new residential area in Jenfeld, Hamburg
Pilot scale co-composting of faecal sludge and organic solid waste, Kumasi
(currently not in operation)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools in Ansoumaniya,
Dubrka and Kissidougou, Conakry, Kindia, Guinea
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools Bamban High School
and Sguyah Primary School (Kindia)
122
Guinea (Conakry)
123
124
125
126
127
128
Guinea (Conakry)
Guinea (Conakry)
Guinea (Conakry)
Haiti
Haiti
India
129
India
130
India
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in schools of Salloube, and Tialre and the
community of Dalaba
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in the Community of Damakhanyah in Kindia
Urine diversion dehydration toilet centres at Navsarjan Boarding Schools,
Gujarat
Demonstration of an eco-friendly, reuse-oriented public toilet centre in Rajendra
Nagar Slum, Bangalore, Karnataka (no longer in use)
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as compost toilets)
in four villages (including tsunami hit villages) of Trichy and Nagai Districts,
Tamil Nadu
131
India
132
India
133
India
134
India
135
India
136
India
137
India
138
India
139
India
140
141
India
India
142
India
143
India
1996
1995
2004
380
500
2003
2002
2,500
-
2010
5,000
2008
2,000
2008
2,250
2008
2006
2006
2007
planned
2005
250
250
150
300
2000
660
2006
3,450
Total Sanitation Campaign Project using urine diversion dehydration toilets

(locally known as composting toilet), Mysore, Karnataka
Sustainable sanitation infrastructure project at the pilgrimage town of
Pandharpur, Maharashtra
Pour-flush toilets with biogas plant at DSK (Dalit Shakti Kendra) Training
Institute, Gujarat
Community-based, public toilet centre with a decentralised wastewater
treatment and reuse system (pilot project) at Ullalu Upanagara, Bangalore
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (locally known as composting toilets) for ten
schools in rural areas (including tsunami hit villages), Tamil Nadu
Three public urine diversion dehydration toilet complexes (locally known as
Ecosan Community Compost Toilets) in Musiri Town linked to agricultural
research trials at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
2006
90,000
Decentralised wastewater management at Adarsh College, Badlapur,

Maharashtra
Zero-discharge, recycling toilet being tested for Indian trains and communal
toilet blocks, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Decentralised wastewater treatment in Shree Baleshwar Anudanit Primary and
Secondary Ashram School, Sarole Pathar, Maharashtra
Improved traditional composting toilets with urine diversion, Leh, Jammu and
Kashmir
Demonstration of household urine diversion dehydration toilets in Nagasandra
Village, Karnataka
Page 968 of 985
2010
2005
800
2006
750
2007
4,707
2005
690
2006
2,600
2007
100
2008
520
2010
2005
2,000
100
2008
45
2008
175
144
145
India
India
146
India
147
India
148
149
150
151
India
India
India
India
152
India
153
India
154
India
155
India
156
India
157
Indonesia
158
Indonesia
159
Israel
160
161
162
Japan
Jordan
Jordan
163
Kazakhstan
164
Kenya
165
Kenya
166
167
168
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
169
Kenya
170
Kenya
171
Kenya
172
173
Kosovo
Kosovo
174
175
176
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
177
178
Lebanon
Lesotho
179
Lesotho
180
Lesotho
181
Malawi
182
Malawi
183
184
185
Malawi
Mali
Mali
186
Mexico
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households at a coastal area in
Bhuvneshwar, Orissa
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in the drought-prone, waterscarce area of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at rural households as a demonstration of an
effective sanitation option for the state of Nagaland
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in a village near New Delhi
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Oasis Resort, Pune
City
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at Kamilini Kuteer
Resort, Khariv, Pune
Decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse system at residential complexes
at Khidkali and Desai, Thane, Mumbai
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets at Poonjeri Habitation,
Mahabalipurum Town, Tamil Nadu
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for rural farming households in hilly
village of Talavadi village, Tamil Nadu
Promotion of urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural households in
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems with reuse for urban low-income
settlements, Tangerand and Surabaya
Pilot testing of ecological sanitation technologies at the Center for Urban
Community Empowerment (Pusdakota), Kali Rungkut, Surabaya
Landscape-integrated constructed wetland system for the treatment and reuse
of greywater of a residential block at Ganei Tikva (not authorised for operation
yet)
2008
2008
250
500
2008
500
2008
100
2008
2008
2007
2009
60
175
40
800
2009
25
2009
1,276
15
2003
200
2008
865
15
not yet started
2,200

Demonstration of decentralised wastewater treatment and reuse for households
1997
2003
2002
4,000
4,000
225
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in and around Aksu-Jabagly and Naurzum

Game Reserves
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA),
using urine diversion dehydration toilets and a wetland, Nakuru
Developing service providers of compost and biogas plants for small scale
farmers in western Nyanza rift valley, central and eastern provinces of Kenya
2008
400
2006
230
2005
22
2010
2006
2008
1,000
45,200
Public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk at a bus park in Naivasha, Kenya,
Rift Valley Province (one sub-project of larger ecosan project)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at St. Francis Nyangajo Girls Boarding High
School in Kendu Bay
Implementation of urine diversion dehydration toilets by Community Based
Organisations, Ugunja District, Western Kenya (one sub-project of larger
ecosan project)
2008
1,800
2010
40
2008
3,000

Piloting urine diversion dehydration toilets in Vranic and Blace Villages, Suva
Reka Municipality
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for six schools and one madrasah in rural
areas
Greywater treatment and reuse for households in Tanoura Village, Rasha Caza
wastewater of single households in Maseru and Mapoteng
wastewater of three institutions in Maseru, Thaba Bosiu and Rothe
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems and reuse for the wastewater of
three tourism facilities in Butha Buthe and Thaba Bosiu
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for poor households in the cities of Lilongwe,
Blantyre and Mzuzu
Low cost sanitation with arboloo, fossa alterna and skyloo latrines in rural areas
of Embangweni, Thylo and Phalombe
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households and women's centres in
Commune VI, Bamako
2000
2000
500
35
2007
2006
2008
60
1,500
2,000
2006
2007
120
184
2007
285
2007
250
2005
2,500
2002
63,555
2002
2000
2005
11,000
350
2003
35,000
Page 969 of 985
187
Mexico
188
Moldova
189
190
191
192
193
Mongolia
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Mozambique
194
195
Mozambique
Namibia
196
197
Namibia
Namibia
198
Nepal
199
Nepal
200
201
202
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
203
204
Nepal
Nepal
205
206
Netherlands
Netherlands
207
Netherlands
208
Niger
209
Niger
210
211
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and greywater treatment contributing to the

protection of El Tule Lagoon
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for a kindergarten, a school and households
in Criscauti, Bolduresti and Bacseni Villages, Drochia and Causeni Towns
Fossa alterna latrines in peri-urban areas of Lichinga City, Niassa Province
Fossa alterna and arborloo latrines in rural and peri-urban areas, Niassa
Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural resettlement area, Sofala Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with peri-urban households in Mariental Town
Palestine
213
Peru
214
Peru
215
Peru
216
Peru
217
Peru
218
219
Peru
Peru
220
Peru
221
Peru
222
Peru
223
Peru
224
Peru
225
Peru
226
Peru
227
Peru
150
2008
310
2007
2007
2006
2000
2001
75
30
180
304
120
2001
5,200
1,030

Sanitation centres with vacuum toilets and biogas plants for an informal urban
settlement in northern Namibia
2004
planned
60
-
2010
600
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in Darechowk VDC (Open Defecation Free

Declaration Programme) Chitwan District
Biogas digesters for household sanitation in the Nepal Biogas Support Program
2008
4,302
2007
2003
1992
500
1,200
686,000

Urine diversion toilets as a part of the Rural Village Water Resources
Management Project (RVWRMP), Kailali District
Greywater treatment of a residential area using a constructed wetland,
Groningen
Greywater treatment and reuse as a part of the Green Roof Project for
ecological housing, Utrecht
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and urinals. For villages of Dan Bid,
Maifarou,Milli, Saja Manja, Dogoraoua,Tsamiya Bakoye ,Zabon Mousso, and
Malloumey Saboua in Agui
2003
2006
6,810
210
1999
1995
440
1989
20
2009
1,200
2007
1,260
2006
600
2009
10,000
2000
196
2008
300
2005
3,060
2004
600
2007
1,205
2001
700
2007
1999
53
300
2007
460
2002
200
2004
75
2008
120
2005
410
2007
350
2008
1,200
2008
1,005
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and fossa alterna latrines linked with Farmer
Field Schools in rural areas, Aguie
Nigeria
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in six riverine communities in Cross
River State
North Korea
Decentralised wastewater treatment system (biogas plants with constructed
(Peoples Democratic wetlands) in Yonton County
Republic of Korea)
212
2006
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with households in rural and peri-urban areas
of Hebron District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets as a part of a private public partnership
project in the Regions of Lima, Cusco and San Martin
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the rainforest of
three districts, Region Loreto
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlment Nieveria,
Lima
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets as emergency sanitation in rural
areas of three districts in Caete Province, Region Lima
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the squatter settlement Nuevo
Pachacutec, Lima
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for the squatter settlement
Huascar in San Juan de Lurigancho District, Province Lima
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in the peri-urban zones of Ica
City, Region Ica
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in the rainforests
near Pucallpa Town, Region Ucayali
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural mountain villages of
Huallanca District, Region Ancash
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets in Huanta District, Region
Ayacucho
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for peri-urban households in
Sechura City, Region Piura
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas around Pisco
Town, Region Ica
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Lalaquiz District,
Region Piura
Household urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural areas in Zurite District,
Region Cusco
Page 970 of 985
228
Peru
229
230
231
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
232
Philippines
233
234
Philippines
Philippines
235
Romania
236
Romania
237
Russia
238
Rwanda
239
240
241
Rwanda
Rwanda
Rwanda
242
243
244
245
Rwanda
Rwanda
Rwanda
Rwanda
246
247
Senegal
Sierra Leone
248
249
250
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone
South Africa
251
252
253
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
254
255
South Africa
Sri Lanka
256
Swaziland
257
258
259
260
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
261
262
263
264
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
265
Switzerland
266
Switzerland
267
Switzerland
268
269
270
Syria
Tajikistan
Tajikistan
271
Tanzania
272
Tanzania
273
Tanzania
274
Tanzania
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for poor native families in the
rainforest near Satipo in the department of Junn
Urine diversion dehydration toilets with reuse in allotment gardens, Cagayan de
Oro
Rural community and school urine diversion dehydration toilets in Misamis
Oriental, Libertad, Initao and Manticao (province of Misamis Oriental)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at the Lumad
Infirmary Hospital, Balit, Agusan Del Sur Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland at a rural school,
Garla Mare, Mehedinti District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for institutions and households in Garla Mare
and Vrata, Mehedinty, Beiu-teleorman, Pietrele-Giurgiu County
Biotoilet installations at the Kizhi Reserve Museum, Kizhi Island, Republic of
Karelia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in two rural schools, Huye and Ngororero
Districts
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in a rural secondary school, Nyamagabe
District
Public urine diversion dehydration toilets in a business centre, Bulera District
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural communities and schools of
Burera, Musanze, Nyabihu, Rubavu and Rusizi Districts
Urine diversion composting toilets as community sanitation in Chiefdom Pejeh,
Pujehun District
Ecosan toilets at the Holy Rosary Secondary School for girls, Pujehan City
Ecosan public toilets for a market site at Waterloo
Provision of sustainable sanitation services with urine diversion dehydration
toilets to peri-urban and rural communities in the eThekwini (Durban)
Municipality
2009
205
2005
2005
2005
3,380
510
400
2007
1,000
2004
2003
1,550
100
2002
200
2006
510
2008

Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Emzamweni High School, Msunduzi in
KwaZulu-Natal Province
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural villages in Eastern Cape Province
Toilet Rehabilitation Project for disaster areas using urine diversion dehydration
toilets
Urine diversion composting toilets and enviroloos as a part of the Dry Sanitation
project, Msunduza Township
Urine diversion dry toilets in the Gebers collective housing project, Stockholm
Urine diversion flush toilets at Understenshjden ecovillage in the suburb of
Bjrkhagen, Stockholm
Urine diversion flush toilets at the neighbourhood of Skogaberg, Gothenburg
Integrated Water Management with urine diversion flush toilets at Elkanlandstad
School, Mlndals
Testing of NoMix toilets and waterless urinals in Eawag's (Swiss Federal
Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) new main building 'the Forum
Chriesbach', Dbendorf
2003
2003
"UrinPur" pilot project with NoMix toilets, Liestal (these toilets were removed in
April 2009!)
Urine diversion toilets and decentralised domestic wastewater treatment with a
membrane bioreactor
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at households in Matcha and Jabbor Rasulov
municipalities, Sogd Province
Constructed wetland and effluent reuse in a pilot area Majumbasita, Dar Es
Salaam
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA),
using urine diversion dehydration toilets, Arusha
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for households and a school in Hai District,
Kilimanjaro region
2003
Page 971 of 985
2007
2,800
2006
2001
2006
350
30,000
100
2006
100
2000
2002
2006
15,227
1,875
2010
2010
2005
200,000
1997
2005
120
2007
1994
1998
1996
1995
80
160
160
2005
254
1999
50
600
2004
400
2004
2000
2008
2008
14,000
2,500
309
2000
7,000
2006
37,000
2002
225
275
Togo
276
Togo
277
278
Togo
Togo
279
Togo
280
281
282
283
284
Turkey
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
285
Uganda
286
Uganda
287
Uganda
288
Uganda
289
290
Uganda
Uganda
291
Uganda
292
293
Uganda
Uganda
294
Uganda
295
Ukraine
296
Ukraine
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for Datcha and surrounding villages (in
planning phase)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) for the village and school of Kouv,
Prfecture de lAve
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural and urban communities in
the Savannes Region
planned
600
2009
750
2006
2007
42,900
32,555
Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools and communities of

Maritime (Lome), Kara and Savanna Regions
Composting toilets and Urine diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in Kisoro
Resource-Orientated Sanitation Concepts for Peri-urban Areas in Eastern Africa
(ROSA), Kitgum Town Council
Water supply and ecological sanitation infrastructure rehabilitation projects
(Kalungu, Kanawat and several other towns)
Urine diversion dehydration toilets and constructed wetland with reuse in the
Pdimu landing site ecosan project
Urine diversion dehydration and composting toilets as a part of the Lake
Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP), Ddimo
Multi-story urine diversion dehydration toilets in Rubaga Girls Secondary School
2009
49,500
2000
1996
1,235
2006
40,000
2003
400
2002
2,000

Self-uptake of urine diversion dehydration toilets by households in Kabale
Municipality, Kabale District
Social marketing approach in scaling-up sanitation and hygiene with urine
diversion dehydration toilets in urban slums of Kawempe Division, Kampala
Urine diversion dehydration toilets at Biina primary school in Luzira, Kampala
Kampala City Council (KCC) Ecological Sanitation Project testing urine
diversion dehydration toilets in slums, Kampala (regarded as not very
successful)
2005
650
1999
2,500
750
2008
2002
100
700
EcoSan Promotion in Adjumani Town Council, Arua Municipal Council and

Luwero Town Council
Urine diversion dehydration school toilets in ten schools in Gozhuly, Bobryk,
Yaremche, Vorochta, Stepanovka, Stepovoe, Sherbanka, Nova kakhova,
Gradenitsy, Nizhyn
2007
1,000
2004
2,175
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for rural households in Oblasts. Poltava,

Ivano Frankivsk, Chernigiv, Atremievsk, Feodosia, Nizhyn, Mikolaiiv, Kyiv, Nova
Kakhovka, Tatarbunary and Sevastopol.
2006
270
2005
270
United Arab Emirates Three examples of wastewater reuse after reed bed treatment, Dubai, Industrial
Zone
United States of
Ecosanitation at the office of an engineering company in Bellingham (further
America (USA)
information pending)
United Kingdom (UK) Geo-textile based dry toilet tested in the Cairngorms National Park, Scotland
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for schools and households in urban and
rural areas
Vietnam
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for urban and peri-urban areas, Hanoi City
Vietnam
Support Project to the Biogas Programme for the Agricultural Sector in some
provinces in Vietnam
Yemen
Biogas digesters for sanitation in Al Shehr, Jaar, Jiblah and Zinjibar as a part of
the 'Provincial Towns Programme II' in Al Shehr, Jaar, Jiblah and Zinjibar
Yemen
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural schools in two governorates. Hajja
and Marib
Yemen
Zambia
Decentralised Wastewater Treatment System and biogas plant at Pestalozzi
Childrens Village in Kasisi, Lusaka
Zambia
Zambia
Urine diversion composting toilets as a part of the Madimba Integrated
Ecological Sanitation Project, Lusaka
Zambia
Urine diversion toilets for household applied in the North-western and Southern
Provinces
Zambia
Urine diversion composting toilets as a part of the Dry Sanitation Improvement
Programme for Zambia (ZASP), Kaloko Region
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Promotion of "fossa alterna" toilets under emergency situations in settlements in
Hopley, Hatcliffe and Victoria Falls
Regional projects
1997
Page 972 of 985
planned
2008
2003
2007
2,000
675
2004
2003
108,000
2002
2008
planned
2009
900
2009
2003
270
500
2004
2006
2,000
1997
2006
23,000
Europe
Europe
West Africa
Short-rotation willow biomass plantations irrigated and fertilised with

wastewaters (FAIR5-CT97-3947): 1998 - 2002
European Sanitary Waste Treatment Project, Sanbox (for remotely located
tourist facilities)
EU-Sanitation project network for Africa: NETSSAF (Network for the
development of sustainable approaches for large scale implementation of
sanitation in Africa), 2005 - 2008
1998
2010
2005
Sum of users (rough approximation only, includes sporadic users):
Page 973 of 985
4,800,000
Projects with the highest number of users (later: check these projects again!)
China
Rural sanitation with urine diversion

deydration toilets in Guanxi Province
1998
2,055,000
Nepal
Biogas digesters for household

sanitation in the Nepal Biogas Support
Program
1992
686,000
Ethiopia
Large-scale rural sanitation with

arborloos and fossa alterna toilets for
households
2004
269,200
Bolivia
Urine diversion dehydration toilets in

the departments of Cochabamba,
Chuquisaca, Pando, Beni and Potosi
2010
200,000
2005
200,000
2005
196,000
China
Provision of sustainable sanitation

services with urine diversion
dehydration toilets to peri-urban and
rural communities in the eThekwini
(Durban) Municipality
Community-led water and ecosan
programme, Shaanxi Province
Vietnam
Support Project to the Biogas

Programme for the Agricultural Sector
in some provinces in Vietnam
2003
108,000
India
Total Sanitation Campaign Project

using urine diversion dehydration
toilets (locally known as composting
toilet), Mysore, Karnataka
2006
90,000
Burkina Faso
Urine diversion dehydration toilets

(UDDTs) in the rural communities and
schools of Nassr, Rollo, Rouko and
Zimtenga in the Province of Bam
2008
83,242
Ethiopia
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts

for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA)
using multiple technologies, Arba
Minch
2006
78,000
Malawi
Low cost sanitation with arboloo, fossa

alterna and skyloo latrines in rural
areas of Embangweni, Thylo and
Phalombe
2002
63,555
Togo
Promotion of urine diversion

dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in schools
and communities of Maritime (Lome),
Kara and Savanna Regions
2009
49,500
Togo
Construction of urine diversion

dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in the
Plateau Region
2006
42,900
South Africa
Bolivia
Rural household and school urine

diversion dehydration toilets in the subregional Andean programme for basic
services against poverty (PROANDES)
in the Departments (States) of Potos,
Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Oruro
2006
41,510
Uganda
Resource-Orientated Sanitation
Concepts for Peri-urban Areas in
Eastern Africa (ROSA), Kitgum Town
Council
2006
40,000
2006
37,000
2003
35,000
2007
32,555
2007
30,000
2001
30,000
Mexico
Resource-Oriented Sanitation concepts

for peri-urban areas in Africa (ROSA),
using urine diversion dehydration
toilets, Arusha
Urban ecosan pilot program with
multiple technologies at Tepoztln
Togo
Promotion of urine diversion

dehydration toilets (UDDTs) in rural and
urban communities in the Savannes
Region
Tanzania
Cote d'Ivoire
Rwanda
Urine diversion dehydration toilets for

the workers' villages of SAPH agro
Biogas sanitation plants in prisons,
Cyangugu City
Ranking of Countries with the highest number of projects

Country
No. of projects
Ranking
Country
No. of Projects
India
29
Algeria
Germany
25
Armenia
Bangladesh
23
Australia
Peru
16
Austria
Uganda
13
Azerbajian
Bolivia
Bangladesh
23
China
Belarus
Rwanda
Bhutan
Sweden
Bolivia
Afghanistan
10
Botswana
Kenya
11
Bulgaria
Guinea(Conakry)
12
Burkina Faso
Philipines
13
Cambodia
Ethiopia
14
Chad
Nepal
15
China
South Africa
16
Congo-Brazavi
Togo
17
Cte dIvoire
Denmark
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Guinea-Conak
Haiti
India
Indonesia
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazahkstan
Kenya
Kosovo
Kyrgystan
Lebanon
Lesotho
Malawi
Mali
Mxico
Moldova
Mongolia
4
1
6
1
1
1
25
2
6
2
29
2
1
1
2
1
7
2
3
1
3
3
2
2
1
2
Marocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
Niger
North Korea
Palestine
Peru
Philippines
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Senegal
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Togo
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab E
USA
UK
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
1
3
3
5
3
1
1
1
16
6
2
1
8
1
3
5
1
1
8
3
1
2
4
5
1
13
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
2
. of Projects
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Sub-saharan APopulation n
Angola
13,300,000
Benin
7,300,000
Burundi
6,200,000
Cameroon
16,100,000
Cape verde
500,000
Central African
3,700,000
Comoros
727,000
Congo
3,800,000
Djibouti
700,000
DR Congo
58,300,000
Equatorial Gui
500,000
Eritrea
4,400,000
Gabon
1,400,000
Gambia
1,500,000
Guinea-Bissau
1,500,000
Liberia
3,500,000
Libya
5,600,000
Mauritania
3,000,000
Mauritius
1,200,000
Sao Tome and
200,000
Seychelles
100,000
Somalia
8,300,000
Sudan
39,100,000
Tunisia
10,000,000
Comments
Asia, Pacific Population n Comments
No infomation Azerbaijan
28,500,000
www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ECOSAN%20fertilisers.pdf
Bahrain
700,000
there is a loca Cyprus
793,100
Georgia
4,500,000
conference2005.ecosan.org/abstracts/r1.pdf
No infomation Iran
67,400,000
No infomation Iraq
25,900,000
Kuwait
2,500,000
Lao PDR
5,800,000
Malaysia
25,600,000
Maldives
300,000
Myanmar (Bur
50,100,000
North Korea
22,800,000
Oman
2,700,000
Qatar
700,000
Saudi Arabia
25,100,000
Singapore
4,200,000
South Korea
47,925,000
Taiwan
22,600,000
Timor-Leste
800,000
Turkmenistan
5,700,000
24
Numer of
countries
without
ecosan
projects:
91
21
Europe and C Population n Comments

Albania
3,200,000
Andorra
100,000
Belarus
9,800,000
Belgium
10,400,000
Bosnia and He
3,900,000
Czech Republi 10,200,000
Estonia
1,300,000
France
60,000,000
Greece
11,000,000
Hungary
10,100,000
Iceland
300,000
Ireland
4,100,000
Italy
57,800,000
Lativia
2,300,000
Liechtenstein
33,000
Lithuania
3,400,000
Luxembourg
500,000
Macedonia
2,000,000
Malta
400,000
Monaco
34,000
Montenegro
650,000
N.Ireland
1,690,000
Norway
4,600,000
Poland
38,200,000
Portugal
10,500,000
San Marino
30,000
Scotland
5,200,000
Serbia
Slovakia
Spain
Wales
Latin America Population n Comments

Argentina
37,900,000
Brazil
179,100,000
Chile
16,000,000
Colombia
45,300,000
Costa Rica
4,200,000
Guatemala
12,700,000
Guyana
860,000
Honduras
7,000,000
Nicaragua
5,600,000
Panama
3,200,000
Paraguay
6,000,000
Uruguay
3,400,000
Venezuela
26,200,000
North Americ
Canada
10,000,000
5,400,000
42,500,000
2,750,000
32
14
Populationn Comments
31,900,000
Caribbean/Oc Population n Comments

Cuba
11,300,000
Jamaica
2,600,000
New Zealand
4,100,000

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Introduction / disclaimer

Guidelines for Editors

Assmptions made on UDDT/person by country

EvM guess - needs checking!

EvM guess - needs checking!

EvM guess - needs checking!

with ecosan projects worldwide.

ype of toilet, e.g. 'urine

nges (e.g. an email, an

to the case studies with a

list in the other sheet).

29/07/2008 Christian Olt

Deleted the sheet of new projects

Water Treatment System:greywater treatment from the

Case study: Ecosan Pilot Projects in Yangzhou and

First ecosan Sanitation Mart in Kerala India- information from

Planning and Implementation of Water Supply and Sanitation

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program-information from

Ecological master plan in Accra Ghana--just added some

MEDWA Project in Jordan- information from Newsletter 22

Safe Drinking Water in Ukraine- information from Newletter 23

Working Group "Development of new sanitation systems"

Ecosan for school in Hayanist: Tapping Resources use the

Developing community-led water and sanitation initiatives in

Arborloos for 10,000 Households i nEthiopia-information from

Ecosan in Champapur and Kirtipur-information from

Namibia, CuveWates in Northern Namibia

Edited the report tittled; Piloting Ecological Sanitation Majumbasita Dar Es

2/11/2009 Christian Olt

2/20/2009 Annika Schpe

Added new column: "Available on SuSanA as case study"

2/26/2009 Joyce Ekuful

3/6/2009 Joyce Ekuful

3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful

Inserted ecosan within the community based natural resources

3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful

Inserted development from Ecosan concept for buidling from

3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful

Inserted Implementation of ecosan concept in the TZ projects "

3/9/2009 Joyce Ekuful

3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful

Inserted Biogas feasibility studies "Biogas for a better life" in

3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful

Inserted Ecosan and Biogas-spread through the Institute of

3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful

Inserted Ecosan in Schools project in cooperation with WTO

3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful

3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful

Inserted Ecosan concept in TZ Projects for decentralised rural

3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful

Inserted the project Spread of Ecosan and biogas through the

3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful

Inserted Wastewater management and recovery in TZ Projects

3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful

Inserted EU-Water facility application devolution Trust Fund

3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful

Inserted EU-Sanitation project network for Africa 2005

3/12/2009 Joyce Ekuful

5/18/2009 Philipp Feiereisen

5/19/2009 Philipp Feiereisen

Update: Urban urine diversion & greywater treatment system,

Update:Separate derivate and treatment of urine, faeces and

Inserted new project in Australia (from Dena Fam) - Currumbin

8/13/2009 Isabelle Kunze