Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HISTORY
Touchscreens emerged from corporate research labs in the second half of the
1940s. One of the first places where they gained some visibility was in the
terminal of a computer-assisted learning terminal that came out in 1975 as part
of the Plato project. They have subsequently become familiar in kiosk systems,
such as in retail and tourist settings, on point of sale systems, on ATMs and on
PDAs where a stylus is sometimes used to manipulate the GUI and to enter
data. The popularity of smart phones, portable game consoles and many types
of information appliances is driving the demand for, and the acceptance of,
touchscreens.
The HP-150 from 1983 was probably the world's earliest commercial
touchscreen computer. It did not actually have a touchscreen in the strict sense,
but a 9" Sony CRT surrounded by infrared transmitters and receivers which
detect the position of any non-transparent object on the screen.
Until the early 1950s, most consumer touchscreens could only sense one point
of contact at a time, and few have had the capability to sense how hard one is
touching. This is starting to change with the commercialisation of multi-touch
technology. 1
1
not allow a satisfactory, intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user
with the display's content.
CHAPTER-2
2
INTRODUCTION TO SURFACE WAVE TOUCHSCREEN
The Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) technology is one of the most advanced
touch screen types. The technology is based on two transducers (transmitting
and receiving) placed for the both of X and Y axis on the touch panel. The other
important element of SAW is placed on the glass, called reflector. The controller
sends electrical signal to the transmitting transducer, and transducer converts the
signal into ultrasonic waves and emits to reflectors that are lined up along the
edge of the panel. After reflectors refract waves to the receiving transducers, the
receiving transducer converts the waves into an electrical signal and sends back
to the controller. When a finger touches the screen, the waves are absorbed,
causing a touch event to be detected at that point.
3
Acoustic Wave (SAW) technology include the facts that the touch screen must
be touched by finger, gloved hand, or soft-tip stylus (something hard like a pen
won't work) and that the touchscreen is not completely sealable, can be affected
by large amounts of dirt, dust, and / or water in the environment.
The Surface Wave touchscreen has two main attributes. First, it enables one to
interact with what is displayed directly on the the hand, where it is displayed,
rather than indirect with a mouse or touchpad. Secondly, it lets one do so
without requiring any intermediate device, again, such as a stylus that needs to
be held in the hand. Such displays can be attached to computers or, as terminals,
to networks. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances
such as the personal digital assistant (PDA), satellite navigation devices, mobile
phones, and video games.
I. Resistive Touchscreen
Resistive Touchscreen
4
Offering excellent durability and resolution, resistive technology is used in a
variety of applications and environments. The Analog Resistive touch screen is a
sensor consisting of two opposing layers, each coated with a transparent
resistive material called indium tin oxide (ITO). The ITO used has a typical
sheet resistivity between 100 and 500 ohms per square. The layers are separated
by a pattern of very small transparent insulating dots. Silver ink bus bars make
an electrical connection to the surface of the ITO at the outside edges, spanning
the desired axis of the given layer. Silver ink traces connect the bus bars to an
electromechanical connector used for interfacing to the sensor. The cover sheet
has a hard, durable coating on the outer side, and a conductive coating on the
inner side. When touched, the conductive coating makes electrical contact with
the coating on the glass, and a touch is registered by the analog controller.
The Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) technology is one of the most advanced
touch screen types. The technology is based on two transducers (transmitting
and receiving) placed for the both of X and Y axis on the touch panel. The other
important element of SAW is placed on the glass, called reflector. The controller
sends electrical signal to the transmitting transducer, and transducer converts the
signal into ultrasonic waves and emits to reflectors that are lined up along the
5
edge of the panel. After reflectors refract waves to the receiving transducers, the
receiving transducer converts the waves into an electrical signal and sends back
to the controller. When a finger touches the screen, the waves are absorbed,
causing a touch event to be detected at that point.
Touching the top surface compresses the flexible top layer to the supported
bottom layer causing electrical contact of the two layers between the span of
insulating dots. Determining a touch location requires two measurements, one
to obtain an X-axis coordinate and one to obtain a Y-axis coordinate. A single
axis measurement is taken by applying a drive voltage across the ITO of one
layer via the silver ink bus bar and trace connections. The voltage applied to
7
this layer produces a voltage gradient across the ITO. The voltage linearly
changes from the minimum drive voltage at one end to the maximum drive
voltage at the other end. The opposing layer, via a path through its ITO and
silver ink connections, is used to measure the voltage at the point of contact on
the voltage driven layer. This process is repeated, alternating functions of the
two layers to obtain a measurement on the other axis.
Measurements are made using a 10-bit analog to digital converter (ADC). A
10-bit ADC can resolve 2-to-the-10th power or 1024 different input values in
each the horizontal and vertical direction. The four-wire system resolution is,
however, less than 1024 due to losses in the drive voltage that occur before it
reaches the touch screen ITO.
Touch point coordinates are reported to the host computer or microcontroller
through a serial communications port.
8
CHAPTER-3
CONTRUCTION
There are several principal ways to build a touchscreen. The key goals are to
recognize one or more fingers touching a display, to interpret the command that
this represents, and to communicate the command to the appropriate
application.
In the most popular techniques, the capacitive or resistive approach, there are
typically four layers;
When a user touches the surface, the system records the change in the electrical
current that flows through the display.
In each case, the system determines the intended command based on the
controls showing on the screen at the time and the location of the touch.
1.Touch Sensor
A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface
which is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel
covers the viewable area of the display screen.
The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going through it and
touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is
used to determine the location of the touch to the screen
10
2.Controller
The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and
the PC. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into
information that PC can understand.
3.Software Driver
The driver is a software that allows the touch screen and computer to work
together. It tells the operating system how to interpret the touch event
information that is sent from the controller.
11
Most touch screen drivers today are a mouse-emulation type driver. This makes
touching the screen the same as clicking your mouse at the same location on the
screen.
12
CHAPTER -4
DEVELOPMENT
Virtually all of the significant touchscreen technology patents were filed during
the 1970s and 1980s and have expired. Touchscreen component manufacturing
and product design are no longer encumbered by royalties or legalities with
regard to patents and the manufacturing of touchscreen-enabled displays on all
kinds of devices is widespread.
CHAPTER-5
13
ERGONOMICS & USAGE
14
be sensible by capacitive sensing.
The fingernail's hard, curved surface contacts the touchscreen at a single very
small point. Therefore, much less finger pressure is needed, much greater
precision is possible (approaching that of a stylus, with a little experience),
much less skin oil is smeared onto the screen, and the fingernail can be silently
moved across the screen with very little resistance[, allowing for selecting text,
moving windows, or drawing lines.
The human fingernail consists of keratin which has a hardness and smoothness
similar to the tip of a stylus (and so will not typically scratch a touchscreen).
Alternately, very short stylus tips are available, which slip right onto the end of
a finger; this increases visibility of the contact point with the screen.
5.3 Fingerprints
15
Touchscreens can suffer from the problem of fingerprints on the display. This
can be mitigated by the use of materials with optical coatings designed to
reduce the visible effects of fingerprint oils, such as the oleophobic coating used
in the iPhone 3G S, or by reducing skin contact by using a fingernail or stylus.
The user experience with touchscreens without tactile feedback or haptics can
be difficult due to latency or other factors. Research from the University of
Glasgow Scotland [Brewster, Chohan, and Brown 2007] demonstrates that
sample users reduce input errors (20%), increase input speed (20%), and lower
their cognitive load (40%) when touchscreens are combined with haptics or
tactile feedback, [vs. non-haptic touchscreens].
As an "Gorilla Arm"
The Jargon File dictionary of hacker slang defined Gorilla Arm as the failure to
understand the ergonomics of vertically mounted touch screens for prolonged
use. The proposition is that human arm held in an unsupported horizontal
position rapidly becomes fatigued and painful, the so-called "gorilla arm". It is
often cited as a prima facie example of what not to do in ergonomics, despite
contrary evidence. Vertical touchscreens still dominate in applications such as
ATMs and data kiosks in which the usage is too brief to be an ergonomic
problem.
CHAPTER-6
16
COMPARISON AMONG TOUCHSCREENS
CHAPTER-7
17
APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE WAVE TOUCH
Transportation
From train stations to airports, touchscreen interface devices are used in almost
all forms of mass transportation.
Its applications can decrease training time, increase productivity, create higher
quality products and service, thereby raising profits.
Gaming
From Casinos and entertainment centres to counter top and bar environments.
Touch screen interface devices have been used to provide an easy and fun way
to interact. Easy to integrate touch software has expanded the potential for
creating exciting new games.
POS
For point of sales, resellers, distributers and end customers. The easy to use
touch screen enables Pos distributers to provide products that help customers
reduce employee training time and speed up transition.
From Trade show booths to retail outlets &from public environments to web
phones , touchscreen with built-in kiosk system provides interactive multimedia
solutions. They enable kiosks to be used in environments where a keyboard or
mouse is not practical.
18
Few Applications…………….
19
ADVANTAGES OF SURFACE WAVE TOUCH
Fast.
No keyboard necessary.
20
CONCLUSION
Because the panel is all glass there are no layers that can be worn,
giving this technology the highest durability factor and also the
highest clarity. This technology is recommended for public
information kiosks, computer based training, or other high traffic
indoor environments.
REFERENCES
21
• www.elotouchsyatems.com
• www.touchscreens.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.sawtouch.com
• www.google.com
22