05.12.

04 ,

2015

.................................................................................................................. 5
1

.................................................................................................. 13
1.1 ........................... 13
1.2 ............................................................................. 17
1.3 ..................................... 20
1.3.1 ............................................................................... 21
1.3.2 ................................ 22
1.3.3 ............................................................................ 24
1.4 ......................................... 26
1.4.1 ........................................................ 26
1.4.2 .................. 27
1.4.3 ................................................................. 29
1.5 ................................................... 30
1.5.1 .................................... 31
1.5.2 .................... 38
1.5.3 .......... 42
1.6 .......................................................................................................... 45
2

....................................................................... 46
2.1 ................................................................. 46
2.2 ...................................................................... 47
2.3 .......................................................... 51
2.4 ......................... 53
2.4.1 ................................. 53
2.4.2 ................. 54
2.4.3 ...................... 57
2.5
................................................................................................................. 59

3
2.6 ........................................ 62
2.7 .......................................................................................................... 64
3

........................................................................ 66
3.1 ..................................................... 67
3.1.1 ..................................................................... 67
3.1.2 ............ 68
3.1.3
............................................................................................................ 70
3.2 - ........................ 72
3.2.1 ..................................................................... 72
3.2.2

........................................................................................ 72
3.2.3

............................................................... 73
3.3

................................................................................... 76
3.3.1
.................................................... 78
3.3.2

............................................. 79
3.4
................................................................................................................... 81
3.5 .......................................................................................................... 87
4

.......................................................................... 88
4.1 .... 88
4.2 ............. 93

4
4.3
.................................................................................. 96
4.4 .. 99
4.5 ........................................................................................................ 101
........................................................................................................ 103
........................................................................................ 105
.................................................... 115
........................................................................................................ 116
1. ,
................................................................................................................ 116
2: ........................ 118

:
,
, , , , . , .
:
1948 . .. [1]. . , , , ,
.
,
.
. . , , ..
[2], .. [3], .. [4], .. [5], ..
[6], .. [7], .. [8], .. [9], .. [5,10], ..
[11] ., : .
[12], . [13], . [14], . [15], .
[16], . [17], . [18] .
, , , , , . -

6
, , - [19], - [16, 20], ,
(Low-Density Parity-Check, LDPC) [2123], [24-27].

() () [28-31] .. , .. , ..
.

,

. [28-31]. ,
, , . , ,
. ,
, - ,
. .
, , ,
,
.
, ,
,

7
.

,

, /.
. , , .
:
1.
, .
2.
.
3. , .
4.
, , -
.
5. .
: , , , , .

8
: :
1.
.
2. , ,
.
3. , .
4.
, .
5. ,
.
:
, , .
0,51,5
.
3 . . .
.

9
:
1. , 0,3 .
2. , 0,51,3 .
3.
3
.
, .
:
, , .
:

:
1. XVIII - , - 2013, , , 2013 .
2. XIX - ,
- 2014, , , 2014 .

10
3. 17-
, . , , 2015 .
:
, , ,
.
118 , 114 , 38 , 2 , 102 .
:
8 .
2 , 3
, 3 .

, , .
,
, . , .
,
.
. ,
, .
. , . , , ,

11

, .

.
. , . , ,
. . .

. , . ,
. . ,
, ,
. , , , .

12
, .
min-sum . . ,
.
,
.
. . ,

.
.
, .

13

1.1

. .
, 1.1 [32]. , .

1.1
.
A = {a1, a2,

14
aN}. A B = {b1, b2, bM}:
ai = bi1,bi2,,bil.
( ) , ()
, .
.
. k n . ,
, ..

.

.
. , , ..
. ,

S(t). S(t), n(t). .
. n(t) , , , .
, , , , .

15
n(t) S(t) - Es/N0,
.
.
(),
, 1.2.

s (t ) [33]. , Es/N0, :

E
Pe Q 2 s
N0

(1.1)

Q(x) , :

Q( x)

t 2
e 2 dt .

(1.2)

s0 (t ) s1 (t ) , :

Pe

E
1
exp( s ) .
2
N0

(1.3)

1p
0

0
p
p
1

1
1p

1.2

16
, (1.3) (1.1) .
, .
. q-
(q), q
. [28]:

1 1
Pe
1

2 2

E
y 2 s
q 1

2
N 0
x

2
e 2 dx
e

dy .

(1.4)

(). s(t)
,
2 1 (2 Es N 0 ) .
-
(1.1).
. ,
. , , .
. ,
, , .

17
. . . ,
K,
. , K = 0, , K = , .
, -
, (1.5) (1.6) [35,
36]:

Es
E
E
1
exp( s x)[ Q ( 2 s )]dx ;
N0
2
N0
0 N0

Pe

Es 2

K
(
x

1
)

N0
1 1
( K 1)

Pe 2
exp
dx .
E
E
0 ( x 1)
2
2
( K 1) s ( x 1) ( K 1) s ( x 1)

N0
N0

(1.5)

(1.6)

1.2

, , ,
, ,
, ..
.
[16, 37]
.
, k . .
.
. .
, .

18
[28] , , ,
. , , ,
,
.

. ,
.
: . - , ,
.
.
(n, k) F
k :

x1 ( x11, x12 , ..., x1n )

x ( x , x , ..., x )
2
21
22
2n
.

.......

xk ( xk1, xk 2 , ..., xkn )

(1.7)

C F
:

c u1 x1 u 2 x 2 ... u k x k ,

(1.8)

ui {0, 1}, 0 < i k.

(1.7) (1.8) C = (1, 2, , n) G U = (u1, u2,
, uk):

C U G

(1.9)

19

x1 x11 x12 x1n

x2 x21 x22 x2 n
G
.

x x

x
k k1
k2
kn

(1.10)

.
k m = n k C U ,V . , :

1 0 0 x11 x12 x1m

0
1

0
x
x

21
22
2m
G I k P

0 0 1 x

k1 xk 2 xkm

(1.11)

G Ik k k,
, P k (n k),
.

V C :
V U P

vi u1 x1i u 2 x 2i u k x ki .

(1.12)

. ,
(1.12) . , ,
Ci = (u1, u2, , uk, v1,, vm)
:

u1 x11 u2 x21 uk xk1 v1 0

u x u x u x v 0
1 12
2
22
k
k2
2
,

u1 x1m u 2 x2m u k xkm vm 0

(1.13)

xij 0,1, i = 1, , k; j = 1, , m.
(1.13) , .

20
(1.13) , Ci = (u1, u2, , uk, v1,, vm), , . [16-18]

x k1 1 0 0
x11 x 21

x12 x 22 x k 2 0 1 0
H
.

x
0
0

1
1m
2m
km

(1.14)

(1.11) (1.14) :

H PT I m .
H ,
P s,
m m. :

G H T I P P P 0 .
I

(1.15)

- E C
. Y C E .
, :

S Y H T (C E ) H T U G H T E H T E H T .

(1.16)

S 0 , E 0 , Y ,
S .
1.3

[12-18, 38, 39].
, .

21
,
k
n ,
. k ,
(m1)k , m1 . mk
.
1.3.1
1967 .
. ,

,
[14].
, .
[28]:
n0-
;
,
;

. , , . . ,
;

22

,
L , L .
L , ,
. K. , K 9 L 5K , K L
.
, .

. , ,
. ,
, N 3 2 K 1 . , ,
K 9 [40, 41]. , .
1.3.2

[42] [43]. [33].
,
. , , .

23
.
, , .
, ,
m- (m
), - , .
. , .
.
,
, ,
, .
,
,
. ,
, -
- . . ,
.

. -

24
, , ,
. , ,
. . - ,
,
.
1.3.3
().
, [12].
, (), . , , ,
, ,
.. ,
.
g(x), .
d ,
1, 2m+1, m
.
[28]. ,
, g ( x) 1 x 3 x 7 x 8 ,
1.3. , , .
.

25
.
.
u 2 .
. , , .
, 1,
. 0 . .

1.3 g ( x) 1 x 3 x 7 x 8
, , . ,

26
1.3. , ,
, , , , . . .
. , [31].
, (
, , ) d ( N 2d 1 ). , . ,
,
0,20,3 [28].
1.4

. .
. n, k, m, r dmin.
1.4.1
1947 . (n, k, d) = (7, 4, 3) . ,
.

27
, 3, , ,
. m n=2m1
k=2mm1. H, m n , m.
, , Y C E ( C
, E ),

S Y H T E H T , .. . Y
l- , E
l- . S l- H.
H , , ,
. , . [16, 44].
1.4.2
1960 . , [19], , . () GF(q) ,
g(x) GF (q m ) [45]

b , b 1 , , b 2 ,

(1.17)

b 2 . 1
. b .
n ,
(1.17), b , 2 0 ,

28
2 . , n HOK b i , i=0, 1,,

2 .
(1.17) . [45]:

1
b

b 1
1

1 b 2

b 2

b 1 2

b 2 2

b n 1

1
b 1

b 2

(1.18)

b = 1 0. , b = 1
.
S
(1.16).

2 en bi n1 .

S i 1 E ( bi ) e1 e2 bi e2 bi

(1.19)

, Y H T ,
-
Y(x) x b i , (i = 0, 1,, d2), Si 1 , . [33, 45].
n
t . . c1 nt . .
c 2 t 3 .
, .
,

29
.
c3 nt . c1 , c2 , c3 ,
n t.
n.
[28] , , . ,
n t .
, , .
1.4.3
n = 34, k = 17, d = 5

g ( x) 1 x 3 x 7 x 8 .
1.4.
, . , 1
2 2, 3 1.
u 2
v. , . 2
3 2 u16. () , , .
, 1. , (
1.4), , .

30
, , 0
.

1.4
n = 34, r = 1/2, d = 5 g ( x) 1 x 3 x 7 x 8
,
1.3.3, ,
.
.

( N 2d 1 ), , [28], d
, d . d
.
1.5
, , ,
/ .

31
,
,
, .
.
1.5.1
1993
, - () [24, 25].

[41, 51].
: , ,
,
.
[52]
. ,
. , .
1.5.
. ,
.

32

1.5
,
(RSC) , .
RSC ,

.
1.6, , , RSC .
,
.
1.7 , RSC , . RSC . , 1/3.
,
.

33
u

RSC

D
v1

RSC

D
v2

1.6 , RSC
dmin . , ,

. , , dmin, d , (). , (, ,
).
,
,
. ,
. -

34
, ( )
, . . .
, 1.6
, 1.7.
, , , ,
[54].

Lc y ( 0 ) j
Lc y

(1)

SISO
RSC

L(u j / y )

Lc y ( 2 ) j

Le (u j )

L(u j )

Lc y ( 0)' j

SISO
RSC

L(u j / y )

Le (u j )

L(u j )

1.7
3 : Lc y (0) j , Lc y (1) j Lc y ( 2) j
L(u j ) ,

35
. , , , ,
.

(SISO).
, ,
. L(u j )
u j :

P (u j 1)
L(u j ) ln
,
P
(
u

1
)

(1.20)

P (u j k ) , u j m (m 1) .
, . , .. , .
, :

Le (u j ) L(u j / y ) Lc y js L(u j ) ,

(1.21)

Lc , /. . , ... .

36
.
, ,
.
,
. , Max-Log-MAP,
, N 15 2 K 1 , Log-MAP
N 25 2 K 1 [28]. K .
K=3..5. . , , - , -
.
, TIA-1008, CDMA2000, UMTS,
DVB-S, IEEE 802.16.
() [46],
.
, ,
, , . , .
, . , -

37
/.
, ,
.
, INTELSAT, IEEE 802.16.
(
)
, , .
.

K2

N2

1.8.

1.8
,
1.9. , . .
(SISO). Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm
.

38

1.9
,
, .
/. .
1.5.2

(Low-Density Parrity-Check LDPC).
. 1963 . [21]
. 90- . [22], .
LDPC ,
,
. LDPC .
, j k (j, k << n). . , LDPC
, 4. ,

39
LDPC ,
. ,
. , . , LDPC
10 5, 2
4 , 1.10.

1
H 0

0
0

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

1.10 LDPC

LDPC , , ,

. , LDPC , . LDPC .
LDPC , [21-23]. :
- ( )
;

40
-
, ;
- , - .
, , .
log2(n) [47, 48].
.
LDPC message passing [22, 49], .
. , .
.
LDPC
: q i , j - i- j- ; rk ,i k- i- .
( rk ,i ),
, . :
- , i- j- , , , :

q i , j Li

rk ,i
k Ci , k j

(1.22)

Li - i- ; C i , i- ;

41
- , j- i- ,

r j ,i 2 tanh 1 (

tanh

qk , j

k R j , k i

),

(1.23)

R j - , j- ;
- .
, .
,
, (1.24).
,
.

bi Li

rk ,i .

(1.24)

k Ci

, message passing ,
, .

(1.23), , , . .
LDPC , .
LDPC min-sum [50],
message passing . min-sum
, message passing . , :

42

r j ,i sign(q k , j ) min ( q k , j ) .
k R j , k i

(1.25)

min-sum , message passing , (1.25). LDPC 0,5 , message passing .

LDPC ,
. , LDPC
.

.
(DVB-S2, 802.11n, 802.16e) LDPC
.
1.5.3

[28-31] .. , .. , .. .
,
,
1972 [55].
, , , . ,
,
-

43
. . ,
, .
C U ,V

Y C E E e1 , e 2 , , e n . ,
S
(1.16). :
- uj , ej uj, dj, uj
( ):

Lj

s jk S j

s jk d j ,

(1.27)

S j - ej
uj;
- L j T:
L j T , s jk ,
, uj dj. L j T . T
, (1.27);
- ,
.
.
,
,
, . , -

44
, . .
, . .
, .
, ,
(1.27) , . :

Lj

( 2s jk 1) w jk ( 2d j 1) w j ,

(1.28)

s jk S j

w jk - , s jk ; w j - , uj.
, , , 1,52
[25].
. , ,

N I (d 2) d 1 , d ; I .

[56, 57].
,
,
, ,
.
,

45
. , , .
1.6
. ,
. , ,
, , .

, 1..1,5 .

. , ,
. ,
, ,
,
. , ,


. ,
.
,
, .

46

2

2.1

, 1.3.3. 1.5.3.
, 1/2 34 ,

g ( x) 1 x 3 x 7 x 8 , , 2.1.
, , , .
, .

2.1
n = 34, r = 1/2, d = 5 g ( x) 1 x 3 x 7 x 8

47
[6, 31] , ( ) . ,
, , , , , .
, , , .
, , () [6, 31]. ,

, .
. , [31].
2.2
() [12, 31, 58, 59]. , [31, 59, 60], , ,
.
,
[31, 61].
(). . -

48
.

p 0 . i 0 i m (m 0) , ,
i 0 i m . 1 (d 1) , d - . :
- i 0 : A0 ( x ) p 0 x 0 q 0 , q 0 1 p 0 ;
- i k , n-

i0

l-

im ,

Anl ( x, y ) p 0 x n y l q 0 ;
- ,

i0

i m , :

An ( x) p 0 x n q 0 Al ( y ) p 0 y l q 0 ;
- , i 0 i m , : Anl ( x, y ) p 0 x n q 0 y l .
.
: x n y l
2 ( ,
0 1). x y , ,
d

A0,m ai , j x i y j ,

(2.1)

i, j 0

a i , j - , i 0 i ,
i m j .

49
ai,j i j,
T, d/2:

P( e0 1, e1 1) ai , j

(2.2)

i , j T

R 1 / 2 , n 34
g (0, 3, 7, 8) .

P (e0 1, e3 1)
i 0 i3 , ,
, i 0 i3 .
i 0 :

S 0 e 0 e 3 e 7 e8 v 0
S 9 e 0 e9 e12 e16 v 9
S10 e 0 e1 e10 e13 v10
S14 e0 e 4 e5 e14 v14
ei i- ; vi i- .
i3 :

S 0 e 0 e 3 e 7 e8 v 0
S 3 e3 e 6 e10 e11 v3
S12 e 2 e3 e9 e12 v15
S13 e3 e 4 e5 e13 v16

, i 0 i3 .
:

50

A0,3 ( x, y ) ( p 0 x 0 q 0 ) ( p 0 x 4 q 0 ) ( p 0 y 3 q 0 ) ( p 0 x 2 y 0 q 0 )
( p 0 x3 y 4 q 0 ) ( p 0 x 4 q 0 ) ( p 0 y 2 q 0 ) ( p 0 x3 y 3 q 0 )
( p 0 x 4 y 4 q 0 ) ( p 0 x1 q 0 ) ( p 0 x1 y 3 q 0 ) ( p 0 y 4 q 0 )
( p 0 x 2 y1 q 0 ) ( p 0 x1 q 0 ) ( p 0 y 2 q 0 ) ( p 0 x 3 y 2 q 0 )

(2.3)

( p 0 x1 q 0 ) ( p 0 x 2 q 0 y1 ) ( p 0 x3 q 0 ) ( p 0 x 4 q 0 )
( p0 y 2 q0 ) ( p0 y3 q0 ) ( p0 y 4 q0 )
23

nj

p 0m q 0n X i i Y j

m, n 0

i 0

j 0

m i n j 0 1.

P( e0 1, e3 1) .
p0, [31],

P (e0 1, e3 1) 55 p 03

(2.4)

P (e0 1, e3 1) 16 p 03 .
P( e0 1, e3 1) 3- 0- :
P(e3=1/e0=1)=P(e3=1,e0=1)/P(e0),

(2.5)

P(e0) , [12].
, P(e3=1/e0=1)=0,15, P(e3=1/e0=1)=0,19 p0. ..

. i3.
, , -

51
R mk 0 / mn 0 (m ), [62]. , ,
.
, , . ,
,
. , .
,
, ,
.
,
,
. .
2.3
, , , .. . ,
.
, .
0 1
, p .
,
,

52
2 p(1 p) .
, :

2
,
N

(2.6)

t -
; N - .
0.95 , t 1.960 . , , 200 n=20748
p 0.001
:

p (1 p )
10 3 (1 10 3 )
1.96
3.04 10 5 .
N
200 20748

(2.7)

3 %.
(2.6) ,
.

0 t
p

p (1 p )
Np 2

t 2 (1 p )

02 p

(2.8)

,
.
p, ,
.

M Np

t 2 (1 p )

02

t 2

02

(2.9)

, , 10%

t 2

02

1.96 2
(0.1) 2

384 .

(2.10)

53
, (
) .
, .
1000 100 (
,
).
2.4

(),
p0 [63].
2.4.1
2.2
R = 1/2 d = 9, , 200, 1000, 11000 16000 .
, , . ,
R mk 0 / mn 0
. , 1/2 ( , R=1/2, d=9 2.2). , (
R mk 0 / mn 0 ), . , -

54
,
.
, ,
. ,
.
0

10

-2

BER

10

-4

10

-6

10

-8

10

O , R=1/2, d=9
, R=1/2, n=200
, R=1/2, n=1000
, R=2/4, n=11000
, R=2/4, n=16000
3
4
5
Eb/No,

2.2 d = 9
2.4.2

R = 2/4, n = 11000 (7, 9, 11 13)
2.3.
2.3, ( ).
, .
, -

55
, ,
, .
[64].
[65]. , , , ,
, . .
0

10

d=7
d=9
d=13
d=11

-2

BER

10

-4

10

-6

10

-8

10

Eb/No,

2.3 R = 2/4
,
. / (1.1). (1.1) (1.2) :

p0

Es
1
erfc(
)
2
N0

(2.11)

, nk nr
.

56
x . (
)

n xn k 1 .

(2.12)

d xn r 1 x

d 1
.
nr

(2.13)

(d 1)n k
R
1 (d 1)
1,
nr
1 R

(2.14)

nk
- .
nk n r

, , . , ,
n
2

Ps C n2i 1 p 02i 1 (1 p 0 ) ( n 2i 1)

(2.15)

i 1

Ps /
, , . , .
, (d = 5, d = 7)
. ,

/. ,
, , ..
. -

57
( ).
0.5

d = 23
d = 21

0.45

d = 19

0.4

d = 17
d = 15

0.35
Ps

d = 13

0.3

d = 11

0.25

d=9

0.2

d=7

0.15

d=5

0.1
-3

-2

-1

0
1
Es/N0,

2.4
2.4.3
2.5 R (1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4)
d = 9. R=1/3 R=4/12
n = 14268, R=1/2 R = 2/4 n = 2940, R=3/4 R = 6/8 n = 44840 R=4/5 R = 8/10
n = 30730. 15 .

.
2.6
d = 7 R.
.

58
15 .
0

10

R = 1/3
R = 1/2
R = 3/4
R = 4/5

-2

10

-4

BER

10

-6

10

-8

10

-10

10

2.5

3.5

4
4.5
Eb/N0,

5.5

2.5
d=9
0

10

R = 1/2
R = 2/3
R = 3/4
R = 4/5

-2

BER

10

-4

10

-6

10

-8

10

2.5

3.5
4
Eb/N0,

4.5

5.5

2.6
d= 7

59
, 2.5 2.6 ,
R,
d.

R d . , , .
2.5
, ,
1,52 . . ,
. [66, 67]. .
, , ,
,
, , .:

y uj ln

Pr(u j 0 | u j )
Pr(u j 1 | u j )

j 1 k y vi ln

Pr(v i 0 | v i )
i 1 m . (2.16)
Pr(v i 1 | v i )

j- u j L j ,
. (1.27) L j (1.28).

60
, w jk - , s jk , .
w jk , , , .
, [31]:
-
, , :

w jk y vk

k 1 m ,

(2.17)

yvk ;
- , , .. , , , :

w jk min( min (| yul |), y vk ) ,

(2.18)

lR j

Rj , ;
- ,
,
, :

w jk min( min (| yul |), y vk ) ,

(2.19)

lR j , l j

j .
. 2.7
R = 2/4, d = 9 n = 20480 -

61
. , .
0

10

1
2
3

-1

10

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

-6

10

2.5

3.5

4.5

Eb/N0,

2.7 d = 9
n = 20480
2.8
R = 8/16, d = 17 n = 40960 .
,
1
.
.
, . ,
,

62
, .
,
, .

1,41,7 .
0

10

1
2
3

-1

10

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

-6

10

3.5

4.5
Eb/N0,

5.5

2.8 d = 17
n = 40960
2.6
, .
, .
,
.
, (),
-

63
. .
, , , .
[68-71]. ,
(sum of sinusoids method) [72-74],
(Gaussian noise filtering method) [75],
(IDFT method) [76] ..
- (1.5) (1.6).

[77, 97]. R = 1/2 , d = 13
n = 63216 . BPSK 15 .
2.9
.
Fd = 200, 100 50
Fd = 200, Fd = 100 Fd = 50.
, , . ,
( ) . ,
, . , , .

64
,
[97], . minsum , .
0

10

Fd = 200
Fd = 100
Fd = 50

-1

BER

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

6
7
Eb/N0,

10

11

2.9
2.7
, .
,
.
, , . ,
,
. ,

65
,
.
. ,
.
,
, ,
,
, , . 0,5, .
.
,
10 /. , /
.

66

3


, ,

[6, 11, 33, 78].
K,
K9, .
. [79 - 81].
,
, [31].
.
[79], , , .
, [82],
.
.
, [82].
. (
) . -

67
[85]
[82] , , ,

.
3.1
3.1.1
, [86-88],
[31],
, , [82].
3.1.

3.1 ,

68
N
. N N . ,

.
, N
, , ,
,
.
3.1.2
3.2 n
k , N
. .
. X k, 0 1 .
Y . Z,
( N) k (
). N . X , En n . Mo. ,
Ch. ,
De n .

69
, .
X (k bits)
Y = zeros(1, k)
Z = zeros(N, k)
S = zeros(1, k)

i = 1(1)k

j = 1(1)N
En = encode(X)
(n bits)
S(i) += Z(j, i)
Mo = modul(En)
(n complex)
j
Ch = channel(Mo)
(n complex)

S(i) > N/2

De = demodul(Ch)
(n real)

Z(1, :) = decode1(De)
.
Z(N, :) = decodeN(De)

Y(i) = 1

Y (k bits)
1

3.2 N
De N . N k
, Z , Z(j, i) j- i- . Y
, ,

70
(0 1) Z. ,
Y , ,
Y (.. 0). . i , Y , , .
3.1.3

BPSK 16- .
3.3
R = 2/4, d = 9 n = 20748.
-1

10

1
2
3
4
5
.
.

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

2.1

2.2
2.3
Eb/N0,

2.4

2.5

3.3
R = 2/4 d = 9

71
5 , I=15.
, 5 ( n). ( BER 10%). ,

0,1 . / , , .
,
(
),
.

.
3.4.
, , 0,05 ,
0,1 . , ( 0,02
), . ,
.

72
-1

10

3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
.

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

2.1

2.2
2.3
Eb/N0,

2.4

2.5

3.4
R = 2/4 d = 9
3.2 -
3.2.1
,
3.1,
[82]. 3.5.
- ,
, . .
3.2.2 -

3.6 n
k , - -

73
N .
. ,

.
, , .
.
.

3.5 ,
3.2.3 -
- , (
) R=2/4
d=9, 3.7. -

74
BPSK
16- .

X (k bits)

Y = zeros(1, k)
Z = zeros(N, k)
S = zeros(1, k)

j = 1(1)N

En = encode(X)
(n bits)

S(i) += Z(j, i)

j
Mo = modul(En)
(n complex)

S(i) > N/2

Ch = channel(Mo)
(n complex)

Y(i) = 1

De = demodul(Ch)
(n real)
i
Z(1, :) = decode1(De)
.
Z(N, :) = decodeN(De)

Dein = (1-2Y).abs(De(1:k))
De2 = [Dein; De(k+1 : n)]

i = 1(1)k

V = decode(De2)

V(k bits)

3.6 -

75
-1

10

1
2
3
4
5
.
.
.

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

1.8

1.9

2.1
2.2
Eb/N0,

2.3

2.4

2.5

3.7 -
R = 2/4 d = 9
,
0,2
. , 6 - ,
0,3 .
20%.

- . 3.8
- . , 0,2 . 0,3 . ,
. , . , -

76
, .
-1

10

3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
.

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

1.8

1.9

2.1
2.2
Eb/N0,

2.3

2.4

2.5

3.8 - R=2/4 d=9

3.3

, 3.5. [82],
. , ,
. , ui Li,
uik, n

77

Li

( 2uik 1),

(3.1)

k 1N

Li > 0, ui, , 1,
0.
,
, , ,
.
. ,
.
, [82] ,
, .
, , .
,
, ,
.
. .

78
3.3.1

. , , ,
, , . wik i- , k- . ui N wik ui,
, :

u i u im m arg max( wik ) .

(3.2)

k 1N

- R = 2/4,
d = 9, n = 20748 I = 15
3.9 . . . BPSK 16- . . . . -
.
.
. ,
, -

79
0,05 . , BER 10%.
-1

10

.
.
.

-2

BER

10

.
.
.
.

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

1.8

1.9

2.1
2.2
Eb/N0,

2.3

2.4

2.5

3.9 -

d = 9
3.3.2
,
N uik i-
wik. ui Li

Li

( 2uik 1)wik .

(3.3)

k 1N

Li > 0, ui 1, 0.
,
,
BPSK 16-

80
, , 3.10 . . . ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
. , R = 8/16 n = 63472
d = 17 I = 13 ,
. 3.10 ,
3.9. , - , 0,3 ,
.
0

10

.
.
.

-2

10

.
.
.
.

-4

BER

10

-6

10

-8

10

-10

10

2.1

2.2

2.3
2.4
Eb/N0,

2.5

2.6

2.7

3.10
d = 17

81
,
, . ,
, .
3.4

, .

,

, .
. , ,
. , , [31]. .
[79], , ,
. -

82
, .
[89] ,
,
: 11-1N (
), , , 2
, 11-1N , 31-3N ( ) 41-4N ( ), 31-3N
6, 5
41-4N, 7 ,
- 5 6, ,
8 ( ) 7
, 8 .
.

- ( ). ,
, ,

, .
, ,
, ,
, . ,
-

83
,
.
, . ,
, . ,
.


[89] .
[89], N ( 11-1N ),
, , 111N 2 , 2 31-3N, 41-4N ,
( 5) ,
31-3N 41-4N, ( 6)
, 5
, , 7 , 5, , , 6, 7

84
. 3.11.
. N ( 11-1N)
. , N
, , , ,
. N .
2,
.
3 ( 31-3N ),
- 4 ( 41-4N).
3 4 5
, .
5 6, 5 , .
5 6
( 7). , . , , 6.
7 - .

2.

3N.

32.

31.

4N.

42.
5.

6.

3.11

1N.

12.

11.

41.

7.

85

86
,
[89], ,

,
.
, . , 2/4 9, 15 ,
0,05 ( 3.12).
-1

10

. -
.

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

1.8

1.9

2
2.1
Eb/N0,

2.2

2.3

3.12
R=2/4 d=9
3.12 ( . -) -

87
, .
. .
3.5
, . , ,
.
,
, , .
, .
. , ,
. ,
0,3 .

.

88

4

4.1
,
, .
d I. , ,
:

N mtd I (d 2) d 1 ( I 1)(d 2) .

(4.1)

(Low-Density ParityCheck LDPC), . [21, 49, 92, 93]. , ,

. LDPC ,
[22, 49]. .
(message-passing decoding). , [98]. , . belief propagation, sum-product algorithm, . -

89
.
LDPC [99, 100],
. , [101] , . (aposteriory probability), . , min-sum , 1.5.2.
,
[90]. ,
,

g ( x) 1 x 3 x 7 x 8 ,
1001000110 0000000100 0000000000 0000
0100100011 0000000010 0000000000 0000

0010010001 1000000001 0000000000 0000

0001001000 1100000000 1000000000 0000

0000100100 0110000000 0100000000 0000

0000010010 0011000000 0010000000 0000

0000001001 0001100000 0001000000 0000

0000000100 1000110000 0000100000 0000

H 0000000010 0100011000 0000010000 0000 [ P : I ].

1000000001
0010001000
0000001000
0000

1100000000 1001000000 0000000100 0000

0110000000 0100100000 0000000010 0000

0011000000 0010010000 0000000001 0000

0001100000 0001001000 0000000000 1000

1000110000
0000100000
0000000000
0100

0100011000 0000010000 0000000000 0010

0010001100 0000001000 0000000000 0001

(4.2)

P
d1 ( d ), -

90
I 1. (4.2)
4.1. ,
, , min-sum [90].
LDPC
,
. ,
, .
[90] , min-sum () 1 ( 6..10 ), . ,

min-sum .
min-sum
n k d:
-
n . , [94],

N1 2(d 1)k ;

(4.3)

- k .

N 2 (6d 4)k

(4.4)

, ;
- .

N 3 (d 1)k .

(4.5)

16

33

15

32

14

31

13

30

12

29

11

28

10

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

4.1

91

92
I , ,
k
N ms
I ( N1 N 2 ) N 3 I (8d 6)k (d 1)k .

(4.6)

min-sum

N ms I (8d 6) (d 1)

(4.7)

, .
min-sum
, min-sum
610 ( ) , . , min-sum 6..10 .
min-sum
( 1 ), .
. min-sum ,
. min-sum
.
, ,
, 2 .
, , 4.2.
, min-sum
, LDPC . ,
, min-sum .
.

93

4.2
4.2
R = 2/4, d = 9, n = 20748, min-sum , ,
4.3.
BPSK.
0

10

15minsum
15mtd
5minsum+15mtd
7minsum+15mtd
7minsum
Popt

-1

10

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

1.5

2.5

Eb/N0,

4.3
n = 20748 d = 9
15mtd 15minsum
15 15 min-sum -

94
. 15minsum 95- .

2.3.

5minsum+15mtd

7minsum+15mtd 5 7 min-sum
15 .
4.3 Popt
. 7minsum ,
7 min-sum . , minsum
. min-sum 1 , 610 . min-sum
, , 0,60,8
.
min-sum
0,20,4 .
min-sum
[90] , min-sum
, . min-sum
, ,
[95], , [96],
. [31]. min-sum .

n = 31824, R = 8/16 d = 17, 4.1.

95
4.1.
2
2
1
1
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
1
1
2

1
1
2
2
2
2
2

1
0
0
0
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
0
0
0

0
1
1
1
1
0
0

0
0
1
1
1
1
0

0
0
0
1
1
1
1

7
7
8
9
9
8
8

12

12

12

12

12

72

8 8 j- , i- . i- ,
i- . .
j- j-
. , , , 0,5, . min-sum .
.

. 4.4 ,
. ,
(35 ), 1,4 min-sum , ( 7 ). min-sum , 0,71,3
2..3 .

96
min-sum
0,1..0,7 23 .
0

10

-2

10

-4

BER

10

-6

10

-8

10

-10

10

0.8

Popt
35minsum
35mtd
5minsum+35mtd
9minsum+35mtd
9minsum
17minsum+35mtd
17minsum
1
1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8
2
Eb/N0,

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

4.4
n = 31824 d = 17
, min-sum,

. ,
min-sum , .
4.3
R = 2/4,
d = 9, n = 20748 min-sum . 4.5

30 3, 5, 7 9 min-sum .

97
. 30mtd 30minsum min-sum 30

3minsum+30mtd,

5minsum+30mtd,

7minsum+30mtd 9minsum+30mtd 3, 5, 7 9 min-sum 30 .

minsum ( 8minsum, 10minsum, 12minsum, 14minsum),
. . , min-sum ,
, . 9 min-sum , min-sum
.
0

10

30mtd
30minsum
3minsum+30mtd
8minsum
5minsum+30mtd
10minsum
7minsum+30mtd
12minsum
9minsum+30mtd
14minsum

-1

10

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.2

Eb/N0,

4.5
n = 20748 d = 9 min-sum

2.4

98
, , min-sum ,
0,75 9 min-sum .
, . min-sum
0,30,35
.
n = 31824, R = 8/16
d = 17 , 35. 4.6 35mtd 35minsum min-sum 35 . 4.6 . ,
(35 ) 1,4
min-sum , . min-sum
0,2 1,1 23 .
min-sum .
min-sum 1,1 9
min-sum 26 . min-sum
0,40,5 .

99
10

BER

10

10

10

10

-2

-4

-6

-8

35minsum
35mtd
2minsum+33mtd
3minsum+32mtd
4minsum+31mtd
6minsum+29mtd
8minsum+27mtd
9minsum+26mtd
10minsum+25mtd
1

1.5

2
Eb/N0,

2.5

4.6
n = 31824 d = 17 , 35
4.4

,
.
,
/. LDPC , min-sum .

R = 2/4, d = 9, n = 20748
,
4.7. 30mtd 30minsum min-sum 30 .
1, 5, 7 min-sum , 1ms+30mtd, 5ms+30mtd
7ms+30mtd.

100
-1

10

30minsum
30mtd
1ms+30mtd
5ms+30mtd
7ms+30mtd

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

8
Eb/N0,

10

11

4.7
d = 9
n = 31824 d = 17 4.8.
.
200 BPSK
. , min-sum ,

min-sum . minsum . , min-sum ,
. 20%.

101
0

10

35minsum
35mtd
1ms+34mtd
3ms+32mtd
5ms+30mtd

-2

BER

10

-4

10

-6

10

-8

10

9
10
EbN0,

11

12

13

4.7
d = 17
4.5

. , min-sum
1/2 ,
,
1..1,5 . min-sum 610 , .
min-sum
,
min-sum . min-sum , .

102
,
1 1/2 .
,
min-sum .

, 3 ,
20%. , LDPC .

103

- , . .
, :
1. . , , ,
, ,
/ .
. .
2. ,
, , , .
.
3.
,
0,3 .
5%.
4.
, .

104
5.
.
,
0,751,1 23
. 3 3 20%.
6. , , .

105

1.

.. // . .
. .. .. . .; 1963. 829 .

2.

.. . .-.:
, 1956. 152 .

3.

..
: . . . . - .-. . : 2006.

4.

.., .. .
.: , 1968. 251 .

5.

.., .. . .: 1976.
240 .

6.

.. ,

: ... - : 2009.

7.

.., .., .. // . .. . .:
, 1985. 272 .

8.

.. . .: ,
1987. 304 .

9.

.., .. .
.: , 1988. 240 .

10. .. . //.. , .. , .. . .: ,
1991. 228 .
11. .. //, 7, 1990. .7-10.
12. . //. . ..
. .. .: , 1966. 208 .

106
13. ., . //.
./ . .. . .: , 1969. 640 .
14. .
// . .: 1970. .142-165.
15. . //. . .
.. .. . .: . , 1974. 720 .
16. ., . , //. .
. .. .. . .: , 1976. 594 .
17. ., ., . . //. .
. .. .. . .: , 1978.
18. . , //.
. . .. . .: , 1986. 576 .
19. .., - .. // . 1961. . 2.
. 83 94.
20. .., . // . 1983. . 7. . 74 79.
21. Gallager R.G. Low Density Parrity Check Codes. Cambrige: M.I.T. Press,
1963. p. 90.
22. Mackey D., Neal R. Near Shannon limit performance of low density parity
check codes// IEEE Electronics Letters. Aug. 1996. vol. 32. no. 18. pp. 1645
1646.
23. David J.C. MacKay. Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms. Cambridge University Press, 2005. 641 p.
24. Berrou C., Glavieux A., Thitimajshima P. Near Shannon Limit Error Correcting Coding and Decoding: Turbo-Codes // Proceeding of ICC93, Geneva,
Switzerland, May 1993. P. 1064-1070.

107
25. Berrou C., Glavieux A. Near Optimum Error Correcting Coding and Decoding: Turbo-Codes // IEEE trans. On Comm., Vol. 44, 10, October 1996. P.
1261-1271.
26. Robertson P., Hoeher P. Optimal end sup-optimal maximum a poteriori algorithms suitable for turbo decoding // European Trans. on Telecommun., vol. 8,
. 2, March-April 1997. P. 19-125.
27. Barbulescu S.A. Interative decoding of turbo codes and other concatenated
codes. Ph. D. dissertation, Feb. 1996.
28. . ., . . .
. . .: - , 2004. 126.
29. .. //
- .. . .:
, - , 2006. 276.
30. .., ..
// . ., 2008. 12. .211.
31. .., .., ..
. .: ,
2012. 239 .
32. ..
. .: . 2007. 267 .
33. ., .
// . . . .. . .: ,
1987. 391 .
34. . . . . . .. .
.: , 2000. 800 .
35. Bevan D.D.N., Ermolayev V.T., Flaksman A.G. Coherent multichannel reception of binary modulated signals with independent Rician fading // Proceedings of IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop
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36. .., .. . , 2010. 107.
37. . -. . , , // . . . .. .
.: , 2005. 320 .
38. .. : . / . ., 2001.
80 .
39. .. . .: 2002. 286 .
40. Consultative committee for Deep Space Data Systems, Telemetry Channel
Coding (101.0-B-5 Blue Book), CCSDS: Newport Beach, California. 2001.
June.
41. European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS): Multiplexing and Channel Coding
(FDD). 3 GPP TS 125.212 Version 3.4.0 (23 September, 2000).
42. ., . . .: ,
1963. 156 .
43. . // .
. .: , 1964. . 166 198.
44. .. // . .
.. . .. . .: , 1983. 176 .
45. . . . .
.: , 2007. 262 .
46. Press Release, AHA announces Turbo Product Code Forward Error Correction
Technology. 1998.
47. .., ..
// .
. . ., 2006. .25 37.

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115

LDPC Low Density Perity Check



q q-





RSC Recursive Systematic Convolutional
SISO Soft-input soft-output




BPSK Binary phase shift keying

116

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g(i, j)
i=1 v=1 4 0 3 7 8
i=1 v=1 3 0 7 91
i=2 v=1 3 0 15 169
i=1 v=2 3 0 18 305
i=2 v=2 3 6 50 451
i=1 v=1 4 0 7 85 912
i=2 v=1 4 0 15 199 1337
i=1 v=2 4 0 18 303 2099
i=2 v=2 4 6 50 540 2593
i=0 v=0 2 0 22
i=1 v=0 2 0 67
i=2 v=0 2 0 115
i=3 v=0 2 0 186
i=0 v=1 2 0 196
i=1 v=1 2 6 305
i=2 v=1 2 13 512
i=3 v=1 2 21 638
i=0 v=2 2 0 706
i=1 v=2 2 9 1138
i=2 v=2 2 27 1420
i=3 v=2 2 47 1697
i=0 v=3 6 506 1015 1188 1716 1718 1801
i=1 v=3 6 283 809 1342 1798 1928 1994
i=2 v=3 6 298 570 1444 1896 1945 1960
i=3 v=3 6 106 530 626 669 900 1190
i=1 v=1 4 0 1 231 233
i=2 v=1 4 0 4 292 295
i=3 v=1 4 0 11 192 197
i=4 v=1 4 0 18 379 385
i=5 v=1 4 0 26 485 493
i=6 v=1 4 0 33 537 544
i=7 v=1 4 0 43 654 663
i=8 v=1 4 0 56 702 712
i=1 v=2 4 0 65 579 584
i=2 v=2 4 1 77 840 842
i=3 v=2 4 2 96 799 803
i=4 v=2 4 3 123 967 974
i=5 v=2 4 4 162 914 929
i=6 v=2 4 5 207 1320 1326
i=7 v=2 4 6 219 1526 1536
i=8 v=2 4 7 280 281 293
i=1 v=1 4 0 1 54 847
i=2 v=1 4 0 3 115 617
i=3 v=1 4 0 5 189 1142
i=4 v=1 4 0 11 250 1287

117

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g(i, j)
i=5 v=1 4 0 19 325 1266
i=6 v=1 4 0 28 284 458
i=1 v=2 4 0 35 402 1811
i=2 v=2 4 1 47 461 1910
i=3 v=2 4 2 65 552 2292
i=4 v=2 4 3 85 721 1055
i=5 v=2 4 4 108 747 2802
i=6 v=2 4 5 140 892 894
i=1 v=1 1 0
i=2 v=1 1 0
i=3 v=1 1 0
i=4 v=1 1 0
i=1 v=2 1 0
i=2 v=2 1 1
i=3 v=2 1 3
i=4 v=2 1 7
i=1 v=3 1 0
i=2 v=3 1 9
i=3 v=3 1 21
i=4 v=3 1 38
i=1 v=4 1 0
i=2 v=4 1 14
i=3 v=4 1 46
i=4 v=4 1 62
i=1 v=5 1 0
i=2 v=5 1 53
i=3 v=5 1 100
i=4 v=5 1 167
i=1 v=6 1 0
i=2 v=6 1 81
i=3 v=6 1 152
i=4 v=6 1 11
i=1 v=7 1 0
i=2 v=7 1 64
i=3 v=7 1 236
i=4 v=7 1 363
i=1 v=8 1 0
i=2 v=8 1 142
i=3 v=8 1 351
i=4 v=8 1 594

118
2: