Modul Materi Pak Edar

CHAPTER 1
PARTS OF SPEECH
1.NOUN
ANOUNisthenameofaperson,place,orthing.Itsfunctioninasentenceisas
subjectandobject
Therearethreekindsofnouns:
Common
Proper
Collective
(GeneralType)
(Particular)
(Organizedintoonegroup)
girl
Mary
team
park
CentralPark
crowd
army
USArmy
congress
Examplesbelowaretoshowtherelationshipbetweenpropernounsandrelated
commonnouns:
ProperNouns
RelatedCommonNouns
SusanB.Anthony
Leader,activist,feminist
HenryFord
industrialist,manufacturer
KatharineHepburn
actress,moviestar
AlexanderBell
scientist,inventor
Boston
city,capital,port
HooverDam
dam,structure,feat
LakeSuperior
lake,resource,water
U.S.Constitution
constitution,law,document
GeneralMotors
corporation,business,firm
ConcreteandAbstractNoun
Noun also can be divided into concrete: tangible objects that can be directly
observed and perceived by the five senses, and Abstract: intangible objects that
cannotbedirectlyperceived.
Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA
Concrete
Abstract
NameofPersons,Plants,Things,
Usuallyderivedfromotherwords,adjectives,or
ActivitiesorEvents
verbsplusthefollowingsuffix:
Persons
Carol
ness
Happiness,helpfulness
Plants
Orchid
th
Length,warmth
Things
Table
ance
Endurance,appearance
cy
Supremacy
ism
Capitalism
Activities
Events
Christmas
Everynounhasnumber,eithersingular(onlyone)orplurals(morethanone).
TherearefourwaystoformthePluralofNouns
1.Byaddings
Otherthans,z,ch,sh,x
2.Byaddinges
ForNounsendinginconsonants:s,z,ch,sh,x
horsehorseskitekites
bus
buses
riverriverspenpens
box
boxes
cafeteria
dish
dishes
cafeterias
investigatorinvestigators
syllabus syllabuses
container
buzz
containers
buzzes
Endinginy
Precedebyvowels
Precededbyconsonants
Survey
Surveys
Company companies
Relay
Relays
Courtesy courtesies
Attorney Attorneys
Quantity quantities
Decay
Currency currencies
decays
Endingino
Portfolio portfolios
Heroheroes
Radio
radios
Tomatotomatoes
Studio
studios
Echoechoes
3.Bychangingthesingular
4. Nochanging
alumnusalumni
sheep
sheep
appendixappendices
moose
moose
foot feet
man Men
fish
fish
mousemice
baby babies
deer
deer
childchildren
Nounsfunctioninasentence(case):
NominativeCase
ObjectiveCase
PossessiveCase
assubject
asdirectobjects
aspredicatenoun
asindirect
asdirectaddress
asobjectivecomplement
Thegirlsranoutside
Theteamwonthegame
thegirlsdoll
Einsteinwasascientist
PedrothrowMariothe
Charles(s)book
Claudia,pleaseanswerthe
Ball
thechildrenstoys
phone
TheteamelectedTerry
showsownership
captain
POSITIONOFNOUNS
Thepositionofanounisdeterminedbyitsfunctioninthesentence.Theblanksinthe
followingsentencesindicatethepositionofnounsastheyfulfilldifferentfunctions.
Subject
The___________isgood.
SubjectiveComplement
(PredicativeNoun)
Maryisapretty___________.
DirectObject
Thechildrenate___________.
IndirectObject
Thelawyersent___________aletter
ObjectiveComplement
ThememberelectedMr.Jones___________.
ObjectofPreposition
Hedepositedthemoney___________.
NounAdjunct
Heboughtsomegasatthe___________station.
Apposition
Shakespeare,agreat___________,wrotemanyfineplays.
NouninDirectAddress
___________,pleasecomehere.OrPleasecomehere,
___________.
Task:Noun(thing)Endings
WordendingsinEnglishoftentellyouhowawordisusedgrammaticallyin
English;therefore,itisveryimportantforyoutorecognizesomecommonword
endings.Ifyourecognizeawordendingonawordthatyoudonotyoucantell
howthewordshouldbeusedgrammatically,evenifyoudonotunderstandthe
meaningoftheword.
Thefollowingnoun(thing)endingsareeverycommoninEnglish.Itisimportant
foryoutostudythemandbecomefamiliarwiththem.
NOUN(THING)ENDINGS
ism socialism
ment government
nce excellence
ty
beauty
ness sadness
age
marriage
ion information
ship
friendship
EXERCISES
UntukmemperdalampemahamanAndatentangmateriyangtelahdiuraikandiatas,
kerjakanlahsoallatihanberikut.
Usingoneoftheendingsabove,changeeachofthefollowingwordsintoanoun
(thing)
1.member
9.alcohol
2.kind
10.permanent
3.real
11.mile
4.move
12.confuse
5.human
13.leader
6.elect
14.sudden
7.break
15.improve
8.intelligent
16.equal
EXERCISES2
Usingoneoftheendingsabove,changeeachofthefollowingwordsintoanoun (person)
1.teach
9.perfection
2.type
10.program
3.beauty
11.electricity
4.ideal
12.invest
5.invent
13.build
6.clinic
14.natural
7.special
15advice
8.ranch
16.mathematics
Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA)
2.ADJECTIVES
AnAdjectivedescribesormodifiesanounorapronoun.Anadjectiveusually
answersthequestionwhichone?,whatkind?or howmany?.
ARTICLE
indefinite
USAGE
EXAMPLE
Beforeanounbeginswithconsonant
adog,abook
sound:
ahouse
Pronouncedhsound
auniversity
Pronouncedjsound
an
Beforeanounbeginswithvowelsound:
aneye,
Pronouncedasound
anhour
Pronouncedsound
anumbrella
InGeneralStatement:
AnIslandisabodyoflandsurroundedbywater
Tointroducesubjectthathasnotbeenmentionedbefore:
Isawasnake
Withcertainnumericalexpressions:
adozen
acouple
agreatmany agreatdeal
ahundred
athird
alotof
ahalf
replacementforper:fiftymilesanhour, $10aday
Withnamesofprofessions:
Heisanengineer
Definite
the
1.
Sheisabiologist
Thereisonlyoneofthething
thesun,Thesky,etc.
Mentioned
2.
Shared&familiarormentioned
therefrigerator,etc.
before:
e.g.thingsinahouseforthe
wholefamily
3.
Beforesuperlativeadjectives
thebiggest,etc
4.
Beforenamesofmusicalinstrument
thepiano,etc
5.
Beforesingularnounrepresentative
Thedodo(bird)
ofaclassofthings(namesof
TheRafflesia(plant)
animals,plants,inventions,and
Thetelephone
partsofthebody)
(invention)
Thehead(Partsofthe
body)
6.
Beforedecadesandcenturies:
The1800s,thetwenties
7.
Beforeexpressionoftimeandplace
Theafternoon,the
future
TheNorth,Thefront
8.
BeforeOrdinalNumbers
Thefirst,thesecond,
etc.
9.
Beforenamesofcountries,states,
TheUSA,
cities,universities,colleges,and
ThestateofFlorida,
schoolthatcontainthewordof
ThecityofBoston,
Theuniversityof
Texas,TheNetherlands
10.
Beforenamesofocean,rivers,seas,
ThepacificOcean
gulfs,andpluralnamesof
TheGulfofMexico
mountains,islands,andlakes
TheAppalachian
(Noarticlesforsingularmountain,
Mountain,etc
islands,andlakes)
11
Beforegeographicareas,butnot
TheMiddleEast
beforethenamesofcontinent
Europe
12Beforethenamesoffieldsofstudy
13.
ThehistoryoftheUS
whentheycontainthewordof
history
Beforethenamesofwars
ThesecondworldWar
WorldWarII
14.
Beforenamesofships,planes,
TheBrowns
trains,andpeoplesfamilynames
TheMayFlower
(butnotforthenameofpeopleand
TheOrientExpress
Magazines
RobertBrown
TimeMagazine
Limiting
ThoseBooksbelongtoJohn
Thethreeboysdidntseeanybirds
Descriptive
Thelargechair
Thesadsong
Demonstrative
PronounPossessive
Possessive
PossessiveAdjective
Interrogative
AskQuestions(Whquestions)
Jointwoclausesandmodifysome
words
Relative
ThisBookismyfather
Whatshisname?
Idontknowwhathis
nameis
Exercise
Circleaoraninthefollowingsentences.Write"C"ontheleftifthesentence
iscorrect.Write"NC"ifthesentenceisnotcorrect.Correcttheerror.
1. Indonesiaisacountrymadeupofthousandsofislands.
2. Greenlandisanbigislandwithapermanenticecapcovering.
3. TheBahamas,whichconsistof700islands,haveasuperbclimate.
4. RobinsonCrusoeisacharacterinabookbyDanielDefoe.
5. RobinsonCrusoespenttwentyyearswithhisfriendManFridayonan
uninhabitedisland.
Task2Fillintheblankswiththecorrectarticlea,an,the,or0.
1. Islandsmakeup_____entirelandareaofsomecountries,including
_____Japanand_____Philippines.
2. _____FloridaKeysarecoastalislandsbuiltoncoralreefs.
3. _____MackinacIslandin_____LakeMichiganis_____lakeisland.
4. _____cityofMontreal,in_____Canada,isbuilton____largeriver
island.
ADJECTIVEENDINGS
ent
Excellent
ive
expensive
ant
Important
out
dangerous
ful
Careful
al
natural
ic
Economic
able
capable
less
Careless
ible
possible
Exercises
Usingoneoftheendingsabove,changeeachofthefollowingwordintoan
adjective.
1.heart
9.courage
2.nature
10.use
3.athlete
11.enthusiasm
4.mystery
12.motion
5.help
13.tradition
6.impress
14.change
7.intelligence
15 permanence
8.comfort
16. attract
3.VERBS
Transitive
NeedanObject
Intransitive
Linking
Donotneedan
seem,look,
Object
appears,
Auxiliary
PrimaryAuxiliary:
Do,Have,Be
ModalAuxiliary:
Can,May,Might,Should,etc.
S+V+O
S+V
S+linkingverb(s)
S+PAux.+Adj.
+adjective
Heborrows
Shecriedallnight Thecouplelook
somebooks
veryunhappy
S+MAux.+Vo
Sheisbeautiful.
Youcanleavetheroom
now.
Task1:VerbEndings
ThefollowingverbendingsareverycommoninEnglish.Itisimportantforyouto
studythemandbecomefamiliarwiththem.
VERBENDINGS
en
soften
ize
memorize
ate
populate
ify
notify
EXERCISES
UntukmemperdalampemahamanAndatentangmateriyangtelahdiuraikan
diatas,kerjakanlahsoallatihanberikut.
Usingoneoftheendingsabove,changeeachofthefollowingwordintoaverb.
1.dark
9.different
2.final
10. identity
3.just
11. light
4.separation
12. glamour
5.short
13. person
6.intense
14. sweet
7.investigation
15. liberal
8.industrial
16. demonstration
11
4.ADVERBS
ADVERBS
Manner
Time
Place
Yesterday
Bandung
1997
Jakarta
Adjective+
ly
Slow
slowly
Beautifulbeautifully
Task:Adverbendings
ThefollowingadverbendingisverycommoninEnglish.Itisimportantforyouto
becomefamiliarwithit.
ADVERBENDINGS
ly
really
Exercises
Usingtheendingabove,changeeachofthefollowingwordsintoanadverb.
1.final
9. Great
2.careful
10. Complete
3. obvious
11.eager
4. recent
12.absolute
5.strong
13. Correct
6.perfect
14. Sudden
7.fearful
15
8.quick
16. Regular
Doubtful
12
13
5.CONJUNCTIONS
A.COORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS
Coordinatingconjunctionsconnectwordsorphrasesthathavethesamefunctionina
sentence.
CD
And
Function
Example
joinstwoormorewords,
1. Likepeasandbroadbeans,soyabeans
phrases,orclausesofsimilar
growinpods.
functionandisusedtoshow
2. Theplantisreadyforharvestingwhen
addition.
theleavesturnyellowanddropoff,and
thepodsandstemsdryout.
joinstwosubjects,theverbis
1. Soyabeansandpeashavepods.
plural.
But
1. IntheU.S.soyisnotharvestedby
phrases,orclausesandis
handbutmymachine.
usedtoshowcontrast.
2. Soyaisnotanewdiscoverybutisone
oftheoldestcropsgrownintheOrient.
Or
1.Thebeansmaybeyellow,green,
phrases,orclauses.Itisused
brown,ormottled.
togiveachoice.
2.Afterbeingchilled,themargarineis
packedintotubsorcutinblocks.
So
joinsaclause.
Thesoyabeanisversatile,soitisgrown
Itdoesnotjoinsinglewords
widely.
orphrases.
Soisusedtoshoweffect.
14
CORRELATIVECONJUNCTIONS
Likecoordinatingconjunctions,thesewordsareusedtojoinwords,phrases,and
clauses.Correlativeconjunctionsorpairedconjunctionsappearintwoparts:Eachof
thepairofwordsshouldbefollowedbyawordofthesamegrammaticalform.
CR
Either...or
Function
Example
isusedtoindicatealternatives.
Soyacanbeusedineither
Thesubjectclosesttotheverbwill
fishfeedorchickenfeed.
determineiftheverbissingularor
plural.
Neither...nor
isusedtoindicatenegative
Soyaisdangerousto
alternatives.
neitherhumansnor
Thesubjectclosesttotheverbwill
animals.
plural.
.Both...and
indicatesaddition.
Soyaproteinisolateisused
Subjectsconnectedwithboth...
inbothmeatandfish
andtakeapluralverb.
products.
Notonly...
Emphasizesaddition.
Soyaisnotonlythemost
butalso
Thenotonlyclausemustcome
efficientbutalsotheleast
beforethephraseitrefersto.The
costlysourceofprotein.
subjectclosesttotheverbwill
plural.
Whether...or
indicatesacondition.
Whetheritisintheprintof
anewspaperorthefoodwe
eat,ourlivesaretouched
bysoya.
15
Exercises
Fromthefourwordsorphrases(A),(B),(C),(D),choosetheonethatbest
completesthesentence.
1. Bothdiamond__________graphitearemadeofthesameelement,
whichiscarbon.
(A)
and
(B)
except
(C)together(D)
both
2.
Blinkinghelpskeepthesurfaceoftheeyeclean__________moist.
(A)
to
(B)
or
(C)
and
(D)
so
3. Normally,piranhasswimaloneandfeedonsmallerfish__________
onseedsinthewater.
(A)
but
(B)
either
(C)
instead(D)or
4. Mostrodentseatgrain,seeds,andnuts,__________someeatalmost
anything.
(A)
contrary(B)they
(C)
but
(D)
instead
5. Fungidonotabsorbsunlightbutuseanimalsandplants,
__________deadandliving,astheirsourceoffood.
(A)
furthermore(B)
both(C)
together(D)besides
6. PREPOSITION
PREPOSITIONshowstime,place,andagent
Lookatthechartbelowshowingnaturaldisasters.Describethedisaster,
includingwhenitoccurred,whereitoccurred,andwhathappenedduetothe
disaster.
Disaster
Where
When
Whathappened
Krakatoa,Indonesia
August27,1883
36,000peopledied
Ireland
1840s
1.5millionpeopledied
May1889
2,200peopledied
Earthquake
Johnstown,
Pennsylvania,U.S.
Tangshan,China
July28,1976
242,000peopledied
Tidalwave
Bangladesh
1970
200,000peopledied
Tornado
Ohio,U.S.
April3,1974
315peopledied
.Yellowstone
Park,U.S.
1980
1.3millionacres
burned
Volcanic
eruption
Potato
famine
Flood
Fire
16
AvolcaniceruptionoccurredinKrakatoaonAugust27,1883Dueto
theeruption,36,000peopledied.
Prepositionsarenotonlyusedtoshowtime,place,andagentbutarealsousedin
combinationwithverbs,adjectives,nouns,andinmanycommonsetexpressions.
Allprepositionscannotbelistedinthischapter,butitwillpresenttheimportant
groups:
Verb+Preposition
dependonleadto
Adjective/Participle+Preposition
surprisedat
famousfor
Noun+Preposition
exampleof
possibilityof
OtherCombinationswithPrepositions
asaresultof
PrepositionsofTimeandPlace
onMay16inWashington
inadditionto
Identifyoneoftheunderlinedwordsorphrases(A),(B),(C),or(D)thatshouldbe
rewrittenorcorrected.
1. TherockyislandofAlcatrazinSanFranciscoBaywasdiscoveredby
A
theSpanishin1769andnamedbyitslargepelicancolony.
C
2. Bacteriaareresponsibleofmanyofthetexturesandflavorsinourfood
A
andareparticularlyimportantinmilkproducts.
D
3. ArtNouveau,astylethatwasinfashioninthe1890s,wasbasedof
A
longcurvinglinesinspiredbyclimbingplants.
D
4. Thebrainismadeupofbillionsofneuronsthatdifferwitheachother
A
greatlyinsizeandshape.
D
17
CHAPTER II
PERSONAL PRONOUN
1. Type of Pronoun
Itisusedinplaceofanoun.ThefollowingsaretypesofPronouns:
expletive
Demonstrative
Indefinite
interrogative
Relative
reciprocal
It..
That
Anyone
Who
NominativeCase:
oneanother
There.
Those
Anybody
Which
who,that,which
among
This
Someone
What
ObjectiveCase:
another
These
Somebody
Whom
whom,that,which
eachother
Everyone
Whose
PossessiveCase:
(followed
bysubject)
Everybody
Whose
Thereisanothertypeofpronounthatdirectlyrelatestopersoneithersingularor
plural,whichalsocalledPersonalPronoun.Studythistablebelow:
Case
Possessive
Person
Subjective/
Objective
Reflective
implicit
adjective
&
Noun
(explicit
Intensive
Nominative
noun)
Singular
1st I
Me
Mine
my+noun
myself
2nd You
You
Him
Yours
His
your+noun
his+noun
yourself
himself
3rd She
It
Her
It
Hers
Its
her+noun
its+noun
herself
itself
We
Us
Ours
our+noun
ourselves
2nd You
You
Yours
your+noun
yourselves
3rd They
Them
Theirs
their+noun
themselves
He
1st
Plural
18
2. Genericnoun
Agenericnoundoesnotrefertoanypersonorthinginparticular,rather,it
representsawholegroup.
Example
Astudentsshouldalwaysdohisassighment.
Note:
Astudentsisgenericnoun:itrefertoanyonewhoisastudent.
3. CollectiveNoun
Examples
Audience
couple
Class
crowd
Committe
faculty
family
government
group
a) Myfamilyislarge.Itiscomposed
ofninemembers
b) Myfamilyislovingand
supportive,theyarealwaysready
me
public
staff
team
Whenacollectivenounrefertoasingle
impersonalunit,asingulargender
neutralpronoun(it,its)isused,asina)
Whenacollectivenounrefertocollective
ofvariousindividuals,apluralpronoun
(they,them,their)isused,asinb)
Exercises
Whichofthefollowingcompleteseachsentencesmostsuitably.
1. Between,Ithinkheisnottellingthetruth.
A.Iandyou
2.
3.
B.meandyou
C.youandme
D.youandI
E.heandyou
Illtakealltheluggageoutandputby
the
car.
A.it
B.its
C.they
D.them
E.nowordisneeded
Ivehadmanyrequestsforassistancebutmostofhavebeen
comparativelytrivial.
A.it
4.
B.its
C.they
D.them
E.nowordisneeded
IgaveherthemoneywhichIfoundonmyway home.
A.it
B.its
19
C.they
D.them
E.nowordis
needed
20
CHAPTER III
TO BE, TO DO, TO HAVE, AND MODALS
1. TOBE
Probably the best known verb in the world: "To be or not to be..."
Forms of To Be
Present Past
I
he / she / it
Perfect
Form
Continuous
Form
Am
Was
have / had been
am / was being
Is
Was
has / had been
is / was being
you / we / they Are
Were have / had been
are / were being
Normally we use the verb to be to show the status or characteristics of something or

someone (as a stative verb). It says what I am, what you are or what something is.
Present Simple (stative)
You are
I am a
He /She is
We are all They are
a
It is a car.
teacher.
a student.
teachers. students.
student.
Past Simple (stative)
You
He /She
I was a
were a was a
student.
student. student.
It was a
We were They
nice day all students were
yesterday. once.
students.
Future Simple (stative)
I will You will He / She

be a
be a
will be a
student. teacher. teacher.
They
It will be We will be
will be
nice later. teachers.
students.
When used with the present participle of other verbs it describes actions that are or
were still continuing - auxiliary verb be [+ ing form of the main verb].
Present Continuous (active)
I am
You are He /She is It is being We are

21
They are
being
silly.
being
silly.
being
silly.
silly.
being silly.
being
silly.
Past Continuous (active)
I was
being
silly.
You
were
being
silly.
They
He /She
It was
We were were
was being
being silly. being silly. being
silly.
silly.
Am/Is/Are
The verb to be is used to create simple yes/no questions by simply inverting the
order of subject and the To be verb.
For example:I am a teacher. (Statement)
Am I a teacher? (Question)
Question
Negative Statement (possible short

forms)
Positive Statement
Singular
Am I ...?
I am ... (I'm ...)
I am not ... (I'm not ...)
Is he / she /
it ...?
He / She / It is ...
(He's/She's/It's ...)
He / She / It is not (He / She / It isn't... //

He's / She's / It's not ...)
Are you ...?
You are ...(You're...)
You are not (You're not ...// You aren't...)
Am I being ...? I am being ...
I am not being ... (I'm not being...)
Is he / she / it
being...?
He / She / It is being ... He / She / It is not being ... (He / She / It

(He's/She's/It's being ...) isn't being...// He/she/it's not being...)
Are you
being ...?
You are being ... (You're You are not being ... (You're not being ... //
being ...)
You aren't being...)
Was I ...?
I was ...
I was not. ..
Was he / she /
He / She / It was ...
it ...?
He / She / It was not ... (He / She / It

wasn't)
Were you ...?
You were not ... (You weren't ...)
You were ...
Was I being ...? I was being ...
I was not being (I wasn't being...)
Was he / she / He / She / It was

it being...?
being ...
He / She / It was not being ... (He / She / It

wasn't being... )
Were you
being ...?
You were being ...
You were not being ... (You weren't

being ...)
Will I be ...?
I will be ... (I'll be ...)
I will not be ... (I'll not be ...)
Will he / she / He / She / It will be ... He / She / It will not be (He / She / It
it be ...?
(He'll / She'll / It'll be ...) won't be ... // He'll not be / She'll not be /
22
It'll not be ...)

Will you be ...?
You will be ...(You'll

be ...)
You will not be (You won't be ... // You'll

not be ...)
Plural
We / You / They are
Are we / you /
(We're / You're /
they?
They're)
We / You /They are not (We're / You're /

They're not // We / You / They aren't)
We / You / They are

We / You /They are not being (We're /
Are we / you /
being ... (We're / You're / You're / They're not being // We / You /
they being ...?
They're)
They aren't being)
Were we /
you / they ...?
We / You / They were ...
We / You / They were not ... (We / You /

They weren't ...)
Were we /
you / they
being ...?
We / You / They were

being ...
We / You / They were not being ... (We /

You / They weren't being ...)
We / You / They will

Will we / you /
be ...(We'll / You'll
they be ...?
They'll be ...)
We / You / They will not be (We / You /

They won't be ... // We'll / You'll They'll
not be ...)
Examples
Question - ?
Positive Answer - Yes
Negative Answer - No
Question - ?
Am/Are
"Am I disturbing you?"
"Yes you are."
"No you're not."
Was / Were
"Was I disturbing you?"
"Yes you were ."
"No you weren't."
Is
"Is this your coat"
"Yes it is"
"No it isn't"
Was
"Was that your old house?"
"Yes it was "
"No it wasn't."
!Note - The verb to be is also used when forming the passive voice.
EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks with the right subject / personal pronouns (I,
you, he, she, it, we, they):
1. Angelina Joli is American.
isn't French.
2. Brad Pitt is American, too.
isn't German.
23
3. Brad and Angelina aren't French.
are American.
4. My friend and I are high school students.
5. The Statue of Liberty is in New York.
aren't primary school students.
isn't in Washington.
24
2. TODO
The verb to do is another common verb in English. It can be used as an auxiliary and a
main verb. It is often used in questions.
Forms of To Do
Present
I / you / we / they
he / she / it
Past
Perfect
Form
Continuous
Form
Do
Did
have / had done
are / were doing
does
Did
has / had done
is / was doing
As an auxiliary verb do is used with a main verb when forming interrogative or negative
sentences, or for adding emphasis. It is also called the dummy operator or dummy
auxiliary.
Question
Positive Statement (spoken)
Negative Statement (spoken)
Singular
Do I?
I do
I do not (I don't)
Do you?
You do
You do not (You don't)
Does he/she/it? He/she/it does
He/she/it does not (He/she/it doesn't)
Plural
Do we?
We do
We do not (We don't)
Do you?
You do
You do not (You don't)
Do they?
They do
They do not (They don't)
25
Examples
Question - ?
Do
Does
"Do you always take the bus to "Does she ever do her homework on
work?"
time?"
Positive Answer "Yes, I do."

Yes
Negative Answer "No, I don't."
No
"Yes, she does."

"No, she doesn't."
The most common question using "do" that you will probably hear whilst learning
English is "What do you do?" The person asking simply wants to know what you do for
a living.
Question
What do you do?
Possible answers
I'm a student.
I'm an architect. I'm a trainee architect.
I'm looking for work.
I'm on a career break.
I'm a volunteer.
I'm a housewife. / I'm a househusband.
I'm a pensioner. / I'm retired.
What does he / she do? He / She's a student.

He / She's an architect. He / She's a trainee architect.
He / She's looking for work.
He / She's on a career break.
He / She's a volunteer.
He / She's a housewife. / He / She's a househusband.
He / She's a pensioner. / He / She's retired.
What do we / they do?
We / They are students.

We / They are architects. We / They are trainee architects.
We / They are looking for work.
We / They areon a career break.
We / They are volunteers.
We / They are housewives. / We / They are househusbands.
26
We / They are pensioners. / We / They are retired.

When using the continuous tense do becomes doing and it doesn't change.
Doing
Question - ?
"What are you doing? Are you doing your homework?"
Positive Answer Yes "Yes, I am ."
Negative Answer No "No, I'm not."
When using the simple past tense do becomes did and it doesn't change.
Question - ?
Positive Answer Yes
Negative Answer No
Did
"Did you always take the bus to school?"
"Yes, I did ."
"No, I didn't ."
When using the perfect tense do becomes done and it doesn't change.
Done
Question - ?
"Have you done your homework?"
Positive Answer Yes
"Yes I have ."
Negative Answer No
"No I haven't."
More functions for the verb to do
The verb to do works as a main verb.
For example:YT - My husband does the dishes.
ST - Gosh! Did he do them yesterday?
YT - Yes he did.
27
Do is used as an auxiliary verb (dummy auxiliary) in the question form.

For example: I know the way. Do you know the way?
Do is used for emphasis in positive statements.
For example: I do like this beer!
!Note - As an auxiliary verb 'do' is always followed by the base form of the main verb
(infinitive).
Exercise 1 : Fill the correct form of verb to do into the blanks. do / does / dont /
doesnt
1. My mother__________ her housework every day.
2. The students __________ their homework after dinner.
3. My brother and sister __________ the dishes every day.
4. A: __________ you like this picture? B: No, I __________. It's not beautiful.
5. Diana __________ like cats, but she likes dogs.
6. Mr. Simpson __________ to work on Wednesday.
7. A: __________ your brother stay at home? B: Yes, he __________.
8. A: __________ they__________ that beautiful flowers? B: Yes, they do.
9. __________ make a loud noise! My son is sleeping.
10. Jessica __________ have cartoon books in her bag.
11. That boy __________ have a bike. He has an airplane.
12. I __________ have a new car. I have a BMX bike.
13. A bird __________ have four legs.
14. My friends __________ have enough money to buy
15. You __________ have a beautiful house.
28
3. TOHAVE
Forms of To Have
Present
Past
Continuous
I / you / we / they
Have
Had
having
he / she / it
Has
Had
having
Have is one of the most common verbs in the English language. It functions in various
ways.
1. To have as a main verb
As a main verb to have implies the meaning of possession.
For example:
I have a job. I have a car. "I don't have any time."
When it is used to indicate possession you can say "I have..." or you might see/
hear "I have got...".
When you are talking about actions, you only use "have".
For example:
Possession:I have a shower in my bathroom, I don't have a bath. = I have got a
shower in my bathroom. I haven't got a bath.
The action:I have a shower every day. - I'm having a shower now.
!Note - it does not take the continuous form "I having" - for that you have to use the
auxiliary verb be.
For example: I am having a shower. Are you having a good time?"
29
The forms of the verb to have are have and has for the present and had for the past.
Positive Statement
(spoken)
Question
Negative Statement (spoken)
Singular
Do I have ...?
Have I got ...?
I have
(I've)
I have not
(I haven't/I've not)
Does he / she / it
have...?
Has he/she/it
got ...?
He/she/it has
(He/she/it 's)
He/she/it has not

(He/she/it hasn't)
Do you have ...?

Have you got ...?
You have
(You've)
You have not

(You haven't/You've not)
Did I / he / she / it
have ...?
I / He / She / It / You had
Had I / he / she / it / (I'd / He'd / She'd / You'd)
you got...?
I / He / She / It / You had not

(I / He / She / It / You hadn't)
Plural
Do we / you / they
have ...?
We / You / They have
Have we / you /
(We've / You've / They've)
they got ...?
We / You / They have not

(We / You / They haven't // We've nof /
You've not They've not)
Do you have ...?

Have you got ...?
You have
(You've)
You have not

(You haven't/You've not)
Do they have ...?

Have they got ...?
They have
(They've)
They have not

(They haven't/They've not)
Did we / you / they

have ...?
We / You / They had
Had we / you / they (We'd / You'd / They'd)
got ... ?
I / He / She / It / You had not

(I / He / She / It / You hadn't)
Examples
Have
Question - ?
"Do you have a car?"

"Yes, I have a car."
"No, I don't have a car."
30
Have got
"Have you got a car?"
"Yes I've got a car."
"No I haven't got a car."
2. To have as an auxiliary verb

The verb to have is used as an auxiliary verb to help other verbs create the perfect
tense - auxiliary verb have [+ past participle].
For example, I have read a lot of books, or I have never been to America, or "I
have already eaten."
Present Perfect
I have been
You have
He / She has
a teacher for
It has been We have been
been a
been a
over 11
nice today. students for ....
student for ... student for ...
years.
They have
been
students
for ...
Past Perfect
I had been a
teacher for
several
years.
You had
been a
student for
several years.
He / She had
been a
student for
several years.
They had
It had been
We had been been
nice for
students for
students for
several
several years. several
hours.
years.
You will
have been a
student for
several years.
He / She will
have been a
student for
several years.
It will have
been nice
for several
years.
Future Perfect
I will have
been a
teacher for
several
years.
Question
Positive Statement
They will
We will have
have been
been students
students for
for several
several
years.
years.
Negative Statement (possible short forms)
Singular
Have you
been ...?
You have been ...

(You've been ...)
You have not been ... (You haven't been ... //

You've not been ...)
31
Plural
We / You / They have
Have we / you / been ...
they been ...?
(We've / You've They've
been ...)
We / You / They have not been ...

(We / You / They haven't been ... // We've /
You've They've not been ...)
For example:
Question - ?
Positive Answer Yes
Negative Answer No
Question - ?
Positive Answer Yes
Negative Answer No
"Have you washed your face today?"

" Yes, I have."
" No, I haven't."
"Have you ever had a heart attack?"
" Yes, I'm afraid I have."
" No, thank goodness, I haven't."
3. The use of have to

In addition to the two forms, there is another use for have as a modal verb; have to or
have got to. This, of course, must be followed by another verb "We have to do
something".
Have to
Have got to
Question - ?
"Do you have to leave early?" "Have you got to leave early?"
Positive Answer - Yes "Yes I have to." or "Yes I do" "Yes I've got to."
Negative Answer - No "No I don't have to."
"No I haven't got to."
4. To have something done

If something is done for you, in other words you haven't actually done it yourself, we
use the structure "to have something done".
For example:"He had a tooth out." (Only a masochist would go pull their own teeth out. We go
to the dentist and he or she pulls our teeth out for us.)
"I have my hair cut once every six weeks." (I don't cut my own hair, my
hairdresser cuts it for me.)
32
"My husband has the car serviced once a year." (He wouldn't have a clue how to
service a modern car so, he takes it to the garage and they service it for us.)
Exercises (have)
1
They
write a test.
She
clean her desk.
Ken and Liz
Andy
We
do our homework.
He
write with a pencil.
You
learn English words.
help his brother.
feed the hamster.
take photos.
33
Victoria
10 The teacher
read the newspaper.
send a text message.
4. MODALS
All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals. Unlike other
auxiliary verbs modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot act alone as the main
verb in a sentence.
Be, do, and have also differ from the other auxiliaries in that they can also serve as
ordinary verbs in a given sentence.
The modal verbs are:CAN / COULD
MAY / MIGHT
MUST / OUGHT TO
SHALL / SHOULD
WILL / WOULD
Contextual classes
Modal Verb
Example
Can
They can control their own budgets.
Uses
Ability / Possibility
We cant fix it.
Inability / Impossibility
Can I smoke here?
Asking for permission
34
Modal Verb
Could
May
Might
Example
Uses
Can you help me?

Could I borrow your dictionary?
Request
Asking for permission.
Could you say that again more slowly?
Request
We could try to fix it ourselves.
Suggestion
I think we could go to war again.
Future possibility
He gave up his old job so he could work for us. Ability in the past
May I have another cup of coffee?
China may become a major economic power.
We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be
eating their dinner now.
Future possibility
You never know, they might give us a 10%

discount.
We must say good-bye now.
Future possibility
Must
Ought to
Shall
Present possibility
Necessity / Obligation
They mustnt disrupt the work more than

necessary.
Prohibition
We ought to employ a professional writer.
Saying whats right or

correct.
Shall I help you with your luggage?
Offer
(More
Shall we say 2.30 then?
common
in the UK
Shall I do that or will you?
than the US)
We should sort out this problem at once.
Suggestion
Asking what to do
Saying whats right or
correct
I think we should check everything again.

Should
Recommending action
You should check your posture when using the
computer.
Giving advice
Will
Profits should increase next year.

I cant see any taxis so Ill walk.
Uncertain prediction
Instant decisions
I'll do that for you if you like.
Offer
Ill get back to you first thing on Monday.
Promise
35
Modal Verb
Example
Profits will increase next year.
Would you mind if I brought a colleague with
me?
Would you pass the salt please?
Would you mind waiting a moment?
Would
"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "Thatd be
fine."
Would you like to play golf this Friday?
Uses
Certain prediction
Making a Request
Making a Request
Making arrangements
Invitation
Stating Preferences
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "Id like tea
please."
! Be careful when using the modal verb "must" when giving advice. You could
use "If I were you I would..." instead.
EXERCISES 1
Match 1 - 10 to a - j.
1.It is a very good film. _____
2. He is not sure now. _____
3. She is so different. _____
4. It is the last train. _____
5. It's Sunday today. _____
6. This exhibition is not free of charge. _____
7. I'll prepare breakfast myself. _____
8. The coach leaves tonight and it takes
twelve hours to get here. _____
9. Your address is the same. _____
10. We have plenty of time. _____
a. You needn't get up early.

b. You don't have to get up early.
c. We can't miss it.
d. We mustn't miss it.
e.
You can be her sister.
f. You can't be her sister.

36
g.
I have to buy a ticket.
h.
I must buy a ticket.
i.
He may come tomorrow.
j.
He must come tomorrow.
EXERCISES 2
Rewrite the sentences with can, may, must or have to. .
You ....................................................................
Perhaps she will agree with it. Who knows?
She .....................................................................
Our teacher asked us to tidy the classroom.
We .....................................................................
I need your help. It's too much work for me.
You ....................................................................
Look at that baloon. It's over there.
....................... see ........................................... ?
Don't worry about dinner. I'll make it.
You ....................................................................
It is not necessary to be there.
We .....................................................................
Why don't you stay with us? No problem!
You ....................................................................
CHAPTER IV
PHRASE, CLAUSE, AND SENTENCE
1 PHRASE
37
A phrase is two or more words that do not contain the subject-verb pair
necessary to form a clause. Phrases can be very short or quite long. Here are two
examples:
After lunch
After slithering down the stairs and across the road to scare nearly to death
Mrs. Philpot busy pruning her rose bushes
Certain phrases have specific names based on the type of word that begins or
governs the word group: noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, infinitive
phrase, participle phrase, gerund phrase, and absolute phrase.
a. Noun Phrases
A noun phrase includes a nouna person, place, or thingand the

modifierseither before or afterwhich distinguish it. The pattern looks
like this:
Optional Modifier(s) + Noun + Optional Modifier(s)
Here are some examples:
The shoplifted pair of jeans
Pair = noun; the, shoplifted, of jeans = modifiers.
A cat that refused to meow
Cat = noun; a, that refused to meow = modifiers.
A great English teacher
Teacher = noun; a, great, English = modifiers.
Noun phrases function as subjects, objects, and complements:

The shoplifted pair of jeans caused Nathaniel so much guilt that he
couldn't wear them.
1
The shoplifted pair of jeans = subject.

38
Jerome adopted a cat that refused to meow.

2 A cat that refused to meow = direct object.
With her love of Shakespeare and knowledge of grammar,
Jasmine will someday be a great English teacher.
3 A great English teacher = subject complement.
b. Verb Phrases
Sometimes a sentence can communicate its meaning with a one-word

verb. Other times, however, a sentence will use a verb phrase, a multiword verb, to express more nuanced action or condition. A verb phrase
can have up to four parts. The pattern looks like this:
Auxiliary Verb(s) + Main Verb + Verb Ending When Necessary
Had cleaned
Had = auxiliary verb; clean = main verb; ed = verb ending.
Should have been writing
Should, have, been = auxiliary verbs; write = main verb; ing =
verb ending.
Must wash
Must = auxiliary verb; wash = main verb.
Here are the verb phrases in action:
39
Mom had just cleaned the refrigerator shelves when Lawrence

knocked over the pitcher of orange juice.
Sarah should have been writing her research essay, but she
couldn't resist another short chapter in her Stephen King novel.
If guests are coming for dinner, we must wash our smelly dog!
c. Prepositional Phrases
At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and

end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.
The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to
describe it. These are the patterns for a prepositional phrase:
Preposition + Noun, Pronoun, Gerund, or Clause
Preposition + Modifier(s) + Noun, Pronoun, Gerund, or Clause
On time
On = preposition; time = noun.
Underneath the sagging yellow couch
Underneath = preposition; the, sagging, yellow = modifiers; couch
= noun.
From eating too much
From = preposition; eating = gerund; too, much = modifiers.
40
A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an

adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?
Read these examples:
1) The spider above the kitchen sink has just caught a fat fly.
2) Which spider? The one above the kitchen sink!
3) The librarian at the check-out desk smiles whenever she collects a late
fee.
4) Which librarian? The one at the check-out desk!
5) The vegetables on Noel's plate lay untouched the entire meal.
6) Which vegetables? The ones on Noel's plate!
7) As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as
How? When? or Where?
8) While sitting in the cafeteria, Jack catapulted peas with a spoon.
9) How did Jack launch those peas? With a spoon!
10) After breakfast, we piled the dirty dishes in the sink.
11) When did we ignore the dirty dishes? After breakfast!
12) Amber finally found the umbrella wedged under the passenger's front
seat.
13) Where did Amber locate the umbrella? Under the passenger's front
seat!
d. Infinitive Phrases
An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the
verb]. It will often include objects and/or modifiers that complete the thought.
The pattern looks like this:
Infinitive + Object(s) and/or Modifier(s)
41

To slurp spaghetti
To send the document before the deadline
To gulp the glass of water with such thirst that streams of liquid
ran down his chin and wet the front of his already sweat-soaked
shirt.
Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Look at these

examples:
1) To avoid another lecture from Michelle on the benefits of
vegetarianism was Aaron's hope for their date at a nice restaurant.
2) To avoid another lecture from Michelle on the benefits of
vegetarianism functions as a noun because it is the subject of the
sentence.
3) Cheryl plans to take microbiology next semester when Professor
Crum, a pushover, is teaching the course.
4) To take microbiology next semester functions as a noun because it is
the direct object for the verb plans.
5) The worst thing to happen during the severe thunderstorm was a
lightning strike that fried Clara's computer.
6) To happen during the severe thunderstorm functions as an adjective
because it modifies thing.
7) Ryan decided to mow the long grass on the front lawn to keep his
neighbors from complaining to the homeowners association.
42
8) To keep his neighbors from complaining to the homeowners

association functions as an adverb because it explains why Ryan
mowed the lawn.
e. Participle Phrases
A participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle. If the

participle is present, it will dependably end in ing. Likewise, a regular past
participle will end in a consistent ed. Irregular past participles, unfortunately,
conclude in all kinds of ways [although this list will help].
Since all phrases require two or more words, a participle phrase will often
include objects and/or modifiers that complete the thought. The pattern looks
like this:
Participle + Object(s) and/or modifier(s)
1) Flexing his muscles in front of the bathroom mirror
2) Ripped from a spiral-ring notebook
3) Driven crazy by Grandma's endless questions
Participle phrases always function as adjectives, adding description to the

sentence. Read these examples:
The stock clerk lining up cartons of orange juice made sure the
expiration date faced the back of the cooler.
Lining up cartons of orange juice modifies the noun clerk.
Elijah likes his eggs smothered in cheese sauce.
Smothered in cheese sauce modifies the noun eggs.
43
Shrunk in the dryer, the jeans hung above John's ankles.

Shrunk in the dryer modifies the noun jeans.
f. Gerund Phrases
A gerund phrase will begin with a gerund, an ing word, and will often
include other modifiers and/or objects. The pattern looks like this:
Gerund + Object(s) and/or Modifier(s)
Gerund phrases look exactly like present participle phrases. How do you tell
the difference? You must determine the function of the phrase.
Gerund phrases always function as nouns, so they will be subjects, subject
complements, or objects in the sentence. Read these examples:
Washing our dog Gizmo requires strong arms to keep the
squirming, unhappy puppy in the tub.
Washing our dog Gizmo = subject of the verb requires.
A good strategy for avoiding dirty dishes is eating every meal off
of paper towels.
Eating every meal off of paper towels = subject complement of the
verb is.
Susie tried holding the slippery trout, but the fish flipped out of
her hands and splashed back into the stream.
Holding the slippery trout = direct object of the verb tried.
g. Absolute Phrases
An absolute phrase combines a noun and a participle with any

accompanying modifiers or objects. The pattern looks like this:
44
Noun + Participle + Optional Modifier(s) and/or Object(s)

His brow knitted in frustration
Brow = noun; knitted = participle; his, in frustration = modifiers.
Her fingers flying over the piano keys
Fingers = noun; flying = participle; her, over the piano keys =
modifiers.
Our eyes following the arc of the ball
Eyes = noun; following = participle; arc = direct object; our, the,
of the ball = modifiers.
Rather than modifying a specific word, an absolute phrase will
describe the whole clause:
1) His brow knitted in frustration, Thomas tried again to iron a
perfect crease in his dress pants.
2) Francine played the difficult concerto, her fingers flying over the
piano keys.
3) We watched Leo launch a pass to his fullback, our eyes following
the arc of the ball.
Exercise
45
Direction: Write S if the group of words is a sentence or P if it is a phrase.

________1. Tim and Ted
________2. The chocolate is melting.
________3. There are thirty-five students in the class.
________4. eat slowly
________5. colorful shirts
________6. I saw Anthony at the park.
________7. Sherry drinks milk every day.
________8. I started to swim when I was young.
________9. looking for the keys
________10. They have been waiting for the bus.
________11. climbing the stairs
________12. an hour ago
________13. The plant needs water in order to grow.
________14. playing soccer
________15. The water is boiling.
2. CLAUSE
46
Clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other

components too). A clause may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete
sentence in itself. For example:
Clauses come in four types: main [or independent], subordinate [or
dependent], relative [or adjective], and noun. Every clause has at least a subject
and a verb. Other characteristics will help you distinguish one type of clause from
another.
1 Main Clauses
Every main clause will follow this pattern:
SUBJECT + VERB = complete thought.
Lazy students whine.
Students = subject; whine = verb.
Cola spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter.
Cola = subject; spilled, splashed = verbs.
My dog loves pizza crusts.

Dog = subject; loves = verb.
The important point to remember is that every sentence must have at least
one main clause. Otherwise, you have a fragment, a major error.
Subordinate Clauses
A subordinate clause will follow this pattern:
47
SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION + SUBJECT + VERB =

incomplete thought.
Whenever lazy students whine

Whenever = subordinate conjunction; students = subject; whine = verb.
As cola spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter
As = subordinate conjunction; cola = subject; spilled, splashed = verbs.
Because my dog loves pizza crusts

Because = subordinate conjunction; dog = subject; loves = verb.
The important point to remember about subordinate clauses is that they

can never stand alone as complete sentences. To complete the thought, you
must attach each subordinate clause to a main clause. Generally, the
punctuation looks like this:
MAIN CLAUSE
U B O AINM
U B O R D I N A T E
+
L A U S E
SUBORDINATE
+
+ M
A I N
L A U S E
Check out these revisions to the subordinate clauses above:

Whenever lazy students whine , Mrs. Russell throws chalk erasers at their
heads.
Anthony ran for the paper towels as cola spilled over the glass and
splashed onto the counter .
Because my dog loves pizza crusts , he never barks at the
deliveryman.
RelativeClauses
A relative clause will begin with a relative pronoun [such as who, whom,
48
whose, which, or that] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why]. The patterns
look like these:
Relative Pronoun Adverb + Subject + Verb
=incomplete thought
Relative Pronoun Subject + Verb
=incomplete thought
Whom Mrs. Russell hit in the head with a chalk eraser
Whom = relative pronoun; Mrs. Russell = subject; hit = verb.
Where he chews and drools with great enthusiasm
Where = relative adverb; he = subject; chews, drools = verbs.
That had spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter
That = relative pronoun; had spilled, splashed = verbs.

Who loves pizza crusts
Who = relative pronoun; loves = verb.
Like subordinate clauses, relative clauses cannot stand alone as complete
sentences. You must connect them to main clauses to finish the thought. Look at
these revisions of the relative clauses above:
49
The lazy students whom Mrs. Russell hit in the head with a chalk eraser
soon learned to keep their complaints to themselves.
My dog Floyd, who loves pizza crusts , eats them under the kitchen
table, where he chews and drools with great enthusiasm .
Anthony ran to get paper towels for the cola that had spilled over the
glass and splashed onto the counter .
Punctuating relative clauses can be tricky. You have to decide if the relative
clause is essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly.
Essential relative clauses do not require commas. A relative clause is essential
when you need the information it provides. Look at this example:
A dog that eats too much pizza will soon develop pepperoni
breath.
Dog is nonspecific. To know which dog we are talking about, we must have the
information in the relative clause. Thus, the relative clause is essential and
requires no commas.
If, however, we revise dog and choose more specific words instead, the relative
clause becomes nonessential and does require commas to separate it from the
rest of the sentence. Read this revision:
My dog Floyd , who eats too much pizza, has developed pepperoni
breath.
4 Noun Clause
Any clause that functions as a noun becomes a noun clause. Look at this
example:
You really do not want to know the ingredients in Aunt Nancy's
stew.
Ingredients = noun.
If we replace the noun ingredients with a clause, we have a noun clause:
You really do not want to know what Aunt Nancy adds to her stew.
What Aunt Nancy adds to her stew = noun claus
50
EXERCISES
Use that, who, which or whose to complete
the sentences. Write commas where necessary.
1
2
3
5
Miss Anderson ................ reputation is so good comes to help us.

What have you done with the pen ................ I left on the table?
I delivered the parcel to Charles ................ gave it to Ann.
His wife ................. is an architect designed their new house.
6
7
8
9
Everybody ............... saw the attack should contact the police.

The town ............... towers you can see is York.
Is he the new teacher .............. you told me about?
His last film .............. is the best film I've ever seen hasn't a big audience.
3. Sentences (Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences)
1.
Simple Sentences
a)
The farmers leave their village in the early morning.
b)
Their village is far away from town.
c)
There are a lot of tourist in Bali.
d)
It is important to study History. (=To study History is important.)
2. Compound Sentences
a)
Bali is a beautiful island and it is visited by a lot tourists.
b)
Power competition should be stopped or there will be a war.

c) The
suns
energy but the equipmentis unlimited to
capture is not widely available.

3.
a)
Complex Sentences
Main Clause + Adjective Clause
51
b) The farmers who want to sell their crops leave their

village, which is far away from town, in the early morning.
c) Main Clause + Adverbial Clause
The farmers leave their village when the day is just
dawning.
d) Main Clause + Noun Clause I know where the girl lives.
Where the girl lives is a mystery.
EXERCISES
Write the words simple, compound, and or complex to identify each sentence types
....................... 1. Some people like to relax and do nothing hen they take a
vacation.
....................... 2. Other people like to travel, and still others like to have.
....................... 3. Unusual vacation are becomeing popular.
....................... 4. For example, people go hiking in Nepal or river rafting in
educador.
....................... 5. Some people spend their vacations learning and some spend
their vacations helpind others.
....................... 6. A friend of mine studied japanese during his vacation

because his company is going to send him to japan to
work.
........................ 7. A friend of mine likes to help people, so he spent his
summer helping to build a school in bangladesh.
....................... 8. After he returned home, he wanted to go back to build a
medical clinic.
........................ 9. The travel bussiness in changing because people are
taking different vacations.
........................ 10. After people have been in the jungles of guatemala,
they may find the beaches of florida a little boring.
52
CHAPTER V
SVA(SUBJET,VERB,AND ADVERB)
KalimatdalambahasaInggrispadadasarnyaterdiridariduaunsur,yaitu(1) subject
dan(2)predicate.PredicatedalambahasaInggris,terdiridari(1)apredicatingword
(Verb),yangbiasanyadisertaidengan object,dan(2) alinkingverb,yangbiasanya
disertaidengancomplementberupaadjective(katasifat)atauadverb(kataketerangan).
Predicating
Subject
Object
Words
LinkingVerb
Subject
Adverbs
Complement
Predicate
DengasndemikiankalimatbahasaInggrismemilikiunsurberikut
Subject
Verb
Object
Adverb
PerhatikancontohkalimatdalambahasaInggrisberikut:
1. Theboythrowstheballintothewater
2. Maryisbeautiful
Kalimatdiatasdiuraikanmenjadi:
53
Complement(SVOAC)
1.
Theboy
Throws
theball
intothewater
Subject
PredicatingWord
Object
Adverb
2. Mary
Is
beautiful
Subject
LinkingVerb
Complement
Subject
Predicate
MakapolakalimatdalambahasaInggrismerupakanvariasidariSubject(S)Verb(V)
Object(O)Complement(Adverb).Perhatikanpolakalimatdibawahini
Sentence
Pattern
Subject
Verb
SV
Cry
SVA
He
Screams
NotesonVerbs
Complement
Object
Adverb
IntransitiveVerbs
loudly
(donotneedan
object)
SVC
She
Seems
Happy
SVC
Mary
Is
Beautiful
SVO
He
Throws
theball
SVOA
She
Sings
thesong
beautifully
(predicatingwords;
SVCOA
Thelady
Treats
people
respectedly
shouldhaveobjects)
Poor
LinkingVerbs
TransitiveVerbs
Exercises
Analyzethepatternofthesesentences.PutSforsubject,Vforverb,Oforobject,Cfor
complement,andAforadverb
1.
He
Runs
Quickly
2.
Theboy
Eats
themeal
54
hungrily
3.
We
Had
delicious
4.
He
Works
efficiently
5.
She
Stares
Blankly
dinner
intothefire
EXERCISES
Exercises 1
Identifyeachofthefollowingwordasanounthing (NT),anounperson(NP),
anadjective(ADJ),anadverb(ADV),oraverb(V).
1.
heighten
6.
desertification
11
Speechless
2.
forgetful
7.
Submissive
12. Tremendously
3.
Imperialism
8.
Nocturnal
13. Liability
4.
effusively
9.
establishment
14. Counselor
5.
cashier
10. Impertinent
15. Civic
Exercises2
Circletheletterofthewordthatcorrectlycompleteseachsentence.
1. The__________ofthenewcouldnotbestressedenough.
A.important
B.importance
C.importantly
2. thedetective__________thatthemaidcommittedtherobbery
A.theorized
B.theoretician
C.theoretic
3. Itis________thattheylivesoclosetotheschool
A.convenience
B.convenient
C.conveniently
55
4. Thepatientresponded__________tothemedication.
A.weaken
B.weakness
C.weakly
5. Thepsychologistexplainedhisideason________interaction
A.social
B.society
C.socialize
Exercises3
Thefollowingsentencescontainanumberofunderlinedwords.Eachofthe
underlinedwordsmayornotbecorrect.Circletheunderlinedwordsthatare
incorrect,andmakethemcorrect.
1. Thepoliceinspectorganizedanintensivelysearchfortherobber.
2. Thenewspaper reporter didnot exactappreciate the negation commentsabouther
article.
3. Hebecamepennilessandhomelesswhenaseriousnessillmadehimunable
towork.
4. On the old college campus, the ivycovered wall of the colonial buildings
createanauraofgentilityandtradition.
5. Maya Angelou is a poem , composition, and author of two
autobiographicallywork,IKnowWhythecagedbirdsingandMyName
Exercise 4
Choose the correct relative pronoun.
1. The dog ..... barking you can hear is our neighbour's dog.
a) who
b) which c) whose
56
2. This is the purse ..... I am looking for.

a) what b) that c) whose
3. Could you tell me the name of the boy ..... is sitting opposite us?
a) that b) which c) whom
4. My mother, ..... worked as a nurse, is retired now.
a) that b) who c) which
5. I don't know the phone number ..... is used in case of emergencies.
a) what b) which
c) who
6. We booked a really comfortable hotel room, ..... was a very good idea.
a) that b) what
c) which
57
ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
NOUN
EXERCISES1Noun(Thing)
Endings
1.
Membership
5.
humanity
2.
kindness
6.
election
3.
4.
Reality
Movement
7.
8.
breakage
intelligence
9. alcoholism
13. Leadership
10. permanence
14. Suddenness
11. mileage
12.confusion
15. Improvement
16.equality
EXERCISES2Noun
1.
Teacher
5.
inventor
9. perfectionist
13. builder
2.
Typist
6.
clinician
10. programmer
14. naturalist
3.
Beautician
7.
specialist
11. electrician
15. Advisor
4.
Idealist
8.
rancher
12. investor
16. Mathematician
ADJECTIVE
EXERCISES 1
1.
2.
NC
3.
The
The
0
The
the
4.
EXERCISES 2
1
2
3
4
58
5.
Exercises 3 Adjective ending

1.
heartless
5.
Helpful/less
9. courageous
13. traditional
2.
Natural
6.
impressive
10. Useful/less
14. changeable
3.
Athletic
7.
intelligent
11. enthusiastic
15. permanent
4.
mysterious
8.
comfortable
12. motionless
16. attractive
Exercises verb
1.
Darken
5.
shorten
9. differentiate
13. personify
2.
Finalize
6.
intensify
10. identify
14.
3.
Justify
7.
investigate
11. lighten
15. liberalize
4.
Separate
8.
industrialize
12. glamorize
16. demonstrate
sweeten
Exercises Adverb
1.
Finally
5.
strongly
9. greatly
13. correctly
2.
carefully
6.
perfectly
10. completely
14. suddenly
3.
obviously
7.
fearfully
11. eagerly
15. doubtfully
4.
Recently
8.
quickly
12. absolutely
16. regularly
Exercises Conjunction
1.
A 2.
C 3.
D 4. C
5.
Exercises Preposition
1.
2.
3.
59
4.
5.
CHAPTER II
PRONOUN
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. E
CHAPTER III
Tobe, Todo, and Modals
Exercises Tobe
1. Angelina Joli is American. She
isn't French.
2. Brad Pitt is American, too. He
isn't German.
3. Brad and Angelina aren't French. They
are American.
4. My friend and I are high school students. We

5. The Statue of Liberty is in New York. It
isn't in Washington.
EXERCISES Todo
5
6
7
8
9
Does
Do
Do
Does
Dont
6. Does
7. Does
8. Dont
9. Dont
10. Doesnt
aren't primary school students.
11. Doesnt
12. Dont
13. Doesnt
14. Dont
15. Dont
EXERCISES ToHave
1. They have to write a test.

2. She has to clean her desk.
3. Ken and Liz have to learn English words.
4. Andy has to help his brother.
5. We have to do our homework.
6. He has to write with a pencil.
7. I have to feed the hamster.
8. You have to take photos.
9. Victoria has to read the newspaper.
60
10. The teacher has to send a text message
EXERCISES MODALS
You mustn't/can't park

She may/can agree with it.
We have to tidy
You must help me
Can you see
You needn't worry
We don't have to be
You can stay
TASK 2
1h
2i
3f
4d
5b
6g
7a
8j
9e
10 c
CHAPTER VI
PHRASE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
P
S
S
P
P
6. S
7. S
8. S
9. P
10. S
CLAUSE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Miss Anderson, whose reputation... , comes

pen which|that I left
... to Charles, who gave...
His wife, who is... , designed
noise which | that comes
Everybody who | that saw
61
7.
8.
The town whose towers

teacher who | that you tol
SENTENCE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
compuond
compound
simple
simple
compuond
6. complex
7. complex
8. complex
9. complex
10. complex
CHAPTER V
EXERCISES 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXERCISES
Exercises 1
1.
11.
NT
16.
ADJ
2.
ADJ
12.
ADJ
17. ADV
3.
NT
13.
ADJ
18.
NT
4.
ADV
14.
NT
19.
NP
5.
NP
15.
ADJ
20.
ADJ
Exercises2
1.
5.
2. A
3. B
4. C
62
Exercises3
1. inspector,intensive
2. exactly,negative
3. serious,illness
4. noerrors
5. poet,composer,autobiographical
Exercise 4
whose barking
that I am loking for
that is sitting
who worked
which is used
which was
63
LIST OF VOCABULARIES
REGULLER VERB
Verb 1
Verb 2
Analyze
Analyzed
Attack
Attacked
Blame
Blamed
Call
Called
calculate
calculated
Cancel
Canceled
Dance
Danced
Explain
explained
Fulfill
Fulfilled
Hate
Hated
Help
Helped
Imagine
imagined
Kill
Killed
Kiss
Kissed
Learn
Learned
Like
Liked
maintain
maintained
Move
Moved
negotiate
negotiated
Panic
panicked
Verb 3
analyzed
attacked
blamed
called
calculated
canceled
danced
explained
fulfilled
hated
helped
imagined
killed
kissed
learned
liked
maintained
moved
negotiated
panicked
Arti
Menganalisa/menelaah
Menyerang/menyerbu
Menyalahkan/mempersalahkan
Memanggil/menelpon
Menghitung/berhitung
Membatalkan/batalkan
Menari/berdansa
Menjelaskan/menerangkan
Memenuhi
Benci/membenci
Bantu/membantu/menolong
Membayangkan/mengkhayalkan
Membunuh
Mencium
Belajar/mempelajari
Suka/menyukai
Mempertahankan/memelihara
Bergerak/pindah
Berunding/berembuk
Panic/menjadi panik
IRREGULLER VERB
Verb 1
Verb 2
Arise
arose
Begin
began
Bring
brough
Choose
chose
Come
came
Drink
drank
Drive
drove
Eat
ate
Fall
fell
Go
went
Give
gave
Hit
hit
Verb 3
arisen
begun
brought
chooen
come
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
gone
given
hit
Arti
Timbul/muncul/bangun
Mulai/memulai
Membawa
Memilih
Datang
Minum
Menyetir
Makan
Jatuh
Pergi
Memberi
Memukul
64
Know
knew
known
Lie
lay
lain
Make
made
made
Opercome
Opercame
Opercome
Pay
paid
paid
See
saw
seen
Sell
sold
sold
Take
take
taken
Kosakata Bahasa Inggris - Kata Benda
No
Kata benda
In English
1
Bandara
Airport
2
Buku
Book
3
Pria
Man
4
Wanita
Woman
5
Kebahagiaan
happiness
6
Udara
Air
7
Gas
Gas
8
Meja
Table
9
Kursi
Chair
10 Lemari
Cupboard
11 Cuaca
Weather
12 Hari
Day
13 Bulan
Month
14 Tahun
year
15 Komputer
Computer
16 Televisi
Television
17 Tas
Bag
18 Kayu
wood
19 Hutan
Forest
20 Tumbuhan
Vegetation
21 Hewan
Animal
22 Listrik
Electricity
23 Langit
Sky
24 Petir
Thunderbolt
25 Sapu
Broom
Tahu
Berbohong
Membuat
Mengatasi
Membayar
Melihat
Menjual
Mengambil
No
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Vocabulary - Kata Sifat

Kata Sifat
Arti
Abashed
Malu
Aberrant
Berkelainan
Abhorrent
Mengerikan
Abiding
Kekal
Abject
Hina
Able
Sanggup
Abortive
Gagal
Abrasive
Kasar
..
65
Kata benda
Sabun
Kabel
Bus
Sepeda
Mobil
Topi
Pesta
Dompet
Pintu
Jendela
Tembok
Kamar
Kapal layar
Matahari
Bola
Uang
Gula
Anak-anak
Ayah
Ibu
Kakek
Nenek
Istri
Suami
Buah
Kata Sifat
Selective
Selfish
Serious
Shaky
Sharp
Shocking
Short
Shy
In English
Soap
Cable
Bus
Bicycle
Car
Hat
Party
Wallet
Door
Window
Wall
Room
Sailing boat
Sun
Ball
Money
Sugar
Children
Father
Mother
Grandfather
Grandmother
Wife
Husband
Fruit
Arti
Selektif
Egois
Serius
Goyah
Tajam
Mengejutkan
Pendek
Malu
Abrupt
Absorbed
Absorbing
Abstract
Absurd
Acceptable
Accessible
Accurate
Afraid
Aggressive
Alive
Amazing
Angry
Bad
Bawdy
Beautiful
Best
Better
Big
Bored /boring
Brave
Busy
Careful
Cheap
Chivalrous
Chubby
Clean
Clear
Comfortable
Confused
Crazy
Cruel
Dangerous
Dark
Dead
Debonair
Delicious
Demonic
Delirious
Different
Difficult
Diligent
Discreet
Disastrous
Elegant
Tiba-tiba
Terserap
Mengasyikkan
Tidak berwujud
Konyol
Dapat diterima
Dapat diakses
Tepat
Takut
Agresif
Hidup
Menakjubkan
Marah
Buruk
Mesum
Cantik/indah
Terbaik
Lebih baik
Besar
Bosan/membosankan
Berani
Sibuk
Hati-hati
Murah
Sangat sopan
Gemuk
Bersih
Jelas
Nyaman
Bingung
Gila
Kejam
Berbahaya
Gelap
Mati
Ramah tamah
Lezat
Jahat
Mengigau
Berbeda
Sulit
Rajin
Bijaksana
Bencana
Anggun
Sick
Silent
Silky
Silly
Simple
Skillful
Skinny
Slim
Sloppy
Slow
Small
Smart
Smooth
Sneaky
Special
Spectacular
Spiteful
Spurious
Squalid
Stale
Steadfast
Steady
Sticky
Straight
Strong
Stupid
Sudden
Sweet
Tame
Tasteless
Tasty
Tearful
Temporary
Tense
Terrible
Tested
Thick
Thin
Thoughtless
Tight
Tiny
Trashy
Tricky
True
Truthful
66
Sakit
Diam
Sedap
Bodoh
Sederhana
Trampil
Kurus
Langsing
Ceroboh
Lambat
Kecil
Pintar
Halus
Licik
Khusus
Spektakuler
pendendam
Palsu
Jorok
Basi
Tabah
Mantap
Lengket
Lurus
Kuat
Bodoh/goblok
Tiba-tiba
Manis
Jinak
Hambar
Lezat
Berkesan
Sementara
Tegang
Mengerikan
Teruji
Tebal
Tipis
Sembrono/lalai
Ketat
Mungil
Tidak mutu
Rumit
Benar
Jujur
Empty
Enchanted
Envious
Expensive
False
Familiar
Far
Fast
Female
Flat
Free
Good
Glossy
Grateful
Handsome
Happy
Hard
High
Honorable
Hot
Hurt
Illegal
Important
Impossible
Incredible
Interesting
Jealous
Jobless
Jumbled
Large
Last
Late
Lazy
Little
Long
Loving
Lucky
Lumpy
Lying
Madly
Magical
Male
Many
Mature
Merciful
Kosong
Terpesona
Iri
Mahal
Salah
Akrab
Jauh
Cepat
Perempuan
Datar
Gratis
Baik
Berkilau
Bersyukur
Tampan
Senang
Keras
Tinggi
Terhormat
Panas
Sakit
Tidak resmi
Penting
Mustahil
Luar biasa
Menarik
Cemburu
Menganggur
Bercampur
Besar
Terakhir
Telat/terlambat
Malas
Sedikit
Panjang
Penuh kasih
Beruntung
Kental
Bohong/berbohong
Mabuk
Gaib
Pria/laki-laki
Banyak
Dewasa
Penyayang
Typical
Ugly
Uncovered
Understood
Uneven
Unique
Unknown
Unnatural
Unruly
Unusual
Uppity
Useful
Useless
Vacuous
Vagabond
Valuable
Various
Versed
Victorious
Voiceless
Voracious
Vulgar
Wakeful
Warm
Wary
Wasteful
Weak
Weary
Wealthy
Wet
Wide
Wild
Witty
Wise
Wonderful
Workable
Worried
Wrong
Wrathful
Wretched
Worthless
Young
Youthful
Yummy
Yielding
67
Khas
Jelek
Terbongkar
Dipahami
Ganjil
Unik
Tidak diketahui
Tidak wajar
Tegar
Luar biasa
Sombong
Berguna
Tidak berguna
Hampa
Gelandangan
Berharga
Beragam
Berpengalaman
Jaya
Tidak bersuara
Rakus
Vulgar
Sulit tidur
Hangat
Waspada
Boros
Lemah
Lelah
Kaya
Basah
Lebar
Liar
Jenaka
Bijaksana
Indah/hebat
Bisa diterapkan
Cemas/khawatir
Salah
Murka
Malang
Tidak berguna
Muda
Belia
Lezat
Penurut
Messy
Modern
Nave
Nasty
Natural
Naughty
Near
Necessary
Needy
Nervous
Nimble
Noisy
Obedient
Obese
Old
Ordinary
Ossified
Overrated
Painful
Painstaking
Pale
Panicky
Perfect
Phobic
Possessive
Powerful
Precious
Private
Probable
Proud
Public
Quick
Quiet
Quirky
Racial
Rampant
Rare
Ready
Real
Rebellious
Redundant
Reflective
Relieved
Resolute
Responsible
Kacau
Modern
Naf
Mesum
Alamiah
Nakal
Dekat
Perlu
Miskin
Gugup
Gesit
Berisik
Taat
Gendut
Tua
Biasa
Kaku
Berlebihan
Menyakitkan
Telaten
Pucat
Panik
Sempurna
Fobia
Posesif
Berkuasa
Berharga
Pribadi
Mungkin
Bangga
Publik
Cepat
Tenang
Unik
Rasial
Merata
Langka
Siap
Nyata
Durhaka
Mubazir
Termenung
Lega
Tegas
Bertanggung jawab
Zealous
Zestful
Zippy
68
Tekun
Dengan semangat
Bergairah
Rich
Sad
Safe
Same
Satisfying
Savory
Secret
Secretive
Seemly
Kaya
Sedih
Aman
Sama
Memuaskan
Gurih
Rahasia
Diam-diam
Pantas
Vocabulary - Kata Ganti

Sebagai Subjek
I
You
She
He
It
They
We
Kolom 1
My
Her
His
Its
Your
Their
Our
Sebagai Objek
Me
You
Her
Him
It
Them
Us
Kolom 2
mine
Hers
His
Its
Yours
Theirs
Ours
Untuk menyatakan
Milik saya
Milik dia (perempuan)
Milik dia (laki-laki)
Milik hewan
Milik kamu
Milik mereka
Milik kita
Reflexive Pronouns
Myself
Yourself
Herself
Himself
Itself
Ourselves
Themselves
Yourselves
Interrogative Pronouns
What
Who
Digunakan untuk
Saya
Kamu
Dia perempuan
Dia laki-laki
Dia benda/hewan
Kita
Mereka
Kamu orang banyak (jamak)
Untuk menanyakan
Subjek (non person), objek (non person), verb.
Subjek (person)
69
Whom
Where
When
Which
Why
Whose
How
How fast
How far
How long
Etc
Objek (person)
Place (tempat)
Time (waktu)
Choice (pilihan)
Reason (alasan)
Possession (kepemilikan)
Manner (cara)
Speed (kecepatan)
Distance (jarak)
Duration (durasi)
Vocabulary - Kata Keterangan

Adverbs Of Manner
Angrily
Anxiously
Awkwardly
Beautifully
Happily
Wearily
Violently
Truthfully
Warmly
Honestly
Gladly
Bravely
Cheerfully
Carefully
Calmly
Clearly
Correctly
Fast
Fluently
Blindly
Irritably
Mysteriously
Perfectly
Quickly
Innocently
Justly
Kindly
Unexpectedly
Inquisitively
Arti
Dengan marah
Dengan cemas
Dengan canggung
Dengan cantiknya
Dengan gembira
Dengan lelah
Dengan keras/secara keras
Sesungguhnya
Dengan hangat
Secara jujur
Dengan senang hati
Dengan berani
Dengan riang
Dengan hati-hati
Dengan tenang
Dengan jelas
Dengan benar
Dengan cepat/cepat
Dengan fasih
Dengan membabi buta
Dengan jengkel
Secara misterius
Dengan sempurna
Segera/cepat/dengan segera
Dengan polosnya
Dengan adil
Dengan ramah
Tiba-tiba/secara mendadak/tak terduga
Dengan rasa ingin tahu
Adverbs Of Time
Arti
70
Now
Recently
Since
Lately
Finally
Eventually
Then
Ago
Already
Later
Yet
Last
Still
Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Tonight
Sekarang
Baru-baru ini
Sejak
Akhir-akhir ini
Akhirnya
Pada akhirnya
Kemudian
Yang lalu
Sudah
Kemudian
Belum
Terakhir
Masih
Hari ini
Kemarin
Besok
Malam ini
Adverbs Of Place
Arti
Here
There
Above
Below
Under
Behind
In
Away
Far
Near
Nearby
Inside
Outside
Somewhere
Anywhere
Adverbs Of Degree
Totally
Completely
Very
Too
Strongly
Really
Extremely
Hardly
Highly
Di sini
Di sana
Di atas
Di bawah
Di bawah
Di belakang
Di
Jauh
Jauh
Dekat
Dekat
Di dalam
Di luar
Di suatu tempat
Di manapun
Arti
Benar-benar
Sepenuhnya
Sangat
Terlalu
Sangat
Benar-benar/sangat
Sangat
Hampir tidak/ dengan sukar
Sangat/amat sangat
71
Overmuch
Terlalu/terampau/terlalu banyak/terlampau byk

Adverbs Of Frequency
Arti
Always
Often
Sometimes
Usually
Never
Seldom
Almost always
Hardly ever
Almost never
Once
Twice
Times
Adverbs Of Quantity
A couple of
A few
Several
Many
A number of
A little
An amount of
Much
A deal of
Some
A lot of
Lots of
Plenty of
most
All
ability
able
about
above
abroad
absolutely
accounting
accuracy
accurate
accurately
accusation
Selalu
Sering
Kadang-kadang
Biasanya
Tidak pernah
Jarang
Hampir selalu
Hampir tidak pernah
Hampir tidak pernah
Sekali
Dua kali
Beberapa kali
Arti
Beberapa
Sedikit
Beberapa
Banyak
Beberapa
Sedikit
Beberapa
Banyak
Beberapa
Beberapa
Beberapa/banyak
Beberapa/banyak
Beberapa/banyak
Kebanyakan
Semua
kemampuan
sanggup
tentang
Atas
di luar negeri
benar
akuntansi
ketepatan
Tepat
akurat
tuduhan
72
Contoh Penggunaan
A couple of apples
A few apples
Several apples
Many apples
A number of apples
A little money
An amount of money
Much money
A deal of money
Some money
A lot of money
Lots of money
Plenty of money
Most money
All money
accuse
achievement
acknowledge
acknowledgement
acquire
act
action
active
basic
basically
basket
bat
bath
bathroom
battery
battle
bay
beach
blank
blanket
blast
blend
bless
blind
coach
coast
coastal
coat
cocaine
cocktail
coffee
coin
cold
collaboration
collapse
colleague
collect
collection
collector
college
color
colorful
column
combat
combination
menuduh
prestasi
mengakui
pengakuan
memperoleh
bertindak
tindakan
Aktif
dasar
pada dasarnya
keranjang
kelelawar
mandi
kamar mandi
baterai
pertempuran
Teluk
pantai
kosong
selimut
ledakan
campuran
memberkati
Buta
pelatih
pantai
pesisir
mantel
kokain
koktil
Kopi
Koin
dingin
kolaborasi
keruntuhan
Rekan
mengumpulkan
koleksi
pengumpul
perguruan tinggi
warna
warna-warni
kolom
memerangi
kombinasi
73
combine
come
comedy
comfortable
command
commander
comment
commission
commissioner
commit
commitment
common
communication
community
company
compare
compel
compensation
compete
competition
competitive
competitor
complain
complete
drag
drain
drama
dramatic
draw
drawer
dream
drift
drill
drink
drive
driver
drown
drum
drunk
dry
duck
dump
during
dust
duty
menggabungkan
datang
komedi
nyaman
perintah
komandan
komentar
komisi
komisaris
melakukan
komitmen
umum
komunikasi
masyarakat
perusahaan
membandingkan
memaksa
kompensasi
bersaing
kompetisi
kompetitif
saingan
mengeluh
menyelesaikan
menyeret
menguras
drama
dramatis
menggambar
Laci
mimpi
melayang
Bor
minum
mendorong
Sopir
menenggelamkan
Drum
mabuk
kering
bebek
membuang
selama
Debu
Tugas
74
entertainment
entity
entrepreneur
envelope
environment
epidemic
episode
equally
equation
equip
equipment
equivalent
era
find
finger
finish
fire
first
fish
fisherman
fishing
fit
fitness
five
instruments
insurance
integration
integrity
intellectual
intelligence
intelligent
intense
intensity
interaction
interest
interesting
interior
internal
international
Internet
interpret
interpretation
interrupt
interval
key
hiburan
kesatuan
pengusaha
amplop
lingkungan
wabah
episode
Sama
persamaan
melengkapi
peralatan
setara
Era
menemukan
Jari
menyelesaikan
Api
pertama
Ikan
nelayan
penangkapan ikan
cocok
kebugaran
Lima
instrumen
asuransi
integrasi
integritas
cendekiawan
kecerdasan
cerdas
intens
intensitas
interaksi
Bunga (dlm ekonomi)
menarik
pedalaman
intern
internasional
Internet
menafsirkan
interpretasi
Mengganggu/menyela
selang
kunci
75
kick
kid
kill
killer
kind
king
kingdom
kiss
kit
kitchen
knee
know
military
milk
morning
need
neighbor
number
same
sample
save
sick
social
star
versus
warm
war
want
win
you
year
menendang
Anak
membunuh
pembunuh
Jenis
Raja
kerajaan
ciuman
kotak
dapur
Lutut
Tahu
militer
Susu
Pagi
Perlu
tetangga
nomor
Sama
contoh
menyimpan
Sakit
sosial
bintang
melawan
hangat
perang
Ingin
menang
Anda
tahun
76

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CHAPTER 1

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA)

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA)

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA)

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA)

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA)

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA)

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA)

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA)

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA)

Designed by Nurisman (Mahasiswa FKIP (pbi2014)-UNIKA)

have / had been

has / had been

you / we / they Are

Were have / had been

are / were being

Normally we use the verb to be to show the status or characteristics of something or

Present Simple (stative)

Future Simple (stative)

I will You will He / She

Present Continuous (active)

You are He /She is It is being We are

Past Continuous (active)

Negative Statement (possible short

I am ... (I'm ...)

I am not ... (I'm not ...)

He / She / It is not (He / She / It isn't... //

Are you ...?

You are ...(You're...)

You are not (You're not ...// You aren't...)

Am I being ...? I am being ...

I am not being ... (I'm not being...)

He / She / It is being ... He / She / It is not being ... (He / She / It

He / She / It was not ... (He / She / It

Were you ...?

You were not ... (You weren't ...)

You were ...

Was I being ...? I was being ...

I was not being (I wasn't being...)

Was he / she / He / She / It was

He / She / It was not being ... (He / She / It

You were being ...

You were not being ... (You weren't

I will be ... (I'll be ...)

I will not be ... (I'll not be ...)

It'll not be ...)

You will be ...(You'll

You will not be (You won't be ... // You'll

We / You /They are not (We're / You're /

We / You / They are

We / You / They were ...

We / You / They were not ... (We / You /

We / You / They were

We / You / They were not being ... (We /

We / You / They will

We / You / They will not be (We / You /

2. Brad Pitt is American, too.

3. Brad and Angelina aren't French.

4. My friend and I are high school students.

5. The Statue of Liberty is in New York.

aren't primary school students.