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Parameter
EM Waves
Basic
Technique
Propagation through RF
Electromagnetic Waves
Carrier
frequency
Data Rates
Modes of
propagation
(communication
links)
Acoustic Waves
Typically 5-10kbps[06]
Acoustic wave modes of propagation
are divided based on distance of
propagation and are given as[01]:
Very long range(in the order of
1000 km)
Long(10-100km)
Medium(1-10km)
Short(100-1km)
Very short(below 100m)
Communication
Range
Limitations
Affecting
factors
factors
Security
Disadvantages
Specific
Applications
Challenges
Thus the analogies between EM wave communication and Acoustic wave communication for
underwater applications were explored in various aspects.
ANNEXURE-I
LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES
Fig.1. A schematic of the various modes of propagation of low-frequency electromagnetic fields in the
coastal ocean( assuming here the source is located on the sea bottom) [07]
Fig.2: Temperature, salinity and sound speed profiles of north pacific sea [15]
Fig. 4: Sound absorption coefficient in sea water w.r.t. frequency, temperature, salinity and presence of
minerals [11]
Fig.8: Conventional propagation loss as a function of range for different frequencies at T=100c, S=
35psu, z=10m..[11]
Fig. 9: Frequency dependence of SNR of acoustic waves for various distances [01]
Table II: Example data rates for potential ranges of underwater EM wave communication.[Taken as it
is from[05]
REFERENCES
[01] Milica Stojanovic ,Underwater Acoustic Communication,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
[02] Ahmed I. Al-Shammaa, Andrew Shaw, and Saher Saman, Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
at MHz Frequencies Through Sea water, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.52,
No.11,November 2004.
[03] Sandra Sendra, Jaime Lloret, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, and Javier M. Aguiar, Underwater Wireless
Communications in Freshwater at 2.4 GHz, IEEE Communications Letters, Vol.17, No.9,
September 2013.
[04] Mandar Chitre, Shiraz Shahabudeen, Lee Freitag, Milica Stojanovic, Recent Advances in
Underwater Acoustic Communications & Networking.
[05] Xianhui Che, Ian Wells, Gordon Dickers, Paul Kear, and Xiaochun Gong, Swansea Metropolitan
University, Re-Evaluation of RF Electromagnetic Communication in Underwater Sensor
Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2011
[06] Qixin Zhu1, Wei Xiong, Hongli Liu, Yonghong Zhu, Guangming Xie, A Brief Review of
Underwater Electric Current Communication, Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 20th international
conference on Computer supported cooperative work in design.
[07] Robert Tyler and Thomas . Sanford, Propagation of electromagnetic fields in the coastal ocean
with applications to underwater navigation and communication, Radio Science Volume 33,
Number 4, Pages967-987, July-August 1998
[08] Mathew. N. O. Sadiku, Principles of Electromagnetics, 4th edition, Oxford University press.
[09] Ram Somaraju and Jochen Trumpf, Frequency, Temperature and Salinity Variation of the
Permittivity of Seawater, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.54, No.11,
November 2006.
[10] Ian F. Akyildiz, Dario Pompili, Tommaso Melodia, Challenges for Efficient Communication in
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks.
[11] Lurton, X, An introduction to underwater acoustics principles and applications, Springer
publications 2010, XXXVI,
[12] M. T. Anowar, M. N. H. Khan, M. M. Alam, M. A. Kabir, M. D. Hossen, M. S. Zahan,
M. K. Hossain, M. M. Hasan, A Survey of Acoustic Underwater Communications and Ways of
Mitigating Security Challenges, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science
(IJRES)
[13] Shan Jiang, Stavros Georgakopoulos, Electromagnetic Wave Propagation into Fresh Water, Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 2011, 3, 261-266
[14] Jun Li, Mylne Toulgoat, Mathieu Dziel, F. Richard Yu, Simon Perras, Propagation Modeling
and MAC-Layer Performance in EM-Based Underwater Sensor Networks, DIVANet14,
September 2126, 2014, Montreal, QC, Canada.
[15] Michael J Buckingham, Ocean- acoustic propagation models, Classification physics abstracts,
June 1992
[16] internet material