BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FUCULITY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINNERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Literature Review on Artificial Intelligence

Group Members
NAME

ID

1. SILESHI

NIBRET

0503390

2. TAMIRAT

TINKO

0503405

3. ZERTHUN

HABTE

0503484

4. SERAWIT

BEYENE

0503381

5. SOLOMON TILAYE

0503399

Submitted to: Mrs Fekadu M.

Abstract
This paper reviews common-sense definitions of intelligence; motivates the research in artificial
intelligence (AI) that is aimed at design and analysis of programs and computers that model
minds/brains; lays out the fundamental guiding hypothesis of AI; reviews the historical
development of AI as a scientist and engineering discipline; explores the relationship of AI to
other disciplines. Research on artificial intelligence in the last two decades has greatly improved
performance of both manufacturing and service systems. Currently, there is a dire need for an
article that presents a holistic literature survey of worldwide, theoretical frameworks and
practical experiences in the field of artificial intelligence. This paper reports the state-of the-art
on artificial intelligence in an integrated, concise, and elegantly distilled manner to show the
experiences in the field. In particular, this paper provides a broad review of recent developments
within the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and its applications. The work is targeted at new
entrants to the artificial intelligence field. It also reminds the experienced researchers about some
of the issue they have known. Hopefully this discussion will not only provide a useful context for
the technical material that follows but also convey a sense of what scientists, engineers,
mathematicians, and philosophers who have been drawn to the field find exciting about AI.

1.Introduction
In the 21st, century artificial intelligence (AI) has become an important area of research in virtually
all fields: engineering, science, education, medicine, business, accounting, finance, marketing,
economics, stock market and law, among others [1]. The field of AI has grown enormously to the
extent that tracking proliferation of studies becomes a difficult task. Apart from the application of
AI to the fields mentioned above, studies have been segregated into many areas with each of these
springing up as individual fields of knowledge [1].

1.1 What is Intelligence?

Try precisely defining intelligence. It is next to impossible. Despite the wide use (and misuse) of
terms such as intelligent systems, there is no widely agreed-upon scientist definition of intelligence
e. It is therefore useful to think of intelligence in terms of an open collection of attributes. What
follows is a wish-list of general characteristics of intelligence that contemporary researchers in AI
and cognitive science are trying to understand and replicate [6]. It is safe to say that no existing AI
system comes anywhere close to exhibiting intelligence as characterized here except perhaps in
extremely narrowly restricted domains (e.g., organic chemistry, medical diagnosis, information
retrieval, network routing, military situation assessment, financial, planning):
Perception: - manipulation, integration, and interpretation of data provided by sensors (in
the context of the internal state of the system including purposeful, goal-directed, active
perception) [8].
Action: -coordination, control, and use of effectors to accomplish a variety of tasks
including exploration and manipulation of the environment, including design and
construction of tools towards this end.
Reasoning: -deductive (logical) inference, inductive inference, analogical inference
including reasoning in the face of uncertainty and incomplete information, hypothetical
reasoning, justification and explanation of inferences, evaluation of explanations, adapting
explanations in the light of falsified assumptions or changing world states [6].
Adaptation and Learning: -adapting behavior to better cope with changing
environmental demands, discovery of regularities, explanation of observations in terms of
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known facts and hypotheses, construction of task-specific internal representations of the

environment, discovery of procedures, learning to differentiate despite similarities and
generalized despite differences, learning to describe specific domains in terms of abstract
theories and concepts, learning to use, adapt, and extend language, learning to reason, plan,
and act [6].
Communication: - with other intelligent agents including humans using signals, signs,
icons, symbols, sound, pictures, touch, language and other communication media including
communication of goals, desires, beliefs, narratives of real and imaginary episodes,
explanation of actions and events.
Planning and goal-directed problem-solving: - Formulation of plans sequences or
agenda of actions to accomplish externally or internally determined goals, evaluating and
choosing among alternative plans, adapting plans in the face of unexpected changes in the
environment, explaining and justifying plans, modifying old plans to fit new tasks,
handling complexity by abstraction and simplification [12].
Autonomy: - Setting of goals, deciding on the appropriate course of actions to take in order
to accomplish the goals or directives (without explicit instructions from another entity),
executing the actions to satisfy the goals, adapting the actions and/or goals as necessary to
deal with any unforeseen circumstances (to the extent permitted by the agent's physical
capabilities and the environmental constraints) [6].
Creativity: - exploration, modification, and extension of domains (e.g., language,
mathematics, music) by manipulation of domain-specific constraints, or by other means.
Reflection and awareness: - of internal processes (e.g., reasoning, goals, etc.) of self as
well as other agents.
Aesthetics: - articulation and use of aesthetic principles.
Organization: - into social groups based on shared objectives, development of shared
conventions to facilitate orderly interaction, culture [6].

1.2 What Is Artificial intelligence?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines
[7]. It is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.
These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the
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information), reasoning (using the rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions), and selfcorrection [8]. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and
machine vision.
AI was coined by John McCarthy, an American computer scientist, in 1956 at The Dartmouth
Conference where the discipline was born. Today, it is an umbrella term that encompasses
everything from robotic process automation to actual robotics. It has gained prominence recently
due, in part, to big data, or the increase in speed, size and variety of data businesses are now
collecting [2]. AI can perform tasks such as identifying patterns in the data more efficiently than
humans, enabling businesses to gain more insight out of their data.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent
machines that work and react like humans [7]. Some of the activities computers with artificial
intelligence are designed for include:

Speech recognition

Learning

Planning

Problem solving

Research associated with artificial intelligence is highly technical and specialized. The core
problems of artificial intelligence include programming computers for certain traits such as:
Knowledge
Reasoning
Problem solving
Perception
Learning
Planning
Ability to manipulate and move objects
Knowledge engineering is a core part of AI research. Machines can often act and react like humans
only if they have abundant information relating to the world [9]. Artificial intelligence must have
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access to objects, categories, properties and relations between all of them to implement knowledge
engineering. Initiating common sense, reasoning and problem-solving power in machines is a
difficult and tedious approach [4].

Machine learning is another core part of AI. Learning without any kind of supervision requires an
ability to identify patterns in streams of inputs, whereas learning with adequate supervision
involves classification and numerical regressions [6]. Classification determines the category an
object belongs to and regression deals with obtaining a set of numerical input or output examples,
thereby discovering functions enabling the generation of suitable outputs from respective inputs.
Mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a well-defined
branch of theoretical computer science often referred to as computational learning theory.

Machine perception deals with the capability to use sensory inputs to deduce the different aspects
of the world, while computer vision is the power to analyze visual inputs with few sub-problems
such as facial, object and speech recognition [12].

Robotics is also a major field related to AI. Robots require intelligence to handle tasks such as
object manipulation and navigation, along with sub-problems of localization, motion planning and
mapping.

1.2 Historical Perspective

There have been speculations as to the nature of intelligence going back to the Greeks and other
philosophers of the Mediterranean littoral. More recently, Thorndike, [2] and Hebb, [5] proposed
that intelligence is fundamentally related to neuronal and synaptic activity. With the nascence of
computing in the nineteen fifties, it was natural that these concepts should be extended to artificial
intelligence and we see the advent of the Turing Test in 1950 [3] and the first Checkers program
of Strachey, which was later updated by Samuel, 1959 to the point where it was able to beat the
best players of the time. This research led to the concept of an evolutionary program as old versions
of the program were pitted against more modern versions. The field of AI is generally held to have
started at a conference in July 1956 at Dartmouth College when the phrase Artificial Intelligence
was first used. It was attended by many of those who became leaders in the field including John
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McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Oliver Selfridge, Ray Solomonoff, Trenchard More, Claude Shannon,
Nathan Rochester, Arthur Samuel, Allen Newell, and Herbert Simon. Some of these researchers
went on to open centers of AI research around the world, such as at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology , Stanford, Edinburgh and Carnegie Mellon University.
Two main approaches were developed for general AI; the top down approach which started with
the higher-level functions and implemented those, and the bottom up approach which looked at
the neuron level and worked up to create higher level functions. By 1956, Allen Newell [4] had
developed the Logic Theorist, a theorem-proving program.
In the following years, several programs and methodologies were developed; General Problem
Solver 1959, Geometry Theorem Prover 1958, STRIPS 1971, Oettingers Virtual Mall
1952, natural language processing implemented in the Eliza program in 1966, SHRDLU 1973,
expert systems leading to Deep Blue 1997, and some of the earlier versions of embodied
intelligence such as Herbert, Toto, and Genghis by Brooks, 1987 which roamed the
laboratories at MIT.
By the 1980s AI researchers were beginning to understand that creating artificial intelligence was
a lot more complicated than first thought. Given this, Brooks came to believe that the
way forward in consciousness was for researchers to focus on creating individual modules based
on different aspects of the human brain, such as a planning module, a memory module etc., which
could later be combined together to create intelligence. In the recent past, with the improvement
of the technologies associated with computing and robots, there has been a broad-based attempt to
build embodied intelligences. But the peculiar nature of this field has resulted in the many attempts
being almost entirely unconnected. Because of the difficulty and lack of success in building
physical robots, there has been a tendency towards computer simulation, termed Artificial
General Intelligence where virtual agents in a virtual reality world attempt to achieve intelligent
behavior [12].

2. Fields of Artificial Intelligence

On a very broad account the areas of artificial intelligence are classified into sixteen categories
These are: reasoning, programming, artificial life, belief revision, data mining, distributed AI,

expert systems, genetic algorithms, systems, knowledge representation, machine learning, natural
language understanding, neural networks, theorem proving, constraint satisfaction, and theory of
computation [2]. Since many readers of this article may require a glance view of the AI field, the
author has utilized a flow diagram to illustrate the whole structure of this paper, and the
relationship among the diverse fields of AI, as presented in Figure 1[1]. What follows is a brief
discussion of some of the important areas of AI. These descriptions only account for a selected
number of areas.

2.1. Reasoning
The first major area considered here is that of reasoning. Research on reasoning has evolved from
the following dimensions: case-based, non-monotonic, model, qualitative, automated, spatial,
temporal and common sense.
For an illustrative example, the case-based reasoning (CBR) is briefly discussed. In CBR, a set of
cases stored in a case base is the primary source of knowledge. Cases represent specific experience
in a problem-solving domain, rather than general rules [10]. The main activities when solving
problems with cases are described in the case-based reasoning cycle. This cycle proposes the four
steps: relieve, reuse, revise and retain. First, the new problem to be solved must be formally
described as a case (new case). Then, a case that is similar to the current problem is retrieved from
the case base. The solution contained in this retrieved case is reused to solve the new problem with
a new solution obtained and presented to the user who can verify and possibly revise the solution.
The revised case (or the experience gained during the case-based problem solving process) is then
retained for future problem solving. Detailed information on dimensions or how they are related
could be obtained from the relevant sources listed in the references [10].

2.2. Genetic algorithm

The second major area of AI treated here is Genetic Algorithm (GA). This is a search algorithm
based on the mechanics of natural selection and natural genetics [5]. It is an iterative procedure
maintaining a population of structures that are candidate solutions to specific domain challenges.
During each generation, the structures in the current population are rated for their effectiveness as
solutions, and on the basis of these evaluations, a new population of candidate structures is formed
using specific genetic operators such as reproduction, cross over and mutation [7].
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2.3. Expert system

The third aspect of AI discussed here is expert system. An expert system is computer software that
can solve a narrowly defined set of problems using information and reasoning techniques normally
associated with a human expert. It could also be viewed as a computer system that performs at or
near the level of a human expert in a particular field of endeavor [3].

2.4. Natural language understanding

Natural language generation (NLG) systems are computer software systems that produce texts in
English and other human languages, often from non-linguistic input data. NLG systems, like most
AI systems, need substantial amounts of knowledge that is difficult to acquire. In general terms,
these problems were due to the complexity, novelty, and poorly understood nature of the tasks the
systems attempted, and were worsened by the fact that people write so differently [12].

2.5. Knowledge representation (KR)

Knowledge bases are used to model application domains and to facilitate access to stored
information. Research on KR originally concentrated around formalisms that are typically tuned
to deal with relatively small knowledge base, but provide powerful reasoning services, and are
highly expressive as stated in [6].

2.6 Reinforcement learning

Whereas traditional machine learning has mostly focused on pattern mining, reinforcement
learning shifts the focus to decision making, and is a technology that will help AI to advance more
deeply into the realm of learning about and executing actions in the real world. It has existed for
several decades as a framework for experience-driven sequential decision-making, but the methods
have not found great success in practice, mainly owing to issues of representation and scaling.
However, the advent of deep learning has provided reinforcement learning with a shot in the
arm. The recent success of AlphaGo, a computer program developed by Google Deep mind that
beat the human Go champion in a five-game match, was due in large part to reinforcement learning.
AlphaGo was trained by initializing an automated agent with a human expert database, but was

subsequently refined by playing a large number of games against itself and applying reinforcement
learning [10].

2.7 Robotics
Robotic navigation, at least in static environments, is largely solved. Current efforts consider how
to train a robot to interact with the world around it in generalizable and predictable ways. A natural
requirement that arises in interactive environments is manipulation, another topic of current
interest [5]. The deep learning revolution is only beginning to influence robotics, in large part
because it is far more difficult to acquire the large labeled data sets that have driven other learningbased areas of AI. Reinforcement learning (see above), which obviates the requirement of labeled
data,
may help bridge this gap but requires systems to be able to safely explore a policy space without
committing errors that harm the system itself or others. Advances in reliable machine perception,
including computer vision, force, and tactile perception, much of which will be driven by machine
learning, will continue to be key enablers to advancing the capabilities of robotics [6].

2.8 Computer vision

Computer vision is currently the most prominent form of machine perception. It has been the subarea of AI most transformed by the rise of deep learning. Until just a few years ago, support vector
machines were the method of choice for most visual classification tasks [14]. But the confluence
of large-scale computing, especially on GPUs, the availability of large datasets, especially via the
internet, and refinements of neural network algorithms has led to dramatic improvements in
performance on benchmark tasks. For the first time, computers are able to perform some (narrowly
defined) visual classification tasks better than people. Much current research is focused on
automatic image and video captioning [10].

3. Application areas of Artificial Intelligence

3.1Healthcare.
The biggest bets are on improving patient outcomes and reducing costs. Companies are applying
machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses than humans. One of the best-known
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healthcare technologies is IBM Watson [12]. It understands natural language and is capable of
responding to questions asked of it. The system mines patient data and other available data sources
to form a hypothesis, which it then presents with a confidence scoring schema [13].
Other AI applications include chatbots, a computer program used online to answer questions and
assist customers, to help schedule follow-up appointments or aiding patients through the billing
process, and virtual health assistants that provide basic medical feedback.

3.2 Business
Robotic process automation is being applied to highly repetitive tasks normally performed by
humans. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and CRM platforms to
uncover information on how to better serve customers. Chatbots have been incorporated into
websites to provide immediate service to customers. Automation of job positions has also become
a talking point among academics and IT consultancies such as Gartner and Forrester [13].

3.4 Education.
AI can automate grading, giving educators more time. AI can assess students and adapt to their
needs, helping them work at their own pace. AI tutors can provide additional support to students,
ensuring they stay on track. AI could change where and how students learn, perhaps even replacing
some teachers [12].

3.3 Finance.
AI applied to personal finance applications, such as Mint or Turbo Tax, is upending financial
institutions. Applications such as these could collect personal data and provide financial advice.
Other programs, IBM Watson being one, have been applied to the process of buying a home.
Today, software performs much of the trading on Wall Street [13].

3.4 Law.
The discovery process, sifting through of documents, in law is often overwhelming for humans.
Automating this process is a better use of time and a more efficient process [8]. Startups are also
building question-and-answer computer assistants that can sift programmed-to-answer questions
by examining the taxonomy and ontology associated with a database [15].
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3.5 Manufacturing.
This is an area that has been at the forefront of incorporating robots into the workflow. Industrial
robots used to perform single tasks and were separated from human workers, but as the technology
advanced that changed.

3.6 Online and telephone customer service

Artificial intelligence is implemented in automated online assistants that can be seen as avatars on
web pages. It can avail for enterprises to reduce their operation and training cost [8]. A major
underlying technology to such systems is natural language processing Pipe stream uses automated
customer service for its mobile application designed to streamline communication with customers.
Currently, major companies are investing in AI to handle difficult customer in the future [7].
Google's most recent development analyzes language and converts speech into text. The platform
can identify angry customers through their language and respond appropriately [11]. Companies
have been working on different aspects of customer service to improve this aspect of a company.
Digital Genius, an AI start-up, researches the database of information (from past conversations
and frequently asked questions) more efficiently and provide prompts to agents to help them
resolve queries more efficiently [10].
IPSoft is creating technology with emotional intelligence to adapt the customer's interaction. The
response is linked to the customer's tone, with the objective of being able to show empathy.
Another element IPSoft is developing is the ability to adapt to different tones or languages.
Inbentas is focused on developing natural language. In other words, on understanding the
meaning behind what someone is asking and not just looking at the words used, using context and
natural language processing. One customer service element Ibenta has already achieved is its
ability to respond in bulk to email queries referenced [14].

3.7 Transportation
Many companies have been progressing quickly in this field with AI.Fuzzy logic controllers have
been developed for automatic gearboxes in automobiles. For example, the 2006 Audi TT, VW
Touareg and VW Caravell feature the DSP transmission which utilizes Fuzzy Logic. A number of
koda variants (koda Fabia) also currently include a Fuzzy Logic-based controller [3]. AI in
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transportation is expected to provide safe, efficient, and reliable transportation while minimizing
the impact on the environment and communities [11]. The major challenge to developing this AI
is the fact that transportation systems are inherently complex systems involving a very large
number of components and different parties, each having different and often conflicting objectives.

3.8 Home/service robots

Robots have entered peoples homes in the past fifteen years. Disappointingly slow growth in the
diversity of applications has occurred simultaneously with increasingly sophisticated AI deployed
on existing applications [5]. AI advances are often inspired by mechanical innovations, which in
turn prompt new AI techniques to be introduced. Over the next fifteen years, coincident advances
in mechanical and AI technologies promise to increase the safe and reliable use and utility of home
robots in a typical North American city [3]. Special purpose robots will deliver packages, clean
offices, and enhance security, but technical constraints and the high costs of reliable mechanical
devices will continue to limit commercial opportunities to narrowly defined applications for the
foreseeable future. As with self-driving cars and other new transportation machines, the difficulty
of creating reliable, market-ready hardware is not to be underestimated [13].

4. Types of Artificial Intelligence

AI can be categorized in any number of ways, but here are two examples. This are
. Weak Artificial Intelligence
Strong (General) Artificial Intelligence
The first classifies AI systems as either weak AI or strong AI. Weak AI, also known as narrow AI,
is an AI system that is designed and trained for a particular task. Virtual personal assistants, such
as Apple's Siri, are a form of weak AI [15].
Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence, is an AI system with generalized human
cognitive abilities so that when presented with an unfamiliar task, it has enough intelligence to
find a solution. The Turing Test, developed by mathematician Alan Turing in 1950 [3], is a
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method used to determine if a computer can actually think like a human, although the method is
controversial.
The second example is from Arend Hintze, an assistant professor of integrative biology and
computer science and engineering at Michigan State University. He categorizes AI into four types,
from the kind of AI systems that exist today to sentient systems, which do not yet exist. His
categories are as follows:

TYPE 1: REACTIVE MACHINES

The most basic types of AI systems are purely reactive, and have the ability neither to form
memories nor to use past experiences to inform current decisions. Deep Blue, IBMs chess-playing
supercomputer, which beat international grandmaster Garry Kasparov in the late 1990s [13], is the
perfect example of this type of machine.
Deep Blue can identify the pieces on a chess board and know how each move. It can make
predictions about what moves might be next for it and its opponent. And it can choose the most
optimal moves from among the possibilities.
But it doesnt have any concept of the past, nor any memory of what has happened before. Apart
from a rarely used chess-specific rule against repeating the same move three times, Deep Blue
ignores everything before the present moment. All it does is look at the pieces on the chess board
as it stands right now, and choose from possible next moves [14].
This type of intelligence involves the computer perceiving the world directly and acting on what
it sees. It doesnt rely on an internal concept of the world. In a seminal paper, AI researcher
Rodney Brooks argued that we should only build machines like this. His main reason was that
people are not very good at programming accurate simulated worlds for computers to use, what
is called in AI scholarship a representation of the world [13].
The current intelligent machines we marvel at either have no such concept of the world, or have
a very limited and specialized one for its particular duties. The innovation in Deep Blues
design was not to broaden the range of possible movies the computer considered. Rather, the
developers found a way to narrow its view, to stop pursuing some potential future moves, based
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on how it rated their outcome. Without this ability, Deep Blue would have needed to be an even
more powerful computer to actually beat Kasparov [14].
Similarly, Googles AlphaGo, which has beaten top human Go experts, cant evaluate all
potential future moves either. Its analysis method is more sophisticated than Deep Blues, using
a neural network to evaluate game developments.
These methods do improve the ability of AI systems to play specific games better, but they cant
be easily changed or applied to other situations. These computerized imaginations have no
concept of the wider world meaning they cant function beyond the specific tasks theyre
assigned and are easily fooled [13].
They cant interactively participate in the world, the way we imagine AI systems one day might.
Instead, these machines will behave exactly the same way every time they encounter the same
situation. This can be very good for ensuring an AI system is trustworthy: You want your
autonomous car to be a reliable driver. But its bad if we want machines to truly engage with,
and respond to, the world [7]. These simplest AI systems wont ever be bored, or interested, or
sad.

TYPE 2: LIMITED MEMORY

This Type II class contains machines can look into the past. Self-driving cars do some of this
already. For example, they observe other cars speed and direction. That cant be done in a just
one moment, but rather requires identifying specific objects and monitoring them over time [15]..
These observations are added to the self-driving cars preprogrammed representations of the
world, which also include lane markings, traffic lights and other important elements, like curves
in the road. Theyre included when the car decides when to change lanes, to avoid cutting off
another driver or being hit by a nearby car [13].
But these simple pieces of information about the past are only transient. They arent saved as
part of the cars library of experience it can learn from, the way human drivers compile
experience over years behind the wheel [9].

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So how can we build AI systems that build full representations, remember their experiences and
learn how to handle new situations? Brooks was right in that it is very difficult to do this. My
own research into methods inspired by Darwinian evolution can start to make up for human
shortcomings by letting the machines build their own representations.

TYPE 3: THEORY OF MIND

We might stop here, and call this point the important divide between the machines we have and
the machines we will build in the future. However, it is better to be more specific to discuss the
types of representations machines need to form, and what they need to be about.
Machines in the next, more advanced, class not only form representations about the world, but
also about other agents or entities in the world. In psychology, this is called theory of mind
the understanding that people, creatures and objects in the world can have thoughts and emotions
that affect their own behavior [7].
This is crucial to how we humans formed societies, because they allowed us to have social
interactions. Without understanding each others motives and intentions, and without taking into
account what somebody else knows either about me or the environment, working together is at
best difficult, at worst impossible [5].
If AI systems are indeed ever to walk among us, theyll have to be able to understand that each
of us has thoughts and feelings and expectations for how well be treated. And theyll have to
adjust their behavior accordingly.

TYPE 4: SELF-AWARENESS
The final step of AI development is to build systems that can form representations about
themselves. Ultimately, we AI researchers will have to not only understand consciousness, but
build machines that have it.
This is, in a sense, an extension of the theory of mind possessed by Type III artificial
intelligences. Consciousness is also called self-awareness for a reason. (I want that item is a
very different statement from I know I want that item.) Conscious beings are aware of
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themselves, know about their internal states, and are able to predict feelings of others [14]. We
assume someone honking behind us in traffic is angry or impatient, because thats how we feel
when we honk at others. Without a theory of mind, we could not make those sorts of inferences.
While we are probably far from creating machines that are self-aware, we should focus our
efforts toward understanding memory, learning and the ability to base decisions on past
experiences [13]. This is an important step to understand human intelligence on its own. And it is
crucial if we want to design or evolve machines that are more than exceptional at classifying
what they see in front of them.

5. What Contributes to Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer Science,
Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering [16]. A major thrust of AI is in
the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning,
learning, and problem solving. Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to
build an intelligent system [14].

Figure 3: Contributors to Artificial Intelligence

6 Examples of AI technology

Automation is the process of making a system or process function automatically. Robotic

process automation, for example, can be programmed to perform high-volume, repeatable

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tasks normally performed by humans [12]. RPA is different from IT automation in that it can
adapt to changing circumstances.

Machine learning is the science of getting a computer to act without programming. Deep
learning is a subset of machine learning that, in very simple terms, can be thought of as the
automation of predictive analytics [8]. There are three types of machine learning
algorithms: supervised learning, in which data sets are labeled so that patterns can be
detected and used to label new data sets; unsupervised learning, in which data sets aren't
labeled and are sorted according to similarities or differences; and reinforcement learning, in
which data sets aren't labeled but, after performing an action or several actions, the AI
system is given feedback.

Machine vision is the science of making computers see. Machine vision captures and
analyzes visual information using a camera, analog-to-digital conversion and digital signal
processing. It is often compared to human [13]. eyesight, but machine vision isn't bound by
biology and can be programmed to see through walls, for example. It is used in a range of
applications from signature identification to medical image analysis. Computer vision, which
is focused on machine-based image processing, is often conflated with machine vision.

Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of human -- and not computer -language by a computer program. One of the older and best known examples of NLP is spam
detection, which looks at the subject line and the text of an email and decides if it's junk.
Current approaches to NLP are based on machine learning. NLP tasks include text
translation, sentiment analysis and speech recognition [9].

Pattern recognition is a branch of machine learning that focuses on identifying patterns in

data. The term, today, is dated.

Robotics is a field of engineering focused on the design and manufacturing of robots. Robots
are often used to perform tasks that are difficult for humans to perform or perform
consistently [15]. They are used in assembly lines for car production or by NASA to move
large objects in space. More recently, researchers are using machine learning to build robots
that can interact in social settings.

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CONCLUSION
The field of artificial intelligence gives the ability to the machines to think analytically, using
concepts. Tremendous contribution to the various areas has been made by the Artificial
Intelligence techniques from the last 2 decades. Artificial Intelligence will continue to play an
increasingly important role in the various fields.
This review has not attempted to detail all the literature in the area but to report mainly the most
recent work, particularly in the area of embodied AI. There is a major field of agent based
programs, many of them commercial, exemplified by The World of Warcraft. This has barely
been touched. The disparate nature of the reported work makes it very difficult to grasp or perhaps
makes it unnecessary to grasp. Perhaps the only two concepts which have been shared between
researchers are Baars Global Workspace Theory and the agent-based model, advanced
independently by Brooks and Minsky. A curious aspect of the literature is the very large
preponderance of proposed schemes over schemes actually implemented. Practitioners in the field
shy away from actually building robots, whether from considerations of cost or from a lack of
expertise in the area. Having digested all of these reported efforts, two basic conclusions must be
drawn; firstly, the researcher is free to go forward unfettered because there is no existing
formalism in the field. Secondly, the achievements of the field, attended as they are by a 33
million-fold (Moores law) improvement in computing, are disappointing - the field is a long way
from producing a robot which approaches the intelligence and functionality.

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