APPENDIX K

TURBINE & GENERATOR

Determination of Size and Capacities for Turbine and Generator

1.

DESIGN BASIC CONDITIONS

1. a.

Pondage water level

High water level

Normal operating water level
Low operating water level
1. b.

Tail water level

Tail water level for Q1000

Tail water level for overload (69 m3/sec)
Max. Tail water level with 3 units operation (60 m3/sec)
Lowest operating level at one unit operation (20 m3/sec)
Lowest tail water level for 10 m3/sec
1. c.

2.

1047.50 m
1046.00 m
1034.00 m

805.45 m
801.97 m
801.68 m
800.83 m
800.57 m

Head

Net head at operation of 1 unit with 20 m3/sec discharge

Net head at operation of 3 units with 60 m3/sec discharge
Rated Net head for operation of 3 units at full load with min.
Operating level (MOWL)

244.18 m
237.24 m
222.723 m

1. d.

60.0 m3/sec

Design Discharge

PLANT CAPACITY

The installed capacity is determined from rated discharge and net rated head as computed by the
following equation
P = 9.81 QHTG
Where,
P
=
Power output (kW)
Q
=
Discharge of plant (m3/sec)
H
=
Rated net head (meter)
T
=
Turbine efficiency
G
=
Generator efficiency
In calculating the required turbine and generator power outputs, the following values of efficiency are
considered, based on the experience data available and Hydraulic turbine characteristic efficiency curves
(USBR)
Turbine
93%
Generator
98%
For given design flow of 60.0 m3/sec and Rated net head of 222.723 m and considering plant efficiencies
of 0.9114, the out put is:
P

=
=
=

9.81*60*222.723*0.9114
119478 kW
120.00 MW (Approx.)

3.

NUMBER OF UNITS

Three turbine generating units are selected based on the interconnecting of power system, flexibility of
operation and maintenance schedule of the units, transportation of equipment and the total cost invested
in the project.
4.

TURBINE SELECTION

Using turbine selection chart attached below, for the rated net head of 222.72 meter and design
discharge 60 m3/sec, 3 No of identical Francis turbine with vertical shaft arrangement is the preferred
choice for the project.

5.

TURBINE OUTPUT
The turbine output (Pt) is calculated as follows:
Pt = 9.81 Q Hn T
Where,
Pt
=
Q
=
=

Turbine output (kW)

Discharge for one unit (m3/sec)
20m3/sec

Hn

=
=

Rated net head (meter)

222.723 m

=
=

Turbine efficiency
93 %

Pt

=
=

9.81* 20 * 222.723 * 0.93

40638.83 kW

Thus,

Therefore, the turbine output is 41MW (Approx.)

For Overload of 15%,
Rated Unit at Generator Terminal

45,406.72 KW

At turbine shaft, power (Pt)

46,328.67KW

6.

SPECIFIC SPEED AND SYNCHRONOUS SPEED

The rated turbine speed is 375 rpm with 16 poles, which is the highest applicable speed within the limit of
the turbine speed, is selected.
Recent practice is to adopt higher specific speeds, and this will increase synchronous speed. The
equipment size will be smaller and its weight will be reduced making it more economical.
Now, the actual specific speed of turbine at rated net head is obtained by following formulas
N * Pt
Hn1.25

Ns

Pt

=
=

Turbine output (kW)

46,328.67 kW

Hn

=
=

Rated net head (meter)

222.72 m

=
=

synchronous speed
375 rpm

Ns

375 * 46329
222.721.25

Where,

=
7.

87.86 m- kW

TURBINE SETTING

The turbine setting should be selected to minimize cavitations and induce natural turbine venting. Before
the selection of distributor centerline of Francis turbines, static draft head should be determined by taking
into account the cavitations characteristics during machine operation. The cavitation coefficient (Ca) is
expressed by the following formula
Hs

Hb- Ca*Hd

Hs

Suction head in meter (distance between the distributor center line above MTWL)

Hb

Ha-Hv

Ha

atmospheric pressure at site (m)

Hv

Saturated water vapor pressure at site (m)

Hd

Rated head considered for turbine (m)

237.24 m

Where,

Thomas Cavitation factor

Ca

0.04655

Water Vapor Pressure w.r.t. Temperature at 20oC (Hr)

Atmospheric Pressure w.r.t. altitude (Ha)

=
=

0.238 m
9.422 m {MTWL at 800.57 m}

Thus,

Hb

=
=
=

Ha Hv
9.422 0.238
9.184 mWc

And,

Hs

=
=

9.184-0.04655*237.24
-1.89 m

=
=

Distance between the spiral case center and runner blade lower part
0.67 m

Where, b

The elevation of the turbine center (spiral case center) line is calculated as follows:
Tcl

(-) 1.23 m below Min. TWL

So,
Setting elevation of turbine

8.

800.57 1.23

799.34 m

RUNAWAY SPEED

The runaway speed differs among manufacturers because of variations in the design of turbines and
generators. For likhu, we considered 1.8 times of normal speed i.e. 375 rpm.
So,

Nf

675 rpm

9.

DIMENSION OF RUNNER

The actual prototype runner size is determined by the manufacturer in accordance with model tests and
design criteria. Turbines by different manufacturers vary slightly in discharge diameter for a given
generating capacity even when the speed is fixed.
Assumed dimension of turbine (USBR)
Peripheral velocity coefficient (velocity ratio)
Ku

0.4626

Runner discharge diameter

D3

1.56 m

Entrance diameter of runner

D1
9.

2.3 m.

SPIRALCASE DIMENSION

The dimensions of the spiral case depend mainly on the water velocity at the inlet section. The main
dimensions of the spiral casing can be assumed from following relations (As per USBR). All dimensions
are in proportions of runner discharge diameter (D3).
A

2.4 m

2.02 m

2.10 m

D3

1.56 m

3.58 m

3.40 m

2.96 m

2.69 m

2.88 m

3.33 m

0.25 m

X1

1.91 m

X2

1.68 m

X3

1.35 m

X4
10.

0.98 m

DRAFT TUBE DIMENSIONS

Water velocity at draft tube inlet section V1 =

11.

6.00 m

3.78 m

2.49 m

1.30 m

2.05 m

2.66 m

0.70 m

4.69 m

2.36 m

10. 78 m

11.4 m/s

CAPACITY OF OVERHEAD TRAVELING CRANE

The maximum lifting capacity of the powerhouse overhead crane is determined by being based on the
weight of the rotor including the lifting beam.
Wro

102 tons

Total lifting load is estimated at approximately at 125 tons. However, the rated crane capacity have to be
modified after the actual weights of rotor and lifting beam known from the main equipment supplier.