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(For V SEMESTER)
(a) Newtons law of gravitation: Every body in the universe attracts every other body with
a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.
uur
Gm1m2 $
Force on m2 due to m1 in vector form is F21 =
r 12 .
r122
In general F =
Gm1m2
.
r2
Gm1m2 $
Gm
r 12 E = 2 1 r$ 12
2
r12
r12
(c) Gravitational potential: Gravitational potential at a point is the potential energy that a
unit mass would possess at the point in the gravitational field.
Potential difference ( dv ) between points A and B dV = E dr .
Gravitational intensity E =
dV
.
dr
Gm
.
r
Gm1 m2
.
r
Expression for gravitational potential and field at a point due to a solid sphere:
(a) Point P outside the sphere:
Consider a solid sphere of mass M , radius R
and density . Consider it to be made of large
number of thin spherical shells whose radii
vary from O to R . Let x be radius of one such
shell and dx its thickness.
Mass of the shell = ( 4 x 2 dx )
(m = V where V = Area thickness= 4x2 dx )
GRAVITATION
R
G 4 2
G 4 x 2
V =
x
dx
=
a 0
a 2
R
V =
G 4 x 3
G 4 3
=
R
a 3
3a
V =
G 4 3
GM
4
R or V =
where M = R 3
a 3
a
3
Gravitational field:
E=
dV
dV
d GM
GM
=
=
= 2
dr
da
da a
a
E=
GM
a2
GM
GM
[Q a = R ] and E = R 2 a2 = R 2
R
V1 =
G ( 4 x 2 dx )
x
mass of a shell = 4 x 2 dx ]
R
G 4 2
x2
R b 2 --------- (1)
V1 = G 4 x dx = G 4 =
2
2
b
b
R
G 4 3
b ----------- (2)
b 3
4
[ b 3 = m = mass of sphere of radius b ]
3
G 4 2
4
R b 2 G b 2
2
3
R2 b2 b2
R2 b2 b2
V = G 4
+ = G 4
+
3
2
3
2
2
G 4
3R2 b 2
3 R 2 b 2 ------------- (3)
or V =
V = G 4
6
6
or V =
V =
G
2 R3
4 3
2
2
2
3 R ( 3 R b ) [by multiplying and dividing equation (3) by R ]
GM
3 R 2 b 2
3
2R
VIJAYA COLLEGE
4 3
Q M = 3 R
Page 2
GRAVITATION
Gravitational field:
E=
E=
dV
d GM
= 3 ( 3R 2 b2 )
db
db 2 R
GM d
GM
3R 2 b2 ) =
( 2b )
(
3
2 R db
2 R3
or
E=
GMb
R3
m mass of planet
r distance between them
r
ur
r
dv
The force experienced by the planet is F = ma = m
-------------- (2)
dt
r
r
r
dv
GMm $
r
$
$
From (1) and (2) m
= 2 r as r = rr r = .
dt
r
r
r
dv
GM r
= 3 r
dt
r
r
Taking left cross product on both sides of this equation with r .
r
r dv
GM r r
d r r
GM r r
r
= 3 r r or
r v = 3 r r
dt
r
dt
r
r r
r
r
r r
d
As r r = 0
rv =0
or
r v = constant
dt
r
r
r dr
r dr
= constant
Also r
Q v =
dt
dt
VIJAYA COLLEGE
Page 3
GRAVITATION
In a interval of time t , the planet covers an area A , then from the diagram, area SPP is
ur 1 r
r
A = r r .
2
ur
r
r
r
r 1 r dr
A
1 r
The area velocity of the planet h = lim =
= lim r
or h = r ---------- (2) or
t 0
t t 0 2
dt
2 dt
r 1 r r
h = r v
2
1
constant or h = constant.
2
r
As r = r r$
r
r dr d
=
r r$
Q v =
dt dt
r
d
2 h = r r$ +
r r$
dt
( )
( )
r
dr$ dr
2 h = r r$ r + r$
dt dt
r
dr$
dr $ $
2 h = r 2 r$ + r
rr
dt
dt
r 2 $ dr$
r ---------- (1)
2
dt
r
Taking right cross product on both sides of (2) with h
r
r
r
dv
GM $
dv r
GM
h = 2 r$ h (3)
= 2 r (2)
r
dt
r
dt
r
Substituting for h from (1) in RHS of equation (3)
r
dv r
GM
r 2 dr$
GM $ $ dr$
h = 2 r$ r$ =
r r --------- (4)
dt
r
2
dt
2
dt
ur ur ur
ur ur
ur ur ur
From vector identity A B C = A C B A B C
r
dr$
2 h = r 2 r$
dt
Q r$ r$ = 0
or
h=
) (
r
r r dr r dr$
dr$
r r = r r$ r$ r$
dt dt
dt
r
dr
As r$ is perpendicular to
(velocity)
dt
r
r r dr
dr$
r r =
dt
dt
) (
( )
VIJAYA COLLEGE
r
r dr
r = 0, r$ .r$ = 1
dt
Page 4
GRAVITATION
r
dv r
GM dr$
Thus equation (4) becomes
h =
dt
2 dt
r
dv r GM dr$
d r r GM dr$
or
h =
or
v h =
------------ (5)
dt
2 dt
dt
2 dt
r
Taking dot product on both sides of the above equation with r , we get,
r r r GM r
r r
r vh =
r r$ + r c
2
GM $ $ $
rr r + rc cos
=
2
r r r GM
r vh =
r + rc cos ----------- (6)
2
ur ur ur ur ur ur ur ur ur
using vector identity A B C = B C A = C A B
( ) ( )
r r r r r r
r ( v h) = h (r v)
r
= h ( 2h )
r r
Q 2 h = r v
= 2h2
GM
1 GM c cos
GM
r + r c cos = r
+ c cos or = 2 +
2
r 4h
2h2
2
Multiplying throughout by
4h 2
GM
4h 2
4h 2
2c
2C
=1+
,e =
cos let l =
GMr
GM
GM
M
Then
l
= 1 + e cos ----------- (7)
r
This is the equation of a conic section with l semi latus rectum and e eccentricity. If
< 1 , then the above equation is the equation of ellipse with sun at one of its foci. This
proves Keplers first law.
Derivation of Keplers third law:
The path of the planet with sun at one of the foci is as shown
a semi major axis, b semi minor axis, l semi latus
rectum of the ellipse.
For an ellipse b 2 = a 2 ( 1 e 2 ) .(1) and l = a ( 1 e 2 ) ---------- (2)
Dividing (2) / (1)
l 1
=
b2 a
VIJAYA COLLEGE
or
l=
b2
a
Page 5
GRAVITATION
As l =
4h 2
4h 2 b 2
l=
=
GM
GM a
or
b2 =
4h 2 a
----------- (3)
GM
[Q areal velocity
or
T2 =
ab
.
h
area of ellipse
period of revolution
ab
=
T
2 a 2 b 2
------------- (4)
h2
or
2 a 2 4 h 2 a 4 2 a 3
=
h 2 GM GM
T 2 42
=
= constant
a3 GM
T 2 a3
or
mi g =
GM e mg
R
2
e
or
mi GM e
=
----------- (3)
mg
gRe2
mi
= K = constant
mg
VIJAYA COLLEGE
Page 6
GRAVITATION
Elements of satellite motion:
1. Orbital velocity: The velocity with which a satellite revolves round a planet is called
orbital velocity. Consider a satellite of mass m , moving around the earth in an orbit of
radius r . Let M be the mass of the earth and v be the orbital velocity of the satellite.
The necessary centripetal force acting on the satellite is provided by the gravitational
force of attraction on the satellite.
mv2
F
=
c
r
Fc = Fg
i.e.,
mv2 GMm
GM
=
v2 =
r
r
r
Fg =
GMm
r 2
v =
or
GM
--------- (1)
r
If g acceleration due to gravity on the satellite near the surface of earth, then
GMm
mg =
.
R2
gR 2 = GM ----------- (2)
or
gR 2
r
GM
---------- (1)
r
or
Thus
GM
r
GM
2
by definition =
where T is the time period of the satellite.
r3
T
2
GM
r3
=
or T = 2
3
T
r
GM
If h is the height of the satellite from the surface of earth and R radius of earth, then
r =R+h
Thus
As GM = gR 2
T = 2
T = 2
( R + h )3
GM
(R + h)
gR 2
R
g
VIJAYA COLLEGE
Page 7
GRAVITATION
Escape velocity: It is defined as the minimum velocity with which an object has to be
projected from the surface of the planet so that it escapes the planets gravitational force of
attraction.
If m is mass of an object projected from surface of earth, and M mass of earth, R
radius of earth and v is the velocity of projection, then total energy of the object at the
surface of the earth (just after projection) is
TE = ( KE + PE )r = R =
where KE =
1
GMm
----------- (1)
mv 2
2
R
1
GMm
mv 2 and PE =
2
R
If ve is the velocity of the object just enough to take the object to infinity ( v = ve ) , as
both kinetic and potential energies are zero at infinity, then
TE = ( KE + PE )r = = 0 --------- (2)
or
ve2 =
2GM
R
or
or
ve =
1
GMm
mve2 =
2
R
2GM
R
In general ve =
2GM
r
(2) When
ve =
(3) When v = ve =
(4) When v >
GM
Satellite goes in a circular orbit.
r
GM
r
but
less
than
escape
velocity
2GM
, then satellite goes in a elliptical path.
r
2GM
, the satellite takes a parabolic path and escapes to infinity.
r
2GM
, the satellite takes a hyperbolic path and escapes to infinity.
r
2
.
T
VIJAYA COLLEGE
2
= 7.3 10 5 rad s 1 .
86, 400
Page 8
GRAVITATION
GM
.
r
GM
GM
GM
=
or 2 = 3
3
r
r
r
1
GM
or r = 2
or
GM 3
r= 2
6.67 10 11 5.98 10 24 3
r=
5 2
7.3
10
(
)
r = 42 106 m
The height of the geo stationary satellite above the surface of the earth is given by
h=rR
[Q r = R + h ]
R radius of earth
R = 6.37 106 m
h = 42 10 6 6.37 106
h = 35.63 106 m
VIJAYA COLLEGE
or
h = 35,630 km
Page 9