THE BEST SEAMANSHIP

A Guide to Deck Skills

Published by International Mariners Management

Association of Japan (IMMAJ)
(81)-335800833
Sponsored by IT-JSU CATraining Levy
Copyright
All copyright is reserved. No part of this publication
maybe reproduced, stared in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise
without the prior written permission of the publisher.

I
I

SurnpeMsor
Ph. D. Naoto S A M , Professor, Marine Technical
C o k e , Japan

ChiefEditor
Captain Jun WAKI
Editor

Kom KATANO, Bosun Uapanesemanusuipts)

KEYMPX MARTIlME CO., LTD.

M.0 Marine Consulting, Ltd.
Roducer

WAYIS CO., LTD.

Printed in Japan

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

7 4 ~~~~t splice with onestrand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-7 Beget Splice with Different Size of Ropes . .
7-8 Eye Splice by Flemish Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............
7 - 9 ~ ~.......................................................
~ ~ ~ ~ l i ~ ~

92
94
95
96

CANVAS WORKS
1.1C anvas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
1-2Needles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
1 - 3 ~ h seaming~~ ~ ~ d ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

.........

............-.......
101
......................................"...........'...... 102
...............................................................

1-4 Other Tools ....

2 Measurhg and
3 sewing
51stitch

s..*.>........

100

102

3-2 ~ ~ g i nwith
n i ~~b~
~ ~ a . veerhand
~.
~ ~. . . .d. . . t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
S3ConnectingTwine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3-4 Ending with Making a Overhand Knot or Sew Twice the Same Point . . . . . . . . . . 102
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3-5se-

CHIPPING & PAINTING

MOORING & UNMOORING

....................................................128

1, MoorhgLh

l-lPurposeofMooengLi ne ............................................... 128

1-2 Handling of Mooring Rope ............................................. 128
1 . 3 ~ ~ ~ k ~ . .~. . t. . .~. . .h. ... . k. . .~. . .~. . .~. . .~. . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
1-4 Holdling of Mooring Line .............................................. 129
1-5~~~~b~~~and M ~ ,d, d shackles .........................................130
l-6TugLineHandli ng ....................................................
131

2 Anchorwork

3~

...................................................

133

2-1 Procedure of Anchoring @y Hydraulic Oil Driven Windlass) ................ 133

2-2 procedure of Heaving in Chain and Anchor ............................... 133
2-3 How to Corr& Twisted Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
2-4 painting shackle ~~k o f ~ c h o chain
r
..................................136

~B~~~

...................................
~
~
t
137

3-1~~~l~ / ~
~...................................................
~
i
~
~
~ 138
3-2 Preparation for Mooring to Buoy
139
~
~
l
~ ~ ~~ ~ .......................................
r ~ i tn ~~
t
i
~
~
141
3-3 ~
3-4 ~
~B~~~ chain
l . . . . . .~. . . . . . . . .~. . . . . . . . .~. . . . . . . . .i . . . . . . . .~. . . . . . . . ~ 141

WORKING ALOFT

1 SafetyM easurers

................................................

148

l-lprecautionsonWor~gAlOft ........................................... 148

1-2CheckItems ........................................................ 148
1.3 safe@
~ ~andlwe
t ~i~~
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

2 Boatswain's Chair
2-1 Setting

...............................................150

150

~
~

I
CONTENTS

PILOT LADDER

.............=..*...... -158
.................................
160

1 Required Boardiag Arrangements for Pilot

2 Emergent Repair of Pilot Ladder

REPAIR WORKS

When mm is used, it indicates the diameter of a rope.

When inch is used, it indicates the circumference of a rope.
.Circumference in inches x 8 diameter in mm
.Diameter
(mm) / 8 circumference in inches
Usually when measuring the diameter of a new rope, it is larger than the said standard.
(Permissible range is k 7%)
#If you take a standard 18 mm new rope and measure the diameter, it will show about
19 mm.
@Generallythe width of thumbnail of adult is 16mm.
@Lengthof rope: The standard length of a coil of rope is 200 m.

(4) Weight of rope

Weight of a coil of rope with a diameter of d mm.
(formulae for rough calculations)
.Manila rope d2x 0.15 (Kg)
.Wire
rope
d2x 0.7 (Kg)

(5) Strength
There are 3 methods of indicating strength; breaking strength, safe working load, testing
load.
Breaking strength (Metric tons)
.Manila
rope (D 18)' x 113 or CZx 1/3
.Wire
rope
(D / 8) 2~ 2.0 (or 2.5) or C2x 2.0 (or 2.5)
D: Diameter, C: Circumference
Coefficient of wire rope (2.0 2.5) varies with regulations and/or structure of strand.
Safe working load is 1/6 of breaking strength.
Safe working load shall be 1/10 and less of breaking strength when using it to hoist a
person.

16) Characteristics
Friction causes deterioration consequently and reduces the strength.
.Different materials. (20mm in Diameter)
Manila rope
Nylon rope
KUREMONA rope
Pylon rope
Wire rope

208
5.20
2.70
3.1 0
15.60

0.34
0.86
0.45
0.51
2.60

ood restoration

Synthetic ropes deteriorate less than Manila ropes, they are stronger in comparison,
lighter, more elastic, easier to handle, less slippery and resist flat friction more so. But
strength is reduced if acute angles are introduced.

ebstranded rope
2-lay is mainly used on board.
This type is no longer used aboard large
merchant vessels.
A rope 1s easily kinked when twisted.

@8-ropelcross rope
In comparison with 3-stranded rope, this rope is
more supple and kinks less and also more flexible.
Its strength is comparable to a 3-stranded rope.
Different from 3-stranded rope, each strand of
cross-rope is differentiated by its twist as S-Lay, Z-

Strand

Lay.
Yarn

@ Chapter 1

@Doublebraided rope
This rope is easy-handled, good flexibility
and less-deformation.
Breaking strength is remarkably improved.
It is called 'Tafle Rope' or 'Doubler Rope' by
each manufacturer.

4
I
a

1.3 times of 3-strands

Aho&f&ne

EkfioS

tc'i

Oufer Made

Almost S

Yes

Handling

213 of 3-strands
Free
Free
Suppler and easy to handle

Wharacteristics of 3-stranded rope

Once twisted or loosened, it should be removed or reformed, otherwise it will kink.

Kink
When coiling a rope down, do so with its natural form to avoid twisting and /or stress.
Z-lay is to be coiled clockwise.
S-lay is to be coiled anti-clockwise.

fDas

rn

1-3 Handling and Stowing Ropes

(1) Selection of rope
The safe working load of any rope should always be observed, bearing in mind the more it
is used, the more it deteriorates.
Ropes used for Bosun's chair, where the safety of life is involved, shall be used exclusively
and kept with a tag to avoid being used for other jobs.
Proper ropes for the job. Avoid multi-purpose usage.
Rope ends should be either whipped with a twine or plastic tape temporarily.

(2) Stowage
Regularly check the condition of the rope when stowed under canvas.
Be aware of a humid locations when stowing ropes.
Ropes kept on deck for a long time will deteriorate.
Keep ropes away from chemicals.

(3) How to uncoil new rope

There might be many methods to uncoil ropes. But you have to select the correct way to
do the job safely and to avoid kinks. For example, it will be a large scale job when we
uncoil mooring ropes and wires. And we need to remove twists from 3-strand ropes or
wires that are always likely to be twisted.

.Coil
with a wooden reel
This is suitable for uncoiling mooring
ropes wound around a wooden reel.
Insert a steel pipe and keep it on a stands,
or hoist by crane.

.Nan wooden reel

Cross timbers and hoist it with a
wire sling.
Steel bands binding the coil should
be cut after hoisting it.

#) Chapter 1

.Other
than big mooring ropes
This method is applied when an ordinary
size of fiber rope is uncoiled. (Do not use
this for wire rope.)
Place the coil so as to put the rope end at
the center of the coil at the bottom.
Draw the end through the center top.

59
(Pulled by doubling each rope)

65
(Pulled by doubling each rope)

A knot reduces the strength to half.

2-1 Structure
(1) Name of each part
Hemp c

fl

Core

(2) Lay

Strand

Steel wire

The "ordinary lay" has the lay of the rope opposite to that of the strand. The most
standard ropes found on board vessels are those of "ordinary Z-lay"
The Lang's lay rope has the same lay of the rope as that of the strand and has the
tendency to unlay and is liable to kink. It is used in places where both rope ends are
unlikely to rotate freely or the rope is kept tensioned at all times. It should not be used for
general slinging.

@Cross section

Core of each strand

as well as the core of
the wlre rope is a fiber
core mostly on a ship.

There is no fiber core

in a strand. This is
used for standing
wire.

There 1s no fiber core

in a strand. Wire core
is used in the center
of mooring wires as
this is more suitable
for the tension placed
on mooring wires.

A strand is used as
the core of rope
(homo- centric). Used
as the wire for
suspension bridge.

.Structure of cross section

Of JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard), No.1 to No.23 wire ropes, the following figure shows
No.1 to No.6 wire ropes.

6x 7

7- stranded wire,
6 stranded rope with
fiber core

Standing wire

6x12

12- stranded wire with a

fiber core, 6 stranded
rope with fiber core

Running wire

6x19

19- stranded wire,

6 stranded rope with
fiber core

Standing wire
Running wire

6 x 24

24- stranded wire with a

fiber core,
6 stranded rope with a
fiber core

Standing wire
Running wire

6 x 30

30- stranded wire with a

fiber core,
6 stranded rope with a
fiber core

Standing wire
Running wire

37- stranded -wire

6 stranded rope with a
fiber core

Running wire

Mnd orllr
A S-lay strand consisted of several steel wires and a hemp core. 6 stranded rope with a
hemp core. The finer of many steel wires are used for a strand, the easier to handle it
becomes. This is used for a running wire.
Non-mild wire
A strand consisted of wire only. The core of the rope is hemp. It is not easy to handle but
enough strength, used as standing rope.
Seizing wire
This is a small wire with 7-12 pieces of mild low-carbon wire galvanized. Its diameter is
usually up to 5.5mm.

(3) Strength
@Strength by experiment
Although wire ropes are very strong when they are kept straight and gradually pulled, if
they are pulled with sharp bends, the strength reduces to half of its original one.
Strength in a bent condition
x 100% = Strength Ratio
Strength in a straight condition

@Pullingtest
Pulling rope

a hQnd

PullffQ rvhcn )rtnked

When kinked, it reduces the ratio by more
than half. When a rope is kinked, it should
not be used.

@Causes of damage
.The
sheave does not rotate.
.The
groove of sheave has worn out.
@The diameter of sheave is too small.
.When
a kink is formed.
@When a rope is bent at sharp angles.
W h e n load exceeds than that specified for the rope.
Above careless handlings and insufficient daily check worsen the condition of ropes, and
that lead to serious accidentslinjuries.

2 2 Treatment of Wire End

(1) Strength by experiment
Strength of the treated part
x 100% = Strength Ratio
Strength of wire mpe

a) Methods of treatment
Socket mstal
End of the rope being untwisted is with lead
and tin fixed by a socket.
Wedge treatment
65 to 70
Pulling load tightens the wedge.

Clipping

80 to 85

Treated by pieces of clip.

w
m
75 to 90
Most common and traditional method on board.
The eye spliced portion should be made properly so,
that each strand may fit comfortably with each other,
without any raised part.
Rough eye splicing may drastically decrease the
breaking strength
Press-ring
100
Squeezed with aluminum alloy sleeve.

(3) Clip treatment

@Clips should be correctly fitted and secured sufficiently
tightening the nuts.
@They should be tightened again after the rope is tensioned.
@Arrange and fit U-bolts on the end side of the rope with same
intervals.
@Tighten U-bolt equally.
@Care should be taken so that the number of clips fit may be
sufficient. A rule of thumb i s about 4 units for 1 0 t o
1Gmmwire, and 5 units for 20mm wire.
@If the U-bolts are fit in the opposite direction, the rope is
pressed by the U-bolts, reducing its breaking strength.
@Thismethod is seldom applied for slings.

C Q m t flttlng m&hod

(4) Press-ring
There are 2 methods.
Single press ring
Press ring is applied on a splicing part.
Round shape. Sufficient strength.

Chapter 1

Wmng titthg &hod

Double press ring

Squeezed with a press ring only onto
the rope and its end. Oval shape.

Tension imposed on wire sling

The tension applied to a sling greatly varies, depending on the angle of hosting; the
hoisting angle should be less than 60".

(2) Winding on a wWe &urn

Tension on a wire rope will make it twist in its natural direction. This tendency should be
used when stowing on a drum in order to maintain the evenness on it. If it is allowed to
twist in the opposite direction it may allow gaps in the drum stowage and cause gaps and
crushing, thus reducing its useful life. The first layer serves as the base and guides the
following layers to wind on correctly.
The windlng direction on a mooring winch is decided by the mechanism of its break
system.

wwimz-l~rope~~aam

Chapter

P
m Criteria of prohibition of using and replacement
Wire ropes gradually reduce in strength whilst in use. The same location is likely to be
damaged by the drum or heave and they need to be partially cut or turned end for end.
Although it is difficult to set a standard guide to replacement of wires, according to
fractured wires, excessive wear, deformation or rot, a rule of thumb is said to be as
follows;
@Broken wires
Referring to the following table, decide whether usable or not, according to the situation of
broken wires, i.e., whether concentrated or distributed among all strands of the rope.

6x24
6x37

15 wires
23 wires

6 wires
9 wires

@Wear Down
When wear down is easily observed visually, you should not use it.
If the measured value of the diameter has reduced to below 93% of the nominal one, it
should not be put to use again.
Measure the diameter from 3 directions at a portion where the diameter has reduced; and
the diameter is represented by their arithmetical average.
@Deformation
s
have shown such symptoms as follows should be taken out of use.
Wire r o ~ e which

Wire rope whose core has protruded.

Nhibition of use of unsuitable wire ropes by safety regulations for cranes, etc.
@Wire ropes whose yarns have been broken to 10% of the total number within a pitch.
@Wireropes whose diameter has reduced by 7% or more of nominal one.
@Wire ropes which are conspicuously deformed or corroded.
#Corrosion
When corroded, wire ropes become
fragile, their strength dramatically
reduces. If only the surface is rusty in red,
the rope may be all right; however, if the
corrosion has progressed like vermin,
such condition requires extreme caution.
Even if the wire rope does not have
broken yarns or wear out excessively, if
strands have dried up, or fiber cores have
run of grease, such wire rope should not
be used.
SPart of end Eye Splices
Wire ropes whose strands have started to come out of the eye splice or whose clips have
become loosen, should not be used.
@Others
.Date of replacement of wires being used for cranes, mooring lines, lifeboats and so on
shall be recorded and inspect periodically, so as to find abnormality in early stage.
@Greasingprolongs the wire ropes life by up to 2 to 3 times compared with no grease.
@Themost important thing to prevent kinking is to find signs of kinks and prevent them.
@Itis rather belated to notice the internal corrosion in the portion of a wire rope where
serving is applied. At portions where waterproof covering is provided, corrosion
develops more quickly than one may think, when they run out of grease. (The same care
should be required for turnbuckles which are provided with waterproof covering.)
*Wire ropes sometimes part instantaneously. But in many cases, wire ropes spring back
while some of the strands parting and unlayed.

While there are many kinds of knots, it is not necessary to learn many of them. It is wise to
learn several types of knots which serve actual purposes and to gain a full knowledge of
their advantages and disadvantages through familiarizing with those knots.

3-1 Basic Methods

There are 3 categories by name.
@A hitch is named when a rope is used to tie it to something.
@A knot is named when a rope is used for tying itself or a ring by rope
.Bend
is named when 2 ropes are connected.
(Some of them are called hitch or knot depending on)

@Half hitch
It is used as a basis of knots and used
along with other knots.
It is rarely used alone.

@Two-half hitch
It is often used because it is secure and
simple, but when taut difficult to open.

@Roundturn and two half hitch

Since the rope under tension can be
tied without loosening,
It is employed to hang an object from a
hand rail, etc.
The hitch will not shift when another
turn is added.

:love hitch
It is extensively used to bind a
rope around an object.
It is particularly effective when
both ends are under even
stress.
It should be finished with
another half hitch when only
one end is under load.

rimber hitch
This will never work loose when the
rope is under tension.
When safety is the primary concern as it
is not infallible it should not be used.
It is important to leave the rope end
sufficiently out of the hitch.

rimber and half hitch (log hitch)

It is used to hoist a slender and long
object.
It is convenient to pay out a mooring
line to the opposite side of the ship.

Marline hitch
It is used to secure the parceling

@Midshipmanhitch
It is used when a middle of the rope is
tied on a hook.
It is not slip as far as the rope is loaded
steadily, but it is not secure.

@Overhandknot
This is basis of a knot. Once it is
tightened, it is difficult to open. It is rare
to use it alone.

@Figureof eight knot

It looks Overhand Knot. It is easier to
open than overhand knot because of
additional one turn.

@Hamesshitch
It is used to pull a middle of
a rope, in case of lashing
and so on, with making this
hitch on the place.

3 'fie of Rope
@Bowline knot
Called the king of knots, it is known as the most popular knot on board ships.
You should master this knot in order to be able use it easily.
Bowline is highly reliable and safe and there is no worry about it working loose or
slipping.
.Even if it is worked taut, it is easy to untie it.
tI. has many varieties and you can use it extensively.

'sle!~azeluplu
e p!oq 01 pasn s! s!ql
auril~oqUWW

'J!elp
unsoq e lo) a&nz!zsqns
e se pasn aq ue3 S
Y
!I

u6!q*UI uo e u w o a

.alqea6ue~p
s! 6 u ! ~
e $0a z ! ~
ou!ytmq Bu!uun~

(2) Shortening ropes

.Sheep shank
It is used to shorten the length of a
rope.
When ensuring to prevent it from
loosening, a clove hitch is taken or a
peg is inserted.

.Double

@ Chapter 1

chain knot

Methods used for lashing

m ~ c k e r hitch
s

.Lashing drums on deck

In order to secure many drums on
deck, it is not enough to tie around
them only. Lay dunnage.
Tighten the lashing rope around
d ~ m with
s another rope crossed.

3-3Making Knots
.Crown
knot
This is one of the basic knob
knots and used in combination
with other knots.
When strands are crowned and
their ends interwoven or tucked
over one and under one into the
body of the rope to substitute for
whipping, i t is called a back
splice.

.Wall
knot
One of the basic knots along
with the crown knot.

.Matthew
walker knot
This is used for the end of a
handle of bucket, etc.

.Diamond
knot
This is used for the end of a
handle of bucket, etc.

0 Chapter 1

@Manropeknot
A Crown knot is tied above the
Wall knot. and each strand is led
along the Wall knot first then the
crown knot.
It is used for the end of manrope for a pilot ladder.

3-4 Useful Knots

@Monkeyfist
This is used for a head of
sounding lead.
This illustration shows the
procedure for 3 rounds. The
more turns, the larger size is
and materials inside shall be
larger. Put materials inside for
weight.

3unning Turk's head (for decoration, fenders)

It is made by turning a rope around a round material to make a fender.
After tying a knot through, tighten it are by one in sequence.

.Standing
turk's head
This is a method to tie a knot on a rope.
The beginning of the knot is penetrating between strands of the rope. Then make a Wall
Knot, Crown Knot accordingly.

.Overhand
knot
It is used for a lifeline for a lifeboat.

.How

to make knots by using figure-8 knots.

3 Tie of Rope

.Whipping
end of flag line
Connecting flag line & end treatment.
For connecting a flag line and a hook, after piercing the hook, make a hitch and keep the
end 5 cm. Apply whipping at 2 points.

*Replacing a flag line

When renewing a flag line, connect the old rope
to a new one with twine and cover the joining
part with plastic tape. Pull the end of old line so
that the new one can pass the mast block. This
enables the renewal of a flag line without
climbing the mast or working aloft.

Material of a shackle to connect an eye on the mast yard and the flag shackle shall be
softer than the one of the eye on the yard to minimize the eye wear down.
During navigation andlor a flag line being not used for long time, in order to prevent the
middle of flag line worn out, it is a good idea to keep the part of the flag block on the top of
the mast. Be sure to check the whole of line before entering port.
When hoisting flags or signals, tie each end of the flag line to different place and keep lines
separately to prevent entwining.
The shackle used as a flag block for a mast yard should be of bronze to prevent abrasion
to the eye bolt fitted on the yard.
Take care while at sea to prevent the flag line from being chafed by metal fitting.
Never forget to check flag lines before entering ports.

'
Chapter 1

3 Tie of Rape

*Seizing for wire rope

To split seizing wire into 4:3 so that the finished appearance is better.
To separate at both start and finish of a seizing, the seizing wire should be passed through
strands.
The length of seizing is about twice three times of size of diameter of the wire rope.

*Lashing tripod
Tripod can be set up with 3 strong timbers and Flat
Seizing or Raking Seizing.
The top is bound with Flat Seizing or Raking Seizing.
Each bottom part is fixed in three direction.
When lashed taut, the legs will not open, and when
lashed loosely, it will not serve the purpose. There
are two lashing methods.

By Racking Seizing

By Flat Seizing

3 Tie of Rope
1

p w r r&
~ mmlnq
~~
i.a te ;pmf&stt
;Hee

humid'i, &Q,.
N,ismefcd tor bi uvi&wsh m mmociw %VimU M y@ W m
o f W t i n g is:bpmW,twritie of thewire faper.

of a

tqw fM 13SW ,&maggmf

#&@wtine of &wing
kiommnhgdWXWW
I:%
M t W OnB tulll with the ma$Iins, @nttfe
~xrpar,inswt % into &rUUrs af the wife.

~ W ~ ~ Q * n n m d t o r n u p s i ~ a n d
duvrr skis* thm
me &an&>
Wilk~tW
tm and kaul the d i p r e tcr
.bind 8AvmdS *My
T h e ~ ~ m a r t i n e i s t c r b ~ m
the w i ~ eQghtening &Fan& wlflzout any

gap kq tylet.

When t h kmgth
~
is &out 6 turnsilw&d it
Ime$ as si-iwfn tn
iilu-m.
IwR
ths md Wde the rFn@ and then fi@hTen
It. T i m the martine and loosen Mfande
&ttreh'm.PhenmarSrmLCW

@Sewingfor mooring line parceling, sewing and worming

To worn gaps between tops and bottoms of 3-strand rope with small string.
Apply canvas sheet as parceling.
Sewing with mallet to opposite direction of the rope twin.

@ ffrii%hm,

.Sewing
for wire rope
When sewing is applied after splicing, trim end of strands hitting by a hammer first.
Apply grease, wrap with piece of cloth like waste rags, then bind by twine before sewing is
applied.
Since a part of splicing is tapered., serving shall be started from the end of splicing and
(If
apply toward the eye.
.
. the direction is
opposite, it will be loosened when it is
halted.)
It is important to check the wire even if
Forward
grease is applied.

Stay wlre covered by plastic wrapping of antenna mast is also to be Checked from time to time.
Marline is a kind of hemp rope some having tar applied. Diameter is usually 3mm-4mm
being usgd on board.

% Knitting Yarns
If you prepare pieces of small string by knitting yams of old rope, they will be useful for
various occasions such as binding, lashing, etc.
There are flat knit, round knit, square knit and so on.
Number of yarns is various from 3 pieces to 10 pieces.
Old manila rope is not available on board, it can be supplied by supplier.

@Flat knit with 3 yams

Twin yarns from outside to
the center alternatively.

.Flat
knit with 4 yarns
Start with @ inserting the
center, then pick EO and insert
the center passing under O
pushing @. Insert the most
outside one into the center
accordingly.

Knit with 5 yarns, 7 yams can be done with the same method inserting the most outside
one into the center accordingly.

EB l n t o h tf.nt%wpassing under to right and pu&@

a.

into the center passing under to lefi and pushing ':@.

@Squareknit with 8 yarns

Separate 4 and 4 yarns.
Place 6)into the center passing under to right, between @ and @.
Place @ into the center passing under to left, between and 0.
Accordingly, most outside one is placed in the center one by one.

' ' ' V 'I

11'
I/,I
I

.Round knit with 6 yarns

Separate 3 and 3 yarns.
then under @,
Place @ in the center passing under, between @ and 0,
Place @ in the center passing under, between @ and 0 ,then under
Place @ with the same way ef O.

a.

3 'Tie of Rope
Taotkle is usually called a combination af block8 ancl rmpes.
a

e at hloaie
-man
htodr (With a mpe strap).

W#aerlbarrdbhcbAsWelbgnd is-insdelaor&&olf*haU.
OSnaPch 81& B h ' i e wifb a e m p is muntd on EEta fe@of The &ell W a m and sfiut.

Tackle
Stationary block changes direction of force and travelling block changes force itself as
leverage explains.
Load on the travelling block is divided by 3 ropes and required force to pull " is 113 of the
load on travelling block in the illustration.
Resistance by friction is estimated at about 10 per cent of load per sheave.

When small size of tackle is stowed, make "to" between two blocks and fix then by a hitch,
then remaining rope is coiled and bound by a Clove Hitch.
Shell

Sheave

Pin

Pin hole

4 1 Eye Splice
(1 ) Loosen strands. Insert a spike from right
toward left at place of the end of eye.
lnsert strand @. (Do not tighten it.)

O coming out, insert

spike into the next strand to insert @.
(Do not tighten it.)

(2)From the place of

(3) Turn over all. From the place of @.

coming out insert spike into the next
strand to insert @. It is correct when
each strand comes out from different
ditch. Then, insert
and tighten
accordingly.

@@a

(4) From the second insert, any of strands

can be inserted next order. lnsert a
strand beyond the next strand.@ tucks
are preferable.)

4 3 Short Soliee

(2) Closer each pair. Working end @@I

@ are to be taped together with main
rope in order to avoid loosening.

(3) Insert 1 into next strand holding it by

(Do not tighten
its pair strand
before all of 3 strands first tuck
finished.

a.

(4) Insert strand 2 holding by strand @.,

( 5 ) Insert strand 3 holding by strand @.

It is correct when each strand comes
out form different ditch. After
inserting all of 3 strands, tighten up
and apply tape all together with main
rope.
( 6 ) Remove the first taping and do the
same. Tighten both sides. Make
insertion more than 3 times for each
strand and adjust and smoothen
splice.

*-I

This apRae Zs ltserd *en the Mrt of a l , b c;-itn WEbe , alame

~
es shr)r~s@b.The length
cd Wa p& of glim ls law*
ahaltsplbe. For a small &a @akmWr -fie
length of
s t m d new&&
~
is &wt l.%TI
si%e rllmeter topewlll neat$ motra XhPln %I.

-&.

f13 Oomtpim strands e m h ether. (Left-in, Right-we. Untie @ rightward and wind O'
b w d the plme OF u e i d @.

az)

untie @ 'al-

~ n wd k d @ towmi the ptw of m w CD

@ & @'a* WWKI Wth 4half RItck Mw@

of untie.

Witid akmg the rope lay

Finally completel
by long splice

(1) Measure a length of the rope lrom the

working end and tape the tiitme. Open the
rope by way of strand pairs i.e. Slay and Zlay strand pairs up to the point where tape
had been applied up strends pair-wise.
Culminate by planing Slay paire 'right in
left otat' andtape aloftg working end.

(2) Decide the size of the eye splice. (Inserting

order is @@@I@.)

@J it@tMMe Sprke under S-lay strands to open

and insert @ from right to left. Try to take
out the twlst tendency when inserting.
Before finishing 4 strands, do not tighten
them.

(4) lnsert the spike under the S-lay that is next

to @ inserted. lnsert @ from right to left.

(5) Remove tapes that are binding S-lay

strands. Keeping S-lay @ on 2-lay @ from
left to right and S-lay @ being kept under

(6) lnsert S-lay strand O from left to right.

(7) Take @ to lefl to right, then that comes to

next to 3.Same as this, insert 'P: from left
to right. This is the end of first tuck of each
strand.
Each strand (0-0) should be tightend
equally.

I!!

(8) Second round of inserting. The order k E?

@ @ @ in order to work easily. Hitting with
hammer the spike, when a large rope like a
hawser is applied.

(9) 3 tucks should be used. Cut the rest of the

strands.

Third mund of tucks can be done by each

strand separately instead of the pair. If yo
want to make the end smooth, insert fourt
round with inserting one strand only of eac
pair.

&4 Eye SPEC&

(fljMea!surea length 'ofth,e rape Pram ihe

nr&ilng end .aM
wfw. Open fhe
R)WBy way of sfrand paits i.?. S-by and E
I
q Svand pidm up lo tYle @.ai'mw h w tape
had &en applid up sfiancb pait-wltpe.

(4) Turn all over. Insert @ from left to right.

(6) Insert S-lay @ from right to left.

i'i
1I1l~

%3Short Splice
This is same as 5I.Do not make a mistake when setting the first tuck. All of strands are
set firstly same as 3strand short splice.

(1) Llntiie &rands. &lays are crossed and taped. It is fauomble if color

of each tape can b e different in order to diterentiqte e a ~ strand.

h
Zlays are opeoed and 8-Cays are taped.

( 2 ) Cross each Z-lay. Right strand in, left strand out situation. (O
@', @-@'are
orossing.). After crossing, Z-lays are also taped.

(4) Insert Z-lay @ along @'from in to out.

(5) 2-lay are inserted.

tel

Insert z-lay O'.

C7) Fm Slays by tape. Insert S-by@ fmm IeTt~outto in along S-lay

@,' after pbksng the spike under the Z4ay.

5 Splice for 8-Strand Rope

(8) Insert S-lay @.

(9) Insert S-lay O'along S-lay @ right-in to out after picking the
spike under Z-lay.

'W)DoBlay Wis imstad. first m

ml Pihi&&. tighZeR up.

6-1Eye splice
(1) Stretch the rope on deck (in case of mooring rope, it needs to be stretched up to 10 m)
Mark 5 places as shown. Tie point X with a small string to avoid sliding the inner core and
the outer cover on point C and D.
End

i
I
I

I
I

22d

Length required
for eye spltce

I
I

56
.I
1
I-

<
I
I
I

256

1-

286

-'

I
I

Figure shows multiple number. 2 2 6 : 22times of rope diameter

(2) Untie outer braided cover about 20-30 cm from the working end and extract inner braided
core.
Insert a lead rope into innermost part of inner braided core and the tape extracted part
about 15cm. The lead rope needs to be longer than the distance from the end to point B.

Until to outer braided cover

Inner braided core

I
,
,
,

(3) Extract the inner braided core from point B. Once the lead rope is extracted from B.
Outer braided cover
Lead rope

/
\her

braided core

i 4 ) Take off the tape securing the same to inner braided core. Ensure that the other side of
the lead rope remains outside the outer braided cover.
Outer bralded cover

J-

I
Inner braided core

l5) Lay outer braided cover and inner braided core parallel to each other. Mark pints A and B
on inner braided core as shown.
Untie the small string on point X. Pull out inner braided core to about 8 times of the rope
diameter.
Mark A' and B' on the inner braided core as shown. Loosen outer cover between B and D
equally in order to make following inserting easier.

Lead

inner braided cwre

Outer braided cover

( 6 ) Extract the lead rope lying outside the outer braided cover from point A. Fix the end of

the lead rope to the end of the inner braided core tightly with tape and extract the one
from point 6.
Outer braided cover
A
I

Lead rope

Form ao eye and extmt inner braided core through outer braided aover
aligns with point 8. M u s t the shape of -theeye.

lmer b&ed core

-3%

I'

I @&Ma& a l e d mpe ta the owterhradcled c m r ef the wwtdng end and &pe WgMy.

,:@J. fiW

it%* b M W w e .fFpm pcihf E tr, D w2fh 'the fwlp crf a I.&

Klcl. (The.b d rad
mcrPleW M : e W W : m m *".'ik WTte ugefulio pull ttre
irrpa. Thm& the guidefrom
YjeInt Baa B w
d tie 6 e h&.@ Of ttMlaad rape#tk@W*th?+
l
@j.)
~hrmdouter i m i zoo~s~mrn
~
~ ; j nB
z to Q WMthe .hp.orthe imi rod. ~nwm

(10) Extract the inner braided core and outer braided cover one at a time from point D and C
respectively. Adjust the same with a wooden mallet if required. Cut the rest of the ends
and conceal the ends after making the splice smooth.
Test the eye splice with some tension by mooring winch holding the end on a bit.
Seize the spliced part from the eye to the base of the splice. The method begins with 8figure with twine tightening it by a spike. Then, apply seizing from the end.

(1) Stretch enough length of rope on deck. Mark A and B as shown on the end of both ropes.
Point A is 22 times the diameter of the rope from the working end. B is 6 times the
diameter from point A.

b?) Open the outer cover of B and mark the inner braid as point @
Extract
I.
the part of
working end of inner braided core from point B.

on the extracted inner braided core.

s marked at 6 times
and
diameter from @ and is marked at 28 times the diameter from
Mark point C on outer cover. The point is the seventh knitting (one knitting is
from
point A. Then mark 6 point every other knitting from point C toward the working end.
In order to make a conical shape, cut these 6 point of outer cover and extract some yams
of the working end. Connect lead rope each end as acute as possible.

(3) Mark point

a.

w),

,,. . .

. .
. , .. .

. ~.
. . .. .

::: $~.?ipli& for Double Braided Rope

,

(4) Insert a lead rope into innermost part of inner braided core using a lead rod.
Insert outer cover of between the end and point C into inside of inner braided core of the
counterpart from point @toward point @. Bind the point @ of inner braided core and C
of outer cover with tape so that the points do not slip. Take off the lead rope and flatten
the surface.

Lead rod

(5) Insert inner braided core into outer cover of the counterpart. Thread the guide rod from
point B toward C and tie the lead mpe to pull the lead rope inserting the inner braided
core.lnsert outer cover of between the end and point C into inside of inner braided core
of the counterpart from point @
toward
I point
Bind the point @ of inner braided core
and C of outer cover with tape so that the points do not slip.

a.

ing the lead rope together with inner braided core. Take off the iead rope and flatten

Lead mpb

(?) When the inner braided core comes to point

a,flatten inserted part.

(8) Insert it more. If rope is old, and difficulty is found, then apply liquid soap to help.
Continuously insert inner braided core under outer cover of counterpart until each point A
meets point 6 of counterpart.

. ..

6 Splice for Double Braiibe$'

(12) Cut outside of inner braided core and hide the remaining under the cover.
Seize the splice with a small rope about 10-15cm long. Begin with penetrating the ropf
with a spike to insert the small rope. Seize toward the middle of the splice as shown. Thr
ends of seizing are inserted into the rope.

Small rope

6fl

Stretch enouqh
- lenqth
- of rope on deck. Mark A, B, C, D as shown on the end of both
ropes. Bind a point X of dktance of 5 times the diameter from B.

End

Open the outer braided cover of B and mark the inner braid as point B Extract the part
of working end of inner braided core from point B.
Mark point B'on the extracted inner braided core. Take off the rope binding point X.
Extract length of 8times of diameter of the rope more from B. Mark 6'.
Loosen the part between B and D.
Connect a lead rope with the extracted inner braded core with tape.

(3) Insert inner braided core under outer braided cover of the counterpart from point A to
D. Start with threading a guide rod and connect the end of the lead rope. Pull a lead
rod, then the lead rope.

(4) Pull the inner braided rope until B' comes to point A.

Connect outer braided cover with a lead rope with tape.

.,~.:. c

(5) Insert it from point B to C using a guide rod.

Pulling a lead rope to insert the outer braided cover.

($1 If it: sste~rrsto k e dW&

to
the owtgr brakki cover* it is a goad I&
the OAIW
bpaidsd rover into 2 and ins&.

to divide

--mI

Chnpter

(7)Pull by a winch to shape up the splice. (It does not matter if the inner braided Gore
,g~esdeeper
*i

the outer cover.)

(8) Cut outside of inner braided core and hide the remaining under the cover.

Seize the splice with a small rope about 10-15cm long. Begin with penetrating the
rope with a spike to insert the small rope. Seize toward the middle of the splice as
shown. The ends of seizing are inserted into the rope.

'

MMng Splices for a mowing mpe im w e is &ed

wt in
m a r ~ ~ y .
Ttw metho& ol $OW@ism am dasorhd in W
hut tkb s p f b b usually inme
~~WGUII:
tbm &oQj fora m w reps. Becxluse the mpe hat%b m beoome harder. We negd at
lea&3members and a wider SFSW to mmmpli?ahthe j& &ec%vely.[ Diafwetw of and eye
swt be iwger wan %3I. ~netara.)

hS

Thmad!rr~8 SgJikeis t0ugh. wng \nadow spikes fmm m

hdIie large is ~ c o m r m ~ d &
to open tKe cornpressed strands. Threadhg Wornas tougher !&stbsplieing gdes en,
k?As a sib is so slipflery
s%aI& @&+,it IS Wer to prepare a
oT
PQW~~.

(31 /Iff= m&ng a w o e , p u tho

~ rope mtng a *tp1s win& and hammer tim splidng spot
FW shepa up.

Splice 5 tucks at least.

Lay a sheet of plywood for splicing job to avoid slipping of a spike on a steel plate.

7-14 2 Method
Cross section is a view from arrow side as shown.

Measure a distance* of approximately 4550 cm (for 16mm wire) from the working
end of the wire rope and tightly seize the
same.
Open the rope so as t o separate the
individual strands. Clean each strand with a
cotton rag. Seize the end of each strand
with twine
'differ depending on diamiter of wire

WcfF
G;ttWrng em vviIIi qf.&e
and rns r m d ,@ bf wc)Mng end, wing
mm.~n%emm
pdine
@ftuft3~

dl@ ,ownpIete 8pliN &!!miin order to

M$ert:.@*@E+
~. ,. . .tram me:b-&
&& ~ b u g fta
m m e s WQ .M?e.fnse& s .spiIce f t q m
#ze,topside.

,@ Tfm

fnsert~pikefnxntheWside~li2

~ b f 6 w n d i w ~ a n d B 1 S e s@t : ~

ofW-ngehd@ng-

in%ertion&
U f f ' f ~ c u f ~ i n g & ~ W F t ~

t B c u f ~ e n d , u s i n $ 5 a r n ~ ~ .
H 0 1 t i i ail 6 strands and the sew hit W
?#wi~&~asplrCe,sof)thEPt
hvbrsgin%hronn.

(6) Before the eye is completed, release the co

and hit the standing end till the seized point of
the working end touches the standing end.
Wind strand @ on to the standing part and
tuck the same 5 times. (Note : Wind the.
strand normally for the 1st tuck, but give
the strand a twist for the remaining 4
tucks. This holds good for all 6 strands)

( 7 ) Wind strand @ on to the standing part and

tuck the same 5 times.
Wind strand @ on to the standing part and
tuck the same 5 times.

( 8 ) Lifting strand @ and of the working end,

insert the core into the standing end.

(9) Wind strand @ on to the standing part and

tuck the same 5 times. (Be careful not to
make a mistake with @. 8 strand is
closest to the conjunction part.)

Wm
i stand @ on to the standing pwi arcd
tu&enesame8titm%

Hlt the ~ l i s e d
wW@h
a ~ I k alofzg
e
the aye
gb as m hrfmg m
d @ of me work- em!

parellei to flre W n g end.

W h t d s w @mtotttesEtlndiingpsuZand
tuck the same 5 Nmw.

tl'i the eplised part &'the *%

Me a,Pa m r e a emcur* Ytt

w a y fmm

7-2 ThimbbEye Splicing with 3:3 ~ e t h o d

Cross section is a view from arrow side as shown.
Force of wire returning is quite large because the size of the eye is very small.
The bigger the diameter of a rope is, the bigger the force is. A rigger screw is very helpful
to control the force during making an eye splice. However, since many ships do not have
this tool, using seizing wire is an alternative way. 3-3 method is often employed although
both 3-3 and 4-2 methods are available.

( I ) Measure a distance* of approximately 4550cm from the working end of the wire rope
and tightly seize the same. Open the rope
so as to separate the individual strands.
Clean each strand with a cotton rag. Seize
the end of each strand with twine.
Measure the circumference of the thimble
and mark its length on the stand part.
'differ depending on diamiter of wire

lnsett a @ke

.f*~rnB e ~netMqwint *a

between @ and @. Lit? 3 stmnds a?

standinlg end dosest to Hmnd Q of
WrkIrtg a d With spike and ineert @,

the s u l d at atWt a half inserting.

~ ~ 3 a t r s n c l s a c a ~ tahng d
mxa

m to be awnd.

($1 Turn the thepIete ~ C i e e over.

,
Lmn-ds~ffiehd'qmdwitk

aattiMM@Bfm&,w
satnts irrmtitlQamitt
Llft B $Wands at st'mdirrg eRel and insert
strend @ of worlrln@en& using same
-on
wmM

$J&)

HaMlng dl 6
w d themre, hethe
standm
i end with a spike, 60 tlwt m eye)
itEzghto form.

When the
sim nearly matehw the
tMmbt.e, invert the thhMed&ease &e mre

h
l
t
~
~
W i me t h i m h Mtsrl in& tfm eye* wise

t t ~ ~ p ~ ~ t a w e y C r a t t e f ~ s a u n e .
Wtbwireandhitfhe~~md;~M
upper pan of the fhimtal@and R'Et the
stan&ng end; 'khe &?hX amar part 07 the
t#~Qm$leand hit ttm stdnding 4~4%(If the
Mlernmd&Uhe,~~*ee?garbta~

(5) whrd str~nd@ on to the meting pwi atxi

tuck the m e one tfmw Hit the *ndtng
end. (NeTe : W i M the strand narrnally fm
%e 1st luck, but gLve the strands a twist for
the remaining 4 tucks. This M d s good for
all 6 strands of the working and the
&din@ en@

16) Wind strand 6%) on to the Handing part and

tuck the same one tfme to soften its

registanw. Hi the standig end.

(71 U%ng strand @ and .O @%heworking W,

inserg the core into the etanding end
prq~rly
(aboutPDcm) and then cut it ~ f f .

(8) Wind s t r d @ on to the. standing part and

tuek the m e one tlme.
Wnd stwid @ on to the atanding pa^ and
tuck tke same one f m w
Whd strand @ on to the stwding Wtf and
tuck the same me time.

l$r Hit the &ice

V&I
a spike dmg tkeeys se
ars ta bring strmd C3 of t h mrking end

fitmllerl wthe S M
Bd, ~
onto thg &a&ng part aml
tW ths samtt one time.

Wkrd sWmd

(I@
WWind all s t m & on to the standing
m&tuck thr m e 21ernAs the he &e& mpatate &I& a d end
tusk t
h MtZIsr ltalf W t h m into the h e 5

&.

m.

$If Hlt the spliced patt May from the eye tQ

e
n
ma seowrr, fit.

7.3 Short Splice with 5:l Method

Cross section is a view from arrow side as shown.
It is impossible to make a short splice as used with a fiber rope. After combining strand:
insert strands into the counterpart rope 5 times first. Then insert strands of the counterpal
rope. This method is used to make an anchor stopper rope andlor straps.

Cross section

@-@

[Pt-f"
it

gj;(k,;?,
4 ,",.

:g.*di,!dr2F;

Standing end

a,,

(1 ) Measure a distance* of approximately 4550 cm from the working end of the wire
rope and tightly seize the same.
Open the rope so as to separate the
individual strands. Clean each strand with a
cotton rag. Seize the end of each strand
with twine. Lay both parallel to meet the
seizing points.
Lift strand of standing rope closest to
strand
of working rope with spike and
insert
Keep it about a middle

a.

*differ depending on diamiter of wire

Working end

7 Splice of Wire
(a] Im sftan@su@U, %', "@" md

in thas
pb3binr is $ambut dutleZ 19

OEW.n
Iatmat. ( ~ retsmw OT smm
wm
g p l k e e v l d i l a p e r t ~@afhv&xillanapai

~ + h e ~ i m * z r . m $ ~
of sWanding rope cznd insert Mwnd @ ef
worihg rope, uafng the m e ime&hpow,
mldsoon)
After 6 strands arer finkhe4 iwldlq all 6
Btwnds ansl the anm, hE the Zhein$ wd
Wh a wiksr, sa tfiat nteW w end mober, Tempomi& bind EN@ rni$dle af both
rol)ee.

fis3 Yurndsmnd @

k,the.$iarrding ~ ; ~ t a R d
Ulsk: We wme 5 f h e s . (Mate :Wwd the
salyursl nntmally ior ~e f1St tuok, b t @be
the strand a W11St forth rm&@ '4 fwks.
This hotds
far at1 B strands af the
vmking irnd *a
a@

**

t i

(6) Insert @ and tuck same as 5 times. The

one side is now finished. Hit and flatten.
(Bind remaining strands with a rope for
safety.)

(7) Release the temporary binding rope. Open

strands of the other rope. Clean each
strand with a cotton rag. Seize the end of
each strand with twine.

'ti$

T W
timi

.
I

&rmd M e fhe standrng part 9

3-4 Basketwork insertion by 5:l Method

Cross section is a view from the eye side.
When an splice is required to be un-twisted, this method is more useful. Insert 2 strand.$ '
together from left-inside to right-outside. There are 5:l method and 4:2 method. Here 51
method is shown.

@-@

(1) Bind the joined part with a rope. Do the

same as previous 5 : l method in thtt
beginning with inserting 5 strands. Wind @
strand.

Standing end

0-@Working end

bE

Threa11 a spike from next to the firet

in8~1Ytsdstran@gntl nft 2 prrawds. lnmrt
m a mleft warn
MSW.

(The m t h d
skownwn)

0T

threading a spipilce a$

wltfr & % M e a d

n Mt%.aem~as && metkwi.

@ ? W t&W@!@
@ t e . S & m q I ' ~@@,

kj 1n
im a .spi& QM
ww!@

stread.ktt @F the itmt @

*fwlnmtEij P@mhi @ cp.

(5) Completed the first round of insertion.

7-6 Beget Splice with One Strand

Beget splices are frequently used for connecting a wire to winch drum.

(1) 2 diagonal strands of a rope are loosened

from the working end. (1.2 -1.5 m length is
needed for 16mm diameter wire.)
Make an eye with one the strands. Untie
one strand of the standing part and wind
the other strand of the 2 strands in the untie
strand. (Enough length for 5 times of
splices is needed.)

e b atmnrl winding a&

Afrw WOW&T&&wind 5 t h s sach
C)r0&8. a

wifh 2-strand =inding &had.

7-FBeget Splice with Different Size of Ropes

Prepare a small size of wire with length for the eye and twice as long as the spliced part.

(1) Open strands of the small rope. Seize with

twine. Wipe oil. Two strands next to each
other are treated as one strand. Thus one
end consists of 3 strands.

(2) Lift a strand of the bigger rope. lnsert a

strand of small rope.
thread a spike from the same point and lift
2 strands. lnsert the second strand of the
small rope.
For the third one, thread from the same
point and lift 3 strands. One side is finished.
lnsert the other working end strands with
same method. Start with threading from the
stitch of the third strand.

(3) All of 6 strands are tucked or wound with 2strand together 5 times.
Hit by hammer and flatten.
Seize the big wire.

Eye Splike by Flemish f i t b u d

lhis method is irequently vsed an a log ship where a lot of wire~lingsare used.
Begin with marking at length for an %ye
and splice fmm the workjng end.
Separate 2 groups of strands opening 3
sets of sWhd n m each other tD.gezher.
Turn anti-clo6kw9se a group with hemp
m e to cross each other.
Wind sfrands along stitches.

Open .strands and seize each end wkh

twine. Wipe oil.

Eft 2 strands with a spike and tuck hemp

core like cwshiig fhe hemp care with the
spike

Wind each strand 5 times.

(5) Wind 3 strands of the other side 5 times.

Shape up with a hammer and cut off the
remaining strands.

7-9 Long Splice

I,
I,

Long splice is used to connect wires when the part of splice is to be same diameter.
The length required for splice is 1000 times the diameter of a rope.
(1) Seizing and marking

Lay wires on deck.

Mark point "0"as shown and seize both sides about 5cm from this mark with yarns. this
mark with yarns as shown "6""@".

&$

Cutting strands
Open every other third strands from the WOW&@ end to point
Cut the other strand remaining and hemp core about 30cm from "@*,

"w.

{qJ Combining strands

Lay 2 wires as shown on deck. Take off seizing of "@" and "@". Untie the shorter
strands and wind the longer strands along the ditches. (For example, untie strand O
and wind strand @.)
Length of untie and winding is said to be 100 times of the diameter of a rope.
The order of combination is ; Untie @ and wind @ to 300 times the diameter from the
center and cross. Untie @ and wind @ to 200 times the diameter from the center and
cross. Cut 2 hemp cores and crush them inside.Untie @ and wind @ to 100 times the
diameter from the center and cross.
Do the other side. Untie @ and wind 8 to 300 times the diameter from the center and
cross.Untie @ and wind @ to 200 times the diameter from the center and cross.Untie
@ and wind @ to 100 times the diameter from the center and cross.
Cut strands remaining 50 times the diameter. Cut hemp core to keep space the
remaining strands tucked.Hit with a hammer to shape up.

Making splices for a mooring rope in use is carried out in case of emergency.
The methods of some splices are described in this chapter but this splice is usually more
difficult than doing for a new rope. Because the rope has been become harder. We need at
least 3 members and a wider space to accomplish the job effectively.( Diameter of and eye
shall be larger than 2.5 meters.)
@Eyesplice for mooring wire by 4:2 method
(1 ) Make an eye and bind the middle part with a rope in order not to spring.
(2) Stick spikes
Stick a 200 mm spike first hitting with a hammer to open the compressed strands. (Keep
the spike upright in the wire.)
Insert a 350 mm spike next to the 200 mm spike and push out the 200 mm spike. If it is
difficult to lift 2 strands together,
Bind w~tha rope
stick a 200 mm spike again into
the next strand and then insert
the 350 mm spike. Then, insert a
proper sized spike for a wide
space for first insertion. Push out
the spike and insert the first
strand.
/
Insert total 4 strands with the
Bind with a wirelseizlng wlre
same method.
(3) Lay down the wire keeping a small space above the deck
Keep the wire between the winch drum and a deck stand roller or something like. Put a
proper wooden bar to avoid the wire turning when a spike is inserted. (If it is difficult to
handle the wire due to a long distance, hoist the middle with a chain hoist as shown.)
One man holds all 6 strands and the other 2 men hit the strands until untied parts come
out. (If it is very tough to insert, apply grease a little.)
Seize the first splicing part with a wire to prevent from returning.
Stretch the wire carefully until it is a little tensioned.

(4) Winding
One man turns the spike, the 2nd man pulls a strand and the 3rd pushes the the strand
simultaneously.
Keep a body away form a spike line so as not to be stuck to the spike mistakenly.
(5) Sewing
After completion, apply sewing.

()Chapter 1

1-1Canvas
There are some materials for canvas such as hemp, cotton and synthetic fiber. The big$#.
the number is, the thinner canvas sheet is. No.6 and N0.8 with synthetic fiber is mainly
used on board.

1-2 Needles
There are some kinds of needles as follows. The bigger the number is, the shorter and tile
smaller a needle is.
oN0.5 No. 13 : Roping needle
ONo.14, No.15 : Seaming needle
aNo.16
: Duck needle

.Sacking

needle : Used to darn a canvas as being

14 Threads, Seaming Twine

Made of hemp in former times, but mostly made of synthetic fiber waxed today.

I
1-4 Other Tools
Other than items illustrated, there are scissors, sea knife, hammer, scale and so on.

It is important to consider the margins to sew up for tuck, doubling. When an eyelet is
used, tuck and doubling margin is to be about 2cm wider than outside diameter of the
eyelet. In addition, due to inbalance of force of sewing which sometimes causes shrinkage,
the final size becomes smaller than measured initially. All of these items are well
calculated and measure the pattern on a canvas sheet.

@Marginto sew up
To avoid fraying end of canvas, margin
of l c m -2cm width is tucked and sew
UP.
*Tuck
To make verge beautiful, 3-4cm width is
tucked. When an eyelet is used, margin
is about 2cm wider.

@Doubling
To reinforce the edge of canvas, fold the
edge twice and the width is 3-4cm.

3-1 Stitch
When No.15 needle (about 6.5cm length) is used,
.for new canvas, 6-8 stitches per needle length
. f o r old canvas, 4-5 stitches per needle length
@for middle seaming stitch, 3-4 stitches per needle length
.for thinner sheetfcanvas more than 6-8 stitches acceptable
The angle of stitches should be about 45' to the seam line.

3-2Beginning with Making a O

&3 Connecting Twine

v d d Knot

Chipping and painting including related cleaning and housekeeping jobs are major jobs of
deck crew on board. The result of the jobs will be obvious in a few months and it depends
on seamen's skills. In order to work well and for safety, the important matters are;
@To use equipment properly
@To wear protectors in accordance with rules
@To keep your good position away from direction of rotation of the equipment
@To be a good balanced postur
Many injuries are attributed to workers not
wearing the proper protective clothing,
when carrying out these duties. To expose
your skin during chipping and painting is
also dangerous because rusts and pieces
of irons might spread at high speed. Even
if i t is hot, wear long sleeve working
wears.

1-1 Chipping Goggles

Especially for chipping work, it is important to protect your eyes. In working under the
scorching sun, the lens of goggles tend to be blurred due to sweat. Even "anti-dim"
processing is not helpful on this matter. The accident often occurs that iron rust sticks an
eye of the worker who wears sunglasses instead of goggles to prevent blurring due to
sweat. Flying of iron chips in using a disc sander is very dangerous. They may not directly
attack the user but may come in the eye of other worker even when he is wearing goggles.
A person in charge must give advice about the procedure of the work, checking the
condition of the entire work place. It is important to make it a rule to "correctly wear
complete protectors."
Prepare eye washers with 1% to 2% boric acid solution so that the workers can wash their
eyes at any time. If some foreign matter gets into the eye it should be removed by
washing, rubbing does not clear it a away. If the injury is slight, blink your eye in water and
use eye ointment.

@ Chapter 3

la wt M~$:IX
Qen-l
gatnze mmk is used for hygi& pwpme and mt - k r f a r s t pmwMbn. To W& in a
Irighly &&y plam, pou should wear a &st mask EspwMky hampul to ow 1 q Is fke
prviiQle at 0,l to S
in ;size. 10 &on
or laryles msie M l p come in our lung and
Zhdore is not 9o p&&rmtio. P.me
b sutQiebn%when air kmrner mr atr o h k l
&wIti-n&e Spe, ehistypej is rrsed

143 E m Plw
T h w @retwo t-ypes Qt eatplugs for mige prezmntiwa PUF~OPR:one ta cUt low to h&h
Wsquenoy no& and tRe othw to aut an& ht@h-reguwpnets* while a l k i n g IwW&~moy
tci pagpi thlat@h it. Earmuff is dne ty@a of mfplug$sW
E
C
T oovw the Mlhole
$a!@. O f t c t n i o & a f ~ e ~
m
k ~ ~w W w w V ~ w m r p l w a t e
cw&i@bwYIiEhd~rin~arrd
b sw~ e w h i o h M s y w m ~ & ~
alP hammer is umd to emit high noise, weadng both earpIq and earnaft ?is highly

naw

erffsctiue.

1-4

Gl*w

A stmgly vibratim device such as an air kmmer shDutd atbe

vIbfatiw1 pro& @O\fies; mi% o W o e Iihthis Pw pmtanged peTi&i%

us&

wearins

Rust scale removal by chipping, hammering and scaling, and painting constitute the major
portion of hull maintenance and requires labor and costs.
It is important to do chipping with the determination "not to allow rust again in the place
where chipping was carried out once". You should carry out operations to avoid such
results as may be criticized by saying, "It is better not to remove rust than chipping
halfway through."

21Chipping Tools
There are varieties of tools from hand tools to pneumatic, hydraulic or electric driven
equipment.
(1) Hand tools
@Chippinghammer
@Scraper: Goose neck type, Long handle type
@Wireblush: oval type, handle type

(2) Electric tools

Electric tools are handy but have problems on deck.
You may not use on tankers, LNG, LPG or when carrying combustible/inflammable cargos.
It is dangerous when a working crew is splayed.

Goose neGk =raper

(3) Pneumatic tools (Air toola)

This type of tools and machines are very eommon on board because we can u
compressed air from engine room and less problem with water.
Cleaning and applying lubricant oil are important.

();chBwer3

24m e w af chippw
(1) B e b e chlRpms

M&rq

aim& the Job

Confim protmtots
Confirm tool6 and equ@ment. FR attac-hmenZs Sudr as t2isk.q needbs, ,sir b e firmly and
eau6e r e m v d of it Bnel Enfq.
pwpe?ly, Wlraw
of a dbk
&%plytubricmt oil ifit is nQt eoowh

(8) Durhg ahiwng

WE
Wok?ww haw@W hmo prabbm on Etaok
Avoid uskg tke &me tools for hng WS.
4 d d working wiVl the same posWre. For
example, affsrilsiw an air h~~vnw,
eweping for a while ;and than mair d e r .
safe U i i asoh e r . R W or pieces of imn
attre## mmihit yuu.
Keap
&esuremioQcM!nestEtlrb*ampalueriscRm.
Be wwse tc Impyour M y away from diwetioh of W n g .
P h e &f wrners m d
of remam'mg paint. If e
w of Yfnl rmtns, %hemmight be
m& aSr lrole mer

kg) A b r ch'tpping
Especially after @PKJirq by di& meter, elm the SurkzQe to pmvmB rustkrg by pZeees of

iwrrn dust.
Chipniw area is dwkhd ~ c o s i d e l genough fer palnmg.
Clrranin$ and secwYng tooEs. a0 m t lwve talk?wihwt Cltpanlng.
@epEflgwork places and tool storm in order is impmmt ngt mfy fw ISIc-g
work
afR&ency
a40fer pFeventing W&s. "TraTnyourself ta t o m e &em tidy."
Pat tmls in speCiflaQ plaew so trrat they mn ea9ity be @kenout.
hotwtorsand detedtmshall be stsrW so
tfWy own rapid& be u& on ewrgmcy.
W ~ ~ f m i S i s s h t +bel mwved;
l
mn-rygo*
& M y dbposed c+f.

Clean

3-1 Paint
It is important to know characteristics of each paint you use in order to carry out painting
effectively, safely and beautifully. You have to follow company's instruction andlor paint
maker's instruction when you use paint and thinner instead of just working with the way
you have done before. Followings are basic of knowledge of paint.

(1) Various kinds of paint

Paint consists of Binder, Color pigment, Extenders, Solvents and Additives.
Oil paint
This type of paint was manufactured about a decade ago, but with the advent of synthetic
resin paints, it is now nearly out of use.
Application of this type of paint with a brush is easy but it takes time to dry up.
Alkyd paint (Phthalic acid resin)
Even though they are synthetic resin paints, they are similar to oil paints in nature and
handling and easy to use.
Beautiful finishes can be obtained without chalking or discoloration.
Chlorinated rubber paint
They are obtained by dissolving, in a solvent, natural rubber decomposed by chlorine, as a
base; they are paints of quick-drying type as they dry up when the solvent evaporates.

1
I

Vinyl paint

They are mainly composed of copolymers made from vinyl chlorideand vinyl acetate. It has
excellent properties for water resistance and chemical resistance. However, only thin dly
films can be obtained.
Since it quickly dries, it is possible to apply more coats at short intervals to build up an 1
adequate thickness. Adhesion to steel plates is poor.

Epoxy paint
They harden as epoxy resins and various types of hardeners react witheach other; they
have extremely good performance with good adhesive, anti-corrosive, shock-proof, antiabrasive and chemical resistant qualities.
On the other hand, they are subject to chalking, and discoloration to a yellowish color and
the loss of gloss are inevitable. It is expensive, too.

Tar epoxy paint

Bitumen contained in coal tar or asphalt is low priced and excellent in water resistant
qualities. While tar epoxy paints are excellent anti-corrosive paints containing coal tar,
which is cheep, as a filler and equipped with properties of epoxy resins, they have the
following disadvantages :

@ Chapter 3

()TatwiU cause &maWis in the case d &in cMltmot

p&nt mlors-am re&wed sts tar is WWW.
@k!h a diewft Vpe of pat@is applied wer tw spaxy epQ.*urah&it may Meed. (tJniproaf is
m epaxy peiM using -hait in plam of 4 tar,,)
-ty~*-philt--epcrryw
They me heray anti-wmodve pdnts of an H i w & m hanlwing type muted
by imgmvingthe defacts eT tar e m paints.
cia&y,
dsnatuFedwary paints or denaWr&p~ly-urethanepaints are atrailebls.
This type of paints ts used almost e%clusively for m i n t i n g weathe$ decks and

~~ =

* ~ ~ o um&
e
etMyroratiwbf m'vents

Lacquer,
Chlorinated
rubber paint Vinyl
paint

.Quick
drying and possible to apply
several coats in a short period.
~lmpossibleto obtain a thick coat at
once.
.Less
affected by the temperature.

oxida-tion polymerization by resin) paints

absorbing oxygen from air.

retard drying inside.

.Ageing
may make the paint hard
and brittle.
.Low
temperatures slow down the
drying process considerably.

(Epoxy paints,
Drying through the
evaporation of solvents and Polyurethane
chemical action between
paints
components of the paints;
available astwo-pack paints

.Thick
coats are obtainable as they
harden through chemical reaction
between the base and hardener.
@The paint film has flexibility and
mistant to cracks.
@The available life is rather short
after mixing the two liquids.
*Slippery when wet with water.
SLlable to chalking.

(3) Hazards of paint

.Since
paints generally employ solvents with a low flash point, they emit flammable
vapors at ambient temperature, and are in a state which combustion is liable to occur a t
all times.
.The
vapor of solvents is heavier than air and accumulates at deck level.
.Solvents
have a property to irritate the skin or mucous membranes, and causef
headaches. They also cause intoxication.
.Since
solvents dissolve fats, they may cause dry skins or dermatitis.

$2 Preparation for Painting

(1) Required amount of paint
Approximate amount of paint can be calculated with following formula.

= x / . B b '
Theoretical
proper
amount
by makers
instruction

Ex:

Maker's instruction
0.55 kg/cm2

painting tools

Ratio
Splay=1.6-1.7
Roller=1.3-1.4
BrushGI.2

Total for 1,000m2= 0.55 x 1.7 x 1,000 = 935kg

935 120 = 46.75 cans

Coating thickness is strictly observed in order to maintain the minimum paint thickness.
"Durability is proportional to the paint film thickness

As the solvent disperses toward the surface and

evaporates, only the surface may dry up in the

ssolve vinyl resins, the dry film becomes thin

prejmman of paM
Calculate standard painting amount Prom paintlng area, and

I mer c

t m ~ band name*open fie eafi just I Wswttng.

*~

8H1cientIfFgtlr in ordw to mix e m & pipent and re&n mhich

have been segma&xt tbe tothe 'eifkreme in specific gravity.
Use a &nmr d e d i M b fha pew. The pa* pederrnanw is not
gm-$R%xJuntess diiwtad within the pemimibie m e .

Fw spray p&nticr@#r6mwe rcollde a d skinning by a sieu*

prewnt the tm Ram oiag@i.

tcr

(4) Masking tape

.When
painting white lines to mark walkways use masking tape to keep the lines straight,
be sure to remove the masking tape before the paint dries, otherwise it could have a
distorting effect.
.The
piping systems should be painted for identification by using masking tape in a
proper manner.
.The
heavy doors at entrances to accommodation spaces should be painted after
applying masking tape to the portion of packing.
I

..

There are mahy p5a~esin a ship where it must not be painted at all or not be painted out.
Painting out for movable pa*, name plates and safety marks brings about varic
problems. To avoid this "painting out", use various sizes (from small to large) of brusl
which match the place to be painted properly. Using a masking tape is also use
Rotating parts shall be greased after being painted.
Samples of prohibited place for "painting out":

"--Air hole

5 3 Brush Painting
(1) Type of brush

icller brush
tRdler painting is a suitable method for coating
places where it is not so wide for spray-painting
or it requires excessive time b y the brushpainting.
@Aroller with a length
. of 200mm is easy to use.
@A mini-roller is convenient for those who are not
good at brush painting.
The painting sequence should be as follows
"From the far side to the near"
"From the far side to the near one"
"From top to buttom"
"The complicated places should be painted
ticst."
I

@ h i n tcan for roller brush

Make a convenient container out of an empty can
for thinner, etc.

I
(8) Precautions
L

@For a new brush, the bristles tend to come out. Rub the brush against a board and
remove loose bristles before using.
@Whena piece of bristle sticks on the painted surface, remove it before the paint dries.
@Separatethe brush for oil paint from the one for heavy anti-corrosive paint (Epoxy paint
uses a strong solvent. When a brush for oil paint is used for epoxy paint, the bristles are
frizzled and the brush cannot be used any more)
When it is used, put the brushes in water or dry in the shade after cleaning well with
thinner.
*For the beauty of the cabin and/or the passage, brush-painting is usually adequet.
@The knack is to apply paint properly. In case of too thicker coating, paint will run down,
To the contrary too thinner cbating results a see-throughundercoat and make bush
marks conspicuously
@As the nice fmishing is important regardless of the fltm thickness, add a proper quantity
of thinner and use a high grade of brush.
@Afterdipping a brush of its 1/3 bristles into paint, wipe it first against the inside rim of the
can to remove surplus paint and then start painting
@In case of slow drying paint, spread paint evenly first and them vertically and
horizontally. After that, fmish by the vertical direcrion.
@In case of quick drying paintapply paint quickly in vertical direction only without
spreading horizontally.

-3.

Layina-M

Distribute paint roughly

Brush out spread paint

evenly both vertically and
horizontally

Make the final light brushing

in a constant direction

(4) Treatment of brush

Wash out remaining paint from the brush with its thinner.
Wipe the thinner with rag and soak the brush in water.
(If paint remains on the brush, the brush can not be used again.)

--

(masking should be sufficiently provided before painting)

.Lay
off so that no uneven paint surfaw
may remain in the overlapped areas.
.Excessively
quick roller movement may
scatter paint; move the roller quietly
with a long stroke.

ml
When no stencil of proper size is not available,
prepare a make-shift stencil out of old charts.
Even if an exclusive brush for stencil use is not
in stock, use abrush with a diagonal handle for
oil paint by binding the bristles with a twine.

paint, it will make observations dramatically easy when taking soundings of bilges or
ballast tanks.

&4 Air Spray Painting

A. nice paint coating surface can be obtained.
A
.s paint is sprayed together with compressed air, p a t may be ,Scattered around.
Methods of supplying paint are as follows.
.Gravity type
Paint is supplied by its gravity from a small pot on the nozzle. It is used for small area
painting.
.Suction type
Paint is sucked at the mouth of the gun.

.Pressure type
Paint is sent by compressed airfrom its
tank to a spray-gun through a hose.

3-5 Airless Spray Painting

Paint is sucked, discharged and supplied by air-driven pump from a paint c a n The pump
is driven by ccimpressed air an deck (4 -7 kgfcm2)Thedischarge pressure reaches 100
k&m2 35Okgl~mP.

(1) Spray-gun
Speed

Keep a constant speed of 40 to 50cmIsec as far as possible.

When excessively slow, paint may 'drip' along the wall ;
ahd excessive speed tends to roughen the painted surface, presenting the
appearance of orange peel.
The spray gun should be directed at almost right angles against the
surface being painted.
Keep a constant distance of 30 to 40cm between spray gun and surface
being painted.

The painted surface by each stroke of the airless spray gun should bB
I
overlapped by about 213 of the width.
The airless gun should be moved vertically and horizontally,i.e., in a
cfisscrossing manner.
It is essential to ensure to crisscross the spraying pattern to keep a.
certain film thickness.

'

- ..... .. . . .
. .
.
kd:.~;~.~
- : ~.
,...

*. "'.

'

.:,. . ,.

Come& the spraykg unit 5

;Cimwfafe t h i m @mu&wt the system tQ DRBdt- for -1

:j Painting

f w n mmer;tiom.

I ~~.

paintins the m n W ~ n is n M bs kept suffbimt& tightwed as the

Iiquld rewhe8 & high pramwe 4f: ItTGXcgtmS e m ifthe ^airworfdng pmwure is 3

ta

won
m u e r mix eXcessixe thinnet fin the m e of paint&$of wells, paint terlds to ddilp and
~Wtbttsobtdning a mi& W.
WAS & is inwBabIe te have umw1coat thi&twm, depeMng on tRe skifl of tee pain-, it
is wise &vim te W g n pabl to avergr ~ M l n
a w and oomplebly mmumie Fha
p&nt wahin %e area
Wtid spots sbawld be painted with a brushw raller
1-Wefore taklngj a re&, e.g.. for luneh the m k d portton of a two- paok pcrint shcrukl he
d compWIyr T h i ehoukl be slawly ciwlated tYlrsughaut the aidme spray unit,
swo~hgf m and
to the sam can
Tmatment
0T p c n t i i
Sin@ disflgsnhuB liquid pmsure remafns still toside the -stern, mlems the mainin$
ptawure berforeCtisconnWng hoses.

Wash tke unit bydrabttng frssh ~ i n n e r s l o w l y f a r ~15

Wto 2Ci mimutes.

RemowtFla su&con alter and rn&%WrM

*Itsreand dean them.
Wash fhe noEEkr wffi~ientlyin X h thinner. If it is
to be used wEiitn a
fw days, st &wid tre s&d
in the thinner.
When the s w m is not w e d t~ IXE used far a Iangtime, the v& ball of &e
rent
01and
-

3-6 Non-slip Paint

Heavy anti-corrosive paints are very slippery when they get wet. The passageways on
deck and steps of the stairnays and accommodation ladder should be provided with no
slip surfaces.
There are two types of non-slip materials, rough and fine.

2 to 1) It thoroughly blends with paint, it can be applied uniformly.

Even if it is mixed into paint and stirred, it deposits at the bottom, preventing
uniform application. First spread paint over an area of 1m2and spray the nonslip material evenly over it, followed by light application of paint to hold it

Although sand for cement may be used instead when no non-slip materia is
not available, exclusive sand with a sufficient hardness should be used i-mr
non-slip purposes.

-7 Stowing Paint
Paints have their shelf lives.
.Paints
should be consumed within 6 months as pigments deposit or resins proceed wi
polymerization during the storage period, depending on the type of paint.
.Mark
the date of receipt on the can with a felt-tipped marker.
.When
stowing paint in the paint store, the older cans should be placed on the door si
and the new ones on the far side so that the older ones may be used first.
.Sometimes
turn cans topsy-turvy so that pigments may not be left as deposited at t
bottom.

$QD-eeaution~for Mkhg Type Paint

After pouring hardener, the paint in use should be completely used. When the
available life is past, the paint may harden inside the pot or it may clog the nozzle
or hose. Even during a rest, the paint should be used so that no residual paint is
leftover; brushes and rollers should be washed roughly in thinner and then dipped
in it. (If the paint remains, it may harden even in the thinner.) No problem is
expected at any temperature if painting is camed out within one hour.
Never mix excessive thinner (for undercoat within 10% ; for top coat within 5%).
There are cases where no reaction takes place when the mixing ratio is
inappropriate or the paint is insufficiently stirred. Use a special paint agitator. If a
wood strip is used, without any other means, stir the paint sufficiently in the 4
comers and to blend upper and lower layers.
Carefully wash brushes and rollers in thinner up to the interior, or they cannot be
used again. After being washed thoroughly, they may be dipped in thinner, fresh
water or dried in the shade.
Any surface which is damp with moisture or contains salt content should not
ahave paint applied to it, otherwise it will peel off, especially in the case
conventional paints. Synthetic Resin paints are a little less affected.
In the case of airless spray painting, a dry film thickness of 300 to 400microns is
generally obtained. A thickness of about 100 microns can be obtained by brush
painting. When painting by brush after scaling, it is necessaly to apply several
coats.
When this type of paint is applied over a synthetic resin paint coat, the undercoat
may be dissolved. However, if the undercoat is more than 3 months old, there is no
such possibility.

This type of paint should never be used by adding thinner after the available life is
over. (There are cases where it may not harden.)

h h e n applying primers a few times, their color should be varied every time to
eliminate the possibility of inadvertently Leaving out places un painted.

6 1 Cylinder Lock Pin

Instruction Manual
Bushing PT318XNPT318
Hose Nipple PT318X318

1 Cylinder Cap
1a Cylinder Cap
Ib Throttle Bush
I c Throttle Rod
I d Ball (318)
1e Spring (8x16)
IfThrottle cap
1g Throttle Lever
Ih Throttle Lever Shaft
2 Cylinder Body
2al Cylinder Body
2b Piston Sleeve
3 0 Ring (p24)
4 Ball (7116)
5 Chisel Cover
6 Snap Ring (stw-30)
7 Piston

Chapter 3

9 1 Cylinder Cap Cover

I Hose Nipple (XfW5$)

111~

oth Synthetic fiber and wire ropes are usually used for mooring ships.

1I
I

@ Head line
@ Forward breast line
@ Forward spring line

I 8,

Ill
I 8,

@Aft spring line

:I

@Aft breast line

@Stern line

ill

I.

1-1 Purpose of Mooring Line

@Spring Line
To control the ship's ranging movement
@Breast Line
To control the ship's lateral movement
@Head/ Stem Line
General control of both ranging and lateral movements including any yawing.

1-2 Handling of Mooring Rope

'1

1~'

;I
1

Mooring/unmooring work is one of most dangerous jobs for deck crew and sometimes
fatal accidents happen to a seaman and/or a ship during the work. We should keep it in
mind that;
@Do not stand or stay where a rope might bound back or rebound in case of a rope.
whipping or breaking off suddenly. Avoid straddling mooring ropes during mooring.
'
@At lease 2 men are to be assigned to work together when using mooring winch and a
rope.
@Signaling between a person in charge and workers is most important when preparing?,
mooring ropes before entering or leaving a port.
@When slackening a mooring rope walk it back on a winch rather than releasing manually;
@Maintain a proper distance from the warping end of the mooring winch to avoid loose
clothing being caught.
@when preparing hawsers on deck beware that if too much is laid out, it can snake away

@amtw4

and b e c m m t r o l l a b b ielue to its we&@&

@Whensecuring a mm#q mpe on a winoh dwm, it shall be wcxmd ~QIW
from me aide
toward the other si&, nnol:beingjamin& em& ather.
synthdfc #her W s e r elongates and reduces in diarnm~under l a . It is most
dangeroop3 when stranding and recottifill. "(trushouldbe awm a d stmd weil elm.
@A synthetic fiber haw= deWor&m when expD8ed b ultm Vjollet rays. They should be
covered when nDt in w e With a
mm*efc,
@Anypotrustow or flaw on the fairleads er mooring W e l a rnav damage synthetig
fibres. Rus *hould be remove@,BWmumgfrom wine rows afar dso damaging.
@ORamicalagent$ patnts and thinnenr will @a)cse *wte Sytnthetir: flke hawem. They
slroutd Re Sowed well clear of these s W m &

1-3 Dtbela WatEh-heam

Alettmess by the deck watch-keeper to pwssing shfps owsing mngfn$ and laterel
nwwmnts?tidd m e , &aft charge ckn;mg oargo pparsltims is vary impmwit.
aDnce a ship, e m &her fore part or a8 pact, cbkchss, Prom thmt qrny it b m m s ueiy
d i i i d ta make the
alongside again by ady mom&j FOTry to keepall mooriq
ropes in fight thmJ@ the time.
*It ts i m p o M to forewe Be he@fWe awd tke &ipa$yr l&in@dimbgi~.
*Weather f&rwa@t
is abw
issue. When you feel W b x m e e st-,
you haw
to inform the duty O ~ E e a ~ =won
r n as mIb1e.
~lncasethat
i t ~ d f f a c u l f t o h m ~ l e t f i r t m o o r i n g ~ a t a n a , p u h a viinforrnthmt
eb
duty 0ffiOer or Gaptab.

14 Hol-

of Hoarhg Line

# Is most d - m
when tension of tta? m&ng tape is tmsferred to the st-.
WaTk
back slowrly m d 6jantfGIly until
stopper hsW the tension firmly. &gnaling is m&
impom.
.when sacwing asyntMc f i k r hawser to a boUard, initialurn &auld be arwnclthe tora
piax of the k I M s and ttren Way in W &mof @we '8 wi% at leas*6 turns.
Yhis msth& d l o w W easy aetiwttnent to hsiand pieurents s l e g under

@A chain stopper should not be used with synthetic hawsers.

@Double braided rope with sufficient strength is recommended for hawser stoppers
ensure risk of snapping is reduced.

Rope stopper
Each side of a rope stopper holds the other end of the rope
alternately at least three times.
Deck ring is sometimes not enough strong for the tension of mooring
stopper. In such a case, a bollard is to be used as shown.

Chain stopper

1-5 Tonsberg and Mandal Shackles

Tonsberg and mandal shackles are used to connect a synthetic fibre tail rope of about 11
meters to a mooring wire making it easier for orews to handle.
The methods are of connecting a Tonsberg and Mandal shackle are different as per
illustration.
Mandal shackle

@ Chapter 4

Tonsberg shackle

k a hi# risk Qsk &ring moorlng apefatiom, it ~eqo$res

close aammuni~atianwith slew
signals ,M d @leEerSand answer W,speaial oawtibn is rsquired especially when you are
casting off the tug line.
OTUQ-linewith a messenwr rope

*Ship's messenger rope

The proper ckance between the brake

band and the bolt should be less than
2mm
If s mcrorihg rope fhawser 0r wTre) Es
wound on the wlR6h drum in erronews
diretSoh, the brake, holding power m y be
redueed by 50%.
The mrecZ ditwozien for paylng out of
mooring rope s W l d be marked with M
amw on the ouW& of each drum.

.Brake
capacity test for mooring winch
*It is important to test and record regularly.
.The
test kit , comprises of various parts, these should be stowed together.
T
. he
brake link mechanism should be maintained in free condition.
Caution
*The spot where the hydraulic jack is placed should be fitted with a steel plate or flat
lumbers to protect the deck from damages like a hollow.
.Confirm
split pins and snap rings are in good condition.
+Oil stains or rust on the brake lining1drum may result in a dramatic reduction of brake
holding power.

Hyd;lic

pump

8;11 ancheilq opetation$ are mt+rI out d e r fhe sw-isb

o* HIS ttteW@for fiecond
Officw, and &uld bda &'nnl out swooW.
f&w@FaIlythe windtaas is .$Pbmn by ei~fe%%rn,
de~&ci$yand h y h d i o plrmp, you
should u&mtand m h mad.

(1 )

mart the m@ing

water.

(21 %in the hydrawrm puma.

(3)Rm the pump irr takadad cmdYh'~mt
64) Rttleaw the lmhfng dre for anchor in Use.
(5) Ensags the clutch.
(%) H e w e the clutch to holding positfan an w
h) fpemwe the c h i n m v r .

~ .

Is) Ret-&e-&xfthe(v) Walh back &ah rmce OWRE. given.

(Ti P92ply the bmke to $hewindtstss,
(nj ~mgage
meiutsh.
Mow heamhr is re* for dmppin&
fWww the bm& by order @ 'I*@oancnoP. usually the anckor rtXW moving
slowly in the fir& ~ a e ~ n dend
s , the runsat. its Rtll
(HOWa bka& ball,)
(F4) DeWm chain f i p d by wntrslltng the brwk by order.
nghten fhe br* aPter the anohor is "bFougM UP".
1% E ~ l g a 'the
a shain m-m.

(a

w.

For large oonWner &tps and VLCG'a it has bwme a mom safe p m c t i te
~ use the "walk

bask"met-

for anchoring father M n actually dmpping the heckx.

(2) S W hewir@the ohain afkerthe or@r isgiven.

(31 14pply the he*to the wincllw &et the W o r Os home.
(43 Enst@ the chain Gemmewor
(5) Becure the ane;trar with Iaghing.

H w to check &e &wtiwertw

of winellass bmke-------------PrfDr to anchoring check wha?thar the &in link is in antsot rnritb the &n
conW is showing the heMass bake may hawe loosened

ampressor if

2-3 Haw to Camect Twist& C h i n s

(1) Filling some pad into one of the groove af the gypsy wheel

-----------@Pullthe dvain forward by using a chain block or a hawser so

that the grawes of the gypsy wheel may be &served. ( a
hawser from the s p ~ s i t side
e is wed )
@Insert a bundle ot utility ropes into a deep gmow of the
gypsy Wheel and henplace a bundle oT rags on if. and lash
or support it.
@Heaveup the chain slowIy ,while slacking the chain block
until the anchor c b i n is wised off the groove on the bundle
of rags at the hishest position of the mpsy wheel.
@Ch& the dimction in which to incline the anchor chain to cotrest the twist and pull 12
with another ~haain-block.
@Heavein slowly until the d o r chain coming in wguIar positfanby skipplng one greave
of the gypsy.
@Canfirmthe twist is r d f i e d and resume heaving in the chain up to the end.

@ Chapter 4

@I

Hanging the chain under a trlpoa

@Confirm the compressor stopper and
anchor chain lashing in positiin.
@Prepare the tripod with a chain block
above the gypsy w h d .
@Slack the chain about 1 meter and put a
large-sized crowbar into one anchor link
and suspend the chain. (see illustration )
@Heave t
k chain up to the chain being in
balance fore and aft. on the gypsy wheel.
(Confirm the crowbar is positioned and
safe. )
@Pick u p the upper chain link in free
condition from the gypsy groove.
.Correct the twist by wing an utility rope.

When heaving in anchor chain in condition that it 's in taut abaft, this results in a twist at
the comDressor.
to Windlass

Fill the compressor groove with a strip of old hawser

@Preparethe strip of old hawser adjusting the depth of the compressor groove (The use
of a bundle of utility ropes instead of a hawser is acceptable)
@Connect the strip to an upper chain link by a wire rope.
@Pay out the anchor chain slowly up to the above strip being drugged into the groove.
@When the chain is raised, pay out the chain slowly until the hawser comes out of the
groove while pulling correcting the twist by using a chain block and a crowbar etc.
Caution
As the anchor shall be paid out, this method should be carried out while at anchor.

24 Painting Shackle Mark of Anchor Chain

during heaving up anchors.
.Wash
chains by fresh water and dry by air. (Fresh water hose and air hoses'are
' A p p l y paint when chains come to the hose pipe and the compressor.
.Paint
will be dried up in the chain locker. Paint smoothly.

The windlass brake is equipped with two bolts (one for mooring winch)on her lower part to
support the band when the brake is released. if the clearance between the brake band and
the bolt is excessive , the upper band is lowered by its own weight and the brake is
partially effected. After dropping an anchor, particularly, such a condition would make
subtle operation difficult during its handling.
The clearance on the brake should be adjusted according to conditions between 1mm and
1.5mm .
Adjustment to brake lining is also required dependant on wear and tear.
The bolts should be checked regularly for rusting.

Ill

II

Standard method to moor the ship to Buoy is to utilize the ship's anchor chain.
Following is the most popular way of the mooring to buoy.

3-1 Tools / Equipments

@ Hanging wire for anchor

@ Heaving-in wire for anchor
@ Buoy rope (hawser)
@Wire strap
@Wire strap
@Wire strap
@ Hanging wire with a hook
for anchor chain

@Shackle for buoy

@ Pin of shackle for buoy
@ Fiber rope for hanging pin of @
@ Slipping wire
@
Heaving-in
I
rope for @
@ Pole with a hook

Others Hammer, Chain-hook, Punch for taper-pin, Chain stopper,

Seizing wire, Pliers, Grease, Shackles, Heavy duty knives,
Sennit, Wiping rags

Preparation for Mooring to Buoy

(1) Prepare the tools & equipment.
(2) Hanging off the anchor.
This allows sufficient space in the hawse pipe for the buoy chain to pass through

a. connect the heaving-in wire to fluke of anchor

b. lower the anchor and simultaneously start heaving in the above wire afterward.
c. make fast the above anchor, then secure adequate length of chain to the deck.
Walk back the anchor chain laying down on deck until the first joining shackle (kenter
shackle) is reached.

_..---_
"r

Uncouplethe joining shacltle (kenter shackle)

Utilize a taper-pin punch and a shackle-pin punch, remove the taper-pin and then cut

(5) Connect a buoy shackle with end link to the ancfior chain.

(63 Fix the hanging off wire ofthe anchor chain to the 6th or Rh link from the end link
(7) Lowr the c h i n adjusting the hanging wire of & to ensure no taftglng.
(8) Secure the hanging wire ta bollard after belng lowered to within a a few meters abwe
water.
( 0 ) 8ecurq the anchor chain with a bit of slack ( windlass brake on and clut~h
off).
(10) Lower the shackle pin hnmsdiirely Wore connecting the buoy shackle lo buoy.
61) Prepam the budy rope (hawser).

(12
' ) Preparation of the slipping wire.

(4).W W I the

is

~~~ the :&i,p'sb w , [owy&r tM hangi%%g

wife vv*

Iraekle

fBJ, b w : ~ &qr
$m
m a&xp& &&wf3 *m

%4 ReIeasing Baoy Chain

(1 ) Heave in the Buoy chain until the buoy c o r n under the ship's-bow.
(,2) Heave in the slipping wire simultaneo.usly until the same condition of the above a. and
secure it to the bollard.
(3)Slack the buoy chain slightly and release fhe buoy shackle.
(41 Heave in the anchor cham to the deck
(5) Cast off the slipping wire.

3-5 Comeet Anchor

(1) Gonfirm thechain not being twisted, connect the anchor chain again with a kenter
shackle,which was removed.
(21 Resume heaving in +he anchor chain slowly and simultaneously slack the haave-in wire,
rope for anchor
(3) Connect the anchor.

Single buoy mooring or single point mooring system is a method by which only the bow of
a vessel, particularly for liquid cargo carriers, is moored to a buoy or fixed structure
allowing the vessel to swing freely in all directions. Thus, the ship can stay at the berth
with minimum tension to the mooring rope.

4-1 Tools and Equipment5 Needed

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Messenger rope ( 30mm-32mm diameter and 100 meter length ) 2 pieces

Utility ropes
Large sized bar
Hammers, Sennit, Seamans-knife, Grease, Waste clothes

4-2 Preparation
Vessels are moored with two synthetic fiber ropes to which a piece of short chafing chain
is connected at the end so that the mooring lines may not wear out by contact with the
fairlead. The short chain is tied up to the bow chain stopper of the vessel.
(1) Free the winch drum for hauling in a pickup hawser, and fit a messenger rope to the drum
( not applicable to a ship equipped with an exclusive winch for SBMs)
(2) Lower a messenger rope close to sea level to pick the SBM hawser.
(3) Then heave up the messenger rope and towing rope, and heave in the slack with care, as
the SBM comes closer.

Messenger rope
(Ship's side)

Approximately
370m

I
1

Mooring rope

(S. 8. M)

4 3 Making SBM Rope Fast

The Smit bracket and bow chain stopper
methods are two ways to make fast a mooring
rope to an SBM.

Tong tjlpe bow chain siopwsr

-+@-

Qnm lining maker buDiy

Mooring
rope

Buoy chain

Bollad wire dimtion for use

Gum lining marker buoy

44~iunooringfrom SI&M
(1) Test the winch without load, then heaye the p j ~ up
k wire until the chafe chain is clear of
the chain stopper.
( 2 ) Free the stopper and then lower the chain wire , towing rope one by one up to the
connection of the messenger rope comes to lie on deck.
(3) Cast off the all buoy ropes.

c ~ t 4wB )

I-

omnlodation Ladder
Accommodation ladder is an access between the ship and shore, it is also known as a
gangway ladder.

51 Preparation
(1) Release the lashing ropes and line it horizontally.
(2) Put the stanchions on their sockets and fix the man-rope on it.
(It is usual to see an united system of stanchions and man-ropes for large sized ships)
(3) Test up and down to confirm all in good order.
(4) Prepare the safety-net, life-buoy with a life-line, self igniting lights, etc
(5) Be cautious regarding the following points
a. Oil stains should removed.
b. Encrusted salt should be removed.

Fixed type
Self-movable type
Automatic horizontal step type
Turn table type

.Type
of driving power
Electrically power driven type
Hydraulic driven type
Air-motor type

There are many diierenf types of machinery and equipment exposed on the open deck,
- such as windlass, mooring winch, cargo gear, accommodation ladder, life boat and heavy
door, etc which all have built-in moving gears of parts, the purpose of greasing is not only
to keep them in a good condition, but also to protect them from theelements.
Caution
D
.o
not apply excessive grease This causes an increase in temperature in high speed
rotating machinery, also causing grease to drop off.
.Where
a grease nipple is located in a different access area, it should be marked so as
not to miss it.
A
.n
appropriate grease nipple suitable for narrow access should be used.
Followings are some type of grease nipple.

BUmn head

&IGrease Gun and Hose

@When ccpplylng grease to ex~osedbuttem nuts , it's mcommended to use a mixture of

grease-with white paint to ratio of 2 to 1, it prevente the grease being washed away by
rain.

@A scmw extraator is a tool used to remave a broken

bat without damageto thread or stud hole.

/
Broken nipple

mu..

1-1 Precautions on Working Aloft

Seamen frequently have to work aloft and/or over side. Such jobs are very dangerous. In
order to carry out the jobs safely, the following must be checked and observed.
.Ropes
are exclusively use for the job and may not be used for other jobs.
0 2 0 mm diameter KUREMONA rope is used for boatswainls chairlstage, 16-20mm
diameter is used for life line.
.Proper
working methods and procedures are strictly observed.

1-2 Check Items

Following must be checked.
.The
condition of the ropes, stages, working tools,apparatuses and safety equipments
not only before , but also during the work.
.Correct
wearing of safety helmet.
N
.o
loose cloths.
.That
a work plan has been produced taking into account the weather.
.Ensure
that area below is kept clear in case of falling objects.
@A watchman posted in this area.
.Life
jackets should be worn if overside.
.Life
buoy should be available.
.Jacobson
ladder should be ready in case outboard work.

1-3 Safety Belt and Life Line

Even if you are enough confident of working aloft, it is strongly recommended to use a life
line and anti-fall device to save your life in case of any accidents.

(1) Safety belt

It is important to consider how to use a safety belt before and during the work.
.Confirm
the safety belt is sound.
@Beforestarting the work, confirm what posture is adequate for safety.
The fulcrum of the life belt rope shall be as far above the center of a worker's gravity as
possible
.Avoid
the rope sagging as much as possible. The sag shocks the person if a fall occurs.
.U-shaped
suspension shall be employed instead of I-shaped( unifilar).

(2) Life line and anti-fall device

(Q Chapter 5

%an the s&@ b

J
L
J

kw h

!thm t k

WL)

w - i I-kmss h i t , iXs
If you 69 not haw an aWi-W Gevia, maice Wl eye QB fhe
you tiniif~an a %&%in I-ght
deaaendVI@*gm@ the Wsty row hangling
beW you, and make aRoZher hiWti. Disengage your
beE from the prams hiWh
&Ihm&it anto the nWt hit&, releasing the hitch you prevlousty &I
~m&inga hitch one
mr ztnoffiF& zhen $Wyourdmcending.

2 Boatswain's Chair
Connection of the boafswain's ehair is done with a shackle through the hanging rope.
Make sure fhst the shackle is the right way up& the shaclde pin is set on upside, the pin
probably turns as the fope is slacked and comes off finally.
Make sure the rope hanging off is of suftT~ientlength.

SSlip the rope upward through your right hand

holding the upper part of the himh hy yew left
hand, the chair will descend under y w r weight.
mighten the hitsh when it is lowered to dssired
position and put the hernging rope caught in
hetween the stair's rope.

When you need to ascend, you citn use

tachles.

with foll0wIn~m-s

ImpMg attaut $3msWs f m

3.2 Hanging a Stage Board

The stage board is hung from a handrail or a
pipe that should be enough strong for
descending.
Where two members work as a team as they
lower themselves, such as for ship's funnel,
two ropes firmly with a hand can sufficiently
support your own weight even when the knot
is untied.

Wwla'ftg on n &age twrnrt

there are 3 mp?thadsaf t y i i We s&ge rqmfor dewending.

Psrss Phe handng rape undgr the Wiim h o t and hgW ir bgzSWr wRh tRe standing mpa
B
T
d hgefher by Okove hitsh Mth the I -mew mpe md nlenfmned11(@.
Men mu demand, timtlr hold 8 miss aQtkwafk henwknotm.pnce h w mpes we
Wd &miys y ~ ham4
w
can 6uWolenrtysupport ywr rnw;stSt
urtrw1 the !xmt is m@dJ
TRtan push
hmng rape upward Fie by IMQ The stags beard is IuwerM by your am
weght. VWm the Ixwd w a ~ e sto Me nmf tmsition, pull the Mging rope dDWward. The
rope is hard.

Pass the hanging rope under the bowline knot and hold it together with the standing rope.
Bind together by Two half hitch with the hanging rope. Tuck remaining end into 2 ropes.

half hitch once. Adjust your hand and slack the hanging rope holding the hanging rope
with the other hand. Tie again with two half hitch.

Take the hanging rope to the board directly and wind 5 times on the board outside of the
workers. The board is held. When you descend, move the handing rope little by little
carefully. This method is good when you work on a board sitting.
@Fixinga board at one place
When the work is being carried out at a fixed position, tie the stage rope as follows
keeping an altitude of the board at desired position.

T~
:

@Wear your life jacket

@Prepare the jacob's ladder close to working spot
@Prepare a life buoy with a life line
@Standby a supervisor or a watcher on deck
@Preparea sign board of under outboard work" on deck w a r the working spot
I I

1 Required Boarding .2n;.libernents rr Pilot

'

Pilot ladder is always to be maintained in a good condition according to pilot requirements.

I
Pilot boarding
(Japanese Pilot Association)

wune! lo~!dP lnoi

tu03aq ue3 pue ~otida41
.lo, p~emqGu!ddp$

2-1Emergent Step Board

If step boards are broken, the boards have to be replaced with emergency step boards.
The number of emergency step board is restricted up to 2 pieces and it is obligatoly that
the emergency step boards are replaced with regular steps as soon as possible.

2-2 Replacement of Step Board

When you replace broken steps with regular ones, you have to remove all of steps up to
broken one from the bottom of side rope. The methods of binding side ropes are as
follows.
Length of seizing is 4-5cm.

2-3 Replacement of Side Rope

When either side rope has deteriorated , even if
the other is sound, both ropes must be replaced
to maintain equal balance against stretching.

This kind of ladder is not allowed

(Japanese Pilot Association)

@ Chapter 6

I--+
&lPreparation
t,#)Length of the Pilot ladder

A single length of ladder shall be used that is capable of reaching the water from the point

of access to the ship; in providing for this, due allowance shall be made for all conditions
of loading and trim of the ship and for an adverse list of 15 degrees.

The Steps of the Pilot ladder

Of hard wood, or other material of equivalent properties, made in one piece free of knots,
having an efficient non-slip surface ; the four lowest steps may be made of rubber of
sufficient strength and stiffness or of another suitable material of equivalent
characteristics.
Not less than 480mm (19inches)long, 115mm(4 1/2inches)wide, and 25mm( 1 inch)in depth,
excluding any non-slip device.
Equally spaced not less than 300 mm(12 inches),no more than 380mm(l5inches)apart and
be secured in such a manner that they will remain horizontal.

(3) Side Ropes, Man-ropes and Safety Lines

The side ropes of the ladder shall consist of two uncovered manila ropes not less than
60mm (2 114 inches) in circumferences on each side. Each rope shall be continuous with
no joints below the top step.
The man-ropes properly secured to the ship and not less than 65mm (2 112 inches)in
circumference and a safety line shall be kept at hand ready for use if required.

(4) Battens (Spreaders in the New SOLAS)

Battens made of hardwood ,or other material of equivalent properties, in one piece and not
less than 1.Em (5 feet 10 inches)long shall be provided at such intervals as will prevent the
pilot ladder from twisting . The lowest batten shall be on the fifth step from the bottom of
the ladder and the intewal between any batten and the next shall not exceed 9 steps.

$2 Assembling
(1) Measure the length of the present ladder

Prepare ropes a little longer than thc

present one. First, set then
temporarily and image its completio

(2) Fixing a heart thimble

Keep a heart thimble as shown between
2 ropes and tie the thimble with a small
rope. Apply seizing with marline toward
the thimble. The end of seizing is
completed with reef knot and the marline
is tied with Crown Knot.

(3) Eye splice for hanging rope and seizing

for the side rope
Connect hanging ropes with eye-splice.
Seizing side ropes at an interval of 2-3
meter between the thimble and the first
top step.

6?
+

@.

'

'3:
difi

"

(4) Fixing a top step board and seizing for the side rope.
Decide a position of the top step. Apply seizing upside of the step.
When a ladder is loaded, distance between steps become long
though manila rope is not so elastic. To make the initial dis
measuring board with 30cm width at first. (Required distance is 30 -38 cm.)
Measure the distance between the top step and second one with the meaSu@
and mark the position of second step.

'

(5) Apply seizing lower side of the second

step. Point of seizing is 2-3 cm lower
then the mark.

(6) Check the distance.

(7) Apply seizing inside of steps checking

the distance between steps. lnsert steps
and apply seizing one by one. Insert
spreaders as required.

(91 Checking the whole after completion.

@Although the extension rate of manila rope is smaller, it shall be cohsidered not to
exceed the allowaljle dtstmce between the steps.. Taking into the considering, it's
recommendableto keep exact 30mn of it
.It is reoommendsd to stow the pilet l a d d ~ rin a d q place when not in use to help
rnain&in in a good wn&ion.
WLCe an@WCL tarrier6 are equipped with a metzhanical reel, this shauld be drled off
after use and mlrered in a canvas cover.

1-1Valve/Valve Shaft Stick

There are some types of valves; butterfly valve, sluice valve, globe valve, swing valve, etc.
being used. Valves are operated by human hands, hydraulic oil, electric motor and
compressed air. Valves sometimes become stuck or too hard to turn.

(1) Causes of deterioration (airtight, watertight and malfunction)

.Exhaustion
and stiffening of gland packing
.Foreign
particles and rusts in caught
.Damages
of a thread
.Adherence
between seat ring and valve disc

(2) Measures for protection of deterloration

OGrindhg of face of seat ring ar replacement & gland packing

01ightening the botts

ORasplng (filing)
.Repeat
of open and shut motions

Slu~cevalve

Globe valve

Gland Packing

(1) Put valve position on "shut".

( 2 ) Remove split pin, nuts, washers, name plate and handle in order of top to dow.
(3) Remove indicator plate of "open" and "shut".
(4) Remove an indicator collar.
(51 Remove nuts of control weight.
(6) Remove gland weight collar from the handle rod.
(7)Remove gland packing using a special tool or a needle for canvas sawing.
( 8 ) Fill new packing into the trench. (usually 4 to 6 piece of packing fitted.)
(9) Restore in order of the above reverse (5) to (1) .

*Adjust at shut
psition

O~en
shut

r-----

.,

Gkmd packing

packing

111' 1 ~1

13 Seat Ring of Butterfly Valve

The major type of damage to the "Seat Ring " is a crack of rubber lining or its peeling off
as a result of the deterioration. When the disc is eroded , it should be repaired by applying
such Multi-Metal to its eroded spot after polishing and removing oil content with thinner.

(1) Preparation of tools

Tripod, Chain-block, Wire sling, spanner, Hammer, Ropes, and Flange-opener (depending
on the working spot, scaffolding,Ozanalyzer, Blower, Lights ).

(2) Procedure of replacement

OConfirm the valve position on "shut"
@Release the connecting part
For a hand valve: Remove the valve handle
For a hydraulic valve: Remove the hydraulic
pipe which is connected to the actuator
(cylinder)
@Preparation of suspending the valve
When it is not available to find a proper
place from which to suspend a valve body
with a wire rope, it is usual case to set up a
steel or wooden tripod.
@Release the bolts which connect the flanges
of main pipe
ODecide which direction to extract( pull out)
the valve, i.e., upward, downward or
sideway. It depends on the working space
and also the shape of valve.
@Extraction of the valve
It is common to use a flange-opener to
release and extract the valve part from the
both end flanges.
.Two
flange-openers to be placed at
symmetrical positions between the
flanges after all bolts are removed, and
then start the hydraulic jack in operative.
.When
two flange-openers aren't enough
to evenly separate the flanges due to the
largeness of its diameter, place " stud
bolt with nuts "between the flanges.
This makes a help to separate the flanges

easily.
OLift the valve by a chain block.

@ Chapter 7

Seat ring

Nut

j ?%eat
ring

"aersp

Hydraulic Valve

(3) Restoring
OHaist the valve body and insert it between the flanges.
Qlnsert a gasket on the side of the seat ring and then press it to the flange swface with stud
bolts Past to place it in positii.
(This gasket is used to prevent the tubber lining from being stuck to the flange surface )
Qlnsert a gasket into the gap created on the opposite side.
(This work is a little bit hard to be dane smoothly. Various measures should be devised,
such as adding more pulls on a gasket)
@Whenthe position of the valve body is fixed , return the flange to its origin.
@Tightenthe stud and the through bolts in position.
@Fit hydraulic pipes.
m r g e air out of the hydraulic branch line and conduct an operational test.

Chapter 7

Manual valve

Hydraulic oil valve

oil pipe

This is an emergency pump .to operate hydraulic oil driven valves. The pump shall he
stowed in good condifion and good location for emergency use.
Confirm the following points.
.Check the oil level regularly.
.The
set pressurs of the relief valve should be below 7.0ICgl.cmz.
.The
oonnecting hose and the pressure releasing tools should be stored together with the
pump.

OUT (pressure side)

release tool

gauge

clamp

coupling

*1Besser Packing
A dresser coupling is commonly used for connecting pipes which run longitudinally
UR deck and in cargo tanks of a tanker. This feature is able to absorb the strains caused by
ship's movement such as pitching ,sagging and hogging etc,
A dresser packing in this system plays important role and its deterioration may
result in spills of cargo oil and other liquid.

~mssw~~ding

Follower

Bolt

.Procedure of replacement
(1) Drain the residues in the pipe and blow the inside pipe if necessaty.
(2) Recordthe condition of squeezing the bolt.
(3) Remove the stopper bolt.
(4) Removethe packing one by one.
(5) Clean the surface of the pipe with a file to
remove rusts and grooves.
(6) Set new packings and restore them reversing (3)
to (2).
/7) Since the expansion of pipe is occurred even by
the change of the ship's trim, some additional
adjustment is necessary.

iff

,..~!

~.:?Eg-'z~*

2 2 emergency repair of Pipe Hole

-

Rubber sheet ( kad sheet) and Steel band

,Generally adopted

Rubber sheet, Golf ball and Steel band

@Thickness of pipe is huge

1; '~

wooden COT& Gmeiit, Wooden plate (ar

Tin plalte) and -1
band
.For steam pipe and sea water pipe

!/,I
li I

11~1

,\ 1

Il

~',
1

1
8

Pipe

Bolt, Rubber, Washerand St.@ plab

@Not available for steel band
(hexagon head) lron
(ban
lron belt
(band)

I,

/I'
I'

i fi

$r,k;mekgency Repair of Pi1

Wooden cork ,and Steel wife

@In emerg,enZczrse

Union connector
@Forhigh prewm kTm

Deck machinery that have air driven motors often suffer problems with their rotary vanes,
which are driven by compressed air across the vanes.
Gmss emdon of air-motor

Lower valve casing

Commode handle

I-

$1 Instructions by Manufactare
@Dirtor rust and lack of lubricant in motor cause often engine trouble.
@Valvelever's position should be neutral and put on a horse cap at inlet port when not in
operation.
@Blowout air lines before connecting to motor to remove foreign particles.
.Don't
run with no load beyond necessary time. This causes abrasion of the rotary vanes.
.Pressure drop in air supply lines should be kept as small as possible.
@Of1filter should be installed close to the motor.

3-2 Disassembling and Assembling

@Blowair in mbtor so that dust or other foreign particles be cleaned out of motor.
.For
disassembling engine section, remove gear case and housing cover and blow end of
rotor with a hammer attaching a wooden piece or soft metal on it.
@Allparts should be cleaned using oil.
.Supply gear case and ball bearings with grease.
@Test operation after assembling should be kept minimum time not to wear out rotor
uanes unnecessarib.

Chapter 7

+I

Type of a Faucet
Wall faucet
.Basic faucet in shape
and structure

Lavatory
.Faucet mainly used
in a lavatoty

!
Swing faucet
.Mainly used in a
galley

Wall faucet with couplin

*For connecting
a hose

4 2 Structure

Handle
Spindle

7 Valve (stemwasher) packing

Nut
@ Mounting screw

Stem

W&er

Valve (stem washer)

packing

Packing
In bonnet

Seal tape

handle f
s shrn

Condition
Water leaks from the nut under the handle.
qepair
Replace the packing in bonnet.

Zondition
Water leaks through the faucet mounting
screw.
Repair
Replace the packing or seal tape used on
mounting screw or flange.

4-4 Size
.Faucet

.Faucet
pipe
Outer diameter of each screw and pipe
mountain m

w
Pipe pdirtg
6,~tsSd~
d k b

*m
Pipe ring

Outside diameter
of pipe

*Washbasin drain pipe

W&er control screw

Pressure tank
Packing
.Seat paeking
mstQ#lMlVQ
Handle

Spring
Fletaining
Rhg

Relief valm
spring
apen/shuf
Loose wve
Seat amkina

Conlim whether the wsth rod or the mhre $pinclCefor open/-

Gonfinn whether We strainer pin-hole is m g i n g or net.

CoMrm whether wafer-dirt is guck on the seat paWng.

relief valve is atfcklng or not.

4 7 Repair of the Shower Tools

.Repair

and replacement of a shower head

Head

"0"ring

...

Nut
(tappered fitting)

" 0ring

Nipple
Nut
(tappered fitting)
Ring

Repair and replacement of a shower hose

Nut
Ring

&

Nipple

Avoid that using

directly for tool

Packing

-Nut

16191

(tappered:
fitting)

Lever hub spring

Knock pin

.Fragile

parts

Thumb turn hub spring

Tumbler spring
Handle shaft
Lever handle
Escutcheon
Key

Single IEpolnt Single End W m c

Adjustehle Angle Wrenah

Hook W n n e r Wrench

r-l
Double Open End W ~ c h

Solid Steel Bar Wrench

Chapter 8

l2ouht Double Wf Set Wrench

Socket Wrench Set

Water Pumo Prier Double Position

Side Cutting Plier --

--

Hexanon Wrench Set

Hand Snio f C u ~ e dEdae)

Flat Noze Plier

Cnmhination Plier
Hana snro istralanr taael

Ball Pein Hammer

Qff Set Calking Chisel

Testing Hammer

R11nt-inisi

Rubb

"

:r

Serving Mallet
Wood Mallet Hammer

Stell Scriber

Gear and Wheel Puller

Cloth Scissors

Round Hole Punch

--

Tubing Cutter

.".
:.,$.t$,&$
- .-.-

.~
. .<. .> - . .

..

TOOLS Hv~cul~~rl!
I scd

;.

- , ..

..,.,r,,

OII

llerh

<,I(

. .,.. < . .':,;&;

,.:<"..

Parallel Bench Vise

Clow
~ .~-.l lBar
er.
- .... and
-. .- Nail
. .-.. P
. -.
- .

..

ai . , . ..
:, ;.. . ,
I.

A,..

>

'8-

-.

i...

Automatic Screw Driver

Chisel

Portable Electric Drill

Double End Angle Scra
Ovel Tvne Wire Brush

Hydraulic