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II Types
There are five types of adjectives:
A.
Adjectives of Quality
An adjective that describes more about the person or thing such as the colour,
size, shape or condition is called an adjective of quality. I It generally answers
the question What kind of...?.
B.
Adjectives of Quantity
An adjective of quantity is used to indicate an exact or an unspecified quantity or
amount. It generally answers the question How many? for countable nouns or
How much? for uncountable nouns.
He hasfewfiends.
(How many? Few - unspecified)
Handy Tips
The words a lot of, some and any are used with both countable and uncountable
nouns.
The word some is used in positive statements or when we expect the hearer to
say Yes.
C.
()
()
(X )
( )
Possessive Adjectives
A possessive adjective shows that something belongs to a person or a thing.
Possessive adjectives are always used before nouns. They answer the question
Whose?.
Handy Tips
Note that a possessive adjective goes with a noun but a possessive pronoun
stands alone.
D.
This is his bag. (possessive adjective - goes with the noun, bag)
Interrogative Adjectives
An interrogative adjective is used to ask a question. It is before a noun.
Handy Tips
E.
Demonstrative Adjectives
Handy Tips
Always remember that an adjective goes with a noun while a pronoun stands
alone. Compare the demonstrative adjective and the demonstrative pronoun
below.
IV Forms
A.
Comparison of Adjectives
1.
a)
b)
c)
2.
Positive Degree
Comparative Degree
Superlative Degree
The positive degree is the simple form. It is used simply to describe the
noun.
3.
4.
Handy Tips
Many adjectives form the comparative and superlative using er and est.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
thick
thicker
thickest
long
longer
longest
If the adjective ends with a consonant with a vowel before it, the consonant of the
positive degree is doubled before adding er or est.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Hot
hotter
hottest
big
bigger
biggest
If the adjective ends with the letter e} form the comparative by adding r and the
superlative by adding st.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Nice
nicer
nicest
Brave
braver
bravest
If the adjective ends with the letter y, change the y to ier and test for the
comparative and superlative.
Positive
pretty
funny
Comparative
prettier
funnier
Superlative
prettiest
funniest
Some adjectives form the comparative and superlative by adding words more and
most.
(a) Words ending in ful, less, ing or ed
Positive
Comparative
helpful
more helpful
useless
more useless
willing
more willing
annoyed
more annoyed
Superlative
most helpful
most useless
most willing
most annoyed
Superlative
most wonderful
most significant
(c) Others
Positive
normal
Superlative
most normal
Comparative
more normal
afraid
most afraid
more afraid
Comparative
better
worse
more
less
Superlative
best
worst
most
least
Use as ... as for positive degree, than for comparative degree and the for
superlative degree.
B. Formation of Adjectives
1.
2.
Adjective
childish
successful
German
Verb
love
accept
3.
Adjective
lovely
acceptable
Adjective
reddish
sickly
Handy Tips
When a sentence has more than one adjective, the position of the adjectives
generally follow this order:
(a) Opinion
(b) Size or Shape
(c) Age
(d) Colour
(e) Origin or Race
(f) Material or Type
o
o
pretty
small
old
blue
Chinese
cotton
clever
round
young
pink
Australian
musical
CHAPTER 8 - ADVERBS
I.
1)
a) She arrived
yesterday
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
b) The Princess is
very
beautiful
Adverb
Adverb
c) It happened
quit
suddenly
Adverb
2)
II.
An adverb tells us where, how, when, how often or to what degree II an action is
done.
Types
There are five main types of adverbs:
a)
b)
c)
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of Time or Frequency
d)
e)
III.
The boy found the purse there. (Where did the boy find the purse?)
The old man walked slowly. (How did the old man walk?)
IV.
Forms
(A) Comparison of Adverbs
Like adjectives, adverbs have three degrees of comparison.
a) Adverbs that end in ly usually form the comparative and superlative by adding the
Superlative
most strongly
most easily
b) Some adverbs (mostly of one syllable) add er and est to form the comparative and
c)
superlative.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
long
longer
longest
soon
sooner
soonest
Some adverbs have the same form of comparison as adjectives.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
bad
worse
worst
well
better
best
little
less
least
much
more
most
Handy Tips
Some adverbs and adjectives use the same word. To determine whether the word is an
1.
2.
A sentence may be divided into two parts: the subject and the predicate. The
subject is the thing or person that we speak about and the predicate tells us
something about the subject.
Subject
Predicate
The kitten
is hungry.
3.
A sentence may also contain an object. The object of a sentence is usually the thing or
person to which or whom the action of the verb is done.
II Types
There are four types of sentences:
(c)
Interrogative Sentences
An interrogative sentence asks a direct question. A direct question begins with a capital letter and
ends with a question mark (?).
What a surprise!
How exciting!
Handy Tips
Sometimes, a sentence consists of only one word (as in a command) and does not contain a subject as
the subject is understood.
Sit!
Statements can be turned into questions. In the same way, questions can also be turned into statements.
The tense does not change.
It is Peters book.
Is it Peters book?
at nine o clock
for RM2.00
3. A phrase forms part of a sentence and becomes complete when other words (including a verb) are
added to it.
Clauses
1. A clause is a group of words that forms part of a sentence. It is actually a small sentence inside a
bigger sentence.
2. A clause has a subject and a predicate of its own. It also has a finite verb.
3. A sentence may be divided into a main clause and a subordinate clause. A sentence may also contain
several clauses.
The girl whom you saw is rushing to work because she is late.
Main Clause
Subordinate Clause
What I want
4. From the above sentences, we can see that a main clause can stand alone as its meaning is clear
5. The subordinate clause cannot stand alone as its meaning is incomplete. It needs the main clause for
1.
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs are often used in phrases and clauses.
The boy with the brown dog lives down the street. (adjective phrase)
The boy who has a brown dog lives down the street. (adjective clause)
2.
A phrase can be changed into a clause and a clause can also be ! changed into a phrase.
Handy Tips
We can tell a clause from a phrase because a clause has a verb but a phrase does not. If a phrase
contains a word which looks like a verb (verb + ing), that word is not a real verb because we cannot
give it a tense.