Greek Conditional and Relative Sentences

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REESE LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
'Received
APR 19 1893
Âccession s No.& I O *g 3
Class No. /
RULES AND EXERCISES

ON
GEEEK CONDITIONAL
AND KELATIVE
SENTENCES
ARRANGED BY
G. S. FARNELL, M.A.
Assistant Master at St. Paul's School
EDITOR OF "THE GREEK LYRIC POETS '
LONDON
SEELEY & CO. LIMITED
ESSEX STREET, STRAND
1892
Si OS 3
im
no A i/o
PKEFACE
The Rules in this book are based on the lucid distinc
tions drawn in Prof. Goodwin's Syntax of Greek Moods and
Tenses between the different kinds of Conditional sentences,
distinctions which are also applied by him to Relative and
Temporal sentences and the like, and to certain construc
tions expressing a wish. He has conferred a great boon
on all teachers of Greek by the clearness of his expla
nations, a familiarity with which will, I think, render it
possible for a pupil of any intelligence to attain such a
mastery over the usages of the Optative and Subjunctive
Moods, the constructions with av, etc., as will go far to lay
the foundation of sound Greek scholarship.
Exercises similar to those in this book have for Ion"o
been in use at St. Paul's School, and have been found of
great service in giving pupils at an early stage a grasp of
many of the essential points of Greek Syntax.
A large proportion of the Greek sentences I have
taken or adapted from Greek Authors. The book is to a
certain extent elastic, since any of the miscellaneous
Exercises may, if thought desirable, be curtailed or omitted ;
while on the other hand, if further practice in the rules is
PREFACE
required than is given in this book, it will not be difficult

for any master to invent additional sentences for his pupils
on the lines indicated without necessarily going beyond the
limits of the two Vocabularies.
In the choice of words, as in the constructions, I have
endeavoured to confine myself, except where mention is
made to the contrary, to usages of the best Attic Prosewriters.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Summary Classification of Conditional Sentences .
7
Exercises I. A. and B. (with Rules) :
" Real " Conditionals in Present Time ..... 8-10
Exercises II. A. and B. :
"Real " Conditionals in Past Time
11-13
Exercises III. A. and B. :
Future Condition, " Vivid " and " Vague " .... 14-17
Exercises IV. A. and B. :
Unfulfilled Condition
Exercise V. :
Sentences with Protasis Implied
Exercises VI. XI.':
Miscellaneous Conditional Sentences
Relative Sentences, Classified
17-20
20-22
..... 22-28
28-31
Exercises XII. and XIII. :

Relative Sentences in Present Time and "Vivid " Future
. 31-33
Exercises XIV. and XV. :
Relative Sentences in Past Time
33-35
Exercises XVI. and XVII. :
Relative Sentences expressing Unfulfilled or "Vague" Future
Condition
35-37
CONTENTS
PAGE
Rules for Conditional and Relative Sentences in Oratio Obliqua 37-40
Exercises XVIII. and XIX., on above
40-42
Exercises XX. and XXI. (with Rules) :
Sentences expressing a Wish
42-45
Exercises XXII.XXIV. :
Miscellaneous on all previous Rules ...... 45-48
Vocabularies :
Greek-English
51
English-Greek ...
.......
58
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
A conditional sentence consists of two parts : (a) the
Protasis, i.e. the clause containing the supposition,
introduced in English by the particle If; .(b) tne
Apodosis or principal clause. In Greek the Pro
tasis is introduced by the word el, and in certain
cases the particle av is added to it forming the
compound kdv or viv.
Conditional sentences may first be divided into three
classes according as they relate to past, present or
future time, e.g. :
Past.If he did this, he was wicked.
Present.If he does this, he is wicked.
Future. If he does this tomorrow, he will be wicked, or,
If he should do it to-morrow, he would act
wickedly.
Again in one class of conditional sentences, as in all the
above examples, nothing is implied about the ful
filment of the condition or supposition, the matter
being left quite doubtful ; in another class how
ever it is distinctly implied that the condition is not
or was not fulfilled, e.g. :
Past time.If I had been there (which I was not) I should
have saved him.
Present time.If I had even a penny (which I have not)
I would give it you.
Exercises I., II., III. will deal with what we may call
Real Conditional sentences.where the question of the
fulfilment of the supposition is left entirely doubtful.
Exercise IV. will deal with Unreal Conditional sentences
implying non-fulfilment of the condition.
N.B.In all conditional clauses the negative is firj, not ov.
Exercises I. A., I. B.
Real Conditional Sentences in Peesent Time,
Particular or General.
There are two kinds :

(a) The supposition may be called ' particular '
when the conditional clause relates to an act or
acts occurring at one particular time or on a cer
tain defirdte number of occasions, or to a permanent
state of things, e.g. :
If he is now present he hears usIf you have done this
six times, I am pleasedIf he is brave he is worthy
of praise.
(b) The supposition may be called ' general ' when
an indefinite series of occasions is referred to, e.g. :
" If ever you have money, you always give it to the poor."
In (a) the construction in the Protasis in Greek is iden
tical with that in English, i.e. el with the present,
or sometimes the perfect, Indicative, e.g. : el
vvv irdpeariv, dicoveiel ravra ea/a? ireirpa-âs,
rjBofiaiei dvBpelo<s eariv, afto? eariv eiralvov.
In (b) not el but edv is used, accompanied like all com
pounds of av by the Subjunctive mood, e.g. : edv
irore xptffiara e^y<;, St'Sw? rot? irevrjaiv.
(Note.In such cases the so-called conditional clause is
really not conditional but temporal, as is shown by the fact
that instead of saying ' if ever you have money,' or edv
,Xptffiara
we can say with identical meaning, ' when
ever you have money/ orav ,yjpr\fiara e^j??.)
In both (a) and (b) the Apodosis presents no difficulty, and
is to be translated into Greek just as if no condi
tional clause accompanied it.
Distinguish then in Exercises I. A and B between :
Present Particular conditionals.
and
Present General conditionals.
PRESENT TIME
A.
1. El fSovXei dvBpelo<; Boicelv, fir) <f>oftrj6f}<; eiceivov tov
kvvcl.
2. 'Edv rt? roiavra cfry, rj y]rev<Trrj<; iariv, rj ovBev olBe
irepl tovtcov.
3. (a) El fir) aXyeis rrjv Ke<paXrjv, w yvvai, fir) fierairefityr]
tov lavrpov.
(b) 'Edv fir) dA/yjJ? rr)p Ke<paXr)v, fir) fiexairkfiirov tov
larpov.
4. Hdvre<s oi roiavra irparrovres, edv dX&ai, BIkrrv Bcoaovaiv' a\X' ei rt? vvv tovto irparreiv f3ovXerai, oi
cTrparrryol ovk eiaovrai oo-ri<; iariv.
5. 'Edv tt? fir) irdvra to, eavrov StS&J to3 f3aaiXel, ovk
eiraiveirai.
6. El BiKaio<s Kpirrjf el, firj irapaf3fj<s tou? t?)s iroXeox;
VOflOVS.
7. 'Edv e6eXrjs tot? trevrraiv dpeaiceiv, fir) tou? ttXov<rt'ou? dxpeXei.
8. Et eOeXeis ifiol dpeo-iceiv, ev Koir\aov tou? <tou$ SouXow?.
9. Et //.?? oi <piXoo-o<poi ravO' fjfilv Bovvai eOeXovaiv, ovk
dpuTroi elaiv dXX' aYo-%io-roi.
10. Tovtov ovv Xaficbv diroKreivov, el fir) diroirifavyev rjBrj.
11. Ka/cw? ireiroirjKas, el irdvra tov olvov ireircoKas.
12. 'Edv tt? 7ro\in/ oZvov irivrj, iroXXaKi<; dA/yet rou?
7r6Sa?.
13. Ou ^prj cpdvai ottov iariv e/cetvo?, el fir) KeKeXevKev 6
Beo-irorrj<s.
14<.
ravra toZ? KaKois eVetVot? Virrjperrjo-rj<;, el f3ovXei
v<f>' r\fM&v rifida6ai.
15. Et rjfiel<; yiyvcoo-KOfiev trjv firyrepa, ifieis yiyvwo-Kere
tijv Ovyarepa.
10. Ei rou? arparicora<s eiraivel, fiwpof eo-riv.
17. 'Edv wore tot? crrpariwrdis fieficj>rjrai, ov TtelOovrai
clvtw.
18. Ov Bvvaaai Toiavra irparreiv, el fir) fiefidOrjKas.
19. Ov ravra neiroirjKa<;, el aXrjOevei 6 <f>v\ai;.
20. 'Edv re fiovXcovrai, edv re fir], del auroii? eiraivel.
10
I. B.
1. If we never disobey the laws, they are not painful
to us.
2. If you are deceiving me, you are acting disgracefully.
3. If you deceive a benefactor, you do not please the
gods.
4. If this is so, it is useless for us to fight the enemy.
5. These nations are not brave, unless they drink much
wine.
6. If the wise are-ignorant-about anything, who can findout the truth ?
7. If you ever see a wolf, run away as fast as possible.
8. If you see the enemy approaching, Cyrus is-dead.
9. If you are-thirsty, drink this wine.
10. Never drink water if you have wine.
11. We ought to give 5 talents to the poor, if they are
really faring very badly in Athens.
12. If you wish to be honoured by us, do not help those
men.
1:3. If they have killed the large dog, why do you not
enter the house ?
14. No-one praises a man, if he abuses his parents.
15. Put Socrates to death, if he is really corrupting the
young men.
16. If he is always doing this, I do not think him wise.
17. If you have not killed the king, you have not
obeyed me.
18. How can you know Plato, if you have never stayed
in Athens ?
19. If what you say is true, you have not acted justly.
20. If any of the philosophers are now absent, I do not
blame them.
PAST TIME
11
Exercises II. A. and B.

Real Conditions in Past Time, Particular or
General.
Exactly the same distinction is found in Past time as in
Present between (a) Particular, and (b) General
suppositions, e.g. :
(a) If he saw Cyrus, he killed him.
(b) If ever he saw a soldier, he used to kill him.
Here again, as in present time, the general supposition is
really a temporal clause, equivalent to ' whenever
etc'
Greek Construction.
(a) Particular.As in English the past tenses of the In
dicative in both clauses, viz. : the Imperfect or
Aorist according as the action is a continued or
momentary one, or the Pluperfect.
(b) General.el with the Optative in the Protasis, and the
Imperfect in the Apodosis.
Examples.
(A) 1. el elBe K.vpov, <nreKreivev.
2. el fjXavvev (if he was riding), elSov avrov.
3. el ravra tfBrj eireirolrîcei, rl eiraraâ<; ;
(If he had already done this, why did you strike
him ?)
()
el irore arpanwrr/v iBoifii, aireicreivov.
12
A.
1. Et ravra IBoiev, ev0ii<; eXeyov Tot? arpari<orai<;, Xva firj
viro rwv iroXefila>v diraravrO.
2. Et ravra rjo-re, rl ovk elirare r)filv rotf vfierepoi<;
<j>lXois ;
3. Et irore roix; abiXoaofyovs dirarav hvvcuvro, e<prjv
avrovs ao<f>a>rdrov<; elvai.
4. Et ToTe ravra rJKOvaOrj virb aov, eherjaev ifiol <pdvai.
5. 'HBofirjv el ol ravrd aoi virrjperrjo-avre<; hlicrtv BiBoiev.
6. Et firj rore olvov etê?, eSet <76 fierairefiyfraadai tov
iarpov.
7. Et a-rparrjyoirjv ovk erefivov rrjv t&v 'Eperpiwv.
8. Et o o-rpart)yb<; rore rfKavve ieai av irapr)ada, 7r&>?
ovk eioes ;
9. Et o a-rparia>rai diroKielvoiev t<x? opveis, r)%0ero
r) yvvrj.
10. Et <paifiev ravra, 6 <pvXa^ del eKoXaê.
11. Ot o-rpart)yol kclk5)<; eirolovv r)fia<;, ell irore fir) rifirjOelev.
12. "E8et a elBevai rd virb rovrav prj0evra, el o-rpaTqybs
elvai e<prjo-0a.
13. Ei rJirdrrjo-e Kvpov, r)ira,rrj0rj kcu cwto? virb t&v rov
Kvpov arparrjy&>v.
14. 'Act irals cbv eiryvovfirjv, el to eir ifioi irpdrroifii.
15. Et firj xprjfiara rore eBeoKe T019 ovt<o irpdrrovo-iv,
aio-%iarO<; eyevero.
16. Et rpla errj eo-rparrjyei, ev eirparrev r) iroXa.
17. Et irore arparrryoirjv, eviKwv tow? iroXefiiov;.
18. Et ravr r)Brj e<opaKei, ti ovk dirfjXdev to? rdyio-ra ;
19. Et Kvpo<; rare irapeyevero, r)Brj Bie<f>0dpKei rov<; iroXefilovs.
20. Ov ao<f>6<; rjaOa, el fir) eiraivolrj? tovs ap%0Vra<;.
PAST TIME
13
B.
1. If Cyrus said this, he did not tell-the-truth.
2. If the king praised him, he used to be delighted.
3. If lie was doing this in my presence {genitive absol.),
I nevertheless did not see him.
4. Nobody spoke well of the soldiers, if they burnt the
houses of the citizens.
5. If you were present, why did you not give money to
the poor ?
.6. If the man was put to death, the judges decided
unjustly.
7. In the time of the Persians, if any man told-a-lie he
was put to death.
8. If you did not strike the man, somebody else did.
9. If they had already done this, you ought to have told
me.
10. If he incurred such dangers for eight months, he was
very brave.
11. The Greeks always won, if they fought the Persians.
] 2. If they said this seven times, they were most barefaced
liars.
] 3. I never punish any one if he does his best ; nor were
you punished then, if I was the general.
14. If I had the toothache I always sent for the doctor
myself; but if he came yesterday, Cyrus sent him
tome.
15. If he was alive in the time of Socrates, he often saw
Plato also.
16. If he had deceived me, he had acted very bravely.
17. If he was doing that, he had been deceived by the
king.
18. If the soldier ever stole a horse, he was punished.
19. If any one saw him, let him tell the general.
20. If Xerxes marched anywhere, the inhabitants fled from
their houses.
14
Exercises III. A. and B.

Future Condition, ' Vivid ' and ' Vague.'
These are of two kinds :
(a) Where the supposition is expressed distinctly or
vividly, e.g. : ' If I see him, I will give him money.'
(b) Where the supposition is expressed more vaguely, e.g.
' If I were to see him, I would give him money.'
We may describe these two kinds, as ' vivid ' and
' vague ' Future respectively. The real distinction
is as follows :
A vivid future condition is one which may quite
possibly happen, although the speaker does not say
that it will, or that it will not ; thus ' if he comes '
implies that he can do so and is just as likely to
do so as not. In a vague future condition the Pro;
tasis simply supposes a purely imaginary case which
may be not only unlikely to occur, but absolutely
impossible. All question of probability or possi
bility is put entirely aside, and the supposition is
made apparently just for the sake of argument.
Thus ' if he were to come ' implies ' let us suppose
such an event to occur (without saying whether
or not it is likely to occur)'; similarly of an im
possibility, ' if the sky were to fall,1 ' if geese were
to become swans.'
Greek Construction.
(a) Vivid Future.lav with the Subjunctive in the
Protasis,1 with the future Indicative in the Apodosis, e.g. : lav iB<o avrov, ^pTjâra Ba>aco. Of course
i ei with the fut. Indie, is also not uncommon, particularly in Poetry.
Since however the difference between this construction and that of eav
with the Subjunctive is a matter of no little discussion, and since el with
the future Indicative is certainly less frequent in Prose, I have thoughi
it desirable not to trouble the pupil with it in these rules and exercises.
FUTURE TIME
la
an Imperative construction may take the place of

the future Indicative in the Apodosis, e.g. : eav iBy<s
avrov, xptffiara So?.
(b) Vague Future.In the Protasis el with the Optative ;
in the Apodosis, the Optative accompanied by the
particle av, e.g. : el 'IBoifii axirov, xptffiara av Bofyv.
(N.B. av must never come first iu its clause.)
The Greeks were very fond of the Vague Future construc
tion, frequently employing it where in English the
Vivid Future is preferred. (See Exerc. XVl.)
A.
1. 'Eav fifj ev Xeyys tov<; rr)v %copav refiovras, evOix;
airoKrevovai ere.
2. Ilea? ovk av <f>oftrj6eirj, el irdvres oi iroXefiioi qbaivoivto ;
3. 'Ha6eirjv av, el tt\v iroXiv d><f>eXelv Bvvaiiirjv.
4. 'Eav firj <f>y<; ravO' ovtcos eêiv, ovBiirore avOis aoi
iriarevaa).
5. TV? ovk av vBwp Boirj tg3 viel, el alroirj ;
G. 'Eav firj irparrys fieXriova tovtwv, ovKeri evrvyrjaei1;,
aXXa KaKiara irpdêi.<;.
7. Ovk av (pofioio toi"? KpoKoBeiXovs, el ev Alyvirrm tov
rjfiio-vv tov ftiov 8iareXorj<;.
8. Ovk av a)>o^rjOeirj<s eKelvov tov Kvva, el avv efiol
eX6oi<;.
9. 'Eav firjBeiTOre olvov irivy<;, ov fiaKpbv (long) StareXet?
(fut.) tov fiiov.
10. El 6 twv ~l,Kv6a)v ftaaiXevs et? irjv tcov 'lvBcov eXavvoi, avaiBeararO<; av eirj.
11. Ovk ael evBaifia>v eaei,eav o/t<u? airara<; tou? yoveas.
12. El iravra r<i aavr\ eXoi, fieyiar av KivBvvevoifiev.
13. Outo? ovk av <j)6vov dXoirj, el fj/q iravrei oi Karrjyopovvres eX6oiev.
14. 'Eav Kal Bvvrj roil's %KvOa<; vikclv, tovs ye Uepaa?
oiiBeirore viKrjaei<s.
~"...
ffX^ Of THl
A
f( ^JHIVEBSITI \
16
15. 'Ear rf) varepaia d-!rari}o-r)<; rbv t^9 7ro\ea>? <f>vXaica,

icat Xrj<p0rjs v-rrb t&v to, ttj? 7roXeo><? irparrovreov,
airoffavei.
16. Et o eXe<pa<; ylyvoiro Kpoic6BeiXo<;, layvporepav av
evoi ttjv hopdv.
17. Et yevoio rm irarpl ofioio<; (equal), ovk av yevoio Kaico<;.
18. 'Eav ol pev eVt rd<; 'AOr/vas, ol Be eVt ttjv AaKeBaifiova iropevwvrai, irws Bvvrja6fieOa <pvXdrreiv ttjv
Kopivdov ;
19. Et ravd' ovrw<; e%ei, rl av irparrOis, el eXdoiev ol
aWoi Ylepaai ;
20. IIw<? av yvolrjs aiirbv, el eXecpas yevono ;
B.
1. If I do not tell him, he will not know where you are.
2. If you should answer thus, who would not be sur
prised ?
3. He would be a most shameless liar, if he were to say
any such thing.
4. If we take the city we shall not be convicted of
cowardice.
5. If you do not speak well of the soldiers, we will kill
you.
6. If I am not present to-morrow, never believe me
again.
7. If I were to be tried for theft, I should revile my
prosecutors.
8. If he be not willing to perform us this service, let us
go away at once.
9. If 1 were to become general, I would die rather than
surrender the city.
10. If you see him, enquire of him why he asks for
money.
] 1. If I could see my brother, I should be pleased.
12. If the sky were to fall, we should catch all the birds.
13. If some do it, and some do not, he will not be pleased.
UNFULFILLED CONDITION
17
14. Let them kill me, if the words that I speak are not
true.
15.1 will ask for this if I see him ; but if he should not
give it, what would you do ?
7 6. If you were to.ask this back, I would not give it you.
17. If you see him, do not tell him where I am.
18. Would he not naturally be thought a fool, if he were
to say this ?
19. If you learn all this, you will become wiser than your
father.
20. If this does not turn out thus, I am not a. wise man.
Exercise IV.
A and B.
Unreal Conditional Sentences, implying that the

supposition is not or was not fulfilled.
These are of two kinds :
(a) Those in present time, e.g. : ' If he were now present, I
should see him.'
(b) Those in past time, e.g. : ' If he had done this, I should
have seen him.'
It must also be remembered that one clause may be
present and the other past, e.g. : ' If he had come
yesterday, he would now be here ' ; ' If he were a
good man, he would not have beaten Cyrus.'
Greek Construction.
The Imperfect or Aorist Indicative in both clauses, ac
cording as each is in present or in past time ; the
Protasis is introduced by el, and the Apodosis
accompanied by av. Thus the English examples
above will be rendered as follows :
If he were now present, I should see him : el vvv iraprjv,
ewpwv av.
B
18
CONDITIONAL ' SENTENCES
If he had done this, I should have seen him : el tovto

eirpagev, elhov av.
If he had come yesterday, he would now be here : elÔes
rjXOev, vvv av irapfjv.
If he were a good man, he would not have beaten Cyrus :
el dya&bs r)v, ovk av eirdrage tov Kv'pov.
The Imperfect is also used of a continued or customary
action in past time, thus : ' If he had been doing
this, I should not have then been riding with him,'
el tovto eirparrev, ovk av rOre rfKavvov avv avr<&.
I have however, to avoid confusing beginners, in
serted no examples of this kind in the Greek exercises
without distinctly specifying that they are such.
A.
1. Et ewpwv tov Kvva Bdicvovra (biting) tov iraiha,
aireKreivov av.
2. Et yafiev octtt? eirj 6 ravra irpdât, eKavo-afiev av tTjv
oliciav avrov.
3. Et dya6b<; elvai iftovXov, a> arpari&ra, ovk av eKXeyfra? tov KpoKoBeiXov.
4. Ovk av ypov roiavra irpaâi, el fir) irdXai <t\o?
eyevov tois tr)<; 7ro\ea>? iroXefiioi<;.
5. Tavr' aKOvaa<; dirrjXOov av rjBrj, el fir) irapeyevero 6
/3a<rt\ei5?.
6. 'Hjrio-rdfirjv av /eal vvv, el fir) e<f>vyev 6 SouXo?.
7. "EiXofMrjv av rr)v opviv tijv eiKoaiv oja reKovaav, el firj
oi irkrjo-iov rjBrj aireKreivav.
8. Et r)fiet<s avv tot? aXXoi<; i'iropevofieOa, paSt'ea? av
eviK&fiev tows erepov<;.
9. Ovk dv rjirio-rrjOrj eKelvo<; to tj?? dperr)<; KaXXo<s, el fir)
,j %coKparrj<s eBiBagev.
10. Et kukux; yprjfiai, eXeye<; av, el too ovti <j>iXo<; r)aOa.
11. Ovk av irapfjaav oi iirirel<;, el erefiov rrjv aXXrjv
yd>pav.
12. Ovk av eBei roaavra eOvq o-rpareveiv, el firj 67ri toii?
"EWjjj/a? rjXavvev 6 fiaaiXevs.
UNFULFILLED CONDITION
19
13. Ovk av rj%06fiv)v, el fir) iravres ol tyCkoi fid^rj (in

battle) direOavov.
14. YlaXai av r)Xa><; <j)6vov, w icaKicne, el fir) ryirarr/aa<;
tou? Kpird<;.
15. Ovre tov nroha ovre rr)v %elpa rflvyovv av, el fiereirefiyfrw tov larpov.
1 6. Ei fir) 6 dvr)p ieaica><; eirolr/o-e tov KpoKoBeiXov ovk av
eirao-ê ravra.
1 7. Et fir) evvea raKavra eB60r) aoi, rj%0ov av rrj trevla.
18. Et rjKovaa to, inrb gov prjdevra, ovk av vvv r)pd>rO>v
6 Tt KeXevei<;.
] 9. Avtov av iirr)vovv el fir) /cokaica efie evofuêv.
20. Et fir) rjXyovv rr)v ice<f>aXr)v, ovk av rfydofir/v eiri
itapovo-i Tot? iraiai.
B.
1. If I had done this, I should have been praised by the
people.
2. If the king were marching against the Greeks, ho
would have a larger army.
3. If I had not seen the cavalry riding up, I should not
have fled.
4. How could he have done this, if the citizens had not
made him general ?
5. If you were wise, you would not teach such things.
G. If this had been done yesterday, I should not ask you
to do it now.
7. I should not have asked you to do such things, if they
were really impossible.
8. It would not be necessary to give him so much money,
if he were not commanding-the-army,
9. I should be amazed if this had been done by you.
10. If I were rich, they would have come long-ago.
11. If I were accustomed to do such things, I should send
for the physician.
12. I do not think you would do this, if a talent of silver
had not been given to you by (irapa c. gen.) the
enemy.
B 2
20
13. You could not do this if you had not practised the art
from childhood.
14. He would be a rascal if he did not assist his
country ; nor should I have sent for him, if I had
not thought him to be brave.
15. I should have known it long-ago, if he had not de
ceived me.
1G. If Socrates had not been good, he would not have
taught those young men self-restraint.
17. Cyrus would not have ruled over so many nations, if the
Persians had not been obedient to him.
18. If he had not been-rich (use irXovrdo'), he would not
have been put to death.
19. Those men would have lived a longer life, if they had
practised these things.
20. If they had not won that victory, the Athenians
would not have held-command-over (Kpara>) the sea
for so many years.
Exercise V.
Sentences Expressing ' Vague ' Futurity, with the
Protasis Suppressed.
Under the heading of Future Condition must be included
a construction which is very common in Greek.
' namely the employment of a sentence that is really
the Apodosis of a ' vague ' Future Conditional with
the Protasis not expressed but implied. Greek
politeness found the construction very useful for
statements where it was desirable to avoid being
too positive or dogmatic in expression. Thus in
stead of'You will not be successful,' the Greeks often
preferred to say ' You would not etc' ; instead of
*' I cannot help you,' 'I should not be able etc.,'
some kind of Protasis, more or less definite, being
implied. Such constructions are naturally most
SUPPRESSED PROTASIS
21
...
*
common not in narrative but in conversation or
discussion, or in dealing with any subject admitting
of dispute ; and the student must be prepared,
when suitable, to convert a direct statement in
English into the less distinct form of the ' vague '
future Apodosis in Greek. In many cases however
as in (A) 3, 4, 5, etc., (B) 3, 6, 7, etc., the Greek and
English forms of expression coincide.
1. Udvrcov Krt)fid.ra)v Kpariarov dv eirj ^>i\o? aa<prj<; kcu

dyaOos.
2. lift)? &p ol tcl wovr/pa rroiovvre<; Tot? ra roiavra
fuaovai <j>iXoi yevoivrO ;
3. Alaxvvolfjvrjv dv, a> %d>Kpare<;, dvnXeya>v tovtow
ovre yap icaXa ovre aXr/Orj Xeyoipf av.
4. XaAe7r<S? av iyd> BovXelav VirofieivaifjU.
5. ''UBiov av apyvpiov reXeaaifii fj irpdyfiara fyoifu.
6. Ovk av l%pifii ovrax; diro o-rofiaros elirelv.
7. Ot firj iiriarafievoi rd Beovra Biicai<o? av fiavddvoiev
trapd twv eirio-rapevrnv.
8. S%o\p y dv dvio-roirjv Tot? tov Za>icparovs \6y019.
9. HovXolfir)v dv, w Sft>KpaT6?, a Xeyet?* 07rw? Be ravra
yevoir av, ov Bvvapai yv&vai.
10. OvTe <tv ovr dv a\\o<? ovBels Bvvair' av dvTiXeyeiv.
11. "Eôt? dv ovv elirelv Bid rl roiavra iretTolrjicas ;
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
I can hardly tell you how base he is.

You will not do that again in a hurry.
I would rather die than be a slave.
How can a man die better than fighting for his
country ?
5. You are not likely to deceive a philosopher.
6. I could never do any such thing.
7. Could you tell me where the king's house is ?
22
8. You will not easily escape me now.

9. I should like to ask you (transl. gladly ask) what you
said.
10. One can always find him at this hour.
11. One does not often meet with a firm friend.
Miscellaneous Exercises on the Conditional

Sentence.
VI.
1. Et irepl tovtcov fiovov Karrjyoprjaev Alayivqs, Kayia
iijep tovtcov av direXoyovfirjv.
2. Et t<7t6 fie toiovtov, avacTravres Kclra-tyrjcpicTaa6e rjBrj.
3. Eai/ ireiacop,ev vua<; eo? ^prj rjfid<; dcpelvai, oviceri
fievovfiev.
4. OiiBev av ere eBei Bevpo levai, el rjfiel<; iBvvdfieOa
iropeveaOai. 7rpo? to darV.
5. Et tt? ai>rov fjpero raOra, tL av oiei diroKpivaaOai ;
6. E5 fjBrjaOa oti, el riva epoio ravra, ovk av airoKpivairO.
7. 'AiroKpiveirai to cpaivofievov eavrca edv re r\fiels dirayopeveofiev edv re nr\.
8. Ovk av Oavfidaaifii, et fioi o-Keyfrafieva) ovtco Boêie
Tavra.
9. Et vvv ovtco Xeyei eiceivos, ovk eiraiveaofieOa.
10. Ov Bokco oiire ttoXiv oine o-rparoveBov ovre \j7crta?
jrpdâi av tl BvvaaOai, ei dBiKoiev dWrjXov;.
11. Et eiritrrevaare t&> XcoKpdrei, eiriarevere av Kal to5
YWarcovi.
12. El' 7rOt6 airorjv, del vBcop re Kal olvov eBiBov<;.
13. Et rjpero oirives fidôivro, tt? ovk dv direKpivarO ;
14. Et to (lev 7re7T/3aâ?, ra Be firj, 011 Bcoaco <rot tov
fiiaOov.
15. Ovk dv ovv irdw ye tt airovBalov eirj 77 BiKaioavvrj ;
16. Et firj dcpiKov et'? ta? 'A8ijva<;, etSe? oiire tov XcoKparrj
ovre tov UXarcova.
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONALS
23
17. Et firj KeKrrjfiai TrA-eir i) rerrapaKovra fiva<;, ovBev arol

Baxrco- akX' el i/crrja-afirjv irevre r) icai rerrapa
raXavra, eBlBovv av irevrrjicovra fiva<;.
18. Et eyw Beica fwas eKeicrrffir/v, /eal av irevrr/KOVTa,
rdXavrov av i/crqadiieOa.
19. YlXovaid>rarOs av e'lrj<; el Krijaaio irkelv i) fivpia
rakavra.
20. Ovk av eôt? Belâi on e'7&) amos elfu tov iroXep,ov.
VII.
1. If you are afraid, do not let loose that dog.
2. I shall suffer the same fate (transl. : the same-things)
as you, unless I escape to the neighbouring city.
3. If you have both horses and elephants, you will easily
conquer the Indians.
4. You would often conquer the enemy, if you were to
believe the words of this philosopher.
5. It is time to go away, unless we wish to be captured
by the enemy.
{). In addition to this I should say they ought to learn
music.
7. If the Peloponnese had been ravaged by the bar
barians, the Arcadians would be faring very badly.
8. Your zeal would be praised, if you were to effect this.
9. If you have fared well there, it is not right for you to
speak ill of the citizens.
10. He will never be worthy of honour, if he deceives his
own friends.
11. If you were to endure all these troubles bravely, the
king would give you great rewards.
12. If he had arrived yesterday, he would have known
how many were present.
13. If you were never to arrive at Corinth, how would you
do what you now wish ?
14. What remedy can there be for us from these evils ?
15. If I call, come here, that the general may not be
angry.
24
16. If you had not acquired twenty talents, you would not
have escaped from death.
17. If all the women were to leave the city, no one would
be able to make bread.
18. You managed the affairs of the state very badly if
you did not punish those who were found guilty of
murder.
19. The Greeks, if they had been able, would not have
permitted tyrants to rule.
20. If this man has not already died, I will kill him with
my sword.
VIII.
1. Eif (toi kvwv r)v, e-rrl 7rpo/3aYo9 eVtT^'Seio? $>v, kcu
tovs fiev iroifjiivcK; rjenrdêrO, aoii Be trpoaiovTi e-yaXkiraivev, dfieXrjaa<; av tov opyiêadai eireipS) ev
iroirjaa<; irpavveiv ainov.
2. Alayvvoir' &v 6 'JLpfioyevr/f el d><f>eXovp,evo$ virb aov
fir/ avraxpeXoirj ae.
3. *Hi yap eirlarrjrai rr)v eavrOV reyyqv, zeal fir) dvaiBr/q
fl, alaxyvelrai, dpyvpiov eiXrj<pd><;, ivBea <re airoirifiifraadai.
4. Et tov Ittttikov etrip<eXrj0eiev, irokv av BieveyKoiev
t5)v aUw,
5. (Past time) 'HXiOios re ical dXa^rnv av eBdfcei 6
"ZwKpdrrji;, el ,^revB6p,evo<; e<j>aiveTo.
6. 'Ev roll yvfiviicoZs dywaiv, el e^r)v toi? icpariaroi<>
avv0efievov<; iirl tovs yelpovs levai, irdvras av
tovs dy&vas ovtoi eviKwv, koI iravra rd a0Xa
ovtoi eXdfi/3avov.
7. 'O kvwv ovv aKovaas elirev Et fit) 67c!) -rrpofyvkdrroifii vfids, 011B' av vep,eo-0ai Bvvaiade, <f>of3ovfievaifir) dir6Xrja0e.
8. Eif 7T0T6 icXrj0el<; e0eXrjaeiev eVi Belirvov ik0elv, paBlcos
irdvv e<pvXarrero to (nrep tov icaipbv efiirlirXaaOai.
9. TV yevoir av alo-yiov r) fiiaputrepov tovtov ;
40. Ei rpla rakavra eKrrjdrj v<j> r)fiS)v ev evl iviavra>, ev
av eirpdâfiev.
25
11. 'JZav fir) ruvra iroirjo-yf, auTO? dtroXel icdicurra.

12. 'Eiiri<7rr)Oelrj<; av irdvra ravra el epoio- el Be fir), Seot
av r)fia<; aXXov rivd irefi-ty-cu.
13. Ei Ta pev virb r&v irdXai irpa%Oevra irdvr rjirioTdfir/v, to. h' vtto rS)v vvv rjyvoovv, ovk av cro<o? etr/v.
14. Et abv tw K.vp<p eiropevOr/, d-rrdiXero ical avros.
15. 'E'xpt)v av fiaaiXevaai tov K.vpov, el e-jre^tjo-e /cat fir)
direOave irporepov.
16. Et BiKaiof r)v, ovt av iiredvfirjae ô>pa? aWrjs fj tjj?
eavrov, ovt av et? BovXelav dvdpdnrow; r)yev i><f>'
b)v ovoev tjbiKrjrai.
17. Ovk av OKvrjo-aifii eywye irdvrWv kclichttov elirelv
TOVrOV.
18. Ot irdXai, el aocf>ol elev, eWiôv tois TratSa? rrdvra<;

kivBvvovs Kivhvveveiv.
19. Oil Oefiis irifnrpdvai ve<ov, ovB' iav ev voXefila, tiv\
yjupa Smtiv.
20. Et fir) xprjfiara rjTrjo-a<;, ovk av rjpmrwv ooti? el.
IX.
1. Having perceived this, he would not have perished,- if
you had not deceived him.
2. He would have been going up to Thebes, if he had
not died on the way.
3. I will never permit this, unless your king himself
orders (it).
4. He permits the soldiers to ravage the land, if they give
him half the booty.
5. If your horse were not blacker than mine, I should
not have bought it.
6. It will be necessary to show this more clearly, if you
wish us to find the enemy.
7. If you desire booty only, O soldiers, you will never
conquer the enemy.
8. If the king were not wiser than the philosophers, the
city would have by this time fared very badly.
9. They would not destroy your ships, if you were to
give them money.
26
10. You would not praise Corinth if you knew the wicked
ness of the citizens.
11. Call your mother, boy, if she has not already gone out
of the house.
12. They would go away at once on learning this, if Cyrus
were to permit them.
13. If the generals have been found guilty of murder, it
will be necessary to put them to death.
14. If they had been good men, they would not have
always suffered these things.
15. If Cyrus perished, his guards perished also.
16. We used not to answer if they asked many questions.
17. If you had told me this, I should not be here ; and
I would go away at once if Cyrus were not general.
18. If this had already been done, why did not you tell
the king ?
19. If ever I saw the enemy, I ran away as quickly as
possible.
20. No-one could ever say that I acted basely.
X.
1. 'Eow p,rj ol dyaOol avrol edeX<oaiv apêiv, Bel inrb
irovrjporepwv ap%eo-0ai.
2. Et iBoicei p,oi "X.aipe<pwv dp.apra.veiv, iireipcofirjv av
irtldeiv.
3. El' rit Xaf3oi irapd <piXov dvSpbs arocppovovvro<; oirka,
ei paveif airairoirj ov BiKaio<; av eirj 6 diroBiBov<;.
4. Eaz/ firj Xeya> to, ireirpayfieva ip.avra>, ovk e)(eiv uttoXvaaadai to Karrjyoprjjneva 8o&>.
5. (Past time) Et pev avros 6 Sco/epaT??? iiroiei ti <pa.v"k.ov
eiKOtw<; av iBoieei irovrjpb<; elvai- el 8' gwto? aw<ppovtbv BiereXei, 7rco? av Biicalw; rrj<; ovk evovo"r)<;
avr<o Kaicias alrlav el-%ev ;
6. Et Kal prjBev o.lto? irovr/pbv ttoiwv i/ceivovs <pavXa
irparrovras 6p5>v iirrjvei, St/au'tB? av eireriparO.
i. Httov av etreia0rj irapd to, ek twv 0ea>v arjpaivopeva
iroirjo-ai r) el t<? avrbv e-rreidev 6Sov Xafielv rjyepova
rv<t>X6v. (The Imperfect expresses the attempt in
past time.)
27
8. El Tl<J 6iCVOlt) rOVrO iTpUrreiV, OVK CIV et'/COTO)? SetXo?

vofilôiro ;
9. Eif ti? roiavra <f>airj, 6 /3ao-i.Xev<; eVoXafev.
10. Et efiaOov oi Ba/SuXawtoi to iroiovfievov, Bie<pOeipav
av tov? nppcra? KaKiara.
11. M^ vofilo~qre efie ravra irpdfjeiv, edv fir) yveare o'lrives
eiaiv oi iroXifuoi.
12. 'Hpwrcov rjvriva Biktjv &v ekoiro, el edeXoiev BiKrjv
hih6vai r&v iroirjdevrwv.
13. Et fir) a,rrXrjar6<; re r)ada ,ypr/fidrav Kal alo-yjpoKepBr)<;, ovk dv veicpwv 0rjKa<; dveayye<;.
14. Et 'AOrjvaios eariv 6 o-rparidirris, ov epevfjerai.
15. Et irdvre<; oi iroXlrai ravra del nrparrovaiv, ovk e'ei
fievS).
16. Ylavrayodev fiev rolvvv av Tt? (Sot rr)v BeiXlav avrov,
ovft rjKurra Be cltto rovrcov.
17. 'Ef &v Kal aa<J>earar' av ti? iBoi on irdvra ra Karrjyoprjfieva ov BiKaiax; eiprjrai.
18. Et ravra eVao-êTe eVi roil irarpb<;, irelaea0e Kal eV
ifiov.
19. Et KeKrr)o eirra rdXavra, iroaov av efiol hoirj<; ;
20. Et rore avrb<; iraprja-da, ttw? ovk dSt/cet? efiol fieficpofievo<; ;
XL
1. On arriving at Athens, you would have seen Pericles,
if he had not gone away yesterday.
i. If you acquire eight talents, you will be very rich, un
less you have already many debts (owe much) in
this city.
3. Tell me who has come, unless you are-ignorant (of it).
4. If this had been said, I should not be-ignorant (of it).
5. If ever they did such things, they were wiser than the
rest of the citizens.
6. How should I acquire more (neut. plur.) if the enemy
were to ravage my land itself ?
7. If you had not wished to fight, they would not have
burnt your house.
28
RELATIVE SENTENCES.
8. If you are not content with your present lot, I think

you are not leading an honourable life.
9. If he had not died, he would be passing half his life
in doing good to the poor.
10. The ancient Greeks would have sung better, if they
had not at-the -same-time danced.
11. He would not have performed these services for you,
if he had not thought that you possessed much
money.
12. If you came to fight, do not now be afraid that (use
/4J? = lest) you will perish.
13. I will not show these things to strangers, unless they
are Athenians.
14. Know thyself, unless thou wishest to be bad.
15. The elephant would have been-turned-into (transl.
' become ') a stag, if I had not been present.
16. How would you find these things, if the soldier him
self did not know where they were ?
17. If we had known the injustice of the King of the
Persians, we should not have believed his words.
18. If you have discovered so many nations, the general
himself ought to march against them.
19. Strike, but hear me, unless you wish the Greeks to
perish.
20. I will not hesitate to say that you are a coward.
RELATIVE SENTENCES.
With these are classed sentences introduced by relative
adverbs expressing time, place, or manner : such
as ore, oitots, the time at which, i.e. When ; ov,
ottov, the place at which, i.e. Where ; ottox; the man
ner in which, i.e. Hoio.
Relative sentences may first be divided into two main
classes :
RELATIVE SENTENCES
29
CLASS A.
Those in which the antecedent is particular or definite

e.g. Socrates who was a philosopher ; the ten men
who were present ; Athens where Plato lived,
etc. The simple relatives 09, ore, ov, etc., are
used with the Indicative mood or any other con
struction possible also in an independent sentence.
Thus the negative is ov. except where in an indedependent sentence firj might be employed, e.g. : If
you come, which God forbid !eav eKdr/t, b firj
yevoiro. As the sentences in class A present no
difficulty, I have inserted but few examples of them
in the Exercises.
CLASS B.
Relative sentences where the antecedent is not definite hit

general or indefinite, e.g.: All who were there; who
ever are present, wherever you are, etc.
These may be classified exactly as the Conditional sen
tences, thus :
I. The sentence may refer to a single occasion in present or
past time, corresponding to type (a) in Exercises
I. and II. The Indicative Present or Past is used.
The negative is /ajj, and it will be noticed that
such sentences are often only distinguishable from
those of class A, where the antecedent is definite,
by the employment of fir/ instead of ov. A
further means of distinction is the frequent em
ployment in relative clauses whose antecedent is in
definite of oaris, 07TOT6, Kirov, etc., for 2s, 2Te, ou.etc.
II. The sentence may be general in time referring to no par
ticular occasion but to a customaryor repeated action.
We then have :
(a) In Present time.A relative compounded with av and
followed by the subjunctive (corresponding to .edv
with the subjunctive in Ex. 1.), e.g. : 69 av tovto
irparrj), whoever does this (at any time) ; oirov
av $?, wherever you are (at any time) ; ofav
,tovto irparr-gs, whenever you do it, etc.
30
RELATIVE SENTENCES"
(h) In Past timeThe relative alone with the Optative (cf.

el with the Optat. in Ex. II.) : uavraf o'l firj irparroiev tovto, eicoXaêv, he used to punish all who
did not (habitually) do this ; ovore tovto irparroi
itryveiro, whenever he did this he used to be
praised.i
III. The sentence may refer to future time, whether in
the ' Vivid ' or ' Vague ' form. In the first case, as
in the Present general, the Relative is compounded
with av and followed by the Subjunctive (cf. lav
with the Subjunctive in Ex. III.) : in the ' Vague '
Future, the simple relative is used with the Op
tative, the Optative with av being employed in the
principal clause just as in the ' Vague Future '
Conditional in Ex. III.Thus : 09 av tovto
irparrr), airoOaveirai, whoever does this shall die ;
09 tovto irpurroi, ciiroOdvoi av, whoever should do
this, would die, i.e. if any one should etc. (et Tt?
irparroi). With ' Vague ' Future Relative Sen
tences may be classed Relative Sentences where the
principal verb expresses a wish, the Optative with
out av being used, e.g. : May I see him whenever
he may come ! ( = if he should ever come I hope I
should see him).
A construction in the ' Vivid ' Future form must be ob
served which we have not had occasion to mention
in the Conditional Sentences proper. The Relative
Adverbs ' when ' or ' after ' often imply the notion
not of the Simple Future, but of the Future Perfect.
In such cases not otov but lireiSdv should be used,
accompanied by the Aorist Subjunctive, e.g : when
I have done this, I will go away, otov tovto
7roM7<ra>, aireifii.
IV. A relative sentence may imply an unfulfilled Condi
1 It must be mentioned that these * general ' relative sentences in
present and past time do not always conform to the type of the general
conditional sentences. Where the meaning is clear the forms Saris,
bir66ev, Sttou, etc., with the Indicative only are often enough to express the
generality required . Such constructions however need not concern us in
these exercises on the relatives.
IN PRESENT AND "VIVID" FUTURE TIME
3l
tion in Present or Past timethe construction being

identical with that in Ex. IV., except that for el
the simple relative is substituted. Thus: ovk
av eirparrov, b firj eftovXero irpdrreo-Oai, ' I should
not be doing what he did not wish to be done ' ;
on eBcoicev, i8e^dfirjv op, ' I should have received
whatever he had given me,' i.e. ' If he had given
me anything (et ri eBinicev) I should have received
it.'
Relative sentences expressing unfulfilled condition, as
also those of the Vague Future form, are not com
mon, and chief attention in the Exercises is given
to the other kinds.
N.B. The Negative in relative clauses is always fitf, ex
cept where the antecedent is definite.
It must be remembered that not unfrequently a Parti
ciple accompanied by the Article does duty for a
relative clause. Thus 0? av firj irpdrrrj or oaris
irpdrroi, 6 f/ii) irpdrrav may be used. If the par
ticipial clause is negative the employment of ov or
fLr\ will indicate respectively whether the implied
relative has a definite or an indefinite application.
Exercise XII.
Relative Sentences in Present Time and ' Vivid *
Future.
1. 'Ev iravrl jrpdyfiari oi avOpwiroi rovrois fidXiara
eOeXovai irei6ea6ai, 0&? av rjywvrai fieXriarov<;
elvai.
2. Uepl rovrcov orav firjKe'ri elicd^cofiev, dXX' ij8rj elBwfiev,
rore avfif3ovXevoofiev.
3. "Oaai ev dvOpcoirois Xeyovrai dperal, aicoirovfievo<;
evprjaeis irdaa<; p.a6rjaei re ical fieXerrj avgavop,eva<;.
4. 'Rdv rovro Blairpd^rj, Bwarbs eaei rvy^dveiv orov av
32
RELATIVE SENTENCES
5. Oaa fiev Zvvaaai iroielv, ravra peXera oaa Be fir)

Bvvaaai, cpvXdrrov.
6. "Oaoi fir) ravra ireirpdâo-iv, ovk a%ioi elaiv eiraivov.
7. 'TLireiBav irdvra aieovarj<;, rore Br) icplvov.
8. Nui/ vre aoi ofews vrraKova>, firjKeri roiavra et7r>j?.
9. Ot rbv ftaaikea ovk eOekovaiv diroKrelvai, rovrovs
diroirefiyfrov.
10. "Orav fiev ri6r)a6e roti? vbfiov;, 6iroloi nve<; elai %pi)
aKoirelv, eireiBdv he OrjaOe, cfrvXarreiv icai ^pr)aOai.
11. AA fir) olBe rt?, a<f>a\ep6v ean ravra Xeyeiv r) rrpdrreiv.
12. "Ottov av
iravra^pv irepi[iXeirrO<; eaei.
13. 'Oiro6ev rj/cecj, ovk 'KOrfvalo'; el.
1 4. K.eXevaei rovs arparid>ra<; dirievai ottoi. av ftovXwvrai.
15. 'Ott6o-oi<s av ravra dXrj8f) BoKjj, oxpeXrjaovo-i, rbv
f3aaiXea.
10. 'Oiroo-ai av waiv ai rS>v irbXefiioov vr)e<;, roaavra<; Kal
r)fia<; eêiv Berjaei.
17. 'Oirorepoi av Kparviai oh cpeioovrai rS>v iroXirwv.
18. "Ottov av rvxV* diroBrjfiS>v, fir) eirikavOdvov rr)<;
irarpiBov.
19. dirreiv xpr) rovfiov awfia 07r? dv aoi <piXov r).
20. Tavra Biairpdôfiai ovrw; 6V&>? dv avrol f3ovXwvrai.
Exercise XIII.
Relative Sentences in Present or 'Vivid* Future
Time.
1. Then only judge, when you have seen all these things.
2. Now let those hear who do not know what it is right
to do.
3. When I have conquered the Scythians, I will march
against the Greeks also.
4. All who love what is honourable ought to be happy.
5. Wherever you are, do not ever forget the virtue ot
your forefathers.
IN PAST TIME
33
6. Whithersoever I turn I see soldiers.

7. I will destroy all whom I catch in their houses.
8. I have already destroyed the Persians whom I caught
in the temple.
9. When you have come, you will no longer wonder at
such things.
] 0. I rejoiced when the king was killed.
11. The dog does not love those whom be does not know.
1 2. I will kill all the citizens who do not praise the king.
1 3. Life is not long to those whom the gods love.
14. I do not attempt such things as man cannot do.
15. He is now putting to death as many as have not done
this.
16. Whoever are now present will be present tomorrow also.
17. The soldiers are burning whatever houses they are
not destroying.
18. When the enemy have been destroyed, we shall have
peace.
19. Do it in whatever way you please.
20. Whoever you are, do not forget that you are my
servants.
Exercise XIV.
Relative Sentences in Past Time.
1. ' Kireicreiva otto<tov; irkelarov<; eBvvdp,rjv.
2. 'Oirore ti helaeiav, avvfjaav fiovXevaofievoi a>? tov
ftaaCkka.
3. "Oacov -tyavoiiii iravra>v tcovB' del fierei%errjv.
4. 'E^p&Wo TOt? %eVOl<; 07TO)? ftovkoivrO.
o. ' A.iralpovre<; oiroOev iv%oiev, irdvres 717)0? tov avrbv
roirov eirXeov.
6. JLlafja irapd tov fiaaiXea ore clvto<; iceXevoi.
7. 'E7ret&; Tt <pdyoiev, eftovXovro olvov irlveiv.
8. 'EireiBrj roiavra ttvOoito, iirrjvei roix; tnpariwras tj)?
avBpayadlat.
!). Yldvra<; e%rj<;, 6V&) evrV%oiev, ical tralhat Kal yvvaiica<;
uireKreivov.
34
RELATIVE SENTENCES
10. Havres aircoXovro oaoi fir} oirXa ecpepov.

1 1. Yulaekdovres et? tt/v ifirjv oiiciav, ore ov iraprj, eicXeirrov
,ndvra ra ip.d.
12. Y-ireiBr) ovk eirpaâv ravra, airrjXdov.
13. Ol>? fir/ yvoirj airiicreivev 6 fieyas iXe<pa<;.
14. Ot 'AOrjvaioi eXdaavres els ras twv Ylepa<av ravels,
erpeifrav re tov<; iroXefiwvs icai oaoi fir) d-refyvyov
direKreivav.
1 5. 07TOT6 ifrevBolfirjv, uifir/v p.mpo<; cov cnrarrjaai av rbv
ftaaiXea- o 8e ttclvt yheiv a irpcLrrOifii.
16. OvBeiranror i<j)Of3ovfirjv, oirore irpdrrOifii d fioi boicoir).
17. 'KireiBrj dvofydelt) to BeaficOrtjpiov, eiafjaav eicdarore
vapd tov Zaicpdrrj.
18. "Ore 6 aep^r/s r/Xavve irpbs rr)v 'EXXaSa, Kare<jKr]vov
ottov fiovXoirO.
Exercise XV.
Relative Sentences in Past Time.
1. Whenever I stayed in Athens I was not prosperous ;
but when in Lacedaemon, I fared very well.
2. The general was always present when I punished any
soldier.
3. I punished these soldiers, who did not march in good
order.
4. After they had done this they charged into the ranks
of the Persians.
5. They used always to go to Athens, after they had done
this.
6. Whenever I was not present they used to steal my
property.
7. Entering into my house when I was not present, they
stole my property.
8. After failing to do this (transl. after they had not
done this) they went away.
9. All who were not present at that battle, were vexed.
10. Wherever they went, they used to kill the inhabitants.
UNFULFILLED OR " VAGUE " FUTURE CONDITION
35
11. When he came, he killed all who had not done him
this service.
12. Whoever did not do this was punished by the general.
13. He put to death all who had not fled.
14. Wherever the men were standing, they could all see
the signal.
15. However much money he had, he always gave half to
his brother.
16. Whatever he said on that occasion was not true.
1 7. These soldiers, who did not fight bravely, are worthy
of death.
18. As many as were with the king were routed.
19. After they had heard Socrates discoursing, his dis
ciples used to prnise the beauty of virtue.
20. Whenever I had failed to do this he used to punish
me.
Exercise XVI.
Relative Sentences expressing Unfulfilled or
' Vague ' Future Condition, etc.
1. 'Ei> avvovata Tt? av r/a&eirj tw toiovto>, ov elBeirj to3
cn/rft) Te koI o'lvw yalpovra p,aXKov ,>) xot? <t\.ot? ;
2. Ottote to <piXoacKpelv aiaypbv 7]yt)o-alpvr/v eivai, ovh'
av dv6pa>trOv vop,l<jaipi efiavrbv elvai.
3. 'FiireiBr/ 77)009 rb <f>a><; eXdoi bpdv ou6" av ev hvvairo.
4. Ovk av eXdoifju ore fir^ avr6<; ye iceXtvoi.
0. "EpBoi Tt? r)v 6Kaaro<; elBeirj rkyvrpi.
6. Ovto)? atroXono, oaris roiavra irparroi.
7. Ovk av Cire%eipovuev irpdrrew a, p,rj ^mardp.eOa.
8. ' OcrTt? irapeyevero direOavev av icaiciara.
9. "Ov 7roXt? ftaaikea Karaarrjaeie, xpeir/ av tout
ireldeadai.
10. TavO' vp.lv aa<p}<; av eiiroipi ore irvdoip.rjv.
11. O p,ev eicwv ireLvwv <pdyoi av Oirore fioiikoirO' tg3 8
e'f dvdyicrjs ravra irda-yovn ovk eê<mv, birorav
fiovkrjrai, iraveadai.
12. 'AvalaOrjrOs av etrj 09 p,rj rOiaina IBoov bpyltpno.
36
RELATIVE SENTENCES
13. Aoirj Zev<; ravra w i6eXoi.

14. 'O eKcbv dfiapravwv Bvvair av, oirore fiovKoiro, Kal
6p6o><; iroieiv.
15. Ovk av <piXorj<; dvBpa oarif iOeXoi re Kal Bvvairo aov
airepvKeiv tou? etnêipovvrwi ocBiiceiv ere ;
16. 'Ô firj ar/airwrj, ovk av eiraivoirj.
17. Ovk av i<po0ovfieOa, ou? fir) ecopwfiev.
18. 'Eirrjvovv av ovs tot elBov dvclpeiax; fiaj(ofievov<;.
19. TeOvairjv on fioi firjKeri ravra fie\oi.
Exercise XVII.
Relative Sentences expressing Unfulfilled
' Vague ' Future Condition etc.
or
1. Wherever I met him, I would tell him whatever I

thought.
2. You too would blame any man whom you saw relaxing
from the fight.
3. If he were to come, he would kil! whomever he met.
4. I should have killed all who had not fled.
5. If I were king I should punish all who did not obey me.
6. May he do it as soon as ever (transl. whenever first) I
see him.
7. May the gods grant whatever may be most expedient.
8. I would not give a farthing to any one who could not
do this.
!). If I were to come, I would help none who did not help
themselves.
10. Whithersoever you went, you would find enemies.
11. A brave man would not be boasting about what he
had not done.
12. I should not have told my friend what I did not
think to be true.
13. I would fight with a hundred men whenever you
aided me.
14. Whoever did not know this would not be worthy of
the citizens' esteem.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN ORATIO OBLIQUA
37
15. I hope he will not discourse (transl. may he not, etc.)

about such things as I cannot understand.
16. If I were to go to Athens I could marry whomever I
wished.
17. Whichever you chose as king would govern you
badly.
18. Whatever I had said he would still have disbelieved
me.
19. Wherever I had stood I should not have seen the
battle.
20. If I were to send him he would report to me whatever
he saw.
Conditional and Relative Sentences tn 'Oeatio
Obliqua.'
In Oratio Obliqua the verb governing the dependent
sentence is in some cases followed by the Accusative
and Infinitive in the chief dependent clause, and in
other cases by on or eo?. When the verb of saying,
etc., is in a Primary Tense, the rest of the sentence
undergoes as little change as possible : thus after
\eya> on or eo? the same mood and tense in all
clauses is retained as was used in the direct speech,
while <f}rjfii, which requires an Infinitive, only affects
the mood (not the tense) of the principal dependent
clause, e.g. : Bcoaco idv ti eêo becomes \e7et on
Zd>o-ei, idv n eyy, or Bcbereiv <f>rjaii', idv n ep(jj.
It is only when the verb of saying is in a
Secondary Tense that the construction presents
any difficulty. For the sake of simplicity I
exclude from these Rules and Exercises cases,
in past time, where the verb of saying or the
like is followed by on or a>?. The rules for con
structions with elirov ore, r}8rj on, etc., as found
in the best Attic prose-writers, are somewhat
too complicated for the purposes of this book. In
Oratio Obliqua, then, as far as we are concerned,
the verb in the Apodosis, or chief clause in the
38
CONDITIONAL AND RELATIVE SENTENCES

dependent sentence, will always be in the Infinitive
Mood. Beyond this the main points to be observed
are as follows :
(1) First notice particularly as a rule most strictly adhered

to, that whatever mood may be employed in the
Oratio Ohliqiia, the tenses of the Oratio Recta, arc
ahvays retained. This will be seen in the examples
given below ; and it will be noticed that the Aorist
keeps in the Infinitive Mood the full time-force
which it had in the Indicative of the Oratio Recta.
(2) In the Protasis, or .Relative clause, the Optative is the
proper mood of the Oratio Obliqua. Its universal
employment however would often leave it quite
doubtful what the Oratio Recta had been ; con
sequently we find the usage of the Optative con
siderably restricted, and the following is the custom
observed in the best prose-writers :
When the Subjunctive or Optative Mood was employed in
Oratio Recta, the Optative is used in Oratio Obliqua ;
but when any tense of the Indicative except the
future was used in the Recta, the Indicative is
retained in the Obliqua also -,1 the future Indicative
however passes into the Optative, since in this case
there is no danger of confusion. The following
examples will illustrate, it being of course borne in
mind that compounds of av in the Oratio Recta
drop the av in Oratio Obliqua :
Recta.
eav irparrri, or 0? av irpdrrrt )
et irparroi, or o? irparroi
)
0? or oart? irpaêi
>
Obliqua.
*
-
0? or oaris irpaôi.
1 I have on this point diverged from Prof. Goodwin's rule, and have
accepted the correction suggested by Mr. E. C. Marchant in a note pub
lished in the Classical Review of July 1890. Fortunately a simpler rule
is thus obiained for the guidance of pupils than is afforded by Prof.
Goodwin.
IN ORATIO OBLIQUA
Et
Ei
Et
Et
Et
Recta.
irpdrrei
eirparre
eirpaê
ireirpaye
iireirpd-êi
39
Obliqua.
Unchanged except, if necessary,

in Person.
(3) In addition to the above rules notice that when ov

occurs in the Apodosis in Oratio Recta it is closely
attached to ecprj in the Oratio Obliqua, just as in
Latin nego is used instead of diconon. If dv also
occurs in the Apodosis {i.e. in an unfulfilled or
' vague ' Future Condition), the proper order in the
Oratio Obliqua is ovk dv ecpr/. The following are
some typical examples of the conversion of Con
ditional Sentences iuto Oratio Obliqua
Recta.
Obliqua.
Recta.
Obliqua.
Recta.
Obliqua.
Recta.
Obliqua.
Recta.
Obliqua.
'Edv ravra irpd^w, dirodavovfiai.

Et ravra irpdêtev, e<f>r/ dirodaveiaOai.
Et ravra eirpal-ev, direOavev 6 Kvpos.
Ei ravra eirpaêv, e<prj rbv Kvpov dirodavelv.
YjI ravra irpdâifii, ovk av airoOdvoifju.
Et ravra irpdgeiev, ovk dv ecf>rj diroOavelv.
Et ravra elBov, ovk dv vvv irapr).
Et ravra tlBev, ovk dv ecf>r} rore irapelvai.
'O Kvpo? ao<f>6<; eariv el ravra trpdrrei.
"Ei<f>rj rbv K\i>pov aocpov elvai, el ravra irpurrei.
It must be mentioned that even after a past tense it is

very usual in Greek for the construction of the
Oratio Recta to be retained as far as possible in the
Obliqua, i.e. with no change in the verb except in
Person ; thus edv, o? dv with the Subjunctive mayvery frequently be found after e<f>rj, instead of el or
o? with the Optative. Such a construction how
ever, which is employed for vivid effect, is not really
Oratio Obliqua ; and presenting, as it does, no
difficulties, it is not intended to be used by the
pupil in these Exercises.
^-TT- "-w.
UNIVERSITY )
40
CONDITIONAL AND RELATIVE SENTENCES
In translating an English sentence in Oratio Obliqua into

Greek, the pupil should first give the Oratio Recta
in Greek, and then convert it into Oratio Obliqua;
thus : I said that if he came he would see Gyrus
Recta.
Obliqua.
'Eav eXOr/ oifrerai rbv K.vpov.

El eXOoi, e<prjv airbv oifreadai tov K.vpov.
Similarly the pupil should not only translate the Greek

sentences in Exercise XVIII., but also give the
Oratio Recta in Greek.
Exercise XVIII.
1. Udvras e<prj reOvrjKevai, oaoi firj ravra ireirpd'âai.
2. 'EiciXevaev e//e p,r) ravra irpdrreiv, bTrore firj irapeirj.
3. "Ecprj rov iralDa r)hrj tov fttov dirr/XXdj^daf el he fir],
ovk &v avro<; direXOelv.
4. "E<prjada irapeaea-Oai octtis dvSpelos eirj.
5. Auto?, eirel 8ia/3alrj<;, airievai ecpr/affa.
(i. Ko/ct'crTOfi? av e<pr/ elvai o'lrives roiavra irpdrroiev.
7. "E<prj KoXdaai ovariva<> eiBe irdpovras.
8. "Effyrj rbv ^.UHcpdrrj irpdrreiv ori eavrco DoKoirj.
9. "Ecprj irdvras- av davfidaai eicelvovs rov<; tV7rea?, ore
ffXaaav els to? tcov iroêfjlcov rd%ei<;.
10. 'Eirei&rj ravra elBov, eXdaai <prjalv avrov<; Ittl tov<;
Tiepaas.
11 . Ovk e<pTj Beveral ravra ere Xeyeiv, el fir) avrb<; rj/covaa<;.
12. 'Oir6re rv^j/ fiovy iriarevoi, e<prj <f}of3eZa0ai rovs
iroXefilov<;.
13. Xaiprjaeiv <fyrjalv, eireihdv ol KXeirrai eicelvoi dXoiev.
14. "E<prj r6re irapayevecrOai ore rbv liriria direKreivov.
15. Ovk av ecprj rare irapelvai el firj ravra rjKovaev.
16. Ecprj fiavOdveiv rovs fiavBdvovras, a ovk eirlaravrai.
17. Ovheirwiror av ev6fuaa robs iroXiras to<tovtov<; elvai,
el fii) avrb<; eliras.
18. "HXtti&v tou? <7rparieora<; ov<; fiereirefi-tyavro, tavrr)
(at this place) diravrrjaeadai.
IN ORATIO OBLIQUA
41
19. 'Tireaôvro avrols, el eVt TloriBaiav 'ioiev oi 'A&rjval01, els rrjv 'ArriKrjv elo-jSaXelv.
20. "E<f>aaav tou? avSpcv; airoKrevelv ovs eôvaiv.
Exercise XIX.
1. He said that if I did this I should transgress the laws.
2. You said that if any one did this he was always
punished.
3. He thought that, unless I was willing to do it then,
you would go away at once.
4. He hoped that if the enemy were to come, they would
not see us.
5. I said that the general used always to be vexed if the
soldiers did not spare the citizens.
6. I said that I should not have come if I had seen this.
7. You said that, if you were not general, you would not
have put the soldiers to death.
8. He said that if Socrates died at that time he did not
see Alexander.
9. I told him that when Cyrus came I had already done
this.
3 0. They ordered us not to do such things when they were
not present.
1 1. He said he would do it whenever he could.
12. He said that whoever should come, he would not fly
(' vague ' future).
13. He said that not he but Cyrus was general when they
conquered the Scythians.
14. I said that all who were not then present had been
punished.
15. He said that when he was general he used to praise
them whenever they did this.
16. He said he would have punished any whom he had
seen stealing the money of the king.
17. They said that they would not be undertaking a war
which they knew to be useless.
42
EXPRESSION OF A WISH
18. I told him that wherever he went I would go too.

1 9. He said that he did not believe what I had said.
20. I said that if I had been you, I should not have done it.
Further practice in these Rules may be obtained by con
verting any of the Exercises in the book, whether
Greek or English, into Oratio Obliqua, the sentences
being introduced by e<f>rj, <f>i)aiv, eicekevaev, ivofiiaev, or the like.
Sentences Expressing a Wish.
There are two classes of Wish(1) a wish or hope that
something may happen, referring of course to
future time ; (2) a wish that things were different
in the present or had been different iu the past.
This kind of wish expresses not a hope but rather
a regret that things are as they are.
Both these classes of Wish may be expressed in Greek by
a construction that is really the Protasis of a Con
ditional Sentence. They are introduced by eWe or
el ydp, which are practically equivalent to el alone ;
for a Future Wish, or hope, eWe or el ydp with the
Optative is used, as in a ' Vague Future ' condition ;
for a Wish in present or past time, i.e. for some
thing not attained, eWe or el yap is accompanied by
the Imperfect or Aorist Indicative respectively,
corresponding to the Protasis of a Present or Past
Unfulfilled Condition. Thus :
1. Would that this might happen ! or, I hope this may
happen, etc. Wide tovto yevono.
2. (.) Would that we were not here ! or, I wish we were
not here. Etê (or el. yap) p,-q rraprjfiev.
(b) Would that he had not done this ! or, I wish he
had not done this. WlOe (or el yap) fit) tovto
eirpaê.
In like manner we can say in English, " If only he would
do it, or were doins; it, or had done it ! "
EXPRESSIOX OF A WISH
43
There are other ways also of expressing a Wish besides by

these conditional constructions, viz. : For a futuie
Wish the simple Optative, or 'wishing' Mood, may ,
be used without eWe or el yap, e.g. fir) yevono,
"may it not happen!" For a Present or Past Wish
the word axpeXov (lit. " I ought," being the Aorist
of 6<pelXo)) with the Infinitive is often used. This
Infinitive is used in the Present or Aorist tense
according as the Wish refers to the Present or Past
respectively. Thus :
"flef>eXe<; irpwne.iv = Would that you were doing it! lit.
You ought to be doing it.
flêXe? jrpaâi Would that you had done it ! lit. You
ought to have done it.
vCl<f>eXov is sometimes preceded by <&?, lit. " how," and still
more frequently by eWe or el yap. Thus " I wish
he were not doing it" may be rendered in any of
the three following ways :
Wi0e (or el yap) fir) tovto eirparre.
"ttcpeXe.
\
'11? a><fieXe.
> firj tovto irparreiv.
Wide (or el yap) axpeXe )
N.B. In all sentences expressing a Wish the Negative is
fir}, and never ov.
Exercise XX.
A.Future Wish.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Et#e fir/TTOre yvolrjs 09 el.

Et yap yevoifirjv, tSkvov, avrl aov i/e/cpo?.
Wl0e av, rOiovro<; a>v, <f>iko<; r)filv yevoio.
El yap firjBels twv Tpcocov OdvarOv <pvyoi.
Et yap ifiol roaainr^v Bvvap.iv ol Oeol Bolev, wcrTe raina
Bia-Trpdâadai.
44
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
EXPRESSION OF A WISH
El'#e fir) Odvoi e/eeti/o?, r) firjiceri %<prjv eyd>.
Et yap Br), fSaaikeia, roBe irkelarOV Kaicov eirj.
'AiroOdvoifu fidWov r\ SoOAo? yevoifirjv.
KaKiar diroKoifirjv, 'EavOiav el fir] cpiXa>.
'Edv eX6rj, b fifj yevoiro, tL nrore irpd^wfiev ;
B.Wishes in Present and Past Time that cannot

BE REALISED.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
0.
10.
WiOe ere firjirore eihov.

Wiff etê?, & rKovaa, f3eXriov<; <f>peva<;.
Wiff rjvpofiev er , "ABfirjre, fir) -Kvjrovfievov.
Et yap iraprjv e'/cetvo?, firjB' direhrjfirjae.
Wi6e eroi, w HepiicXel<;, rore ervveyevbfirjv, ore Beivorato? eravrov r)a6a.
ttot a><f>eXov Xiirelv rr)v "%Kvpov.
"KiraOov a (irj iror axpeXov iraOeZv.
Et yap wcfjeXe fjv 6 "ZeoKparrjs.
'T&iceivrj ravra ireirpayev, fj fir) ca<f>eXe yeveaOai.
Wiff a><peXe<; roidBe rr)v yvcofirjv irarpbs
vrjcncovrO<; elvai irdv yap hv Kareipydao>.
Exercise XXI.
Miscellaneous Sentences expressive of a Wish.
1. If only you had either done this, or were doing it, or
would ever do it !
2. I wish you had not told me anything of the sort
(transl, any such thing).
3. May you perish miserably (icdiaara) if you have de
ceived your brother.
4. 0 that the summer had come !
5. Would to heaven you were an honest man !
6. I hope you will always act honourably.
7. If he should come, may he not find us unprepared.
8. I do not know and may I never know any more
wicked man than Cyrus.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES
45
9. Would God that I bad died for thee !

10. Would that the many did not manage the affairs of
the state.
11. May I never speak again if what 1 tell you is false.
12. If this man, who I wish had perished, had not been
general, we should have conquered.
1 3. How I wish this were not so !
14. I do not think this really happenedI wish it had.
15. If that is so, I wish I had not come.
16. I wish I did not know, and might never know, how
hard a thing poverty is.
17. O that I had the wings of a dove ! Then would I fly
away and be at rest.
18. Would that you had perished and that Cyrus were no
longer in command of the army.
19. If only this had been so in-the-time-of our fathers.
20. I wish I had known ; for I should not then have gone
away.
Miscellaneous Exercises on all the foregoing

Rules.
Exercise XXII.
1. I never used to send for the physician unless I had a
headache.
2. He did not kill the soldier when I was present.
3. He would not have deceived you thus if you were not
foolish.
4. Whenever you heard this you ought always to have
told me.
5. If you had not given the money to the soldiers I
should kill you.
(j. Do not help the general if you see him ravaging our
land.
7. You have done badly if you have ill-treated all who
were not then present.
4G
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES.
8. If I were to say this, all who were present would be

astonished.
9. If ever a man is convicted of murder, he is put to
death.
10. I should have heard what was said by you, if I had
not been staving at Athens.
11. I wish he would not always tell me what I know
already.
12. I wish he had not gone away ; for if he were hero, we
should be overcoming the enemy.
13. Had I been you, I should have killed all who did not
honour me.
14. Whatever you do, do it zealously.
15. If you were to go to Athens, you would see soldiers,
wherever you turned.
16. I will order your friend to carry out the business, in
whatever way seems good to him.
17. Whenever the enemy had conquered he was always
vexed.
18. If he did this he acted very badly.
19. You are not likely to find a more beautiful dog than
this.
20. If Socrates does not know, how could I find out ?
Exercise XXIII.
1. If you have drunk half the wine, you will soon have a
pain in the head.
2. If you wish to please me, why did you kill that man ?
3. Kill this man, when you catch him ; for if he should
escape again we should be ruined.
4. If you taught this you would be teaching what you
did not know.
o. If you were to come, there is no one who would not
welcome you.
6. If you are telling the truth, I will never forgive you.
47
7. All whom I find in. the temple shall be put to death.

8. I should not have known who he was, if you had not
told me.
9. If any persons did not give money to the judge, they
were always punished.
10. If Socrates taught the young men virtue, he was not
really a bad citizen.
11. If I were you I should at once leave Athens.
12. When I have taken the city, 1 shall no longer fear the
enemy.
13. I wish you had told me, when you saw him.
14. He was doing this for many months, when he was
staying at Athens.
15. Say it now, when he is not listening.
16. All whom you see present are my friends.
17. Whoever did not pity you would be heartless.
18. If only he had not died and were with us now.
1 9. You will hardly persuade me to believe this.
20. Of all the things given by (irapa) the gods, health is
perhaps the best.
Exercise XXIV.
1. Who would not have admired Cyrus, when he was
commanding the army ?
2. All who were then present I would kill if I could.
3. If you don't believe me, do it in whatever way you
please.
4. Would to heaven he had not done what he did do,
and had done what he did not do !
5. How I wish that Cyrus were here, and would never
again go away !
6. If the enemy were to come when we were unprepared,
we should be ruined.
7 It would not be right to say where he is, unless he
were to wish it.
48
8. Who would not have answered, if he had asked the

question when he came ?
9. After failing to find him (see Ex. XV. sent. 8) I .
should have gone away if you had not come.
10. We should incur very great danger, if he were to take
all the cities he could.
11. All who are not aiding me are my enemies.
12. All who do not aid me will perish.
13. If I had been Gyrus, I should have killed all who did
not aid me.
14. I never see you, when I am in Athens.
15. All that I have is yours, but all that I acquire shall be
my own.
16. Who could ever be wiser than Plato ?
17. I could never do such a thing, not eveu if you were to
give me 10,000 talents.
18. Do not ask for this. You will never obtain it.
19. If he destroyed all who were not then present, he
ought to have killed vou also.
20. When I have done all this, do not ask me any more
questions.
VOCABULARIES
VOCABULARY I.GREEK-ENGLISH.
1 have omitted from the Vocabularies the Numerals, and most of the
Pronouns, as these are to be found in any Greek Grammar.
aya$6s, i), 6v, good.
ayaira (da), love ; also, am con
tented with.
ayvow (-4a), do not know, am
ignorant of.
hydv, -avos, 6, game, contest.
&ya, I lead.
aSixa (-4a), I harm, wrong, c. acc.
of person ; also c. cognate acc.
aSixiav ttSixa, commit au injury.
ael, always.
SfiAoc, ri, prize.
alpa (-4a), -iiffa, tfpriKa, el\ov, aor.
pass, rjp4Bnv, I take, capture ; in
mid. I take for myself, choose ;
in pass. I am taken, or, chosen.
alffxpoKpS-hs, -4s, covetous, sordid.
uiaxp6s, a, iv, base, adv. -as ;
comp. alffxiav, sup. aftrxio'Tos.
id<Txvvofiai, fut. -ovfiai, aor. ^ffxvvBnv, am ashamed.
oiTio, Tj, blame.
alra (-4a), ask, ask for.
axova, fut. mid. , hear.
a\a(av, -6vos, <S, biaggart, boaster.
a\ya (-4a), have pain.
a\nB-fis, 4s, true.
aTdoKofUH, a\affopiai, ia\uKa, ti\av
(or, ^\av) ; am. part. a\ovs, opt.
a\oiriv, lit. 1 am caught, hence,
I am found guilty, convicted ;
c. gen. of the crime.
aWd, but.
}\\Tj\ovs, -as, -a, each other.
SAAos, ij, o, other, another ; 6
&\\os, with a noun = the rest of ;
ui aAAoi, ihe rest.
afiaprdvw, a/noprîrojuoi, TifidpTrjKa,

^fiaprov, err, sin.
a/ieAu (-4a), neglect, abandon.
avdyxri, necessity ; iv. 4crl, it is
necessary, i avdynns, of neces
sity.
ivaiSiis, 4s, shameless.
avaioHnros, ov, wiihout feeling,
heartless.
avSpayaiia, bravery.
a.vb'pe'ios, a, ov, brave.
ivhp, avtp6s, man (as distinct from
woman or child ; Lat. vir).
aviarnpn, make to stand up ; in the
pasxive, and intrans. tenses of
active, stand up.
av-olyvvfu, fut. avola, aor. aWy|a,
imperf. av4uyov, 1 open.
bvrl, c gen., in place of.
0VT1-A670), contradict, c. dat.
avr-a<pe\u (-4a), return a benefit
to.
S|ios, o, ov, worthy, worth, c. gen.
air-ayupeia, forbid.
&iT alpa, set sail, sail out.
air-avra (-4a), ask back.
air-aW&TTu, I free from, c. acc.
and gen.
air-avra (-da), fut. mid., I meet.
axara (-da), deceive.
dir-eifii, I will go away (see elfii).
iir-epvKa, keep off from, protect ;
not in good Attic prose.
air-4pxofiai, -e\evaoftai, -fj\Bov, go
away.
ixiara (-4a), disbelieve.
&ii\rioTos, ov, insatiable.
11 2
52
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
iiro-trifiZ (-e'ai), am away from

home, am abroad.
imo-tiSafii, give back, restore.
airo-flWj<rKai,
-Bavovficu, -riBvnxa,
iBavov, die ; also, as pass, of
atOKrelvui, am put to death.
airo-Kpivofiai, I answer.
i.iro-Kreivai, kill.
air-dXAC/w, -o\Si, -o\dXeKa, -li\effa,
destroy, ruin ; in mid. air6\\inai,
-oAoPjiiai, aor. -a\6firiv, perish.
iiro-\oyovfiai (-iofiai), defend, make
a defence.
airo-\iofiai, defend oneself from a
charge.
iiro-ireîira, send away.
airo-ipevya, fly, run away.
ipyipiov, silver, money.
ipiffxa, apiaa, aor. ijpeaa, please.
iper'fi, virtue.
Spiffros, superl. of ayaB6s, best.
&Pxa, I rule ; c. gen. rule over.
A(nrafojuai, I welcome, greet.
&arv, city.
aSflis, again,
oujicai, fut. abâ-a, make to grow,
in-.rease.
abr6s, ^j, ifv, self ; but in the oblique
cases and without a noun, him,
her, it, etc.
a(p-lrifii, let go, dismiss.
iup-iKvovnai (-iofiai), -fo/iai, -17/101,
,iK6inp/, arrive.
ax#ojuai, axBiffofiai, aor. <jx"|fy*'J>'>
am vexed, grieved, c. rfai.
ficuri\eia, queen.
/3a<riAeus, king.
fSao-i\eia, I become king, reign.
/3e'Xri<Tros, i), ov, best, superl. of
ayaB6s.
Qe\tIuiv, bettor.
$los, life.
fiov\eiofiai, consult together.
&ov\op.ai, fut. -rurofiai, aor. 1$ov\-i.Bnv, I wish.
->cp, for ; ei yap, see Ex. XX.
ye, enclitic particle, at least, at any
rate.
yiyvofiai, yevt\ffofiai, yeyeyijfiai or

,yeyova, 4yevdfinv, become, hap
pen, take place.
yiyvctHtKa, yvdffofiai, tyvaKa, tyvuiv
(aor. part, yvovs, opt. yvolnv),
know, recognize, learn.
yviifiri, mind, views, opinion.
yoveis, -eius, parent.
yvfiviK6s, i\, ov, gymnastic, athletic.
yvvi\, yvvaui6s, woman.
Zj.kva, M\ofiai, tSaKov, bite.

S, tei\aei, e'8i)<re, it is necessary,
it is right, one ought.
teiiui, telffa, SeSia, i fear.
S/ccujui, Seff, show.
fci\6s, yj, 6v, cowardly.
ieiv6s, ii, 6v, clever.
SeTxvov, dinner, supper.
Sefffiar^piov, prison.
Sa-irdrijs, -ov, lord, master.
SeSpo, hither.
810, c. ace., on account of; Sid rl =
wherefore.
Sia-Paivui, aor. -e$nv, opt. -$alriv,
cross.
Jia-irpaVrOjiiai, effect, carry through.
tia-re\a, fut. -te\a, aor. -ere'Xe<Ta,
continue, live (with or without
$(ov).
tia-ipipa, differ from ; also, excel ; c.
gen.
iiida-Kco. teach (c. double accus.).
SlSafii, fiiia(o, offer, give.
Mxaios, a, ov, just.
Sluri, lit. what is justly due, hence :
(1) compensation, (2) penalty.
Six. SiSacai = pay penalty, be
punished.
Soim (-e<o), (1) think, (2) seem;
impers. SokeT, it appears or seems
good.
Sopd, skin, hide.
Sov\ela, slavery.
Sov\os, slave.
Svvafjiai, Svyfiffofiai, aor. 4Svv^Bijv,
am able, can.
Svvafus, -eaij, y, power, strength.
Svvar6s, ij, 6v, able, possible.
GREEK-ENGLISH
eauroC, rjs, reflexive pron. himself,
herself, &c.
4B4\a, fut. 4\e>a, am willing.
48i(m, -ffa, I accustom ; perf. mid.
with pros, meaning, Minimi, I
am accustomed.
eBvos, t6, nation.
eiKafa, conjecture, guess.
el/c6rois, naturally, reasonably.
elfi1 (sum), I am ; t uVtc, in
reality, really,
eini (ibo), pres. with fut. meaning,
I shall go ; past tense, $o.
elirov, ejiros, e lire, 1 said ; used as
past tense of \4ya.
ela-PdWa, invade.
eta-eifu, I will go into, will enter.
eia-4pxofiai, I enter.
etironai (sec olSa).
eKaffros, tj, ov, each.
lkairrore, on each occasion.
4xe7, there.
4ke-ivos, i), ov, that {Lat. ilk).
k<aav, -ovffa, 6v, willing.
kiu&v
elvai, willingly at least ; a phrase
used in negative sentences, and
always preceding the negative.
4\aivuy, fut. 4\a, aor. tf\affa, lit.
drive, hence (1) ride, sc. Imrov,
(2) of a general, march, sc. arpar6v, (.3) intrans., charge.
4\4<pas, avros, elephant.
"Z\\riv. -ifr'js, a Greek.
4ll-irip.ir\7lp.i, fat. -3rA^<Toi, fill full
of, c. gen.
4v$ei\s,-4s, wanting, deficient, c. gen.
Iveifii, am in, c. dat.
4viavr6s, , year.
4v-rvyxdva, meet with, c. dat.
ff-ean, impers., it is in the power
of, it is permitted to, c. dat.
i^ns, in order.
4iraivos, b, praise.
4ir-aiva [-4a), fut. -4ffofiai, I praise.
4tt\, prep, on, also c. gen. in the
time of, c. dat. in the power of,
<:. accus. against.
4m-fa (-ita), survive.
4iri-Buij.ui (-4a\ I desire, e. gen.
4iri-\avt><lvofmi, I forget, c. gen.
iri-fie\ovnai (-eV), aor. pass., study,
practise.
VOCABULARY
53
4iriffrafiai, imperf. %irio-r<lfi7iv, aor.

ilTiarhBnv, know.
4iriri\Seios, a, ov, suitable, service
able.
4tii-tiha (-da), rebuke, c. dxt. of
person.
îri-xp<2 (-i), attempt, set about,
c. dat., also c. infin.
tpia, do, perform, work at.
'Eperpieis, an Eretrian.
4poifiijv {see 4para).
4pxaual> 4kevaoficu (bid c-Jfn more
common in Attic Prose), 4\if\vBa,
%\Bov, come, go.
4para {-dot), aor. ijp6fnjv, ask, en
quire ; c. cognate ace, e.g. ravra
4p'jir., ask these qurstions.
4c9ia, Zhoficu, aor. 4ipayov, eat.
erepos, a, ov, the other of two (L'U.
idler) ; ol irepoi, the other pariy.
e8, well.
ei/Saifiav, gen. -ovos, happy, pros
perous.
eiBvs, adv., at once.
ei/piffKoi, eup^ffa, ijupijKa, ijZpov,
find.
eiirvxH (-'<), am happy, pros
perous.
eX,Ji* %ta, foxVKat ^ffxovi have ;
also with adverbs, intrans. , am in
eertain state, e.g. ku\as ?xel> it
is well ; also, am able.
fw (-din), I live.
ae to 7j.
N.B. Contracts
%, or ; t\ %, eitheror.
ijyefiiiv, 6, leader, general.
yyovfiai (-eojuai), think.
4}S7j, already, now, at once.
7)S4as, adv. of rjSis, glad ; comp.
Ifiiov, sap. ijSi<Tra.
fS7j, îrre, etc. (see oZSa).
rjSuuai, r\aBô-ofiai, aor. $i<r07)i', am
pleased.
lifcwra, superl. adv. , least.
5jk&i, yrcs. with perf. meaning, have
come.
jf\iBios, a, ov, foolish.
tf\oiv (see a\i<tKi,imi).
fipno-vs, half.
f,rra>c, comp. o/ kuk6s, inferior.
54
Bdirra, bury.
Bavfidfa, fut. -a'ao/uu, admire, won
der at.
64fxis, tj, what is lawful, right {Lot-,
fas).
Qh*n, tomb.
Bi/t\<jkui, 8avQviuu, reBvijxa, tiavov
(usu. compounded with ott!i, ex
cept in perfect and plupeif.),
die.
Boyari\p, daughter.
Kpara (-in), conquer, master, c.

gen.
Kpiva, I judge.
Krirt)s, oS, a judge.
Kpox6Sei\os, crocodile.
Krrjfia, r6, a possession.
ktaijm (-dopai), acquire, perf.
Keicrriiuu, 1 have acquired ; hence
as present, 1 possess ; aor. pass.
lKrt)6riv.
kvav, gen. Kvv6s, dog.
iarp6s, 6, physician.
%va, in order that.
iirireus, a horse-soldier.
iiririK6s, 6v, equestrian ; rh 'nriiiK6v,
equestrian art, cavalry exercise.
iffxvp6s, d, ov, strong, violent.
\afjLf$dva, \ôfiai, ef\r\<pa, $\afiov,

take, seize.
\4ya, fut. 4pa, perf. etpnKa, aor.
efaov, aor. pass. 4pp4iBnv, say,
tell.
KaB-larriiu, appoint, establish ; in
mid. , appoint for oneself.
Kcup6s, 6, opportunity, season ; also
what is suitable, fitting.
Kaxla, wickedness.
Kaxas, evilly, badly.
KaAAos, t6, beauty.
kaXiis, 7), ov, beautiful.
xa\a (-4a), aor. pass. 4K\i\Bnv, call,
invite.
KZra-aKnva (-6a), pitch one's camp.
cxra-if/7\<plfa, vote against, con
demn.
Kar-epyaa, complete, accomplish.
kclt yyopa (-4a), lay to the charge
of, c. ace. of charge, and gen. of
person.
xda (not contracted), icouiro/xai, I
burn.
KeKriifiai (see Krio/xai).
ice\eva, I order.
nmpa\i\, head.
mi/h'vveva, incur danger, often e.
cognate ace., k'ivSvvov k'iv.
kIvSvvos, danger.
K\4irrns, ov, thief.
K\4irra, steal.
K\nBels (sec Ka\a).
Ko\d(a, fut. -dffofiai, chastise, pun
ish.
K6\a, -axos, flatterer.
/cporus, strong; comp. Kpelrrav =
better, sup. Kpdriaros = best.
AperWjs, -oS, 6, robber.

\6yos, 6, word.
\vira (-4a), cause pain to, annoy ;
in pass., feel pain, grieve.
lidBnais, v, learning.
fiaivofiai, pdynaofmi, aor. 4fidvijv, am
mad.
fiaKp6s, d, 6v, long.
lU\iara, supcrl. offid\a, very much,
especially.
im\\ov, comp. of IidKa, more,
rather.
fmvBdva, fiaBi\aofiai, aor. tfmBov,
learn.
fidxofiai, fut. fiaxovfmi, aor. 4naxeadfirjv, fiht.
Ii4yas, Iieyd\ri, fi4ya, great, large.
/ie'Aei, impersonal, c. dat., it is a
care to.
fie\4rri, practice.
fie\era (-da), I practise.
Iiepupofuu, I blame, c. dat. of per
son.
fi4va, fuva, aor. (jmva, remain.
He-a-ir4fnrofiai, send for.
iU6t-sXco, share in, e. gen.
iu7)Ks'ti, no longer.
firrrlip, mother.
fuapns, d, 6v, abominable.
}uffB6s, S, pay, reward.
fuaa (-4a), I bate.
Iiva, fivas, a mina =i Is. 'id.
fi6vos, r), ov, alone ; pivor, adverbial,
only.
fiapos, a, ov, foolish.
vavs, veuis, ship.
vexpls, A, corpse.
vefiofiai, graze, browse.
vikH (-Aa), conquer, win.
vofilfa, think, deem.
v6nos, S, law.
vvv, now, at this moment (Lot.
nunc).
evos, A, stranger ; also friend.
A, 7), t6, def art. , the ; also demon
strative with fikv and SiA fiev
A Si, the onethe other ; of fikv
01 Si, someothers.
AS6s, v, journey, way, road.
olSa, int. etaofuu, past tense, #87j,
inf. rfSevai, partic. elSiis, know.
oiKia, 7j, house,
ol/ioi, imperf. 4f"l", think.
dlvos, A, wine.
okva (), hesitate, be afraid.
8juoioj, a, ov, like, similar ; often c.
dot.
o{eais (adv. of o|i!#), sharply,
closely.
iir\ov, t6, usually in plur., rh
Zir\a, arms, weapons.
Air6Bev, (1) dep. interrog., from
where, whence ; (2) indef., from
wheresoever.
Siroi, (1) dep. interrog., whither ;
(2) whithersoever.
oh-oios, (1) dep. interr., of what
sort ; (2) indef., of whatever
kind.
oir 6a os, dep. interrog., how much,
in plur. how many ; (2) indef.,
however much, &c.
Air6repos, a, ov, whichever (of two) ;
in plur. whichever side,
oirou, (1) dep. interrog., where ; (2)
indef, wherever.
Has, (1) how ; (2) in whatever
way.
opyifancu, am angry, c. dot.
opB&s, rightly ; 6. ?xel> it 1s right.
Upvis, -iBos, bird.
55
Apii (-Aa), uifiofiai, aor. elSov, imperf.

eibpav, see
6o-os, ri, ov, as great as, as much as ;
in plur. as many as.
tans, tfris, Sri, (1) dep. inter., who ;
(2) indef, whoever.
oVou, Sra, Attic gen. and dat. of
Sans.
oiSi, not even, nor yet.
obSels, olSefiia, obSiv, no one, no
thing ; adverbial obSiv, in no
way.
o6S<oirore, never yet ; but also, in
past time, simply never.
ovKeri, no longer.
oiv, therefore, then.
o0re, nor ; oireooVe, neither
nor.
outos, avrrj, toSto, this, this one.
oirie and oStas, in this way, thus.
S\jiov, meat.
ircus, o and t\, child, boy or girl.

irÂai, long ago ; ot ird\ai, the men
of old.
iravrax6Bev, from all sides, from
every source.
iravraxov, everywhere.
tJlvv, quite.
irapd, c. gen. from ; c. ace. to, also
contrary to.
irapa-daivu,
-Pâofiai,
-fl4firjKa,
-e&W, go contrary to, trans
gress.
irapa-yiyvofiai, am with, am pre
sent.
irap-eifii, am present.
ttSs, iraffa, irav, all.
ir(i<TX, ireiaofiai, tittovBa, tiraQov,
suffer.
irarpls, y, country.
iraia, I make to cease ; iravouai, I
cease, cease from, c. gen. or par
ticiple.
ireiBa, persuade ; in mid. c. dat,,
obey.
ireivSi (-da), am hungry, fast.
ireipafmi (-dofiai), try.
irevris, -7jtos, a poor man ; or as adj.
poor.
irevia, poverty.
56
irepf, round ; c. gen., about, con

cerning.
ireplfi\e7rros, looked up to, con
spicuous.
Xliparis, ov, a Persian.
irlfiirpijfjIi, irpt\G<ii, burn.
irlva, irlofiai, treiraKa, ettiov, drink.
iria-reiiai, believe, trust, c. dot. of
person.
ir\eiv, irXeiiTros, ir\eiav (see iro\vs).
irA.e, ir\evffOfiai, tir\evffa, sail.
ir\ovffios, rich.
iroipJ\vt -evos, shepherd.
iroiui (-6a), do, act ; e5, kcucas troloo,
do harm, or, good to.
iro\efiios, a, ov, hostile ; ol iro\.,
the enemy.
ir6\is, -eas, city, state.
ttowAkls, often.
iro\is, much ; in plur. many ; cornpar, ir\eiav, superl. ir\e?aros.
irovt\p'6s, d, 6v, evil, wicked.
Topeiofiai, journey, march.
T6aos, t\, ov, how much ; in plur. ,
how many.
ir6re, (1) interrog. when ? (2) en
clitic, ever, at any time ; also
with interrog. words, e.g. t(j
irore, who pray, who in the
world.
irovs, iroSrfs, 6, foot.
irpaypa, t6, act, affair ; also in
plural, trouble.
irparra, perf. treirpaxa, I act, do,
transact ; also intrans. with perf.
ireirpaya, fare.
irpaiva, render mild, tame.
irp6Barov, sheep.
irp6aeifu (ibo), approach (pres. with
fut. meaning).
irp6repov, sooner, before.
irpo-<t>v\d.rra, watch over, guard.
irvvBdvofmi, ireiicojuai, aor. 4irv86firiv,
make enquiry ; also, learn by
enquiry, ascertain.
tas, now.
fetlas, easily.
finBels (see \4ya).
tatpi\s, -e's, clear, manifest ; adv.
ffrifiaiva, aor. 4ff4nipia, indicate.

ffKetrofiai, consider.
axoirSi (-ia), or in mid.,, ffKOTrovffa(,
consider, examine.
aoip6s, v, 6v, wise.
<nrovSa!os, a, ov, good, excellent.
fl"n(|Ua, r6, mouth ; . hirb ffr6fiaros
eiire1V = to say off-hand.
<rrpareia, go on an expedition,
serve.
<trparyy6s, general.
arpafoya (-4m), am general.
ffrpariarns, ov, soldier.
ffrpar6ire$ov, camp-; also, army.
irvfi$ov\eva, take counsel.
ffvy-yiyvoficu, associate with.
aiiv, c. dot., with.
avv-eipu (ibo); go with.
avvovaia, convivial meeting.
aw-rlBefiai, league together.
aipa\ep6s, d, 6v, dangerous.
axo*-V (adv. froin (rxoAî, leisure),
slowly ; a. irp&rra, I am slow to
do.
aSiaa, r6, body, person.
aaxppovui (-ea), am in my right
mind, act temperately.
rd\avrov, a talent = nearly 245.
raxis, ela, i, swift, quick ; comp.
Q&rruiv, superl. rdxio-ros.
n{is, -eeoj, rank.
tekvov, child.
tsk(&v, rc-Kovaa, aor. part, of tikt&j,
used as a noun, parent.
tX (-&>), -iaa, contr. -, pay.
refivco, te/aa, rerfiijxa, erejuov, ra
vage (lit. cut).
rexvri, art.
tLBtiui, place, set up ; rifleirflai
v6fiovs, to enact laws, of a legis
lator in a free state, while riBivai
v6fiovs is used of a despot.
rifia (-da), I honour ; in middle, I
value.
rls, (1) interrog. who, ri, why, (2)
tis, enclitic, indef. any one.
rOIOVrOS,
rOiavTtj,
rOIOVrO,
SUCH,
such as (before) described.

r6iros, 6, place, region.
toffovtos, of such a size, so great ;
in plur. so many.
tots, at that time, then.
rpiira, I turn, hence, rout.
rvyxava, revôficci, rervxijKa, %tv\ov, chance, light upon ; c. gen.
obtain ; c. participle, e.g. rvy.
irpdrrav, chance to be doing.
ru<p\6s, -i\, -oV, blind.
riixij, fortune, chance.
SSap, -aros, to, water.
vl6s, viov or i/ieos, son.
inr-anovcc, listen to.
iirep, prep, over : c. gen. in behalf
of, concerning ; c. ace. beyond.
vir-ripera (-e'a), do service to, c. dat.
uir-iaxvovfiai (-eo), aor. -6o*xo/j*', I
promise.
iir6, prep, under ; c. gen. to express
agent, under the influence of, by.
liiro-fi4vco, endure, submit to.
iia-repaios, a, ov, happening on the
next day ; rf} vo-repaia. (sc. Tjûepa),
on the next day, on the morrow.
<pdyoi (see 4aBia).
ipaivouai, aor. 4<pivqy, appear, seem,
c. inf. ; c. partic, e.g. <palvofiai
&v, I manifestly am.
(pav\os, 7j, ov, bad, worthless.
ipeitofjuu, spare, c. gen.
<p4pa, ota(o, evhvoxa, fyeyxov, bear,
carry, endure.
(peiiya, <pe{ofiai, irecpevya, tipvyov,
fly, escape ; also, c. gen. of the
cliarge or crime, e.g. <peuyaxp6vou,
am tried for.
iprIfii, <pi\aa, aor. tipqv, irreg. verb,
say, declare, c. ace. and infini
tive.
<pl\os, 7j, ov, friendly, pleasing ;

usu. as asubst., 0 ipl\os, friend.
<pi\6ffo<pos, o. philosopher.
<pi\oaoipa (-e'), practise or study
philosophy, philosophise.
(polSovfiai (-4ofiai), <pofi-i\ffofiai, aor.
i?0o/3^07)i', fear.
<p6vos, 6, slaughter, murder.
<ppi\v, (ppev6s, 7j, mind, heart, dis
position ; usu. in plural.
<J>uAaf, -ukos, 0, guard, watchman.
<pv\d.rroi, guard ; in mid., be on
one's guard against, avoid.
<pas, <pan6s, t6, light.
xîpa, xaiPijff&,i a0r. 4x^PVv, re

joice, take pleasure in, c. dot.
xa\eiralva, am angry, c. dat.
XoAeiriis, hard.
x^piev, comp. of kcucIs, inferior,
weaker.
xprjfutra, to., plur. of xpijjua> thing,
money.
xpafuu (-aojiiai), use, employ, treat,
c. dat.
x&pa, 7j, land, country.
iiaia (chiefly poetical), touch, c. gen.

iêu8o/xdi, aor. tyeuad.nriv, 2msfi4tyeio-Bnv, say falsely, lie.
if/darns, -ov, 6, a liar.
ijSoV, egg.
iis, (1) c. acc. of person, to, (2)
adverb, in phrase as Sxpe\ov how.
Sare, so as.
ui<pe\a (-4a), I help, aid.
VOCABULARY II.ENGLISH-GREEK.
The asterisk refers the Student to the Greek-English Vocabulary for
further details about a word.
Able, am-able, Sivafiai *.

absent, am, &tr-eifii.
abuse, iiaKas \eya *.
accustomed, am, -fiai, eWiafiai, see
acquire, Krapju *.
act (verb), iroia.
addition, in-addition-to, 4tl, c. dat.
affairs, irpdyfiara.
afraid, am-afraid, <pofiovfiai *.
after, conjmi.c., 4ireiMi, 4iruSiv.
again, aSBis.
against, 4tl, irp6s.
aid (verb), see help.
alive, am-alive, (da.
all, n-cis, iraaa, irdv.
already, ffSij.
also, Kal.
always, aei.
amazed, am-amazed, see wonder.
ancient, the ancients, oi 7raAoi, see
ird\ai.
angry, am-acgry, opyi(ofiai. c. dat.
answer (verb), airo-Kpivofj.ai.'
any, any one, anything, ris, ri.
anywhere, iron,
approach, irpoff-epxofiai, see tpxofiai *.
Arcadians, "ApxaSes.
army, ffrpar6s, 6, arpdrevfia, t6.
arrive, a(piKvovfiai *.
art, rexvrias, as : as (quickly) as possible, as
rax'ara ; as wise as possible, &s
aoipararos.
ask, enquire, 4para *, often with

cognate ace. e.g. t6\\' 4pardv, to
ask many questions.
ask for, alra, c. ace. of thing and
of person, airelaBai, c. ace. of
thing, and irapa c. gen. of_person.
ask-back, air-aha.
assist, uiipe\ea.
astonished, am, see wonder.
Athens, at 'ABrjvai.
attempt (verb), &rixfie'e, c. dat. oi
thing ; ireipdofiai, c. inlin.
Bad, xax6s, irovrip6s.
barbarian, Bdp&apos.
barefaced, ApcuS^s, gen. ovs.
base, alaxpds *.
be, eifii ; for aorist use 4yev6(i.riv.
bear, <pipa *.
beautiful, ko\6s, i\, 6v.
beauty, Kd\\os, r6.
become, ylyvofiai *.
benefactor, evepyerris, on, or o 6 3
iroiay, or iteiroiijKas.
believe, iriareia, c. dat,
best, &piffros ; do one's best, iroieiy
to 4(p' tavr$.
better, afieivav, adv. &fieivov.
bird, opvis, -iBos, ri.
black, fi4\as, fi4\aiva, fie\av.
blame, f',u</>","a'> c. dat. of person,
boast, Kofiirdfa (rare in At. Prose),
booty, Aea.
bothand, ko1ical, or re al.
boy, irais, iraifi6s.
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY
lirave (adj.). avSpeios.
brave (verb), brave a danger, kicSuveia kIv&vvov.
bread, Upros, or in plur. Uproi (lit.
loaves).
brother, &&e\$6s.
burn, Kao! *, irlnirprifii *.
but, a\\d ; often expressed by nev
$4.
buy, a7opctâ>, -aa.
by, of (Ac instrument, expressed by
the simple dative ; of the living
agent, uirb c. gen.
Call, koXcS (-').
can, Svvaficu *.
catch, Kara\afifrdvai, see \afifiavai.
capture, aipai *.
carry-out (accomplish), Siatrpdrra.
cavalry, iVir-eis.
charge (of soldiers &c), 4\avva *,
childhood, from childhood, 4x iroiS6s.
citizen, tox(tt)s, ou.
city, ti6\is, j).
clear, cra<pi\s, -es.
command an army, arparriyia.
come, Ipxofiai *, el/ii *.
come-here, irdpeifu (sum),
conquer, viKda, irepiylyvofuu c. gen.
content, am content with, o7a7raio,
c. dat. or a neuter accus.
convicted, am convicted of, aklaKOfiai, c. gen. *.
Corinth, K6pwBos, rj.
corrupt (verb), Sia-<p8eipa, pf. -e<pBapxa, aor. pass. -e<pBdpyv.
coward, cowardly, Sa\6s, i\, 6v.
cowardice, BeiAia.
country, ir6\is (nation, state) ; ttotpis (fatherland) ; x<"Pa (lal',
territory).
Danger, KivSwos.
death, Bdvaros.
deceive, a7rar<i, ^|airar (-da).
decide, Kplva.
desire (verb), tiriOvu4a, c. gen.
desire (noun), c-inBvfiia.
delighted, am, 3j8o/uu *.
destroy, 5ia-p Beipa, see corrupt.
59
die, BvhffKa, Bavofifiai, riBvi\Ka,

tBavov, (but the prepos. air6 is
usually added in prose, though
not with the perfect).
disbelieve, atrimia, c. dat.
disciple, juoflijr^s, oD.
discourse (verb), Sia-\4yonai.
discover, eiplaxa *.
disgraceful, aiaxp6s *, adv. aiuxpas.
disobey, aireiBia, c. dat.
do, irpiTrOi, iroiw. Intrans : do
well, do badly, irpdrra with
adverb.
doctor, larp6s.
dog, kvihv, kvv6s.
dove, irepiarepd.
drink, ulna *.
Easily, faShes, jii}ov, p?ffra.
effect (verb), SiairparrOnai.
eitheror, % ij.
elephant, 4\4<pas, -avros.
else, SXAos.
endure, <pipui *.
enemy, the, ol iro\4p,ioi.
enquire, enquire of, 4parda, trvvBdvofiai.
enter, eiff-4pxl*cuescape, <peiya, airo<pevya.
esteem (noun), iiraivos.
ever, irore.
expedient, xpV'/'os-
Fall, irnrrto, teaovfiai, -jreirrWKa.

fireaov.
false, ^/euS^j.
fare (verb), irpdrra (intrans. per
fect, ireirpaya).
farthing, use ojSoA^sfo), = about l$d.
fast, raxis, -em, v *.
fear (verb), <pojSoGjiiai *.
fight (verb), ndxofi<u.
fight (noun), fidxvfind, find-out, eipiaxa, e|eupi<rKw.
firm, fiefiaios.
first, adv., irparov.
fly, flee ( = run away, escape),
<pevycii.
fly-away (of a bird), a-noirtroficu.
foolish, fiapos.
GO
for, (1) conj. yap ; (2) prep. = instead

of, avrl, c. gen.
forefather, irpoyovos.
friend, <pl\os.
forget, iiri-\avBavofiai, c. gen.
forgive, o-vyyiyviiaKa, c. dat. of
person.
honour (noun), riftff.

horse, fairos.
hour, &pa.
house, oiKia.
how, (1) interrog. t&s, otas if
dependent ; (2) exclamatory, as.
hurry, not-in-a-hurry, ffxo\f) *.
General (nom.), arparr\y6s.

give, SiSafii.
gladly, rj$4as.
go, elfii *, fiaiva, B^crofiai, fS4&ijKa,
e&ijv.
go-away, air-4pxofiail fut. tLireifii,
perf.-eA.ljAueo, aor. -y\Bov.
go-ont-of, 4-4pxofiai.
go-up, iva-Balva.
god, Beas.
good, aya$6s ; do-good-to, e3 iroieiv
c. aee.
goods, Kriifiara, rd.
govern, &pxm, c. gen.
grant, SISafu.
great, fi4yas *.
Greek, "EAAtjk, -nvos.
guard, <pv\a, -ukos.
guilty, am-lound-guilty, see con
victed.
Ignorant, am ignorant
otyv6eca.
ill-treat, kokas iroieiv.
impossible, aSvvaros, ov.
incur (danger), KivSuveva.
Indian, 'lvS6s.
inhabitants, ol 4voiKovvres.
injustice, aSiicio.
Half, tiplavs, used substantively

with the article, but agreeing in
gender and number with the
noun following in the genit. case,
e.g. rj yfiiaeia ttjs x^Pashappen, = occur, ylyvofiai * ; =
chance, rvyxava *.
happy, eviaiiiavt -ovos.
hard ( = difficult), xa?l-"r6s < hardly,
xa\stras,
have, lxa *,
headache, have a,
v.Xyta rty
KeipaXfiv.
liealth, iyiem.
he;ir, ciKoia, (fut. mid.).
heartless, avalaiyros.
help (verb), ii<pe\4a.
here, = hither, Sevpo.
hesitate, 6kv4a.
honest, xpvo-t6s.
honourable, what is honourable, to
Ka\d.
honour (verb), tijuoa.
about,
Judge (vsrb), Kplva.

judge (noun), Kpiri\s, ov.
just, OIKCUOS.
Kill, atOKrelvoi.
king, Baai\evs.
know, olSa, * yiyvaffKa.
Lacedaemon, tj AaKeSalfiav.
labour (noun), ir6vos.
land, 77), x^Palarge, fieyas.

law, v6p.os.
lead, lead a life, oia-re\4a, with
Bl6v, or an adverb.
learn, pavBdva *.
leave (=go from), 4^-ipxoiuu.
let loose, \va
liar, i//su<Tr7jy.
lie (verb), tell a lie, ipevSofiai.

listen, {nraKoia, c. dat.
live, (dui.
long, fiaxp6s.
long-ago, ird\ai.
likely, am-not-likely to do, ex
pressed by Fut. vague construc
tion, see Ex. V.
longer, no-longer, ovkeri.
lot, present lot, to irap6vra.
love (verb), <piX4a.
Make, =appoint, Ka8-(<rroô1(Mid.).
man, HvOpunros ( = homo), ivi\p
( = vir); often expressed by tii
any one.
ENGLISH-GEEEK VOCABULARY
61
manage, updrra.
many, ir6Woihow-many, ir6aoi :
depend., 6ii6aoiso many, roaovtoias-many-as, fooi.
march, iropevopai, elfii (of soldiers) ;
4\aivui (of a general, lit. drive,
lead).
marry, of a man, &ypnai yvvaiKa.
meet-wiih, tv-rvyxdvoi, c. dat.
money, xp^juara> r^,
month, yA\v, fii\v6s.
more, ir\eiaav, see rro\vs.
morrow, to-morrow, ttj iarepah.
much, iroAiis, * ; how-much, ir6aov,
however-much, ot&aav.
murder, ip'6vos.
music, t\ p.ouffiKr].
Peloponnese, ^ neXoir^wrja-oj.
people, = nation etc., Srjfios.
perceive, aiaffuv<rfiai, alaBrjaofiai,
aor. r)o-86priv .
perform-a-seryice, vinipereui ; virrip.
ram6 ffoi, do this service for you.
perhaps, Iferais.
perish, air-6\x.ifiai, see oir(jAAujiii.
permit, 4da.
Persian, Tlipai\s, ov.
persuade, ireiBa, iieiffui.
philosopher, ipi\6auipos.
physician, larp6s.
pity (verb), olxrelpa.
please, apio-xa, c. dat. Impcrs. it
pleases me, =it seems good to
me, Soirei fioi ; am pleased, 7joofiait
Naturally, elKoras.
tiation, IBvos, r6.
necessary, is necessary, Sei, avdyKri.
neighbouring, s'Aaj (adverb).
never,
oiitiirorein past lime
ouSx<6tote.
nevertheless, ofits.
nobody, ovteis.
none (plural), ovSeves.
nor, oi/oe, oiSre.
not even, obSe.
now, r)Sn (=jam) ; vvv (=nunc).
Plato, IIAarioy.
plunder (verb), Si-apirdfa.
poor, irevrjS, -ryros.
possess, ke'ktt)m<", see kta/ioi.
possible, asas possible, expressed
by is with superlative, e.g. its
Tdx'<rrOi s quickly 'as possible,
poverty, tevia.
power, in-the-power-of, ttl c. dat.
practise, fie\erda.
praise (verb), liraivia, fut. -eaonai.
present, am-preseut, Trdpeifn.
property, Kriifiara, or use neut.
plnr. of article c. gen. or possess.
pron, e.g. to tav SkvQav, to 4fid.
prosecutor, 6 SiaKuiv.
prosperous, am, einvxeui, eZ irpdrra.
punish, xo\dfa, fut. -daopju.
put-to-death, am, cnroBvf)o-Kui *.
c. dat.
Obey, am-obedient-to, Tei6op.ai,

c. dat.
obtain, rvyxdva, c. gen. *.
often, iroAAaicis.
of-old, td\ai.
once, at-once, ij$y.
only, adverb, nbvov.
order {verb), m\eia.
order [noun), in good order, eindx
ras.
ought, one ought, Sei, xfhovercome, irepi-yiyvofiai c. gen.
owe, o4>el\<0, fut. t|tw, aor. &^>Aor.
own, one's own, expressed by gei;.
euvtov, 4fiavrov, etc.
Pain, have a pain, 0A7S.
painful, Au7rrjp<!j.
parent, yovevs.
pass, a lifi', Sia-reAsui.
peace, eip^nj.
Question, see ask.

quickly, raxil, cp. Baaaov, superl.
rdx^ffra.
Rank, rau, -eas.
rascal, irasovpyos, or use adjective
KaXUrOS.
ravage, tjucoi *.
rather, fiaWoy, !i\fiiov.
really, r<f uvti.
receive, iixofiai, pf. SeSeynai.
rejoice, xah" *. <8o/uu *.
reiax, oy-irjû, part aviels.
remain, ft.iva, impo.-fiivui.
G2
remedy, S/tos, T6.

report, aff-ayyeAAeo.
rest, at-rest, %avx<>s.
revile, kcikws \eyw *,
reward (noun), fiiaB6s.
rich, ir\ovaios ; am-rieh, ir\ovr4a.
right, it-is-right, xP^> opBat ?xel>
ride, i\aivu *.
rout (verb), rpeira.
ruin (verb), ax-6\\vfii *.
rule, rule-over, &px"> C gen.
run-away, airo-Tp^x*! 'ut. -Bp4ofi.ai
or -Spaiiovfiai, aor. -4ipafiov.
stand, ?<tTt)/ji in the middle voice,

and intrans. tenses of active ;
see Grammar.
stei.l, kAeiTTO).
strike, TuitTw ; for fat. use iraretjio,
aor. iirtraâ.
such, ToioOTos.
suffer, itcJcxw * : = permit, 4dw.
summer, 84pos, T6.
surprised, am surprised at, Baviidfa,
fut. mid. -i.aoix.ai.
surrender (trans.), irapa-Sliwiu.
sword, l<pos, ri.
Same, the, 6 avris.

say, tyfil, \4yw, *.
Scythian,
ov.
sea, Ba\aaaa.
see, Spa, *.
seem-good, Sonei.
self-restraint, austypoavvi).
self, with a nonn, or alone if in
nornin. case, uvT6s ; alone in
oblique cases, tfiavr6v, iavr6v,
ffeavriv, etc.
send, irefiirto ; send-for, jueTaire'/uWofUU.
service, do a, vinjper4a.
servant, inrriperns, -ov.
shameless, Atoi5iji.
ship, vavs, rj, veiis, irreg. noun.
show, bj\iw.
signal, ffrifieiov.
silver, apyvpos.
sing, $5a>, Aaobai, aor. rfaa.
sky, obpavis.
slave, Sov\os.
so, ovrus ; it is so, ovTus txlsoldier, aTpariîus, -ov.
someothers, somesome, of iiev
oi 94.
somebody, nj.
so-much, rocovTos.
spare, ipeiSofiai, c. gen.
speak, \4yu, <prnj.i * ; speak ill,
Well of, Kaxia, ei \4yu, c. acc.
stag, i\a<pos.
stay, Sia-rpi$u.
still, conj., Sfias.
state (country), x6\a, -ecus,
stranger, |eVos.
Take, alpii, *.
talent, Ta\avrov.
teach, SitiaKu, c. acc. of person
and of subject taught,
tell, \4ya, *.
tell-a-lie, ^/evSoiiai, tyevffoiwi.
temple, ce'ioj, gen. veio, 6.
than, if ; often expressed by the
genitive of comparison, e.g.
aiielvwv ffov = better than you.
that, (1) demon, pron. iiieivos ; ('J)
conj. after A 6701 &c. 5Vi.
Thebes, at 0i)#ai.
theft, K\oir-fj.
then, r6re ; then only, Tote 5<j.
there, eicei.
think, vof.u(w, oliiai.
thirsty, am, Siif/da (contracts ae
into i)).
this, oTrrat, a?T^, Tovô.
time, fioa. xvoVos : at the same time,
S/uci ; at the some time as, wo.
Toy auTo? xptvov, c. .dat. : by this
time, ijSri ; in the time of, 4xi 0.
thus, oBrtc, ovTws before <S vowel,
to, (1) prey>. iip6s, eis (into), (2) conj.
= in order that
to-morrow, see
toothache, h
oS6vras.
transgress,
tried, am *
KNGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY
(in a particular case) ; tell-thetruth, aAij8ei5ii).
turn, rpeirw, intrans. = turn ourself;
Tpeiro/iai : turn out, yiyvonai *.
tyrant, ripavvos.
Understand, aw-itiiu.
unjustly, &.Ukws.
unless, iiv pM, eI fMunprepared, axapa.ffKevo$, ov.
useless, ixpvoTos, &v0A^*.
Vexed, am, Sx*i"a' *
victory, vIktj.
virtue, aper^.
War, iri\fios.
wage, a war, xo\efiew it6\efiov.
water, 85a>p, vtajos.
way = road, dSis, fj ; in what way,
welcome, aa-Ko.(<mai.
when, (l)interrog. ir&re, (2) relative
ire, STok, îrei5^, iireiSdv.
where, (1) interrog. iroC, depend.
Sirov, (2) relative o5.
wherever, 8irou, ov &v.
whichever (of two), ixirepos.
63
whithersoever, Siroi.
who, what, (1) interrog. T(j, dep.
8ffT, (2) rel. is.
whoever, iis &v, ioTis.
why, Tf, 5i4 T.
wickedness, waiAa.
willing, am, U4ha, -ijaw.
win (a victory), vixda.
wine, olvos.
wing, mep6v, T6.
wise, ao<p6s.
wish, /WAojuai *.
t
with, avv, c. dat. ; am with,
irapeifii.
wolf, Aukos.
woman, ywh, gen. 'yuvaiK^s.
wonder, wonder at, Bavfidfa-d<rofiai.
word, \iyos, pvfia.
worthy, ios.
Year, fro!, ri.
yesterday, x0s.
young-man, veavias, -ov.
your, ais, (sing.), tyieVepoj (plur.).
Zeal, irpoBvfila.
zealously, irpoBvfiws.
ff UNIVERSITY i
Richard Clay and Sons, Limited,

london and bungay.
FOURTEEN DAY USE

RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED
This book is due on the last date stamped below, ot

on the date to which renewed.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.
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RECEIVED
BY.
Rt *
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6 1985
OCT 2 ^ 195513!
CIRCULATION DEPT.
JUL 231970 31
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,HJN 27 199
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LD 21-100m-2,'55
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General Library
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/' .

Greek Conditional and Relative Sentences

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Greek Conditional and Relative Sentences

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This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized

by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the

RULES AND EXERCISES

required than is given in this book, it will not be difficult

Relative Sentences, Classified

Exercises XII. and XIII. :

There are two kinds :

Exercises II. A. and B.

el irore arpanwrr/v iBoifii, aireicreivov.

Exercises III. A. and B.

an Imperative construction may take the place of

15. 'Ear rf) varepaia d-!rari}o-r)<; rbv t^9 7ro\ea>? <f>vXaica,

Unreal Conditional Sentences, implying that the

CONDITIONAL ' SENTENCES

If he had done this, I should have seen him : el tovto

13. Ovk av rj%06fiv)v, el fir) iravres ol tyCkoi fid^rj (in

1. Udvrcov Krt)fid.ra)v Kpariarov dv eirj ^>i\o? aa<prj<; kcu

I can hardly tell you how base he is.

8. You will not easily escape me now.

Miscellaneous Exercises on the Conditional

17. Et firj KeKrrjfiai TrA-eir i) rerrapaKovra fiva<;, ovBev arol

11. 'JZav fir) ruvra iroirjo-yf, auTO? dtroXel icdicurra.

18. Ot irdXai, el aocf>ol elev, eWi^ov tois TratSa? rrdvra<;

8. El Tl<J 6iCVOlt) rOVrO iTpUrreiV, OVK CIV et'/COTO)? SetXo?

8. If you are not content with your present lot, I think

Those in which the antecedent is particular or definite

Relative sentences where the antecedent is not definite hit

(h) In Past timeThe relative alone with the Optative (cf.

IN PRESENT AND "VIVID" FUTURE TIME

tion in Present or Past timethe construction being

5. Oaa fiev Zvvaaai iroielv, ravra peXera oaa Be fir)

6. Whithersoever I turn I see soldiers.

10. Havres aircoXovro oaoi fir} oirXa ecpepov.

UNFULFILLED OR " VAGUE " FUTURE CONDITION

13. Aoirj Zev<; ravra w i6eXoi.

1. Wherever I met him, I would tell him whatever I

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN ORATIO OBLIQUA

15. I hope he will not discourse (transl. may he not, etc.)

CONDITIONAL AND RELATIVE SENTENCES

(1) First notice particularly as a rule most strictly adhered

Unchanged except, if necessary,

(3) In addition to the above rules notice that when ov

'Edv ravra irpd^w, dirodavovfiai.

It must be mentioned that even after a past tense it is

CONDITIONAL AND RELATIVE SENTENCES

In translating an English sentence in Oratio Obliqua into

'Eav eXOr/ oifrerai rbv K.vpov.

Similarly the pupil should not only translate the Greek

18. I told him that wherever he went I would go too.

There are other ways also of expressing a Wish besides by

Et#e fir/TTOre yvolrjs 09 el.

B.Wishes in Present and Past Time that cannot

WiOe ere firjirore eihov.

9. Would God that I bad died for thee !

Miscellaneous Exercises on all the foregoing

8. If I were to say this, all who were present would be

7. All whom I find in. the temple shall be put to death.

8. Who would not have answered, if he had asked the

afiaprdvw, a/nopr^irojuoi, TifidpTrjKa,

iiro-trifiZ (-e'ai), am away from

yiyvofiai, yevt\ffofiai, yeyeyijfiai or

Zj.kva, M\ofiai, tSaKov, bite.

4iriffrafiai, imperf. %irio-r<lfi7iv, aor.

Kpara (-in), conquer, master, c.