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About National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh


The National Institute of Technology,
Arunachal Pradesh (NIT, AP): an Institute of
National Importance was established by the
Ministry of Human Resource and Development,
Government of India in 2010 according to the NIT
Act 2007. It had started with three 4-years B. Tech.
programs in Computer Science and Engineering;
Electronics & Communication Engineering; and
Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Since JulyDecember, 2010 Ph.D. program has also been
started in the department of Computer Science and Engineering. In the current academic year
2013-14, the Institute added a few Courses at B.Tech, in Civil and Mechanical Engineering;
M.Tech, in Mobile Communication and Computing and Appropriate Technology &
Entrepreneurship Practices; Ph.D. program in Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics
and Communication Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering. In addition, the
institute also offers fellowship programme leading to Ph.D. in Computer Science and
Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry.
In 2014-15 two more 4-years B.Tech programme in Electrical Engineering & Bio-Technology,
one 2-year M.Tech programme in Electronics Design & Manufacturing, online executive MBA
Course and a M.S. holiday course in Mathematics & Computing are proposed to be started.
The temporary NIT, AP campus is located in Yupia which is 11 km away from
Naharlagun and 18 km from the state capital, Itanagar. The Institute is accessible by the nearest
railway station at 36 km away in Harmutty, Assam (Meter Gauge). The nearest airport is 62 km
from Institute at Lilabari, Assam. There is also connected by day and night bus services daily
from Guwahati which is 400 km from Naharlagun. In the vicinity there are offices of the Deputy
Commissioner, District Medical Officer, Deputy Director of School

About Electrical & Electronics Engineering:


Electrical & Electronics Engineering is a
field of engineering that generally deals with the
study and application of electricity, electronics
and electromagnetism. The field first became an
identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century
after commercialization of the electric telegraph and
electrical power supply. It now covers a range of
subtopics including power, electronics, control
systems, signal processing and telecommunications.
The Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering was established right from inception of
the institute in 2010. The department offers a four year degree program in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering with an annual intake of 30 students.

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National Institute of Technology


(Established by Ministry of Human Resources Development, Govt. of India)

Yupia, District Papumpare, Arunachal Pradesh 791112


Fax: 0360 2284972, Email: directornitap@gmail.com

VISION
Our vision is to impart quality technical education with
strong underpinning of sound knowledge in the domain. Our
approach is interactive, innovative and quintessentially holistic.
Our goal is to produce imaginative entrepreneurs, technology
leaders of the new millennium and researchers with a
profound sense of humanistic and ethical values.

MISSION
Our mission is that of producing such Technical Engineers
who will not run after jobs but for whom jobs will run after
them, and such that they will create employment and develop
new technologies for faster, sustainable and inclusive growth.

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VIDYUT SANCHAAR
A half yearly magazine.

VISION
The vision behind the work is to provide the Students,
Faculties and Researchers a common platform for sharing
their imagination and creativity in form of writing or art;
Also to create an awareness of the ongoing innovations in
the field of technology and to inculcate the habit of finding
new and innovative ideas and knowledge.

Help us in improving the quality of the publication by


giving your suggestion or feedback.
Submit the feedback form (given at the last page) to the
VIDYUT BOX at Machine laboratory, NIT AP
Mail us at vidyutsanchaar.eee.nitap@gmail.com
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EDITORIAL

To accomplish great things, we must not only act but also dream; not only plan but also
believe- Anatole France
These lines surely go behind the idea of publishing the magazine realizing into
reality. The vision behind the work was to provide the Students, Faculties and Researchers a
common platform for sharing their imagination and creativity in form of writing or art; Also to
create an awareness of the ongoing innovations in the field of technology and to inculcate the
habit of remaining always hungry for knowledge.
Observing the success of the previous volume, it gives us immense sense of ecstasy
proffering before you the second volume of VIDYUT SANCHAAR. The power of
combination of creativity and knowledge from the mind and souls of sensitive artist gets true
appreciation and value only when they are placed at a large frame. Our endeavor at Vidyut
Sanchaar is to provide such frame for the future engineers.
We are extremely grateful to those who contributed without any inhibition and to the
management, for its motivation that enabled us to create this work successfully. We also express
our hearties thanks to the faculty members of Dept. of EEE for their regular guidance and
assistantship.
So, Get ready to be acquainted with the modern and take back the slice of talent you will not
find anywhere else.

EDITORIAL TEAM
Chairman
Mr. Rajen Pudur
(HOD, EEE)

Chief Advisor
Mr. Gomar Bam
(Tech. Asst. EEE)

Chief Editor
Mr. Ankit Kumar Garg

Designer & Editor


Mr. Mrinal Kanti Rajak
Special thanks to
Dr. S. K. Dutta (Ex.OSD)
Shantnu Chattarjee (Faculty)

Prince Kumar
Ujjal Das
Devnath Sah

Contributors
Shweta rani
Kanchan Bharti

Tenzing Choney
Nanhi Kiran

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CONTENTS
Sr. No.
1.
2. .
3.

4.
5.
6.

Topic

Page

Addresses

Editorial
10 THINGS AN ENGINEERING
UNDERGRADUATE CAN LEARN FROM Mr.
Narendra Modi
software for an Electrical Engineering Student

9
12

Life at NIT Arunachal Pradesh

16

14

Cathodic Protection
18

7.
8.

9.
10.
11.

12.

Magneto Hydro Dynamics


20

Security and Sustainability due to


Power Electronics

22

Harnessing Solar Energy


25

Propeller Clock Display


29

Reactive Power and its Compensation


in Transmission Lines

32

Piezoelectric Transducers
33
Autonomous hybrid PV /wind /diesel power
system for powering a remote tehsil in
Arunachal Pradesh

35

How to prepare for IES

37

15.

Study and Design analysis of small hydro


power plant analysis in Arunachal Pradesh

40

16.

MATLAB Based Modeling of Electric Vehicle

41

13.

14.

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17.

18.
19.

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

Design of hybrid electronic filter to mitigate


harmonics for renewable energy conversion
system
Design of HT & underground LT lines in NIT
Jote using power world simulator
Design and Implementation of Power Quality
Improvement Technique for 3-phase Distributed
Generation System feeding Single phase load.
Robust voltage and frequency controller for
remote locations
Design of Grid Connected Photovoltaic
Inverter with harmonic Filtering
Design of active power filter for non-linear load
for harmonic reduction

42

43
44

45
46
47

News and View


48

Training & Placement, NIT A.P


53

Creative Writings
55
Get acquainted with the dignitaries of NIT AP

Feedback form

59
61

28.

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10 THINGS AN ENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATE CAN LEARN FROM


Mr. Narendra Modi
Narendra Damodardas Modi, popularly
and lovingly called as Namo among his followers
and supporters has emerged as the foremost figure
of todays Indian politics. A person, who spent his
entire childhood in selling tea at the railway stations
and bus-stands, has ousted Mr. Advani from
pedestal. A controversial person in India, being the
chief minister of Gujarat state during 2002 riots was
accused to act as a Hindu leader and accelerator of
riots, misusing the power, now has got clean chit
from SIT. What are those managerial and leadership
traits of Mr. Modi that elected him three times as
the Chief Minister of Gujarat state, being the best
chief minister ever in Indian politics?
He was the third out of six children of his parents.
He ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminal
in his childhood and did schooling from local school,
later joined RSS and worked as volunteer. He has
many such traits which make him the most
distinguished politician of the country.

1. Well disciplined: In M. K. Gandhis words


self-discipline is the key to success. Narendra Modi is
a person who has maintained self-discipline. It is very
rare to find his picture in which he has not dressed
properly himself, which makes him a man who can
handle many things at a time. The undergraduate must
be self-disciplined, which will help him a lot in being
successful.
2. Hard working attitude: He is the person
who is goal determined, which makes him hard
worker. He wakes up 5:30AM and dedicated his
whole day. He never go for holiday.

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3. Good Analyst: He analyzes


the situation before planning
and then he makes the plan
accordingly.
4. Accurate and practical
plan: Modi always do
planning before starting any
new mission which can be
seen from his election
campaigns. His planning are
real time achievable. A
student must plan according
to his capability so that he
can achieve it, otherwise he
will be unable to follow his own strategy.

5. Firmness: Modi is firm on his decisions, he make a survey of the issue and then after
looking all the aspects of the issue he makes final decision. Many reporters including the
Gujarat journalist Aakar patel have commented on Modi after interview that he is firm
and deterministic which helps him in forming straight forward strategy.
6. Tight Control: Modi has a tendency to control tightly and have overall control in his
hand. The examples of his tight controls can be seen from snoopgate scandal and fake
encounter cases.
7. Always updated: Modi is always updated with the current affairs. He has a dedicated
team which flows the information to him time to time whenever needed.
8. Innovation: Modi has implemented many innovative activities in Gujarat market, which
are succeeding due to which Gujarat is the most developed state of the country. An
engineer being an innovator, should try to produce new products in the market, which
are accessible and affordable by poor persons and needy.
9. Management: Modi is very good manager. He divides his work according the priority.
Engineers are managers by default since they know how to manage their hectic schedule.
10. Best team leader: Modi has organizational capabilities, which makes him the best team
leader. He knows how to utilize the available human resources to get the highest
efficiency.

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Need of the virtual lab environment furnished with different software for an
Electrical Engineering Student
Without any question and doubt it is obvious that todays engineering demands practical
and industrial knowledge rather than only core subject theory. Theory plays a very important role
in the understanding of subject but industrial and practical knowledge acts as an add-on benefit
for the engineers. Although the students, who are willing to be professor/ researcher/ scientist;
have to be conceptually and practically very strong. Each and every time it is very difficult to
perform the practices on hardware. Sometimes one has to do hard labor in deciding the
appropriate parameters of the circuit for a particular use.
Software programme plays a very important role in understanding of the subject like
circuit theory, power system, machine theory, control system and power electronics and drive
etc. In power plants, distribution substations, load centers and even in industries also all the
control actions are performed with the computer programs with appropriate synchronization of
hardware for necessary action. All the designs of wiring electrical systems and distribution
systems are done through software programs. So, it is very important to understand and learn
some software which are very frequently used worldwide in electrical engineering sector.
Some very popular and useful software in electrical engineering
MATLAB/SIMULINK: MATLAB is a high level language environment for numerical
computation, simulation and programming. With MATLAB one can analyze data, develop
algorithms and create the models of the system before practical application to check its
characteristic. One can use MATLAB for a range of applications, including signal processing
and communications, image and video processing, control systems, test and measurement,
computational finance, and computational biology. MATLAB can be extended by adding some
add-on products like parallel computing, statistics etc. The student version of the MATLAB is
available at website.
LabVIEW: LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is system
design software from National Instrument that provides engineers and scientists with the tools
needed to create and deploy measurement and control systems. It has the unprecedented capacity
of integration with hardware. LabVIEW inspires you to solve problems, accelerates your
productivity, and gives you the confidence to continually innovate. Student version is available
of LabVIEW on website.
PSCAD: PSCAD (Power system Computer Aided Design) is a simulation programme specially
dedicated for study of transients in power system. It is graphical user interface medium with
many control tools available, which makes this software a convenient and interactive tool for
both analysis and design of any power system. PSCAD features a broad range of models of
power system and power electronics studies such as Frequency dependent transmission lines and
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cables, Transformers, Machines, (synchronous, asynchronous, DC), Various turbines (hydro,


steam, wind), Converters & FACTS, Drive & control blocks, Relays etc.
PSIM: PSIM is special software which is designed for simulation of power electronics and drive
devices. PSIM provides an intuitive and easy-to-use graphic user interface for schematic editing.
A circuit can be easily created and edited. To handle large systems, one can use the sub-circuit
function which allows part of a circuit to be represented by a sub-circuit block. Various online
study materials are available on net for the better understanding of software.
PSSE: Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSSE) is a software tool used for electrical
transmission network. It is an integrated, interactive program for simulating, analyzing, and
optimizing power system performance and provides probabilistic and dynamic modeling
features. The software provides for transmission planning and engineers a tool for use in the
design and operation of reliable networks. The probabilistic analyses and advanced dynamics
modeling capabilities included in PSS E provide transmission planning and operations
engineers a broad range of methodologies for use in the design and operation of reliable
networks.
ANSYS: ANSYS is a general purpose software, used to simulate interactions of all disciplines of
physics, structural, vibration, fluid dynamics, heat transfer and electromagnetic for engineers. It
enables to simulate tests or working conditions in virtual environment before manufacturing
prototypes of products. Furthermore, determining and improving weak points, computing life
and foreseeing probable problems are possible by 3D simulations in virtual environment.
ANSYS can carry out advanced engineering analyses quickly, safely and practically by its
variety of contact algorithms, time based loading features and nonlinear material models.
PSPICE: SPICE (Simulation Program for Integrated Circuits Emphasis) is a general purpose
analog circuit simulator that is used to verify circuit designs and to predict the circuit behavior.
PSpice is a PC version of SPICE and HSpice is a version that runs on workstations and larger
computers. PSpice has analog and digital libraries of standard components (such as NAND,
NOR, flip-flops, and other digital gates, op amps, etc) which makes it a useful tool for a wide
range of analog and digital applications.
EMTP-RV: EMTP-RV is a full-featured and technically advanced simulation and analysis
software for power system transients. The package is a sophisticated computer program for the
simulation of electromagnetic, electromechanical and control systems transients in multiphase
electric power systems. EMTP-RV's standard library provides a comprehensive and welldocumented list of components and function blocks that allow the user to realize easily complete
and complex power system studies.
Apart from the above described software for an electrical engineer some other important
one are ETAP, Homer, NI MultiSim, DgSILENT (Power Factory), AutoCAD ELECTRICAL,
Electrical CADD, TINA PRO, CIRCUIT MAGIC etc.
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CATHODIC PROTECTION
Corrosion: Underground and underwater corrosion of all metallic surface is basically an
electrochemical phenomenon in which different parts
of the structure undergoing corrosion act as
electrodes, while surrounding soil or water act as
electrolytes. A difference of potential is setup
between two parts of submerged underground
metallic structure due to varying conditions of
electrolyte like difference in temperature, salt
content, oxygen availability, moisture, etc. This
difference of potential acting between different parts
of structure sets up a flow of galvanic current
between these parts. The current set up this way
causes corrosion. At the points at which these
galvanic current emanate, the metallic ions react and
get dissolved into the electrolyte, leaving pits and
causing leaks on the surface of the metal.
Prevention of corrosion by Cathodic protection: The corrosion of submerged metallic
structures which takes place due to electrolytic action as explained above can be prevented by
counter-acting the galvanic corrosion current by means of superimposed DC current using an
external DC source. Thus, when direct current is applied to a submerged/underground structure
with a polarity, which opposes the natural galvanic current and is of sufficient magnitude so as to
polarize all the anodic area, corrosion is prevented. However, the current required to provide
complete protection depends on various conditions in which the structure operates. For example,
a ship may play with different drafts in water of varying salinity and temperature and with
varying speeds in different seawater velocity. Thus the current value to protect such ships has to
vary continuously. The amount of current so impressed has a bearing on the degree of protection
to the structure. If the current impressed higher than the required value, there is a risk of damage
to the protective coating, while if the current is lesser than the required value, the structure would
be partially protected.
Thus to obtain the optimum level of protection under varying conditions, it is necessary
to vary the impressed current continuously so as to maintain a constant level of protective
potential at the structure. This continuous monitoring and control can be achieved by providing
an automatic control for the cathodic protection system.
The RRL Automatic cathodic protection rectifier accomplishes this by monitoring the
structure to electrolyte potential with respect to reference electrode, continuously adjusting

the impressed current to maintain the structure to soil potential at a preset optimum
value.
Process of applying coating and wrapping:
First the pipe is cleaned by applying sand blasting.
Primer is applied on the clean pipe either by brush or spraying.
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To facilitate spraying primer may be heated to max of C


The primer drying time (i.e. for type B synthetic primer) is 15 min to 30 min.
The primer should be free form dirt, and should be uniform.
After applying primer coal tar enamel is applied at least 1Rr of application of primer.
The recommended application temp is
C to
C. the enamel must not kept at
C, for more them rs, otherwise reduce to
C.
After one layer of coal tar coating a while glass fiber. Paper is wrapped above the coal tar
enamel.
After wrapping of while glass fiber paper whose primary function is to increase the
electrical resistance, another layer of coal tar, enamel is applied followed by a wrapping
of black paper whose primary function is to protect the pipe from the environment.
The above mention coating and wrapping is called double layer double wrapping.
The thickness of above coating is around 4mm.
The coating condition is tested by applying 12KV D.C voltage. The 12KV D.C voltage
(with + in the pipe and ve in the earth) is impressed in the pipe to check whether there
is any defect in the coating. The 12KV is impressed in the coating for thickness 2.4mm to
3mm.

Function of primer:
Bonding to surface
Corrosion suppression
Chemical resistance
Adhesion to coating over primer

Function of immediate coating


Storage chemical resistance
Increase coating electrical resistance
Resistance to moisture

Mrinal Kanti Rajak


3rd Year EEE

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MAGNETO HYDRO DYNAMICS


It is a new technique of generation of electric power. Magneto Hydro Dynamics is
abbreviated as MHD. The name itself is suggesting that it is concerned with flow of fluid in
magnetic field. Fluid may be gas at elevated temperature or liquid metal like sodium or
potassium. The generator used to generate power by this technique is called MHD generator. It is
different from our conventional generator. MHD generator is a device which converts heat
energy of fuel directly to electrical energy.
MHD converter system is a heat engine in which heat taken up at a higher temperature is
partly converted into useful work and remainders is rejected at a certain temperature. Like all
heat engine, the thermal efficiency of an MHD converter is increased by supplying the heat at the
highest practical temperature and rejecting it at lowest practical temperature.
Principles of MHD power generation:
In conventional generator when an electric conductor moves across a magnetic field, a
voltage is induced in it which produces an electric current. In MHD generator when gaseous
conductor (an ionized gas) passes at high velocity through a powerful magnetic field, a current is
generated and can be extracted by placing electrode in suitable position in the stream. An electric
conductor moving through a magnetic field experiences a retarding force as well as induced
electric field and current. This is a result of faradays law of Electromagnetic Induction.
Induced EMF (Eind) = V x B
V= velocity of the conductor
B= magnetic field intensity
Induced current = C x Eind
C=electric conductivity
The retarding force on the conductor is the Lorentz force, Find= Jind x B. The Electromagnetic
Induction is also applicable to conducting fluids.
Working: The MHD generator divergent channel is made of a heat resistant alloy with external
water cooling. The hot gas expands through the rocket like generator surrounded by powerful
magnet. The conducting flow fluid is forced between the plates with kinetic energy and pressure
differential sufficient to overcome the magnetic induction force Find. An ionized gas is
employed as the conducting fluid. Ionisation is produced either by thermal means i.e. by elevated
temperature or by seeding with substance like cesium or potassium vapors which ionizes at
relatively low temperatures. The atoms of seed element split off electrons. The presence of
negatively charged electrons makes the gas an electrical conductor.
During motion of the gas the positive and negative ions move to the electrodes and
constitute electric current. The arrangement of the electrode connection is determined by the
need to reduce the losses arising from the Hall Effect. By this effect, the magnetic field acts on
the MHD generated current produces a voltage in flow direction of the working field.

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Advantages: The conversion efficiency of MHD system can be around 50%. Also we can
generate large amount of power instantly it has ability to reach the full load power level as soon
as started. Direct conversion of heat into electricity permits to eliminate turbine and boiler i.e.
reduces losses of energy. Hence it is more efficient compared to conventional generator.
Conclusion: Today we are getting maximum power generated from fossil fuels. But fossils fuels
wont last long. Also at some place renewable resources like Hydel energy, wind energy, solar
energy is not available. So, in my view it is the best method to meet energy requirement of such
places. MHD system has less losses and it is more reliable (as it has no moving parts), hence it
can be used anywhere. Hope in our country we would be able to develop and implement this
method very soon.
Kanchan Bharati
2nd Year,EEE

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SECURITY AND SUSTAINABILITY DUE TO POWER ELECTRONICS


The electricity generation, transmission, distribution and control networks make up the
electrical grid. The simplest grids link a local generator to homes, but grids can cover whole
continents too. Due to some draw backs, the AC grids are not configured as wide-area bulk
power transmission systems. The Central European Power Grid (CE, former UCTE) with
transmission voltage of 400 kV was based on the concept of a system which provides power
generation near the loads and has additional links to support the adjacent grids in the case of
disturbances.
Due to privatization of European power markets, the idea of an All- European
interconnected system came up, and the concept of renewable energy source was implemented
parallel. However, prior to implementing this vision to the full extent, the grid concept must be
adapted to these modified conditions.

Benefits of using power electronics in power system


Power electronics blends the three major areas of Electrical Engineering- power,
electronics and control. Under controlled power conditions load performs better. HVDC prevent
bottlenecks and overloads in power grids by means of systematic power-flow control. The
function of the HVDC, which is decisive for system security, is that of an automatic firewall.
This firewall function can prevent the spread of a disturbance, which occurs in the system, at all
times; as soon as the disturbance has been cleared, power transmission can immediately be
resumed. Moreover, the HVDC technology allows grid access for dependent regenerative energy
sources, including large offshore wind farms. It boasts a significantly lower level of transmission
losses on the way to the loads. On the other hand, FACTS technology was originally created to
support weak AC grids and to stabilize AC transmission over very long distances. FACT
technology is encompassed system for both series and parallel compensation. Moreover FACTS
can help to solve technical problem in interconnection power system.

Benefits of FACTS Technology


1. Increase in the power transfer capability of transmission networks and to provide direct
control of power flow over designated transmission routes.
2. Control of power flow as ordered so that it follows on the prescribed transmission
corridors.
3. The use of control of the power flow may be to follow a contract, meet the utilities own
needs, ensure optimum power flow, ride through emergency conditions, or a combination
thereof.
4. Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities, including short-term
and seasonal.
5. Increase the system security through raising the transient stability limit, limiting shortcircuit currents and overloads, managing cascading blackouts and damping
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Electromechanical oscillations of power systems and machines and other quantities in


power systems.
The core or the workhorse of line-commutated HVDC and FACTS installations are highpower thyristors, triggered optically by means of laser technology or electrically depending on
application. Thyristors can only switch on the current. The switching-off is carried out by the
next current zero crossing itself. This is the reason why a thyristors converter is referred to as a
line-commutated system. An advantage of thyristors converters is their high loading capacity
both during nominal and overload operation as well as in the event of contingency.
Consequently, bulk-power systems at high transmission capacities of 5 to over 7 GW can be
implemented with thyristors only. A further benefit consists in comparatively low station losses.

Technologies for smart and super grids


The concept of a wide area "Super grid" with centralized control and the concept of
small-scale, local and decentralized smart grid are two approaches that are often perceived as
being mutually exclusive alternatives. The super grid delivers features such as inexpensive, high
capacity, low loss transmission, interconnecting producers and consumers of electricity across
vast distances. Smart grid capabilities use the local grid's transmission and distribution network
to coordinate distributed generation, grid storage and consumption into a cluster that appears to
the super grid as a virtual power plant. A super smart grid (SSG) is a wide area
transmission network that makes it possible to trade high volumes of electricity across great
distances. It is sometimes also referred to as a "mega grid". The Super Smart Grid (SSG) is a
hypothetical wide area electricity network connecting Europe with northern Africa, the Middle
East, Turkey and the IPS/UPS system of CIS countries. The system would unify super
grid and smart grid capabilities into a comprehensive network.
Concept: - The term "smart grid" covers a range of devices and systems that leverage recent
advances in digital technology and communications to improve the efficiency, performance, and
reliability of the existing electric power system infrastructure. Although the "smart grid" is most
frequently discussed in terms of advanced electric meters and other distribution system
technologies, it also includes important enhancements to the transmission system.
For the power systems to operate reliably, system operators must continuously match electricity
generation to electricity demand, within tight tolerances, as demand changes throughout the day.
Further, the operation of each component of the electric power systemevery generator,
transformer, and transmission circuitmust be closely synchronized. A mismatch between
supply and demand and a breakdown in synchronization can put stress on the grid. If these
problems are not rapidly identified and corrected, the result can be deterioration in power quality
or power outages.

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Phasor measurement units, or PMUs, are a new "smart" technology being deployed throughout
North America, monitoring what happens on the transmission grid. PMUs make measurements at
short time intervalstypically 30 times per secondsignificantly faster than the conventional
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology, which makes measurements only
every few seconds. (For comparison, electricity alternates at a frequency of 60 times per second
on the system.) The more-frequent measurements from the PMUs can reveal system dynamics
that would not be apparent with the older SCADA systems. All PMUs across an interconnection
are kept in precise time synchronization using GPS. This synchronization provides the capability
to easily compare system data among geographically dispersed units, creating wide-area
visibility across large power systems, which was not previously possible using older technology.
Conclusion and outlook
The security of power supply in terms of reliability and blackout prevention has the
utmost priority when planning and extending power grids. The aspect of sustainability is
gradually gaining in importance in view of such challenges as the global climate protection and
economical use of power resources running short. A more appropriate way is to integrate
renewable energy resources to a greater extent in the future and, in addition to this, to increase
the efficiency of conventional power generation as well as power transmission and distribution
without loss of system security.
The future power grids will have to withstand increasingly more stresses caused by large-scale
energy trading and a growing share of fluctuating regenerative energy sources, such as wind and
solar power. In order to keep generation, transmission and consumption in balance, the grids
must become more flexible, i.e. they must be controlled in a better way. State-of-the-art power
electronics with HVDC and FACTS technologies provides a wide range of applications with
different solutions, which can be adapted to the respective grid in the best possible manner.

Prince Kumar
3rd Year, EEE

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HARNESSING SOLAR ENERGY


Solar energy is the only energy source that is essentially pollution free and distributed across
the planet
The sun is a fusion reactor that has been burning over 4 billion years. In one day, it
provides energy more than our current population would consume in 27 years. In fact, "The
amount of solar radiation striking the earth over a three-day period is equivalent to the energy
stored in all fossil energy sources." But exploiting this energy is quite difficult because this is
idea is still new.
Till now we were highly dependent on fossil fuels but the growing energy demands,
increasing environmental problems and declining fossil fuel resources made us look to
alternative energy options and to focus our attention on truly exploiting this tremendous
resource.
There are several advantages of using photovoltaic solar power that make it "one of the
most promising source since it requires little maintenance and no supervision, and has a life of
20-30 years with low running costs. Also it is non-polluting, has no moving parts that could
break down. Photovoltaic power even has advantages over wind power, hydropower, and solar
thermal power. The latter three require turbines with moving parts that are noisy and require
maintenance.
Then why dont we use solar power extensively?
We know different techniques to exploit solar energy but it is not so popular because of
two primary disadvantages: Amount of sunlight and Cost of the equipments. The amount of
sunlight a location receives varies greatly depending on geographical location, time of day,
season and clouds. So, several companies and organizations are funding to conduct different
researches on improving the techniques and lowering the cost solar cells as they visualize solar
power as one of the ultimate future energy which is environmental friendly and can be highly
efficient.
One of the advancements towards receiving a large amount of sunlight is Tethered
concentrated Solar Power
A small number of volunteer engineers and scientists are working on what they think will be a
low cost approach to solar energy. Sunlight for electricity production would be concentrated at
20,000 meters (12.4 miles, i.e. the stratosphere), and come down to the surface in a hollow light
pipe tethered to the ground. The light would be converted to heat at the ground, and used to drive
combined cycle turbines to make electricity. They can be located almost anywhere, even places
with lots of clouds. The volunteer research is being done at a company called StratoSolar.
It is a good place to collect solar energy. It is above 95% of the earth's atmosphere so there is
much less of the atmosphere to absorb sunlight. There is no dust so the surfaces don't need
cleaning. The winds are usually calm and there are no clouds, making the collection of solar
power almost completely predictable. The plants can be placed near loads, reducing transmission
cost and losses. It would take only 15,000 one-GW plants to replace all current sources of
energy.

Page | 22

How Tethered Concentrated Solar Power Would Work


The tethered CSP design consists of a reflector made of many small (50-meter) elements,
arranged as an off-axis parabolic reflector. Look for one of those DISH TV antennas in your
neighborhood and scale it up in your mind by a factor of 4000 in diameter, 160 lakh in area.
Such a dish at 20 km would collect about 4 GW of sunlight from the time the sun comes up over
the eastern horizon to when it goes down over the western horizon.
The individual segments of reflective plastic would have computer-controlled rapid
movement with a range of perhaps 2 degrees. The whole dish structure is kept pointed at the sun
within a degree by a combination of aerodynamic vanes, fans on the scale of large wind turbines,
and reaction on the light pipe. The concentrated light from the primary collector bounces off a
secondary mirror and into a hollow light pipe that conducts it to the ground.
At the ground, concentrated sunlight (~6 MW per square meter) heats air to 1400 oC at 20
bar, half of which runs an ordinary 60% efficient combined cycle power plant. The other half is
directed into a buried 70,000-cubic-meter chamber half filled with firebrick (or other heat storage
media). At night heated air is drawn from the heat store and used to power the turbines until
dawn. A cheap firebrick at 1400 K has about the same energy stored in it as an expensive lithium
ion battery of the same size.
Problems
The buoyancy gas must be hydrogen in metalized plastic bags. There just isn't enough
helium available and it is far too expensive. They think of separating the hydrogen from
air by a meter of nitrogen will cope with the problem of hydrogen fires.
The light pipe is exposed to the worst of weather and wind. Lightning and electrical
discharge is a concern.
Ozone and UV at high elevations will be problems that require careful materials
selection.
It is hazardous to aircrafts.
So, still researches are being conducted to improve this method.
New improved and innovative researches on lowering the cost of solar energy
1. Based on the photon-enhanced thermionic emission (PETE) process, a new
solar-energy device is about 100 times more efficient than its previous design.
(New research from Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences
(SIMES))
Conventional photovoltaic cells use a portion of the suns spectrum of wavelengths to generate
electricity. But PETE uses a special semiconductor chip to make electricity by using the entire
spectrum of sunlight, including wavelengths that generate heat. In fact, the efficiency of
thermionic emission improves dramatically at high temperature. The heart of the improved PETE
chip is a sandwich of two semiconductor layers: One is optimized to absorb sunlight and create
long-lived free electrons, while the other is designed to emit those electrons from the device so
they can be collected as an electrical current. A cesium oxide coating on the second layer eases
the electrons passage from the chip.
Page | 23

Working: Concentrated sunlight heats up the devices semiconductor cathode to more than
degrees centigrade. Photo excited hot electrons stream out of the cathodes Nano textured
underside down to the anode, where they are collected as direct electrical current. Additional
solar and device heat is collected below the anode to run electricity-generating steam turbine.
2. Solar cells based on organic materials that possess electrodes that are both
flexible and transparent (FLEXTRODES) New research from the Okinawa
Institute of Science and Technology (OIST)
Traditional silicon-based solar cells are expensive to make because of the cost of the raw
materials and stringent fabrication requirements. Silicon-based solar cells are also rigid and
opaque, meaning their usage and placement is limited. These flexible conductive materials are
also transparent. The fabrication of the Flextrodes, as these flexible transparent electrodes have
been named is more cost effective and potentially easier to fabricate using a method called rollto-roll coating, due to their flexible nature. For example, the main component for fabricating
Flextrodes is PET, the same inexpensive and readily available plastic that comprises disposable
drink bottles. In addition, their use and placement is potentially much more diverse than the
silicon cells. For example, they may even be placed on windows since the organic solar cells can
be made partially transparent.
3. A simple and economical way of processing to fabricate Graphene-based solar
cell (Research developed by Gujarat Energy and Research Management
Institute (GERMI)
Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, has many novel
properties. It has high electrical conductivity (better than copper) and very high (90%)
transparency makes Graphene an ideal material for fabrication of transparent and current
spreading electrodes. Graphene can be used to produce low-cost solar cells; the cost of setting up
such plants will come down substantially. Further improvements can be achieved.
4. Continuous Flow Solar Micro-reactor
The method involves the use of a continuous flow micro-reactor to make nano particle inks that
produce solar cells by printing. Current approaches based mainly on batch operations are more
time-consuming and more expensive. In the new process, simulated sunlight is focused on a solar
micro- reactor to quickly heat it. The micro-reactor allows for accurate control of temperature to
enhance the quality of the finished product. In these experiments, light was produced artificially,
but the process could be done with direct sunlight, and at a fraction of the cost of current
methods. The system can synthesize solar energy materials in minutes compared to other
processes that might take
minutes to two hours. This gain in operation speed can lower cost.
5. Thin Film Solar Cells
Solar materials in the experiment were fabricated using copper indium diselenide, but to
lower material costs it might also be possible to use a compound such as copper zinc tin sulfide.
To make the process something that could go 24 hours a day, sunlight might at first be used to
create molten salts which could be used later as an energy source for the manufacturing. This
could provide even more control precision in the processing temperatures required to create the
Page | 24

solar energy materials. Modern chalcogenide-based, thin film solar cells have reached a solar
energy conversion efficiency of about 20 per cent in the laboratory, researchers said, while
costing less than silicon technology. Further improvements in efficiency should be possible.
Another advantage of these thin-film approaches to solar energy is that the solar absorbing layers
are, in fact, thin - about 1-2um, instead of the 50-100um of more conventional silicon cells. The
thinness could ease the incorporation of solar energy into structures.
6. New Stacked Solar Cells
Semprius Inc., an innovator in high concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) solar modules, has
manufactured the first four-junction, four-terminal stacked solar cell using its proprietary micro
transfer printing process. The new stacked solar cell is comprised of a three-junction microcell
that is stacked on top of a single-junction germanium microcell using Semprius high-speed
micro transfer printing process, which enables the simultaneous formation of thousands of
stacked microcells with very high yields. By using four junctions, the stacked cell is able to
capture light across a broader portion of the solar spectrum and therefore achieve efficiencies
much higher than conventional silicon and thin-film single-junction solar cells. Initial trials
yielded solar cells with measured efficiencies up to 43.9 percent. This process is capable of
achieving solar cell efficiencies greater than 50 percent in the near future.
Tenzin Choney
3rd Year, EEE

Page | 25

PROPELLER CLOCK DISPLAY


Propeller clock display also known as 7 LEDs innovation. Here 7 LEDs are used which
are displaying digital and analog time programmed by the microcontroller/ microprocessors.
Decoder IC is used to decode IR waves from the remote and insert the time we desire. This
feature creates wireless communication between the display and the input applied. The motor
used rotates at a very fast speed and this display is achieved. The basic idea is based on Propeller
mechanism. Entire display is done by using 7 LEDs only which are rotated at various speeds by
DC motor. This kind of display can be useful anywhere where size, speed and cost matters.
Basic materials required: - Hall Effect Sensor, IR Decoder IC, Microcontroller/microprocessor,
Propeller clock control, 7 LEDs.
1. INTRODUCTION
It is to control LEDs connected in a row to display some images, and function it as a
clock that may be analog or digital. An array of LEDs, microcontroller, and infrared receiver are
placed on the board and are rotated by a motor at a very high rpm. Since microcontroller is
programmed using certain algorithm so at the same time, the board functions as a clock.
Automatic control is achieved by using an Infrared remote control for time setting and function
selecting like switching from analog to digital mode or vice versa. This gives an idea that the
display is an automatic clock either in digital mode or analog mode. The implemented LEDs turn
on and off, very rapidly one after other. Naturally the human eye responds slowly and we get an
impression that the lights are on all together making the display readable. A few LEDs placed in
a row are attached to a rotating board. They turn on and off at very definite and precise time
intervals. All we can see are the lighted dots from the LEDs making a readable display that
seems to float.
2. SCANNING MECHANISM
Mechanical scanning is performed in the clock. When the motor is turned on, the
connected 7 LEDs are scanned line by line at a very fast speed which makes the observer to
observe those LEDs as a display clock rather simple seven LEDs.
3. PROCESSING COMPONENT
89C52 Microcontroller: - Atmels 8 c Microcontroller IC is used here. The entire processing
depends upon programming the microcontroller.
4. IMPLEMENTATION MATERIAL
A. Hall Effect Sensor:Sensors are most important tool used. A sensor that gives variation in the output voltage
with reference to the change in the magnetic field is called a hall affect sensor. It can be used
for switching and speed detection purposes. In the working scenario electricity carried
Page | 26

through a conductor will produce a magnetic field that varies with current, and an interesting
feature of this sensor is that, it can be used to measure the current without interrupting the
circuit. They are also used with brushless DC motors to detect the position of the permanent
magnet. The need of this sensor is to detect the position of permanent magnet and produce
respective voltage which in turn controls the rotation. This makes the clock display clear.
When used with microcontrollers they may require some interfacing circuitry. The interface
section basically depends upon the sensor used.
B. Encoder:A device which converts a signal or certain data into code is called an encoder. Analog or
digital encoders are found in many applications. Encoding in analog devices is done using analog
circuitry, while in digital the encoding is done using program algorithms.
C. Decoder:A Decoder decodes an encoded signal or encoded data. They are helpful in retrieving the data
that had been encoded. Whenever encoders are used they are complimented by decoders as well.
Here both are used to decode and encode the information obtained from the sensor for the
microcontroller to process. Here TX-2B is used for decoding purpose. It is a CMOS LSI
designed for remote controlled applications.
D. LEDs:Seven blue LEDs are used to display clock digits for digital clock
and clock arms for analog clock time period. One red LED is used to make a
circular frame, while one yellow LED is used to form numbers in the analog
clock fig.
E. IR Transmitter:A Low cost miniature plastic package used for specific online and radiant intensity
ranges is called an Infrared Transmitter.
5. SIMULATION SOFTWARE AND TOOLS
Few software and Simulators are used like, Edsim Simulator, Multisim 11 and
Microvision Keil. Edsim Simulator is used to perform simulation of Assembly code, so first we
checked our program in Edsim and checked all the values of registers like Accumulator and so
on. In Multism11 we designed the schematic of the project. Microvision Keil software was used
to convert the Assembly code to HEX file and for uploading the program from the computer to
programmer. We have used ATMEL series programmer in which we can program various
ATMELs ICs and AVR too.

Page | 27

6. CONCLUSION
Speed of the LED's (Frame rate):The rotational speed of the LED's affects directly how many pictures can be displayed in a
Second. This corresponds to the frame rate. On a modern TV, the frame rate is 100Hz. More the
frame rate, the less flickering of the picture. Because on the Propeller Display the picture is
scanned mechanically, it is not easy to achieve high frame rates. The propeller has to be very
well balanced to keep vibrations as low as possible and keep the speed of the rotating LED's as
high as possible.
The idea behind using the propeller mechanism was to design a display. We choose a
clock as our display idea and successfully implemented it. The clock works in both modes analog
and digital Interesting feature was making it remote control and wireless. It was also achieved
using IR sensor. It is helpful wherever there is a need of automatic display.

Ujjal Das,
2 year,EEE.
nd

Page | 28

Reactive power and its compensation in transmission lines


Reactive Power
Reactive power is the form of magnetic energy flowing per unit time in an electric circuit.
Its unit is VAR (Volt Ampere Reactive). This power can never be used in an AC circuit.
However, in an electrical DC circuit it can be converted into heat as when a charged capacitor or
inductor is connected across a resistor, the energy stored in the element get converted to heat.
Our power system operates on AC system and most of the loads used in our daily life are
inductive or capacitive, therefore reactive power is a very important concept from electrical
perspective. The electrical power factor of any equipment determines the amount of reactive
power it requires. It is the ratio of real or true power to the total apparent power required by an
electrical appliance.
Reactive power is always present in a circuit where there is a phase difference between
voltage and electric current in that circuit such as all our domestic loads are inductive. So, there
is a phase difference between voltage and current, and the current lags behind the voltage by
certain angle in time domain. An inductive component takes the lagging reactive power and a
capacitive component absorbs the leading reactive power, here lagging reactive power refers to
magnetic energy and leading reactive power refers to electrostatic energy.
Use of Reactive Power
In an electrical machine, the energy conversion needs a magnetic domain to convert its
form. In an electrical motor, the required magnetic domain is produced by reactive power which
it takes from the supply. Today almost every electrical load needs reactive power to run in spite
of real power. Even in an electrical transformer which is the basic unit of power system, primary
input current is lagging as it takes lagging VAR to magnetize its core and transfer the power
through mutual induction.
Reactive Power in Transmission Line
In an electrical power transmission line, the flow of reactive power in the line decides the
receiving end voltage. Managing voltage level at the receiving end is very important as higher
voltage can damage the consumers equipment and there will be a great loss. In many cases, we
see sudden voltage rise or fall due to lightning or due to any fault on the healthy phases and in
any case damage to the equipment occurs.
Reactive Power Compensation
Excess of reactive power and its scarcity needs proper monitoring. For this purpose,
compensation is done by using various devices. Here the reactor absorbs excess reactive power
whereas the capacitor supplies for makeup of reactive power in cases of high demand. For low
electrical power factor loads, the reactive power demand is very high. Therefore, we need to
increase the power factor using capacitor bank. This reduces the VAR demand by supplying the
appropriate amount of reactive power to load. Other methods include use of shunt capacitor,
synchronous phase modifiers, on-load tap changing transformer and shunt reactor.
An overexcited synchronous motor is used in shunt with the load. It serves as a capacitor
and is also called synchronous condenser. A shunt reactor is used for the reduction of electrical
power factor. In the on-load tap changing transformers, turns ratio is adjusted accordingly to
maintain the desirable voltage level as the voltage difference between the sending and receiving
end determines the reactive power.
Shweta Rani,
3rd Year
Page | 29

Piezoelectric Transducers
It is the conversion of electrical pulses to mechanical vibrations and the conversion of
returned mechanical vibrations back into electrical energy. Its major application is in the
ultrasonic testing and is also used in many field radios and microphones because they can
convert electricity into mechanical action and vice versa. Piezoelectric transducers release
electricity when pressed, they are used in many types of electric starters.
In the conversion process an active element is used. These active element is basically a
piece of polarized material (some part are positive while others are negative) with electrode
attached to two of its opposite faces. When an electric field is applied across the material, the
polarized molecules will align themselves with the electric field resulting in induced dipole
within the molecules or crystal structure of the material. This alignment of molecules will cause
the material to change dimensions. This phenomenon is known as electrostriction. Materials with
crystal lattices can store energy or release it as electricity when put under physical stress.e.g. a
permanently-polarized material such as quartz (SiO2) or barium titanate (BaTiO3) will produce
an electric field when the material changes dimensions as a result of an imposed mechanical
force. This phenomenon is known as the piezoelectric effect. It can be used as both sensor and
actuator so term as transducer.
Piezoelectric Sensor
The sensor turns mechanical energy into electric potential. The high sensitivity of
piezoelectric transducers makes them useful in microphones, where they convert sound pressure
into electric voltage, in precision balances, in accelerometers and motion detectors, and as
generators and detectors of ultrasound. They are also used in non-destructive testing, in the
generation of high voltages, and in many other applications requiring the precise sensing of
motion or force. It is also used to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, strain or force by
converting them to an electrical charge.
Piezoelectric Actuator
The actuator converts electrical energy into mechanical force or motion. The
piezoelectric effect also works in reverse, in that a voltage applied to a piezoelectric material will
cause that material to bend, stretch, or otherwise deform. This deformation is usually very slight
and proportional to the voltage applied, and so the reverse effect offers a method of precision
movement on the micro scale. A transducer may, therefore, be used as an actuator for the exact
adjustment of fine optical instruments, lasers, and atomic force microscopes.
Application of Piezoelectric Transducer
Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various
processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control and for research and development
in many industries. Although the piezoelectric effect was discovered by Pierre Curie in 1880, it
was only in the 1950s that the piezoelectric effect started to be used for industrial sensing
applications. Since then, this measuring principle has been increasingly used and can be regarded
as a mature technology with an outstanding inherent reliability. It has been successfully used in
various applications, such as in medical, aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and as a tilt sensor
in consumer electronics or a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones. In the

Page | 30

Automotive industry, piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion when


developing internal combustion engines.
The rise of piezoelectric technology has many advantages. The high modulus of elasticity
of many piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many metals and goes up to 106 N/m.
Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems that react to compression, the
sensing elements show almost zero deflection. This is the reason why piezoelectric sensors are so
rugged, have an extremely high natural frequency and an excellent linearity over a wide
amplitude range. Additionally, piezoelectric technology is insensitive to electromagnetic fields
and radiation, enabling measurements under harsh conditions.
One disadvantage of piezoelectric sensors is that they cannot be used for truly static
measurements. A static force will result in a fixed amount of charges on the piezoelectric
material.
Conclusion
These transducers are simple, reliable, and very robust, and so find wide use in industry,
medicine, and aero-space work. They're unaffected by external electromagnetic fields, and so can
be used in applications where electronic sensors would fail. They are stable over a broad range of
temperatures, but may be affected by long use as high temperatures. These include wide range of
future scope, research work and technological advancement.
Nanhi Kiran
2nd Year

Page | 31

Autonomous hybrid PV/wind/diesel power system for


powering a remote Tehsil in Arunachal Pradesh

Renewable energy technologies offer the promise of clean, abundant energy gathered from selfrenewing resources such as the sun, wind, water, earth, and plants. Hybrid power systems
consist of a combination of renewable energy sources such as: photovoltaic (PV), wind
generators, hydro, etc. to charge batteries and provide power to meet the energy demand,
considering the local geography and other details of the place of installation. These types of
systems are very useful in the areas which are unable to connect to the utility grid. But special
attention is required before implementing the hybrid systems. One major issue is the variable and
unpredictable character of energy supply from renewable sources.

Objective
In this project a linear model of a standalone hybrid renewable energy system has been
developed (PV, wind turbine, diesel generator) and optimized for minimum operating and
installation cost using Matlab /Simulink. The model is useful for simulation of autonomous
hybrid PV-wind system, not connected to a grid. Blocks like wind model, PV model, battery
model, diesel generator model, energy conversion and load are implemented and the results of
simulation are also obtained.

The system consists of a load profile representing a base station, PV panels and a wind
turbine as renewable power sources, batteries for storing excess energy and to improve the
system reliability, a diesel generator for backup power as well as dummy load for dumping
excess power. The buses are joined through a bidirectional power converter. The system model
Page | 32

has been implemented with MATLAB/Simulink. The controller oversees the power
flows within the whole system and triggers the diesel generator when needed. The load is
assumed to be that of a real data collected from Leporiang, Arunachal Pradesh. As further
input, the model uses data of the insolation, wind speeds (latitude 27.12 longitude 93.2E) .Using
a 1 sec interval, the system has been simulated for a time frame of 24 sec assumed for 24 hour.
Then, system performance has been analyzed and total operation costs have been computed.
Key parameters of the components and the system settings are then varied and the
simulation has been repeated, with the goal to minimize overall cost. At each point in time, the
load needs to be covered and therefore the equilibrium of generated, stored and used power
needs to be satisfied. This is achieved by redirecting power from or into the batteries using the
control strategy implemented in the Battery Management System. Furthermore the constraints
for the model components need to be fulfilled.
The optimization problem is formulated, in this work, to achieve a minimum total cost for
the system components and to ensure that the load is served reliably. The results yield, also, that
the PV-wind hybrid energy systems are the most economical and reliable solution for
electrifying remote area loads like to that of LEPORIANG in Arunachal Pradesh. The load
following strategy provides best result relative to leveled cost of operation and energy
consumption. The excess dumped load can be used to as an electrolytic hydrogen generator
which uses the dumped power to separate hydrogen from water and can be used as further energy
sources whenever necessary as a future prospect. Hence we developed a linear model of a
standalone hybrid renewable energy system and optimize it for minimum operating cost and
installations.

Devnath sah,
3rd, EEE

Page | 33

How to prepare for IES


Indian Engineering Services abbreviated as IES are the civil services that meet the technical
and managerial functions of the Govt. of India. The task of those selected for IES is to manage a
large segment of Public sector economy which comprises of Railroads, Public works, Power,
Telecommunications etc. For further details regarding application form and registration
procedure candidate may visit UPSC official website www.upsc.gov.com. One may choose any
of the following stream according to his convenience.

Civil Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Every year, lakhs of engineering graduates compete in the IES exam for a few hundred seats.
Perhaps, this is why IES exam is considered to be a very tough exam not just in India but the
world over. Owing to the degree of toughness of the exam, the candidates who clear the IES
exam and become IES officers enjoy immense respect and stature in the society.
The examination comprises a written test followed by a personal interview. Usually written test
takes almost 3 days and then dates of PI are announced by the authority as per their convenience
and the merit.
Number of days: 3 Number of hours: 10 hours
Total marks: 1,200 (Written and personnel interview)
Written test (Type: Descriptive and objective) Total marks: 1,000
Paper

Type

Subject

Marks

Paper I

Objective

General Ability Test


Part A: General English

200

Paper II

Objective

Electrical Engineering

200

Day - 2
2 hours

Paper III

Objective

Electrical Engineering

200

Day - 2
2 hours

Paper IV

Conventional (Subjective)

Electrical Engineering

200

Paper V

Conventional (Subjective)

Electrical Engineering

200

Day - 3
2 hours
Day - 3 &
2 hours

Total

Day/
Hours
Day - 1
2 hours

1000

Page | 34

Page | 35

FINAL
YEAR
PROJECT
S
Expert Supervisor:
Prof. Saibal Chattarjee
NERIST
Page | 36

Study and Design analysis of small hydro power plant analysis in Arunachal
Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh, the land of rising sun is considered to have maximum hydro potential in the
country with bury of rivers, small streams and water outlets from mountains. With the dissemination of
knowledge, many small hydro power plant are being developed in the remote areas which are either grid
connected or stand alone.

Challenges:

Finding the location of power plant


Communication
Study of the hydro potential
Observation of working and reliability of power plant
Analysis of power plant using software.

Literature Survey:
Arunachal Pradesh is situated in the North-Eastern part of India with 83743 sq. kms area and has a long
international border with Bhutan to the west (160 km), China to the north and north-east (1,080 km) and
Myanmar to the east (440 km). It is situated between latitude 26 30' N and 29 30 ' N and longitude 91
30' E and 97 30' E. Rivers divide the state into five river valleys: the Kameng, the Subansiri, the Siang,
the Lohit and the Tirap. Arunachal Pradesh receives heavy rainfall of 2,000 to 4,100 millimetres (79 to
161 in) annually, most of it between May and September.
Finding:
We visited two power plant of Arunachal Pradesh namely Tago Hydro power plant located in near Ziro
and Gching Hydro power plant located near Aalo(previously named Along). Tago hydel was grid
connected and supply its produce only to the grid rather than making the generation available for local
use. Gching hydel was for local use and was a standalone system. The produce was used for the use for
nearby village.
Contribution:
The study made led to the following conclusion:
1. There is no proper voltage and frequency regulating device in the generating station.
2. Reliability is least on both the power plant
3. Voltage stability is one of the major problems in both the plant.
4. Power Quality was hazardous mainly in the case of Gching power plant.
5. Manpower were not much efficient to give necessary results and check the problems.
6. The potential can be tapped in more proper way and optimized plant can be developed.
As per observation and study of plant a prototype was developed by our team using MATALB
SIMULINK. The model was checked with some of the voltage and frequency regulating schemes. Further
addition filter for the system were added to reduce harmonics of the system. The voltage was controlled
using voltage regulator modeled. The changes are recommended as a part of the project for introducing it
in the power plant for the betterment and reduction of the impact by issues existing presently.

Guide By:
Mr. Rajen Pudur, Mr. Rally Sango
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh

Submitted By:

Nupur, EEE, 4th Year


Deepa Nath, EEE, 4th Year
Yashini Nagarajan EEE, 4th Year
Page | 37

MATLAB Based Modeling of Electric Vehicle

The increasing environmental concerns and the fact that the Internal Combustion Engine
(ICE) vehicles produce many harmful gases viz. NO, CO, CO2, N2O, etc. did gave a rise in the
large scale development of electric vehicle. Electric vehicles offer a huge advantage over the
ICEs that their emission, which is zero. But, what has stopped the full scale production of
electric vehicles is their short range. Short range of electric vehicles is one of the stumbling
blocks in the way of electric cars to gaining wide user acceptance and becoming a major market
player.
The study proposes a basic architecture of the electric vehicle. A torque control algorithm
is proposed to control the speed of the electric vehicle running at a maximum rated speed. The
control and dynamics of braking is similar to a conventional vehicle with friction braking. In this
research, the MATLAB based model of a mid-sized electric vehicle is studied using MATLAB.
Through this model the practical working of a similar vehicle can be studies without any actual
implementation. From the results obtained we try to draw a conclusion on the difference in
energy recuperation level in the two strategies with consistent pedal feel in mind. Care has been
taken to observe and adjust brake torque such that wheel lock up is prevented. The results
provide a good case to invest more time and money into developing of electric vehicles for a
better and greener future. The simulation tests conducted in this research are for a longitudinal
braking scenario. Further investigation is required to study effects with lateral motion and
cornering manoeuvres.

Guided By:
Rajen Pudur
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Brajagopal Datta
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Submitted By:

Tejas Suyog Bachuwar, EEE 4th Year


Jitender Baitha , EEE 4th Year
Sumeet Gope, EEE 4th Year

Page | 38

DESIGN OF HYBRID ELECTRONIC FILTER TO MITIGATE


HARMONICS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
A flexible and versatile solution to voltage quality problems is offered by active power
filters. Currently they are based on PWM converters and used to connect to low and medium
voltage distribution system in shunt or in series. Active power filters can perform one or more of
the functions required to compensate power systems in improving power quality. Hybrid filter,
which is a combination of an shunt active filter and passive shunt filter is quite popular because
the solid-state devices used in the shunt active part can be of reduced size and cost (about 5% of
the load size) and the major part of the hybrid filter is made of the passive shunt or series L-C
filter used to eliminate lower order harmonics. It has the capability of reducing voltage and
current harmonics at a reasonable cost.
To provide high power quality at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) of power
distribution systems, elimination of the harmonics is indispensably necessary. The power quality
and allowable harmonic levels in power system are defined by International standards (like
IEEE-519-1992, IEC-61000). Hence , it is invariably necessary to design filters meeting the said
International standards. A shunt active filter and series LC pi filter is used in the present work to
mitigate the harmonics in distribution system. The simulation results of the same have been done
in the project for a distribution system of voltage 415V.

Guided By:
Mr. Rajen Pudur
Assistant Professor, EEE
Mr. Brajagopal Dutta
Assistant Professor, EEE

Submitted By:

Chagam Ashok Kumar Reddy, EEE 4th Year


Sujan Singh Meena, EEE 4th Year
Pawan Kumar Mahalawat, EEE 4th Year
Nitesh Kumar, EEE 4th Year

Page | 39

DESIGN OF HT & UNDERGROUNG LT LINES IN NIT JOTE USING


POWER WORLD SIMULATOR
Electric energy is the most popular form of energy, because it can be transported easily at
high efficiency and reasonable cost. Energy is considered for the economic development of a
country. The greater the per capita consumption of energy in a country, the higher is the standard
of living of its people.
The purpose of our project is to provide information about the technical merit and
challenges associated with Designing of underground high voltage electricity lines to be installed
at NIT Jote. So our holistic approach to the project is to make the electrical transmission and
distribution system more reliable, efficient and better outlook/infrastructure.
Our project is concerned with the installation of underground distribution system in NIT
Jote and monitoring the simulation in power world simulator. This is a new approach in the
region, which can really make a difference. We look towards as a culminating decision to carry
on, by assuming the condition and requirement of the electrification in the region (NIT Jote).
Issues discussed in the project include:

Types of Underground Electric Transmission Cables


Ancillary Facilities
Construction and Operation Considerations
Costs
Repairs

We are in a time of extra ordinary uncertainty and exceptional turbulence, what used to work
doesnt work now, so as to cope with futuristic approach of transmission system, we had to over
think our approach towards new ideas. That is underground power transmission system.
Those who resist changing and fearfully hang on to tradition same old practice in a
Completely new world will became extinct.

-Anonymous
Guide By:
Mr. Rajen Pudur
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh

Submitted By:

Hunpu Tangha, 4th Year


Amerjeet Kumar, 4th Year
Biraj Borah, 4th Year

Page | 40

Design and Implementation of Power Quality Improvement


Technique for 3-phase Distributed Generation System feeding
Single phase load.
Introduction: The energy crisis is one of the factors with maximum impact on the development
of society. Further with the wider distribution of population over the planet, isolated
communities started to develop leading to the idea of distributed generation. A low cost
generating system which can operate in remote areas is developed to feed single phase load using
an asynchronous machine.
Challenges:
1. Reactive power compensation.
2. Mitigation of unbalances
3. Harmonic reduction in the current and voltage waveform when fed on single phase loads.
4. Voltages sag and flicker reduction.
5. Single phase to three phase conversion
Literature Survey: Several techniques have been reported the literature by using suitable
arrangements for feeding single phase load by three phase load. But all the reported technique in
focuses mainly on voltage and frequency control to feed a three-phase four-wire loads. Due to
loads nonlinear behavior of such controllers they continuously inject into the asynchronous
machine. These harmonics in voltage and current increase the power losses create unwanted
heating and torque pulsating in the shaft of the generator and the machine.
Finding: No controller is reported so far which takes care of voltage and frequency control
without derating of the machine, removes the unbalances occurring in voltage and waveforms as
well as reduces harmonics in to complete system while a three-phase Induction Generator (IG)
feeds single-phase loads liner/nonlinear balanced/unbalanced.
Contribution: A three-phase self-excited generator in single-phase operation to feed singlephase loads employing different connection including Fukami Connection, Smith Connection,
Steinmitz Connection and C-2C Connection has been done. A control scheme is developed to
ensure balanced operation of overall system and to improve PQ of system. Design and analysis
of a STACOM based PQ improvement technique has been carried out in order to achieve current
and voltage balancing in a three-phase induction generator in a single-phase operation feeding
single-phase loads. The modeling of the overall system is carried out in Simulink and
performance of the overall system is to be studied. The PI controller gain constants have been
obtained on a trial and error basis in the work presented the available literature. The hardware
implementation of the system needs to be carried in order to validate the model. Results so
obtained will be compared with results of PQ improvement technique available in literature.

Guide By:
Mr. Abhishek Kumar
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh

Submitted By:

Bikash Sah, EEE, 4th Year;


Binod Sharma, EEE 4th Year
Tapash Nath,EEE 4th year;
Rahul Kumar, EEE 4th Year
Page | 41

Robust voltage and frequency controller for remote locations


As our project title reads obust voltage and frequency controller for remote locations we are
trying to implement a robust (strong and reliable) voltage and frequency controller for remote
locations.
What is voltage and frequency control?
of a system to keep it stable.

It is basically maintaining the voltage and frequency

Why remote locations: In a developing country like India, for all round development,
electrification of rural and remote locations is must. It has been seen that proper electrification of
a place leads to proper and rapid economic and social development. But at present we find that
the electrification of rural and remote places is not up to the mark. One major problem has been
the grid connectivity of these places. The grid connectivity is not adequate to meet the demands
of these places. One reason for this is the topographical conditions which pose difficulties for
grid connectivity or due to remote locations it is not economical (due to transmission losses).
But it has been found that such remote locations are generally rich in local natural
renewable resources like- water is available in bulk, solar insolation is high, wind blow at high
speeds. These resources are abundant and inexhaustible. So these resources must be utilized
properly. Small plants can be set up at such locations to meet the demands locally.
Since for these remote areas the power demand is small (several Kilowatts) and highly
variable. So for such plants uncontrolled turbines are preferred on economic grounds due to the
low demands but the problem arises due to the variable nature of the demand which varies
greatly over a day. Since uncontrolled turbines are used so with the variation of load there are
abrupt changes in the voltage and frequency of the system thereby making it unstable. The
frequency variation of 2% and term inal voltage variation of 5 from their nominal rated values
are generally acceptable. So we need a strong and reliable system to maintain the voltage and
frequency.
We are implementing a STATCOM based controller with Induction generator as the
machine. STATCOM regulates the voltage during load variation by fulfilling a continuous and
varying reactive power demand of generators and loads, while a dump load absorbs additional
generated power which is not consumed by the consumer loads so that total generated voltage at
the generators terminal remain constant which in turn regulates the system frequency. Induction
generators are preferred for such applications because it offers rugged brushless rotor
construction with least maintenance requirement over conventional generators along with several
other advantages.

Guide By:
Mr. Abhishek Kumar
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh

Submitted By:

Aman Parasar (4th Year, EEE)


Sandip Kumar (4th Year, EEE)
Aditya Yadav (4th Year, EEE)
Surendra Singh (4th Year, EEE)

Page | 42

Design of Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter with harmonic Filtering

In recent years, lack of adequate transmission capacity, limitations in constructing new


transmission lines, growing concern to the environment and emerging electricity market structure
have led to the increased use of Distributed Generation (DG), in the form of smaller size
generators installed at the power distribution level close to the end users. Many DG systems
employ renewable resources for electricity generation and, thus, help in mitigation of t he
adverse environmental impacts, being experienced due to the fossil fuel based centralized
generating plants. Among the renewable DG systems, Photo-Voltaic (PV) Solar systems have
attracted considerable attention and investment in several countries. The installation of low
(<10kW) and medium (<100kW) power PV generation systems is, particularly, increasing at the
Low Voltage (LV) distribution networks. Power outputs of PV arrays depend on solar insolation,
atmospheric temperature and the voltage level at which it is operating. The need of the hour is to
deliver a constant voltage to the grid irrespective of the variation in temperatures and solar
insolation. In this thesis, we had designed a circuit such that it directly delivers AC power to the
load. For this purpose two power stage conversion is used i.e. DC-DC Boost and AC-DC
inversion. The DC-DC boost converter is responsible for boosting the voltage and ensuring
MPPT (Maximum power point tracking) of the PV array. Once the value of voltage is boosted to
the required value it is fed to the inverter. In AC-DC inversion stage PLL (Phase Locked Loop)
is used to ensure synchronization between the output of PV array and the grid. The output AC
voltage obtained from the inverter can be directly fed to the loads or can be supplied to grid.

Guided By:
Mr. SHANTANU CHATTERJEE
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh

Submitted By:

Ankur Katiyar, EEE 4th Year


Abhishek Chauhan, EEE 4th Year
Pradeep Shaw, EEE 4th Year

Page | 43

Design of active power filter for non-linear load for harmonic reduction
In a normal alternating current power system, the current varies sinusoidal at a specific
frequency, usually 50 or 60 hertz. When a linear electrical load is connected to the system, it
draws a sinusoidal current at the same frequency as the voltage (though usually not in phase with
the voltage). Harmonics are caused by non-linear loads. When a non-linear load, such as a
rectifier, is connected to the system, it draws a current that is not necessarily sinusoidal. The
current waveform can become quite complex, depending on the type of load and its interaction
with other components of the system. Regardless of how complex the current waveform
becomes, as described through Fourier series analysis, it is possible to decompose it into a series
of simple sinusoids, which start at the power system fundamental frequency and occur at integer
multiples of the fundamental frequency. Further examples of non-linear loads include common
office equipment such as computers and printers, Fluorescent lighting, battery chargers and also
variable-speed drives. The most common harmonic in electrical power systems is the third.
Active power filters are widely used for the reduction of harmonics in the power system caused
by nonlinear loads. The conventional method to mitigate the harmonics is by using passive LC
filters but this method has drawbacks like large size, resonance problem and fixed compensation
behavior etc., so this solution becomes ineffective. Subsequently, the active power filter (APF)
comes in to the picture, which gives promising solution to compensate for the above adverse
effects of harmonics by using suitable control algorithms. Different APF topologies have been
proposed by many authors, such as series, shunt and hybrid type and these may be based on
current source or voltage source. Series APF is used to compensate the voltage harmonics and
shunt type for current harmonics. As non-linear loads inject current harmonics to the power
system, the suitable choice to eliminate current harmonics is voltage source shunt APF. The
Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) injects a suitable compensating current at a point of the line
known as the point of common coupling (PCC) so that the harmonics present in the line are
cancelled out and the sinusoidal nature of voltage and current waveforms are restored. A three
phase current controlled voltage source inverter (VSI) with a DC link capacitor across it is used
as an active filter. Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) algorithm is used to extract the
harmonic components. Hysteresis band current control (HBCC) technique is used for the
generation of firing pulses to the inverter. This system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink
and the results are presented.

Guide By:
Mr. SHANTANU CHATTERJEE
Assistant Professor, NIT Arunachal Pradesh

Submitted By:

Santosh Shukla, EEE 4th Year


Krishna Kumar, EEE 4th Year

Page | 44

NEWS
AND
VIEW
s
Page | 45

In-House workshop on Renewable source of Energy: As Future Energy


The growth of a nation largely depends on the availability of energy. The energy
consumption in the world has been increasing at an alarming rate for the past few decades. The
conventional energy resources such as coal, wood, diesel, petrol, natural gas, etc. are depleting.
To meet the future demands, a developing country like India needs to make effort in order to
increase the production of electricity by renewable source of energy.
By keeping in mind, the necessity to understand the basics of renewable energy;
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at NIT, AP conducted 4 days In-House
workshop from 11th Nov. 2013 to 14th Nov 2013, titled as Renewable source of Energy: As
Future Energy. The workshop was intended to familiarize and apprise the participants the
need and procedures of effective production of electricity by renewable energy sources.
Addressing the inaugural session, NIT Director Prof. C. T. Bhunia also the chairman of
the workshop stressed the need of innovation in technical education to do things differently and
efficiently rather than doing different things. With the idea energy saving is energy generation,
he desired that his students and faculty member concentrate on innovation in teaching
engineering design to improve efficiency and make it available to common use.
Earlier, in his address, Mr. Rajen Pudur, the convener of the workshop also HoD, EEE stated that
because of depleting fossil fuels and rise in their cost has put up the responsibility on the
technical institution to develop the efficient, sustainable and viable energy sources to meet out
the ever increasing demand of energy.
The faculty coordinator of the seminar Mr. Abhishek Kumar, (Asst. prof. Dept. of EEE)
put forward the theme of the workshop, as it is conceptualized in such a way so as to encompass
all the prospects of renewable energy and achieve maximum benefits for electrical engineers.
The resource person of the workshop includes Dr. Praveen Kumar from IIT Guwahati, Dr.
Sarsing Gao from NERIST and Er. Tanya Taji from NEEPCO.
Hence the workshop was of great success with the participation of more than 150 students of
EEE department!!!!!!!!

Page | 46

Department of EEE transformed into EE


The department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been renamed as department
of Electrical Engineering to reflect the increasing focus on the core subject of Electrical
Engineering. Previously the course structure of Electrical Engineering included some subjects
which were related to electronics. But focusing on the demand of core Electrical Engineers who
expertise in all the subjects of electrical the department had replaced some subjects with the core
subjects.

Mr. Rajen Pudur, HoD EEE presented paper in International


Conference PES IEEE, Hong Kong
Head of department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at NIT Arunachal Pradesh
participated and presented his paper in international conference organized by
Power and Energy Society of IEEE at Hong-Kong, China on 11th December
1 . The title of the paper was as Harnessing Hydro-Electric Power Using
Savonius rotor coupled with asynchronous generator connected to grid. The
paper investigated the feasibility of using vertical axis turbine for hydropower
generation. The presentation included the electricity generation phenomena
by river water using Savonius rotor coupled with asynchronous generator
connected to grid with the help of MATLAB/Simulink.
The department of EEE has privilege to have such distinguished faculty
member whose contribution towards the technical development of the society is highly obliged.
Surely our department will reach up to higher level of success under his leadership.

President gave New Year Message via Video Conference


Honrable President of India Pranab Mukherjee gave the New Year message to all the
students of NIT, IIT and some other central funded institutes on 1st January 2014. The main
focus of the talk was to motivate the engineering students towards the technical and social
development of the society in general and the people of India in particular, which is only
possible if the trained and skilled labor of India works for the country and utilizes their
knowledge and skills in the overall welfare of the country. The conference was organized in the
Seminar Hall at NIT A.P. Conference session started with the singing of National anthem.
Students from each department took part in the conference and felt motivated after the
programme.

Page | 47

NIT Directors meet took place at Rashtrapati Bhavan


A meeting of Directors of all National Institute of Technology took place at Rashtrapati
Bhavan in November 2013. Directors of all 30 NITs participated in the conference. The agenda
of the conference included the steps required for the technical development to meet national
development goals. Prof (Dr.) D. T. Bhunia, Director NIT Arunachal took part in the meet and
discussed various issues on the development of the technical infrastructure in the country in
general and in north east in particular. An action taken report was formed on the
recommendation of all the dignitaries present over there.

IEEE Workshop
The student chapter of IEEE was set up in our institute for the need of research and
development. This chapter promotes research in the field of engineering and makes student
aware from the various advancement made in the field of science and technology. In this context
the member student of the chapter organized two day workshop on ASP.Net with C#. the basic
concepts of Microsoft visual studio and some other technical software were discussed along
with the knowledge of ASP.Net. Students were trained to develop the dynamic web pages; also
they were assigned homework to develop their own website. Participants were very satisfied
with the knowledge and concepts they gained in this period.

2nd National Conference on "Futuristic Technical Education"


The NIT, AP has always implemented its policies in the most innovative way which is
ultimately helpful for the students in learning and understanding the concepts. In this context
NIT Arunachal organizes the national conference on the Futuristic Technical Education , where
various aspects on further development of the technical education are developed. This year NIT
A.P. will organize the 2nd edition of the National Conference on "Futuristic Technical
Education" at Yupia, Arunachal Pradesh during 7-8 November, 2014. The conference is to
debate and deliberate upon technical education to generate futuristic technical manpower in
India which will include the following sessions (not limited to):
Review of Technical Education System to India.
Existing Technical Education System in Developed Countries as compared to
developing countries.
Imbalance in Technical Education System (Regional/Courses).
Entrepreneurship & Innovation in Technical Education System.
Technical Education and Industrial co-operation.
Innovation in specific need of North-East Region in terms of appropriate technology.
Enhancing quality in Technical Education
Page | 48

Role

of private participation or partner in Technical Education.


Future generation of Technical Education
Research deliverables in Technical Education.
Ethnics in Technical Education.
Speakers will be invited scholars .They are Directors of NITs/IITs, Vice Chancellors of
Universities and eminent academicians /Policy makers are invited. Besides the contribution of
the above Scholars, the contributory papers based on peer-review will also be presented. Paper
only in electronic mode written in IEEE format are acceptable. The paper will be published in
the International Journal on Current Science & Technology, published by NIT Arunachal
Pradesh.

3rd NATIONAL ESSAY COMPETITION


Every year National Technology day is celebrated on 11th may being commemorated to
memories the anniversary of Shakti, the nuclear test held on 11th may 1998. The day glorifies the
importance of technology in prospective growth of human mankind. On 2012, NIT AP started to
observe technology day with 1st national student essay competition. This event is now regular
one. In year 2014, 3rd national essay competition is going to be organized. This year the undergraduate essay competition theme was India as you likes to see in the next decade. The main
focus of theme was to put the creativity of the students on the paper in the form of their views
regarding the face of next generation of our country. The medium of the essay was purely
English. For Post graduate student the title of essay was Entrepreneurship and innovation are
the need of the hour in India. The idea behind this theme was only to promote the
entrepreneurial mentality among the students so that they will create job rather than searching for
job.

Page | 49

TRAINING & PLACEMENT, NIT A.P.


The Training and Placement Cell of the institute centrally handles all aspects
of campus placements and internship for the graduating students of all
Departments. The Cell is well-equipped with excellent infrastructure to support
each and every stage of the placement processes. The T & P staff members and
student coordinators assist in arranging Pre-Placement Talks, Written Tests, Group
Discussions, and Interviews etc. as per the requirements of the Organizations.
The students of NIT AP are first ranking students as they got admitted on the
basis of JEE Mains rank through central counseling at the national level. They are
second to none in the country in terms of technical skill, analytical ability,
computer proficiency and general awareness. Here at NIT AP a holistic approach is
taken for making the students a real human being with required technical guidance
so as to make them a real ambassador to serve the nation more efficiently. This is
the reason that the very first batch of the institute has done miracles. Almost 90%
students including some who had gone abroad for higher studies; have got placed
from the institute out of which some had also got multiple offers. The data till date
is shown below.

Page | 50

Road to success is certainly not easy as it has long winding turns


but an unfailing heart and mind is capable of overcoming all meandering
twists and turns. We at NIT Arunachal believe that the difference
between a successful and unsuccessful person lies only in their attitude
and state of minds. The students of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering have proved it by giving extra ordinary results during
placements as shown in pie chart.

Knowledge is indeed wealth, who better exemplifies it than the students of


NIT AP. It is their passion for learning, their hard work and determination
which has leaded them to success. Wishing a very bright future for them!!!!!!!

Page | 51

Creativ
e
Writings
Page | 52

Believe in yourself

Promise Yourself

Believe in yourself and you can achieve,


things you never thought possible

Promise yourself to be strong that nothing


can disturb your peace of mind.

Believe in yourself and you can discover,


talents new, that lies away hidden

To talk health, happiness and prosperity to


every person you meet

Believe in yourself and you can reach new


height that you thought unscalable

To make all your friends feel that there is


something in them

Believe in yourself and you can solve,


problems that defy any solution

To look at the sunny side of everything and


make your optimism come true

Believe in yourself and you can conquer,


any situation, however difficult

To think only the best to work only for the


best and expect only the best

Believe in yourself and you can make, the


most complicated thing seen simple

To be just as enthusiastic about the success


of other as you are about your own

Believe in yourself and you can learn, the


skill of gaining knowledge from experience

To forget the mistake of the past and press


on to the greater achievement of the future

Believe in yourself and you can enjoy, the


beauty in natures abundance

To wear a cheerful countenance at all the


times and give every living creature you
meet a smile

Believe in yourself and you can perceive,


new depth your senses can apprehend
Believe in yourself and you can perform,
way beyond your expectation
Believe in your goal and work towards it,
with determination and dedication

To give so much time to the improvement of


yourself that you have no tome to criticize
others
To be too large for worry, too noble for
anger, too strong for fear and too happy to
permit the presence of trouble

Believe in yourself and enhance output, by


contributing to a given solution
Believe in yourself and you will feel
blessed, as gods very own special
creation!!!!!!!!!

Page | 53

Positive Thinking

really matters. Thoughts can be proved as


good friend but it can also harm us.

It really makes a difference

Everyone in this entire world has a point of


view to look things differently, in their way.
They just think of good or bad. All of us
have the power of imagination, a power to
create ideas, a power to think.
Yes, Thoughts are what we are
talking about. We think of different things in
different scenario but does anybody have
thought about the thought? Has anybody
have any idea about the idea? Does they
ever imagine about the imagination? Most
probably not.
What
are
thoughts,
ideas,
views,
imaginations? Are they just the only way to
express in our style to others only? Let us
imagine a world of imagination, and think of
a world of thoughts to find the answer.
Sometimes situation comes in a mans life
when he feels all alone in the world. Ha did
not find anybody near him. The only thing
which helps him in this situation is his
thoughts. They act as a friend, a companion,
a mate and a mediator to know a person
through his eyes. But its the mentality that

Everything, every fact and every situation


has two aspects. This is positive and
negative. Negative thoughts obviously can
destroy us within a second. But the thing we
should think up is the positivity in the fact.
A positive thinking can make a difference to
our attitude and situation. We should always
try to find the positivity. But is this that
much easy? Most of the answer will be NO.
It is said that life has so much to teach us,
but the real man who finds the opportunity
and chances hidden in the fact. It is up to us
how we take situations. The thing which can
help us deciding the chance is our thinking.
If we think of bed, obviously nothing good
can happen to us.
Life is too short to live. So, why not find the
positivity in every fact and enjoy the life
without tension, stress and sadness.

Anonymous

Page | 54

Restless Mind and Calm Mind


A disciple and his teacher were walking through the forest. The disciple was disturbed by the
fact that his mind was in constant unrest.
He asked his teacher: "Why most people's minds are restless, and only a few possess a calm
mind? What can one do to still the mind?"
The teacher looked at the disciple, smiled and said:
"I will tell you a story. An elephant was standing and picking leaves from a tree. A small fly
came, flying and buzzing near his ear. The elephant waved it away with his long ears. Then the
fly came again, and the elephant waved it away once more."
This was repeated several times. Then the elephant asked the fly:
"Why are you so restless and noisy? Why can't you stay for a while in one place?"
The fly answered: "I am attracted to whatever I see, hear or smell. My five senses, and
everything that happens around me, pull me constantly in all directions, and I cannot resist them.
What is your secret? How can you stay so calm and still?"
The elephant stopped eating and said: "My five senses do not rule my attention. I am in control
of my attention, and I can direct it wherever I want. This helps me to get immersed in whatever I
do, and therefore, keep my mind focused and calm. Now that I am eating, I am completely
immersed in eating. In this way, I can enjoy my food and chew it better. I control my attention,
and not the other way around, and this helps me stay peaceful."
Upon hearing these words, the disciple's eyes opened wide, and a smile appeared on his face. He
looked at his teacher and said:
"I understand! My mind will be in constant unrest, if my five senses, and whatever is happening
in the world around me are in control of it. On the other hand, if I am in command of my five
senses, able to disregard sense impressions, my mind would become calm, and I will be able to
disregard its restlessness."
"Yes, that's right," answered the teacher," The mind is restless and goes wherever the attention is.
Control your attention, and you control your mind."

Page | 55

Get acquainted with the dignitaries of NIT AP


(Dr. S. K. Dutta)
OSD, NIT AP

Dr. S. K. Dutta, joined NIT Arunachal Pradesh as the head of department of


entrepreneurship course. Later he has hold the office of OSD (officer on special duty)/ registrar
in NIT A.P. Apart from this he is the professor in-charge of placement cell NIT A.P. NIT
Arunachal is today leading institute in placement and related activities under his supervision and
guidance.
Dr. Dutta completed B.Sc. from Calcutta University, M.A. in Sociology and
Anthropology (North Eastern Hill University, Shillong) and Ph.D. in Sociology from IIT Kanpur
and Post-doctoral from Centre Dectudes de Lasie du sud, EHESS, Paris. He worked for
years with the National Institute of Rural Development, Guwahati. He has been visiting scholar
since 1991 to 1993 to the universities/institute of repute in Europe, USA and Canada. In 2002,
He was an alumna of Regional Community Forest Training center, Kasetsart university Bangkok
and
was a visiting scholar in Maison Des Science De Lhome Paris, France under indoFrench exchange program. He worked as director SIRD, Govt. of West Bengal and professor and
PGP (Chairman) at the business school of Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology
University, Bhubaneswar on Deputation. Apart from contributing articles to various journals of
national and international repute, He has completed 21 sponsored projects and has written four
books namely
1.
2.
3.
4.

The functioning of Autonomous district council in Meghalaya


Empowering Rural Woman
Institution for development: the case of Panchayat
Sociology at workplace

His main areas of interests are social Stratification and Inequality, Rural Development
and Agrarian Studies, Problems of Underdevelopment, Ethnicity and employment, Decentralized
planning, Panchayat, Women Studies, Joint forest management, Social Engineering and
Entrepreneurship.
Face 2 face with Dr. S. K. Dutta Sir
Question: How is your teaching experience being with the students of NIT AP?
Answer: It was indeed an excellent experience I had while teaching the B. Tech students of
NIT A.P. Of course the course I taught on Entrepreneurship, which was not the major subject
of engineering but it will definitely help them in their future carrier development and many
more opportunities.
Similarly, while teaching the M. Tech course on Appropriate technology and
Entrepreneurship practices I encounter several question as the students cant be an
aspirant for job rather they have to create opportunities for others. Its a collaborative
programme and presently they are in Hyderabad with NIRD and visiting lot of enterprises
and had developed confidence to open enterprise by themselves.
Page | 56

Question: Throw some light on your best moments pertaining to teaching and working with the
students of NIT Arunachal Pradesh!
Answer: My teaching is dialogue not monologue i.e., more interactive where the students are
thrown for exclusive learning. This is I practice and got a good result. I am sure those who took
interest they have gained a lot.
Secondly, The cultural festival Atulyam 2013, where the students whole heartedly
participated and therefore it was successful. Of course, I had many other plans which I could not
do.
Question: What is the distinguished factor of NIT A.P. which makes it different from other
prestigious institutions?
Answer: Their difficulty to say now as facilities are yet to be provided. With minimum facilities
the students are doing excellent. But more creative work like Roshni need to be developed and
has to be carried by the juniors as well.
Question: In your opinion what are the novel activities a student can perform in NIT Arunachal
Pradesh looking at the geographical condition of the region?
Answer: NIT needs to bridge the gap between the NIT community and the larger society around.
A strategy needs to be developed by the students and faculty together to develop the life and
living of the entire region.
Question: Does the environment of Yupia suites for an engineering student? What is your
opinion!
Answer: Environment is not bed, the only problem is road infrastructure which needs to be
developed. Communication is another constraint. I did try once in consultation with the district
administration but failed. We need to work conjointly and then this would definitely be possible.
Question: What difference did you see among the students on NIT AP and other prestigious
institution being the T&P in-charge?
Answer: Main problem is the infrastructure, we dont have placement cell as such where the
company executives generally interact with T&P in-charge as well as with the students. Most of
the good institutions are having this facility, so that student coordinators play an important role
and are very active, which is lacking in our institute. Due to less number of students the
corporates are reluctant to visit us, therefore the only option is pool campus placement process
which we are availing but we need to do lot and for which student cooperation is necessary, but
we hardly get good response from them.
Question: Please give us some tips to increase efficiency while studying.
Answer: one should regularly go through the aptitudes either he has placed or not. Many books
are available in market. One can procure those books or else ask our library to get those. I am
sure our director is quite open and liberal in getting those for your benefit.
Question: Any message that you would like to give for NITians!
Answer: Be honest, bold and creative!!!
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FEEDBACK FORM
VIDYUT SANCHAR
To be filled by Reader
(Submit in the VIDYUT BOX at machine laboratory, NIT AP
Or mail us at vidyutsanchaar.eee.nitap@gmail.com)
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