ANALYTIC POLYNOMIALS

First note that

is a DIRECT FUNCTION of x+iy (its (x+iy)2
&
is not a DIRECT FUNCTION of x+iy
Defn A polynomial p(x, y)will be called an
if k , s.t.
(means complete)
2
n
P(x, y) = 0+1(x+iy)+2(x+iy) .. n(x+iy)
Then, we will say that p(x, y) is a polynomial in z &
p(z) = 0+1z+2z2 .. nzn
.
(
(
( )
(

)
)

.
.

Let if possible suppose, it is an analytic poly.

(
) x, y ..(*)
i.e.

taking y = 0
i.e.
i.e.
but 2 = 1
(
)
i.e.
by (*)
a contradiction
(
)
(
)
(
).
.
(
)
. .
(
)
(
)
n
def let u(x, y) and v(x, y) be real valued function and
f(x, y) = u(x, y )+iv (x, y)
then the partial derivative of f (if exists) are
fx(x, y) = ux(x, y)+i vx(x, y)
fx(x, y) = uy(x, y)+i vy(x, y)
Proposition 2.3 A polynomial p(x, y) is analytic iff py= ipx
Proof
forward part : let p(x, y) be analytic
p(x, y) = 0+1(x+iy)+2(x+iy)2 .. n(x+iy)n
(
)
(
)
(
i.e. px(x, y) =
(
)
(
)
(
&
py(x, y) =
Follows
Py(x, y)= ipx(x, y)
done
Converse part
let py = ipx
[TS : p(x, y) is an analytic poly.]

)
)

let p(x, y) = q0+q1 +q2 +......+qn

where, qn : sum of all nth degree term
WLOG qn 0xn 1xn 1 2xn 2y2 . nyn
We shall make use of the fact that
Py =ipx
i.e. (qn)y = i(qn)x
so let us 1st consider,
qn( ) 0xn 1xn 1 2xn 2y2 n-2x2yn 2 n 1xyn 1 nyn
i.e. (qn)y =
1xn 1 2xn 2
3xn 3y2 .. (
)n 2x2yn 3+(n 1)n 1xyn 2 nyn 1
&
(qn)x
0xn 1+(n 1)1xn 2y+(n )2xn 3y2 .. n 2xyn 2 n 1yn 1+0

. . .

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CAUCHY RIEMANN EQUATION (POLYNOMIAL CASE)
Let p(x, y) be a polynomial
p(x, y) = u(x, y)+i v(x, y)
NOTE : using previous theorem we can say that p(x, y) is an analytic polynomial.
iff py(x, y)=i px(x, y)
iff uy(x, y)+i vy(x, y) = i {ux(x, y)+ vx(x, y)}
iff ux = vy and uy
vx called CAUCHY RIEMANN EQ.
Example1: pg 23
b
v
.
Reason : let p(x, y) = u+iv say
if possible p(x, y) = u+iv be non constant anal. polynomial s.t. p(x, y) is real valued.
v = 0 (hence vx = vy = 0)
But, p is analytic

 ux = vy and uy = vx [C-R EQn]

i.e. ux = uy = 0
i.e. u is constant,
contradiction

.
is analytic
let p(x, y) = x2 y2 +2ixy
= u(x, y)+i v(x, y)
say
Also, ux = 2x and vy = 2x
uy = 2y and vy = 2y
i.e. ux = vy and uy = vx
i.e. p(x, y) satisfies the C R eqn
i.e. p(x, y) is an analytic poly.
is not an analytic poly.
let p(x, y) =
(
)
u(x, y)+iv(x, y)
say
also, ux = 2x &
vy = 2x
uy = 2y &
vy = 2y
i.e. ux vy &
uy = vx
i.e.
( )

f
h C R eqn
p(x, y) is not analytic.
2
Is x +iy2 an analytic poly.
Let p(x, y) = x2+iy2
u(x, y) +iv(x, y) say
u = x2 ,
v = y2
ux=2x ,
vy=2y
ux vy
. . C R n are not analytic
i.e. p(x, y) is not analytic.
2+iy2 an analytic
I
Let p(x, y) = 2xy+i(y2 x2)
u = 2xy ,
v = y2 x2ux=2y ,
vy=2y
uy=2x ,
vx= 2x
i.e. ux=vy &
uy= vx
i.e. C R eqn satisfied
p(x, y) is anal.
Exercise 2. By comparing coefficients or by using the Cauchy Riemann equation, determine
which are of the following poly. is/ are analytic ?
(a) p(x+iy) =
(
)
=u(x, y)+iv(x, y)
say
ux = 3
1
vy =
1
uy = 6xy
vx = 6xy
i.e. uy = vx and ux = vy

i.e. p(x, y) satisties C R eqn

i.e. p(x+iy) is analytic (poly.)
(b) p(x+iy) = x2+iy2
=u(x, y)+iv(x, y)
say
ux = 2x
vy = 2y
i.e. ux vy
i.e. p(x+i y) does not satisties the C R eqn
i.e. p(x+iy) is not an analytic poly.
(c) p(x+iy) = 2xy+i(y2 x2)
= u(x, y)+iv(x, y) say
ux = 2y
vy =2y
uy = 2x
vx = 2x
i.e. ux=vy
and uy = vx etc.
Exercise 3 Sh
h
Soln let p(x, y) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) be a non constant anal. Poly.
And if poss. sup. That p(x, y) takes imag. values only.
i.e. u(x, y) = 0
i.e. ux = uy = 0
i.e. vx = vy = 0 [ using C R eqn ]
i.e. v(x, y) is constant.
i.e. p(x, y) = 0+i. constant
= a constant poly.
Contradiction.
( )
.
( )
.
.
( ) p(x+iy) =
(
)
=u(x, y)+iv(x, y)
say
ux = 3
1
vy =
1
uy = 6xy
vx = 6xy
i.e
(
)
1
(
(

1)

1)
(
)

(
1)
i.e. p(x+iy) is analytic (poly.)
here , is not need to check analycity b/c it is given
(
) (
)
(
)
( )
( )
( )
(
)
(
)
(
)
( )
( )
1
(
)
1
(
) 1
(
(
)
1)

( ).

(b) p(x+iy) = x2+iy2

=u(x, y)+iv(x, y)
say
ux = 2x
vy = 2y
i.e. ux vy
i.e. p(x+i y) does not satisties the C R eqn
i.e. p(x+iy) is not an analytic poly.
(c) p(x+iy) = 2xy+i(y2 x2)
= u(x, y)+iv(x, y) say
ux = 2y
vy =2y
uy = 2x
vx = 2x
i.e. ux=vy
and uy = vx
(

)
(
(
(
(
( )
( )
( )

)
)
)
)

. .

. .

1
| |

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( 1)

1 . .

1 .

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. . .
. . .

11.

+
)

1.
[

]
( 1)

Do complete from notes

| |
{
1 | |
(1
(1

| | 1
. .| | 1

1
1

)(1
(1
)(1

,(1

)
)

,1

( | |

1)

1
Exercise 16. a. Using the identity
(1
)(1
) 1
Show that

if |z|< 1
S 1
(1
)(1
Soln {
. . (1
. (1
(1
{. .

1
. . S. (1
S 1

). S
) 1
)(1
)
)

( )

( )

1
b

v
( )

1 1 1

1
.
( )

)
1
1

1 .
() ( )

)-

(1

(1

( )

1 1 1

1 1 1

..

..

( ) 1
. . ( )
Contradiction to part (ii)
Defn A complex valued func f, defined in a nbhd of z, is said to be derivable (differentiable)
at z iff
(
) ( )
exists
Note : In above definition h need not be real, hence the limit exist irrespective of the
manner h approaches to 0 in the complex plane.
Ex : f(z) = is not diff at any pt. of
(
) ( )

1 fh
={
1 fh

(
.

when h=

see fig. from vivekanda

Proposition if f and g are both differentiable , then
(f+g) = f +g
( f) = f
(fg) = fg +fg
( )

(if g 0)

./

P
. f ( )
0
1
2z2
Then p is differentiable at all points and
( ) 1
2z2 .
nz 1
n
Sol let f0(z) = 0
f1(z)
= 1z
f2(z)
= 2z2
fn(z)
= nzn
Then, clearly each fk is differentiable and
p = f0+f1 . fn
i.e. p =f0 +f1 . fn
=0+ 1+2 2
nzn 1.
Using definition see other notes
Sh
h (f ) f f
Soln let =f g
(z) =

* (

( )+

nzn

( )(

=
=
=

( )

) (

) (

), (

( ) ( )

) (
)

) ( )

) ( )

( ), (

( )-

( ) ( )

( )-

=f(z).g (z)+g(z).f(z)
i.e. = f g +fg
i.e. (fg)= fg +fg
Show that . / =

Soln let =
(

(z) =
(

=
=,
=

( )

( )

(
(

)
)

( )
( )

h
f(

h) ( ) f( ) ( h)
h
h) ( )
f( ) ( ) f( ) ( ) f( ) (
h

2 ( )0
( ). f ( )

( )

f( ) 0

) ( )
. ( ) (

f(

( )-

=
=

( ) (

(note !)
h)
( )

13

f( ) ( )

etc.
FUNTION OF REAL EXPONENTIAL ex

(i)

e=

( ) ex = 1+x+
( )
( v)
(v)

.1

x,y

( )

(v )
Hence, it should be noticed that
If f(x) = ex
x
Then, f is everywhere differentiable on
& f(a+b) = f(a) f(b)
a, b see figure from vivekanand notes
NOTE : we would like to define, complex exponential f(z) s.that
(i)
It should be an extension of real exponent.
(ii)
It should be differentiable everywhere.
(iii) f(z1+z2) = f(z1) f(z1)
z1 , z2
So, we find an analytic function f(z) which satisfies

f(z) = ex , x and f(z1).f(z2) , zi

consider,
f(z) = f(x+iy) = f(x)+f(iy) [as per our assumption]
= ex. f(iy)
= ex[A(y)+iB(y)]
= exA(y)+iex B(y)
= u(x, y)+i v(x, y)
Now, to f be analytic, we must have
ux = vy
and uy = vx
( ))
( . ( ))
( . ( ))
( . ( ))
(
( )
. . . ( )
. ( )
( )
. .
( )
. .
. .
. . ( )
C
S
( ( )
( )
S
C
)
x
x
Next, f(z) = f(x+iy) = e . A(y) + i e B(y)
i.e. f(x+0.i) = ex.A(0)+iexB(0)
x( )
i.e. ex = ex.( )
. . 1

1
x
finally, f(z) = e . A(y)+iexB(y)
= ex Cos y+iex Sin y
is the required func & we shall call it ez
COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL FUNTION ez[=ex(cosy+isiny]
z
Let f(z) = e , then
( ) f( )
} it is the definition of complex exponential
( ) f(
) f( ). f( )
( )| |
( v)
(v)
(v )
h
f
.
(v )
(
)

(v ) ( )

Part (i) and (ii) are due to our choice

( )| | | (
)| | |
( v)| |

(v)
,
,
So in particular take x = 0
(v )

* +

1
=

(
| | I(

(vii)e

=ez. e
(
= .
= .,
= ez

)
)

( )

,b

(v)

(viii)
( )

as pet its choice

( )
)=, (
Note if f = u+iv is analytic
)
= (
Then f = ux+ivx
=
Problem : Show that ez
(
v
h )b v f
h C h R
eqn for its real and imaginary parts.
Soln
.
= u +iv
say
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
v
(
)
v
h
v
v
( v )
. . C. R
v
. . f
v
i.e. f is entire.
P b
Sh
.

,
-..(*)
=
, (
)
(
)- . . ( )
=
&
.
.
-.
,
= ,
,
-,
=
,
-,
, (
)
(
)-(***)
Problem : Show that the power series
f( )

Setp 1 we first show that f(z+w)= f(z).f(w)

f( )

f( ). f( )

f( )

1
1

/ . b /

f( ). f( )
( )

f(

f( )

h
f( )

f( )

()

( )

origin.

Along imaginary axis z =iy

means y
(it represent the unit circle)
Along the line y=mx (m )
means x
&y
or
.
Review
C h
.

/ .

(
.

/ .

)(
)

Problem : assume that

)
)