what's different between.

test tap and hot collar for tan

delta test of tr bushing?
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Sandeep Dua, Abbas Marefat ve Jayaram Baniya bunu beendi

Sandeep Dua
Hot Collar Test
The dielectric losses through the various sections of any bushing or pothead can be
investigated by means of a hot collar test which generates localized high-voltage
stresses. This is accomplished by using a conductive hot collar band designed to fit
closely to the porcelain surface, usually directly under the top petticoat, and applying a
high voltage to the band. This test provides a measurement of the losses in the section
directly beneath the collar and is especially effective in detecting conditions such as voids
in compound filled bushings or moisture penetration since the insulation can be subjected
to a higher voltage gradient than can be obtained with the normal bushing tests.
The Hot Collar Test is made by UST mode and the bushing need not be disconnected from
other components or circuits. Make sure that the collar band is drawn tightly around the
porcelain bushing to ensure a good contact and eliminate possible partial discharge
problems at the interface.
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16 Ocak 2013
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Philippe Mertens
Hi Sandeep, thanks for the info, never heard about the hot-collar test.
Abbas, I can tell you about the test tap of a capasitor bushing. The test tap is connected
to the outer aluminium foil of the bushing capasitor so it has the lowest voltage since
each aluminium foil has a voltage defined by the capasitance to the inner foil/conductor
and to the outer foil/flange. The capasitances of the test tap to the conductor is C1 and
the capasitance to the flange C2.
In operation, the test tap must be earthed and this is done by closing the test tap cap
where a spring contact connects the test tap terminal to the earthed flange.
A bushing monitoring device uses amplifiers that make a virtual earth connection (see
OPAMP principle) for the test tap and can measure the capasitive current to ground.
The voltage on the test tap is normally 600V maximum and the insulation class is about
2kV. In the ANSI region, a test tap is not used but instead a potential tap that is a
connection to the 2nd aluminium layer trough a hole in the first layer and the voltage of

the 2nd layer is therefore much higher; generally a few kV. The insulation class of the
potential tap (or voltage tap) is much higher like 10kV so the dimensions of the potential
tap are much bigger.
For both taps, systems are available to measure on-line partial discharge, tg delta and so
on.
Regarding the tg delta, it is the loss angle of the capasitor or the ratio of resistive current
(should be very small since it generates heat) and the capasitive current. When two
concentric aluminium foils that should be isolated from each other make contact from a
fault in the bushing (a puncture), than the capacity increases and the impedance
decreases so the capasitive current increases. When one capasitor is punctured, the
voltage stress is too high in the bushing and the bushing will fail in some time.
Monitoring or regulary measuring the tg delta tells you the quality of the condensor of the
bushing. Take into account that the capasity is also influenced by temperature so if you
compare measurements, you should also note the bushing temperature.
16 Ocak 2013
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G. Matthew Kennedy
Dear Abbas,
You ask about two of the earliest Doble Tests ever!
Here is the quick answer but there is much more if you really want to get into the details:
Hot Collar: a localized test conducted usually at 10 kV by use of a conductive strap. The
test can be done in a few different "test modes" but is designed to check for
contamination, cracks, voids between the strap and the center conductor. This test is a
"dielectric loss" test where you are primarily looking at the Watts loss as an indicator of
condition
The "Test Tap"/"Capacitance Tap" Is just a connection to the taped layer within the
bushing if it has a condenser core. Remember, not all bushings have condenser cores, so
not all bushings will have taps! One of the big reasons the Hot Collar test is so handy...you
don't need a tap to complete. What I think you may be really asking is what tests you can
run from the taps. The answer is:
* C1: the main condenser core
* C2: Tap layer to ground
* C1+ C2: just the top two in parallel, but there are reasons......
* Inverse C1: Just 1 above run in reverse....again there are cases this is important
These tests are all Power Factor/TanDelta tests so are distinct from the hot collar test.
Cheers,
Matthew Kennedy
17 Ocak 2013

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Kevin Gallette
when performing a hot-collar test you use a C-clamp to make the high voltage connection
11 Temmuz 2013
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Giulio Astengo
Dear Abbas, I do take the opportunity of your question, in order to ask a further
clarification to Mr. Kennedy/DOBLE Engineering in relation with his explanation about the
Hot Collar test procedure: do the bushings require a special porcelain shape or
mechanical predisposition for the application of such hot collar? More in detail, should I
make reference to the traditional porcelain bushings EN or DIN, according to the European
"tradition", are their porcelains suitable for the application of the hot collar? Thanks in
advance for your kind reply.