Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solids Structures,
Vol.
II,
pp,425-!35.
Pergamon
Press
1975.
Printed
inGreat
Britain
FINITE STRIP-DIFFERENCE
CALCULUS TECHNIQUE
FOR PLATE VIBRATION PROBLEMS
and D. V. REDDY~
C. SUNDARARAJAN?
INTRODUCTION
The finite strip method[l], which is a Kantorovich type formulation of combining the finite
element method and the Fourier series technique, has been used by many investigators for the
free vibration analysis of plates[2-4]. This method requires less computer storage and time,
compared to the finite element method, because of the reduced size of the stiffness and mass
matrices involved in vibration analysis. However, as the number of strips increases the amount of
computer work increases considerably.
For a rectangular plate of uniform thickness, simply supported along all the four edges,
approximated as an assemblage of a number of finite strips of equal width, it is possible to obtain
_an analytical solution using the calculus of finite differences[5,6].
The computational
work
involved is independent
of the number of strips. Hence the finite .strip-difference
calculus
technique can be used to test the accuracy of the finite strip approximation with increasing
number of strips.
STRIP
STIFFNESS
MATRIX
Consider a rectangular plate of uniform thickness and sides 1 and a simply supported along all
the four edges. It is approximated as an assemblage of N, strips (Fig. la). The lateral deflection of
a typical strip of width d (Fig. lb), defined by sides j and (j + 1) is assumed as
Wwi,~, [(1-$+$J
Wi,s
( -y+$)
X
0j.q
(s-s)
wj+t,q
($-$) &+t,q]
Y,(Y)
(1)
conditions
tPost-Doctoral Fellow.
$Professor.
A similar difference calculus approach has been used by Leckie [7] to test a Hrennikoff model approximation
425
of plates.
426
C.
SUNDARARAJAN
/STRIP
and
D. V.
REDD~
INTERFACE
L-
w
(a)
(bl
LAYOUT
TYPICAL
STRIP
Y,(y) = J:sin$?
Equation
(2)
[Nl@I =
i
D%{A},
4=1.*...
(3)
where
[iv],=
[(,_$+$), (,_?z+C
#),(g-g,
d
{Al, = [wj.q4.q
wj+l.q
[Nl = [[~lI[m~
. [ml
{ii} = [[Al,[Al~.
. . [A]rT].
(g-g)]Yqiy)j
ej+l,,l
(4)
and
The curvature
matrix
(5)
+2-
can be expressed
a%
axay
as
(6)
421
Here
[Cl = [[Cl,[Cl*. . . [CL1
(7)
and
-(-$+$)Y'
[Cl,
(L_$+$)
2( -$+%)
-(-;+$)Y
y; _
-(-$-%)Y,
(x _zg+$)
y;
Y; 2(1-;+3
Y;
-($-f)Yq
_ (kp$)
2(p$)
y;
Y4 2($-3
(p_J
y:'
y;
i
where
Y=dY,
dy
yd-m
dy
The bending and twisting moments for an orthotropic plate are given by
= [Dl{xl
(9)
where
l I,[Cl~~l[Cl
dx dy
(10)
which yields
[klu [kln. . . [kl,r
(11)
where
[kl,, = I/ [~l,UX[~l,
0 0
dx dy.
(12)
428
C.SUNDARARAJAN
andD.V.REDDV
For strips simply supported at both ends with Y, taken as in (2) it can be shown that
[k],, = 0 for p #q.
(13)
The consistent strip mass matrix has been used by earlier investigators for the plate vibration
problems[2-4]. In this paper a concentrated line mass matrix, in which the distributed mass is
assumed to be concentrated as line masses along the strip interfaces, is used because it is simpler
to use in conjunction with the difference calculus technique.
Let 1 be the uniform mass per unit area of the strip. For a typical strip the intensity of the line
mass along its edges is p(d/2) per unit length. So the inertial loading at the strip edges j and (j t 1)
during free vibration is
and
(14)
Using the principle of virtual work, as in the finite element method [8], the inertial force vector
is obtained by
[N]=Q dx dy
(Fl=~~d
(16)
where Q is the inertial force distribution. Expressing Q in terms of Qj and Qj+, and substituting
in (16) gives
{F} = ~2w2Ia Id [iif]=[Iif1{~}(A(x,o)+ A(x,d))dx dy
0 0
(17)
where A(x,a) is the Dirac delta function. We can also express the inertial forces in terms of the
frequency, displacement and mass as
{F} = 02[fi]{A}
(18)
429
where [fi] is the strip mass matrix. Comparing (17) and (18)
Irfil=p;
II0a0d[~l[~l(~ko)
+ Ku!)) dx dy
. . [NIITLNlr1
[ml,,
[Nl*=[Nll
...
: [N],T[N],
. . . [Nl,va
[ml*2 . . .
.
...
=I
[ml21
[ml,,
where
=P$
Ml,
.
. . . [mlrr .
(19)
O([lOOO]T[lOOO]+[OO1O]TIOOIO]Y,Y,dy
(20)
Y,Y, dy.
(21)
and
loo0
[ml,, = Pz
EQUILIBRIUM
0000
0010
pooo
EQUATIONS
(22)
I
The strip stiffness and mass matrices and the strip displacement vector are assembled to form
the plate stiffness and mass matrices, [I?],, and [&f],,, and the plate displacement vector {81q,,.
The boundary conditions in the x-direction are incorporated in the above matrices by deleting the
430
SUNDARARAJAN and
C.
D. V.
REDDY
rows and columns corresponding to the zero displacements. The resulting stiffness and mass
matrices and displacement vector are [K],,, [Ml,, and {S}, respectively.
Because of (13) and (21) we have
[K],, = 0 for p # q
[Ml,, = 0 for p # q 1 '
and
(23)
So the equilibrium equation can be written mode by mode (i.e. for each integer value of q
separately). The equilibrium equation for the qth mode is
[K],,(6),
(24)
STRIP
METHOD
(26)
This is a typical eigenvalue problem. The square of the frequencies of vibration, w2, are obtained
as the eigenvalues of the matrix
[a&a7,.
As the number of strips N, increases the order of the above matrix, NO,increases twice as fast
and hence the computation involved also increases considerably.
FINITE
STRIP-DIFFERENCE
CALCULUS
TECHNIQUE
Because of the repetitive pattern of the strip assemblage, it is possible to use the finite
difference calculus [5,6] in conjunction with the finite strip formulation for the frequency analysis
of rectangular plates.
The equation of motion of the q th mode, before the incorporation of the boundary conditions
in the x-direction (these will be incorporated later) is
([al, - dm,,)~~~,
This can be expanded as
(1, (1)
SII St2 s (1)
13
(1) (1) S::
SZl SZ?
s (1)
14
0
(1) (1)
12'
+ s::' s:'a+s:': s,,
s31 S3? s::'
(1)
S4I sg sgfs::' syj+s~l s:':
10
s ::'
s :la
s %'
s::'ts::'
= 0.
(27)1-
431
(28)
where
s!! = k!!- w*m?. i = 1, 2, 3,4; j = 1, 2, 3,4 and I = 1,2.. . N, in which the superfix (I)
denotes yhe nlmber of ide strip and k!:',rn!,?are the elements of the strip stiffness and mass
matrices [kl,, and [ml,, respectively.
Since all the strips have identical elastic and geometric properties, the mass and stiffness
matrices are the same for all the strips, i.e.
(I)
mij
jf =
kij
m ii =
k
S{;=Sij
(29)
for 1=1,2,...Ns
Substituting (29) in (28) we find, on expanding the matrix equation into a system of simultaneous
algebraic equations, that any pair of equations except the first and the last are similar. A typical pair
of equations is
(k31- w*msl)Wj-1+
(ka -
w*msz)ej-1+
(km -
CL,- w*ma)wj-1+
(ka - wzm4z)ej-1
+ (kz1+(kzz -
02mz2+ k, -
02m,3 + kll-
o*m,l)wj
ozm2, + k43-
w*m43)wj
o*m4)Oj
+ (kz3 - w*mz3)wj+l+
(kz4- w*m.d&+1=
0.
WW
and
(3lYt
kzz= k,
kz, = ka.
Wa)
tFor example, k,, means the force required at the jth side of the strip to cause unit deflection (w) at the jth
side. This is same as k,,, the force required at the (j + 1)th side of the strip to cause unit deflection at the
(j + 1)th side.
C. SWDAR~RAJ~N
432
Introducing
operator
and D. V. REDDY
E, defined by
(33)
and
equation
+ E) + 2k1, (k14(E
Substituting
/.L~w]w~
Em)lOj=0,
CW
E-l) + 2kdi = 0.
Wb)
[kll(E
- E)]wj + [k&E +
(35)
wi may be assumed as
(36)
where (P,,(j) satisfies the displacement boundary conditions at x = 0 and x = 1 (i.e. j = 0 and
j = ids). Since the plate is simply supported at x = 0 and x = I, a sinusoidal form of (b(j) may be
assumed; i.e.
&(j) = sin?.
Substituting
(37)
and
in which i = g-
Imag. &A,,
(38)
1, we get
($)]+2kl~-~W2)
{ki,[exp
(z)
-exp
i{k21[eXP($)+exp($)]+2kr:}
(F)r]
.
-=
exp(
(39)
433
so,
2k,, co+
2k,, - pdw2
1
nnlNS3
=ofor
n=1)2*..w
.
1 [%sin
-
. nnj
[2k:, sin* nn/Ns]
[kSdcos nr/N, + kZZ] ln % = *
lkZdcos m/N,
+ kzzl
(40)
(41)
From (41) the frequency w*,,corresponding to the q th sine mode along the strip (Y-direction) and
the nth sine mode across the strip (X-direction) is given by
pdw Zqn
=
+ 2k,,
(42)
where the kij correspond the q th sine mode along the strip.
By changing the value of q and n the various frequencies can be computed. It is interesting to
note that the computational work involved in calculating the above expression is independent of
the number of strips, N,, whereas it increases with N, in the conventional finite strip method.
Hence the present method is ideal to study the accuracy and convergence of finite strip
approximation.
If the plate has boundary conditions other than simply supports at x = 0 and x = I, then 4,,(j)
can not be assumed as a sine function. When other appropriate functions are chosen, the resulting
equations will not decouple in n as in equation (41). But a set of coupled linear algebraic equations
will result and they have to be solved numerically. Hence a simple analytical expression for the
frequencies, similar to (42), can not be obtained.
NUMERICAL
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Conventional method
Present method
798
1863
10549
35310
432
665
865
865
IO
20
30
Squares of frequencies obtained from both the methods, along with the exact valuest, are
plotted in Fig. 2. The present method gives a lower bound in all the cases and converges towards
tFor a simply supported plate, the exact solution is obtained by assuming
w(x,y) = 2
2 II,, sin y
n=,.Z 4=1.2.
sin y.
434
C.
and D. V.
SLJNDARARAJAN
10
NUMBER
IPW
0
p,e*ent
I
30
1
20
30
20
I
30
OF STRlPS
10
20
OF STRIPS
10
NUMEE9
REDDY
NUMBER
OF STRlPS
method
-------
CcmMnt~onal
method
the exact value as N, increases. The conventional method gives lower values in the beginning
increases above the exact value and then decreases towards the exact value. Moreover, in all
cases the conventional method gives a higher value than the present method.
The conventional method is a computer-oriented
eigenvalue analysis of equations (27), while
the present method takes advantage of the repetitive pattern of the equations and uses the Calculus
435
of Finite Differences to obtain analytical expressions for the eigenvalues. The differences in the
results, as seen in Fig. 2 may be mainly due to the fact that the eigenvalues obtained by the
conventional method are approximate due to errors in the numerical analysis of eigenvalues of a
matrix, whereas the eigenvalues calculated from equation (42) are exact for the approximate
strip-assembled plate model.
CONCLUSIONS
The finite strip-difference calculus technique proves to be a powerful tool to study the
accuracy and convergence of the finite strip approximation. Whereas the conventional matrix
technique gives approximate results, the present method gives an exact solution for the
approximate structures, namely the strip-assemblage. Computational work is also considerably
reduced in the present method.
The difference calculus technique for a plate vibration problem described in this paper, can be
easily extended to static and stability problems of plates and shells.
Acknowledgements-The authors are grateful to Dr. A. A. Bruneau, Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Applied
Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, for his interest and encouragement. This research was supported by the
National Research Council of Canada through Grant No. A8119.
REFERENCES
1. Y. K. Cheung, The Finite Strip Method in the Analysis of Elastic Plates with Two Opposite Simply Supported Ends, Pm.
Inst. Civil Engrs. Great Britain, 40, I (1968).
2. M. S. Cheung, Y. K. Cheung and D. V. Reddy, Frequency Analysis of Certain Single and Continuous Span Bridges,
Developments in Bridge Design and Construction (Edited by K. C. Rockey, J. L. Bannister and H. R. Evans) p. 188.
Crosby, Lockwood and Sons Ltd., (1971).
3. Y. K. Cheung and M. S. Cheung, Flexural Vibrations of Rectangular and Other Polygonal Plates, Proc. AXE 97, EM2.391
(1971).
4. P. V. Thangam Babu and D. V. Reddy, Frequency Analysis of Skew Orthotropic Plates by the Finite Strip Method, J.
Sound and Vibration 18, 465 (1971).
5. C. Jordan, Calculus of Finite Diferences. Chelsea Publishing Company,
6. T. Wah and L. R. Calcote, Structural Analysis by Finite Diflerence Calculus. Von Nostrand Company (1970).
7. F. A. Leckie, The Application of Transfer Matrices to Plate Vibration, Ingenieur-Archiu XxX11, 100 (1963).
8. 0. C. Zienkiewicz, The Finite Element Method in Engineering Sciences, p. 322. McGraw-Hill, London (1971).
APPENDIX
$ D, t ; dc4D,
+cc2D
5d
+zc2D
Sd
D. + $, d3c4DY
$Dx+L$~Dy
+;cD~+;cD,,
ltISdc2D,tT5dc2DXy
symmetrical
--$ D, +$
d2c4D,
$Dx
-sdc2D,-$c2D~Y
--~c~D,-~c~D,,
+gc2D
60,
4
f D, -&
-$Dx
-$DY
+;cD,+$*D.,
-A
d3c4D,
5d
+;dcD,
+$D
5d
-&dcD,
=
$Dx +&dYDy
4
8
+i-jdc2D,tISdc2DxY