Sonatrach Antisurge PDF

GE
Oil & Gas
Centrifugal Compressor Antisurge

Course Description
The training course provides control Eng. with the fundamentals of compressor anti surge control
system. Basics of Load Sharing concepts will be provided.
Prerequisite:
Trainees must have already performed the Centrifugal Compressor Basic course.
Expected Audience:
Control (ENG, Nouveaux & Anciens)
Course Content:
1.
GE OIL & GAS CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
2.
3.
4.
Centrifugal compressor introduction
COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE CURVES
Introduction to Thermodynamic planes
Performance and system resistance curves theory
Operating Point and Conditions
ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS
Centrifugal Compressor Unsteady Flows Overview
Choking or Stonewall
Rotating Stall
Surge
ANTISURGE CONTROL AND PROTECTION
Control system introduction
Antisurge valve description
Antisurge block diagram sequence description
Antisurge control and protection philosophy
Antisurge control and protection operation
GE
Oil & Gas
5.
ANTISURGE SCREENS - BASED ON SPEEDTRONIC MARK FAMILY
Main screen field description
Auto/manual operation
Antisurge control status description
6.
LOAD SHARING AND BALANCING OVERVIEW
7.
QUESTION AND ANSWER
Course Duration:
2 Days
GE
Oil & Gas
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TRAINING MANUAL
Customized for: SONATRACH (ALGERIA)
GE Oil & Gas
GE Oil & Gas
Customer Training Job: 0622457

Customer : SONATRACH (ALGERIA)
This manual contains proprietary information of GE Oil & Gas Nuovo Pignone
S.p.A. (GE Oil & Gas), and is furnished to its customers solely for customer
training courses purposes.
This manual shall not be reproduced in whole or in part nor shall its contents
be disclosed to any third party without the written approval of GE Oil & Gas.
The instructions and information contained in the manual do not purport to
cover all details or variations in equipment, or to provide for every possible
contingency to be met during installation, operation, and maintenance.
Should further information be desired or should particular problems arise that
are not covered sufficiently for the purchasers purpose, the matter should
be referred to GE Oil & Gas.
Reviewed
Massimiliano Romizi
Manual Specialist
/1/2013
Verified
Validate
Vito Antonio Tondolo
Sandro Fantini
Mechanical
Instructor Leader
Customer Training
Manager
/2/2013
/2/2013
GE Oil & Gas
GE Oil & Gas
TRAINING MANUAL
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GE Oil & Gas

Oil & Gas Industry Applications
Centrifugal Compressor Antisurge
Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

What is a compressor?
Driven machine
Rotating machine
Its duty is to increase the gas pressure
How it works?
Increase the kinetic energy throgh rotating components and converts it into static pressure through the stator
components, using the torque given by the driver
Why do I need to compress a gas?
Transport
Create chemical reactions
Gas storage
Enhance oil production
2
Antisurge

Pipeline inspection device
Oil/Gas field
Offshore production platform
Re-injection plant
Oil / gas processing plant

Subsea equipment
Gas boosting station
Power generation plant

Oil boosting station
Natural Gas storage plant

LNG liquefaction plant
LNG receiving plant

Refinery / Petrochemical /
fertilizer plant
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Antisurge

According to the section arrangement of a centrifugal compressor, the internal components can be resumed in different
sections.
This section nomenclature is used to identify the different areas where the gas passes and this is also called GAS PATH.
The gas flows through the compressor along the gas path.
A compression stage consists of the impeller, which is the rotating part, and the diffuser, which is the stationary part.
We can split a compressor gas path into different main sections:
Suction stage
Discharge stage
Intermediate stage/s (multistage compressors)
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Antisurge
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Antisurge

The gas flow from the pipe arrives at the suction stage traveling in a radial direction and must be reoriented into an axial
direction to enter the impeller.
The purpose of the suction stage is to convey the gas into the first impeller with low load losses and with uniform pressure
and velocity.
Usually, the suction stage has a fin positioned at the opposite side of the suction flange, which splits the flow of the gas to
avoid gas recycling in the inlet volute.
Fin
Casing
Blade
Impeller
Shaft
Inlet Volute
Suction Nozzle
Suction Pipe
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Antisurge

Gas inlet
Gas inlet
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Antisurge

The intermediate stages are the stages between the suction and the discharge; their number depends on how many
impellers are installed on the shaft.
Due to the fact that each compressor is fully customized, the geometry of the intermediate stages will change from
compressor to compressor, according to operating specifications.
Labirinth seals
Blades
Diffuser
Return
channel
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Antisurge

A compressor stage consists of the impeller, the diffuser and the return
channel.
The impeller rotates with the shaft, increasing both the velocity and
the pressure of the gas.
Regarding the pressure increase, we can say that it occurs within the
impeller and the diffuser, and that the magnitude of this increase
depends on the design of both of these.
P3,C3
P2,C2
P4,C4
P1,C1
Increased velocity and pressure

9
Antisurge

Velocity
Pressure
Energy
1
Impeller Inlet
Blade
Inlet
Diffuser
Inlet
Diffuser
Outlet
As shown in this diagram: in the impeller both the velocity and pressure increase; in the diffuser the pressure increases and
the velocity decreases due to the convergent design; and in the return channel there is no increase in pressure because the
convergent design is chosen only to avoid load losses.
The return channel is bladed in order to more effectively convey the gas toward the next impeller inlet, thus reducing load
losses, but there is no further increase of pressure downstream the diffuser outlet.
We can state that all the pressure increase realized within a compressor stage is made between the blade inlet and the
diffuser outlet.
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Antisurge

The discharge section of the gas path is the connection between the
inner parts of the compressor and the piping. The most important part
is the Discharge volute.
The discharge volute is installed after the last diffuser and convey the
gas into the discharge piping.
The volute has a variable section to impart low load losses to avoid
decreasing the pressure.
A fin is usually installed near the discharge flange to prevent gas
recirculation within the volute
Last impeller
Discharge volute
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Antisurge

The performance curves are a graphical way to display the perfomance parameters, always related to Inlet flow.
Each of the curves is related to a certain fixed speed.
The parameters shown are:
Polytropic Head
Polytropic Efficiency
Pressure Ratio
Power
Discharge Temperature
Discharge Pressure
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Antisurge

Maximum
continuous speed
(MCS)
Discharge pressure (bar a)
Normal operating point
105%
100%
98%
90%
80%
Minimum
operating speed
(MOS)
65%
Inlet capacity
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Antisurge
Operating range
Surge Limit
Line
105%
100%
98%
90%
80%
65%
Choking Area
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Antisurge

External system
resistance curve
The plot represents the envelope of all the

possible operating conditions relevant to
the given suction parameter.
The actual operating point is unique and

it is always the intersection between the
compressor curve at the given speed
and the plant resistance curve.
105%
100%
98%
90%
80%
Operating
point
65%
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Antisurge
The plant resistance curve can change

during operation
105%
100%
98%
90%
80%
65%
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Antisurge
105%
100%
98%
90%
80%
65%
Operating
stability
Turndown Range
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Antisurge

Looking back at this performance curve diagram, the left and right limits for the perfomance map of a centrifugal
compressor are called: Surge limit line and Choking area.
To introduce the topic, choking is related to the maximum flow rate that the compressor can handle at a certain speed while
surge is related to fluid dynamic instabilities that will occur if the flow rates decreases over a certain threshold at a certain
speed.
Operating range
Surge Limit
Line
105%
100%
98%
90%
80%
65%
Choking Area
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Antisurge

Choking rapresents the right limit of the perfomance curves.
It is the maximum flow that the compressor can handle at that speed, given by the geometry of the impellers.
Due to a change in system resistance, if the operating point reaches the choking limit, the flow remains constant but the
discharge pressure will rapidly drop.
Rapid decrease in performances and efficiency.

The increase of gas speed inside the compressor can lead to
high vibrations alarms.
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Antisurge

Choking is a physical limit of the compressor but it will mostly affect only the output.
No detection or protection system is required to provide choking.
What happens if the compressor chokes:
The flow reaches M=1 at the inlet of the impeller (restricted section);
Shock wave causes a dicontinuity of p and T.
Maximum flow rate;
Flow rate remains constant
Discharge pressure will drop
Gas velocity will increase
Shock wave
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Antisurge
What is it surge?
"Axis-symmetric stall", more commonly known as "compressor surge" or "pressure surge", is a complete breakdown in
compression resulting in a reversal of flow. This phenomenon occurs when the machine operates at a compression ratio close the
maximum that the compressor can furnish at the speed at which it is running.
What is it due to?
Its due to the compressor's inability to continue working against the already-compressed gas behind it.
What happens?
The compressor either experiences conditions which exceed the limit of its pressure rise capabilities or is highly loaded such
that it does not have the capacity to absorb a momentary disturbance, creating a rotational stall which can propagate in less
than a second to include the entire compressor.
Which are the main factors leading to Surge?
During the normal operation: Increase of discharge pressure, downstream the compressor; decrease of suction pressure;
increase of suction temperature.
Due to high plant resistance, during Start up and Shutdown theres a high risk of surge phenomenons.
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Antisurge
Surge is the left limit of performance curve, on the left of this line the compressor operates in unstable condition;
Represents the maximum polytropic head of the curve;
All surge points, defined for different speeds represent the Surge Limit Line SLL;
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Antisurge

P2
P2 > P1
P1
Axial thrust
23
Antisurge
P2
P1 > P2
P1
Axial thrust
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Antisurge

Flow
Pressure
Time
Time
Rapid pressure oscillations with process instability
Rapid flow oscillations

Temperature
Rising temperatures
inside the compressor
Time
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Antisurge
Flow reverses in 20 to 50 milliseconds
Surge cycles at a rate of 0.3 sec to 3 sec per cycle
Compressor vibrates, shakes
Temperature rise
Whooshing noise or clanking noise
Conventional instruments and human operators may fail to recognize surge
26
Antisurge
Unstable flow and pressure

Damage increasing with severity to seals, bearings, impellers and shaft
Increased seal clearances and leakage
Lower efficiency
Trips
Reduced compressor life
27
Antisurge

The purpose of the antisurge control system is to keep the operating point, at each respective speed, from surpassing the
surge limit line SLL.
At the same time, the antisurge control system allows the compressor to maintain a safe working range.
The opening of the antisurge valve causes an increase of compressor suction flow that will reduce the slope of the external
system resistance curve, so the working point of the machine remains safely on the right of the critical surge flow.
External system
resistance curve
In order to maintain the compressor

operation within a safe operating range, all
the centrifugal compressors are equipped
with an antisurge system.
Operating range
Surge Limit
Line
105%
100%
98%
Operating
90% point
80%
65%
Choking Area
28
Antisurge

The Antisurge System is composed by:
Antisurge Valve
Instrumentation:
Flow indicator trasmitter
Pressure indicator trasmitter
Electronic controller
Antisurge valve: Is a regulating valve, to avoid excessive recycles of flow that will reduce the output of the machine. Recycles
flow from discharge to suction in order to reduce system resistance. Cv of this valve, according to the stroke, is first
equiexponential, for smooth regulation, then linear, for protection. Is a Failure Open valve and is equipped with a solenoid
valve for quick opening. Antisurge valve fully open (ZSL XXX) is a permissive to start.
Instrumentation: The flow transmitter can be a rotameter, an annubar or, more commonly, a differential pressure transmitter
across a calibrated orifice. In the last case we need also to measure the gas temperature to calculate the right density of the
gas.
29
Antisurge

Antisurge valve: Is a regulating valve, to avoid excessive recycles of flow that will reduce the output of the machine. Recycles
flow from discharge to suction in order to reduce system resistance. Cv of this valve, according to the stroke, is first
equiexponential, for smooth regulation, then linear, for protection. Is a Fail to Open valve and is equipped with a solenoid
valve for quick opening. Antisurge valve fully open (ZSL XXX) is a permissive to start.
30
Antisurge

The goal of this system is to maintain the operating point within a safe operating area.
But we have to avoid to reach the SLL, surge limit line.
For this reason, inside the controller, is stored another curve called SCL, surge control line, directly related to SLL.
The relationship between SLL and SCL is the safety margin that we want to maintain, usually the points on SCL have 10% flow
more than the points on the SLL at the same rotational speed.
If the operating point remains on the right of the SCL, the antisurge valve will remain closed, otherwise it will start to open.
During the Start-up the antisurge valve remains fully open until the compressor reaches the MOS, once reached that speed
the valve turns in control, according to where the operating point is.
As soon as the Shutdown sequence begins, antisurge valve becomes immediately fully open to prevent surge.
31
Antisurge

AS control curves
The actual Surge Line is the place in which the machine surge, it can change its position because can change the
thermodynamic parameters of the gas. All the other curves are calculated using a specific thermodynamic condition so they
can not change
SL
SPL
SCL
32
Antisurge

AS control curves
It is possible to have that after some change in the thermodynamic parameters, the surge line has moved while the
surge protection line did not move (because set points must be inserted manually):
SPL
SL
SCL
33
Antisurge
Control system wiring and communication ways

network
command
feedback
PDH
HMI
UDH
EXT.
POWER
COMPRESSOR
PLC
F&G
SIS
Mark VI
MCC
BN
MP
AUXILIARY
TURBINE
GEAR BOX
COMPRESSOR
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19/11/2013
Mark VI Hardware Panel introduction

Simplex
Main parts
2
1
1r
4
3
1s
1. VME rack
r. Rack R
s. Rack S
t. Rack T
2. Protection Module
3. Terminal Boards
4. PDM
5. DACA1 (AC/DC)
6. Input filters
1t
5
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Simplex-TMR connections
I/O board
I/O board
FIELD
I/O board
I/O board
I/O board
I/O board
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Simplex-TMR connections
I/O board
I/O board
FIELD
I/O board
I/O board
I/O board
IONet (ethernet)
I/O board
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HMI Introduction
toolbox
The toolbox is a software for configuration of various control equipment.

Therefore, each product package can consist of the toolbox, product files
for the controller or drive, Trend Recorder, Data Historian, and product files
for the System Database (SDB). To order the toolbox software and specific
product support files.
The Cimplicity is a software for the definition and visualization of the HMI
screens for real time control of power-plant, processes and equipment.
In addiction, throught the Cimplicity software the operator can issue
commands to the selected turbine or driven devices.
cimplicity
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19/11/2013
HMI Introduction
TCI
alarm
Mark VI
feedbacks
commands
cimplicity
EGD
toolbox
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19/11/2013
Graphic pages - load
40
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Antisurge signals
TEMPERATURE
TRANSMITTER
PT-723: Surge pressure transmitter
PT-721
PT-723
FT-721
TT-715
TT
MKVI
FV-722
PT-721: Discharge pressure transmitter
FT-721: Surge diff-pressure transmitter
TT-715: Surge temperature transmitter
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19/11/2013
Antisurge signals
Mark VI
Position L
Command: a20as
Position H :
ON/OFF signal
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19/11/2013
AS Sequence in MKVI
Antisurge master enabling signal
L3: READY TO LOAD

L94X: NO SHOUT DOWN
L33CDMN: MIN. COMPRESSOR
OPERATIVE SPEED
L4AS
Antisurge master enabling signal
L4: MASTER OPERATIVE SIGNAL

L14LS: MINIMUM OPERATIVE SPEED
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19/11/2013
AS Sequence in MKVI
Start/Purge sequence
L1X = 1 (auxiliaries ON)

And:
No Water Wash
No AS manual control
No Compressor pressuruzed
stopped
Compressor
purge
AS purge
From L14LR = 1 (shaft
revolution)
to L3=1 (ready to load)
acceleration
Load
L4AS = 0
A20as = 0% (AS valve completely opened)
A20as = 100% (AS valve completely
closed) to purge the compressor
a20as = 0% (AS valve completely opened)

to purge the AS line
Protection mode (a20as = 0% (closed)

L4AS = 1 (AS enabledl)
a20as = 0-100% (AS valve in control)
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19/11/2013
AS Sequence in MKVI
Antisurge control Loop
A20AS_MAR
a20as
A20AS_PARM
A PI controller regulates antisurge valve

position in order to maintain the
operative point on the control line (SCL).
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19/11/2013
AS Sequence in MKVI
A20AS_MAR
a20as
A20AS_PARM
DEAD BAND: to PI error is added to avoid

that measurement noise acts directly on
PI output when operative point is near
control line.
The dead band is defined by 2 constant
K20AS_DB_L and K20AS_DB_H.
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19/11/2013
AS Sequence in MKVI
A20AS_MAR
a20as
A20AS_PARM
RATE LIMITER: PI controller output rate is limited by the rate limiter

function. Two ramps are defined:
Opening rate is limited K20AS_ARATO (30%/s)
Closing rate is limited by K20AS_ARATC (1.5%/s)
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19/11/2013
AS Sequence in MKVI
Antisurge specific funtions
SLOW OPENING (L20AS_SO):

It is activated in case of engine
shoutdown.
The valve, starting from tha actual
position, is opened at a slow rate
(K20AS_ARASO = 0.5%/s). All other
comtrols remain active and, if
required, the valve can be opened
faster.
When the function is deactivated,
the valve is closed using the
automatic closing rate
(K20AS_ARRATC = 1.5%/s) until the
normal activation controller action
takes back the control.
49
19/11/2013
AS Sequence in MKVI
TRANSIENT ABSORPTION
(L20AS_TA):
It is activated in case of rapid
approaching to surge line.
Detection: threshold K20AS_TA
(5 10
) is reached and
override by derivative parameter
A20AS_PARAM.
Action: the setpoint A20AS_MAR is
increased by multiplying factor
K20AS_TA_G (1.15).
The original setpoint is than
restored when the derivative
parameter returns below the slow
rate threshold K20AS_TA_R
(5 10
).
50
19/11/2013
AS Sequence in MKVI
SAFETY CORRECTION (L20AS_COR):

It is activated if operating point
approches surge line more than
correction line (COR).
Detection: AS parameter <
K20AS_COR
Action: set point is increased at
fixed time (2.2s).
Integral time is divided for 4 to
uncrease integral action and, as
consequence, speeding the valve
opening.
51
19/11/2013
AS Sequence in MKVI
SAFETY PROTECTION (L20AS_SPR):
It is activated if operating point
approches surge line more than
protection line (SPR).
Detection: AS parameter <
K20AS_SPR
Action: recycling valve fast opening
ramp is initiated. Than safety
protaction terminate when
operating point parameter is above
safety protection SPR line with
hysteresis K20AS_SPRH.
If the situation is not OK in 10s an
alarm indicates a problem in the AS
valve opening.
Safety protection is also active
during START/STOP sequence.
52
19/11/2013
AS Sequence in MKVI
PROTECTIONS DISABLING
When unit is operative (L4AS = 1),
safety protection and correction
can be disabled (normally to allow
surge zone exploration) by the
override command L43AS_O_CMD.
In this case alarm L43AS_O_ALM is
generated.
DANGER !!!
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19/11/2013
AS Sequence in MKVI
MANUAL OPERATION (L43AS_CMD)
Manual operation can be selected if at least one of the following condition is verified:
Safety protection od safety correction not active
Antisurge master enabing signal disabled (L4AS = 0)
Protections disabled (L43AS_O_CMD)
If MANUAL OPERATION is selected, recycling valve positio n is
managed by five pushbuttons (with a ramp of 1%/s):
1.
L5AS_C_CPB: AS valve close PB (fine tuning)
2.
L5AS_O_CPB: AS valve ope PB (fine tuning)
3.
L5AS_FC_CPB: AS valve close PB (latched till

valve completely closed or L5AS_S_CPB is
received)
4.
L5AS_FO_CPB: AS valve open PB (latched till

valve completely closed or L5AS_S_CPB is
received)
5.
L5AS_S_CPB: stop AS valve stroking

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Load sharing theory

Regulation of the operating point of a compressor
The operating point of a compressor can be changed (regulated)

by means mainly two ways:
Speed variation
The operating point can be

changed changing the shaft
speed.
105%
100%
98%
90%
80%
NPT = Pout and Qin

NPT = Pout and Qin
65%
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19/11/2013
Load sharing theory

Regulation of the operating point of a compressor
The operating point of a compressor can be changed (regulated)

by means mainly two ways:
Cooled bypass
The operating point can be changed

throught the managing of the
antisurge valve.
105%
100%
98%
90%
80%
AS Closing = Pout and Qin

AS Opening = Pout and Qin
65%
59
19/11/2013
Load sharing theory

Regulation of the operating points of 2 compressors in PARALLEL
Pout
Qin1
DRIVER
1
Collector
Pout1
C1
Qin2
Pout2
DRIVER
2
The goal is to share the load in equal

parts on the two compressor trains,
50% on C1 and 50% on C2.
Pout = Pout1 = Pout2
C2
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19/11/2013
Load sharing theory

Regulation of the operating points of 2 compressors in PARALLEL
Train 1
Train 2
105%
105%
100%
98%
100%
98%
90%
90%
80%
65%
80%
65%
If Driver1 increases its rpm, Pout1 increases. Pout = Pout1 =Pout2, so also Pout2 increases changing the resistance
curve of the second compressor. For that reason the working point 2 goes closer the surge limit.
When a train in a parallel configuration changes its speed, also the speed of the other train must be changed in the
same way.
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19/11/2013
Load sharing theory

Regulation of the operating points of 2 compressors in SERIES
Pout
Qin2
Qin1
Pout1
C1
DRIVER
2
C2
Collector
DRIVER
1
Pout2
Pout = Pout1 + Pout2

The goal, in this configuration, is the managing of the requested Pout.
An increasing of te Pout is implemented increasing the revolution speed.
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19/11/2013
Load sharing theory

Regulation of the operating points of 2 compressors in SERIES
Pout
Qin2
Qin1
Pout1
C1
DRIVER
2
C2
Collector
DRIVER
1
Pout2
Pout = Pout1 + Pout2

If the Pout needs to be increased, Driver2 can increase the speed. But, if
only Driver2 increases the speed, this variation determines the lowering
of the resistance curve of the Compressor1 that generates a decresing
of Pou1; and finally the consequent new decreasing of Pout.
When a train of a series changes its speed, also the speed of the
other train must be changed in the same way.
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19/11/2013
Load sharing theory

Regulation of the operating points of 2 compressors.
AS valve
Qin
Pout
DRIVER
Fine regulation through the

antisarge valve:
Because the 2 compressors cannot be perfectly equal (for costruction tolerances, dirty...) even if they are revolving a
the same speed, they will work a little bit differently one by the other.
In consideration of that: speed regulation is not enoght .
A fine regulation of the load sharing, both for series and parallel configurations, needs to be
implemented by means of Cooled bypass method.
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19/11/2013
65
Antisurge
GE Oil & Gas
TRAINING MANUAL
SEZ . Drawings
GE
Oil & Gas
Drawings Index
BCL505/N assembly drawing
SOS9929211
Performancecurves
SOS9983763
Piping and instrument diagram
SOM5081477
Instrument list
SOM6609947
Control system functional description
SOM6670429
Antisurge Valve
SOS7248866
Antisurge valve data sheet
RV 28465
Antisurge write-up
SOS9983403
Performance curves
SOS9983763

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GE

Oil & Gas

Centrifugal Compressor Antisurge

Control (ENG, Nouveaux & Anciens)

GE OIL & GAS CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

Centrifugal compressor introduction

COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE CURVES

Introduction to Thermodynamic planes

Performance and system resistance curves theory

Operating Point and Conditions

ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS

Centrifugal Compressor Unsteady Flows Overview

ANTISURGE CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Control system introduction

Antisurge valve description

Antisurge block diagram sequence description

Antisurge control and protection philosophy

Antisurge control and protection operation

ANTISURGE SCREENS - BASED ON SPEEDTRONIC MARK FAMILY

Main screen field description

Antisurge control status description

LOAD SHARING AND BALANCING OVERVIEW

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Customized for: SONATRACH (ALGERIA)

GE Oil & Gas

GE Oil & Gas

Customer Training Job: 0622457

Vito Antonio Tondolo

GE Oil & Gas

GE Oil & Gas

Customized for: SONATRACH (ALGERIA)

GE Oil & Gas

GE Oil & Gas

Customized for: SONATRACH (ALGERIA)

GE Oil & Gas

Centrifugal Compressor Antisurge

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Why do I need to compress a gas?

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Oil / gas processing plant

Gas boosting station

Power generation plant

Natural Gas storage plant

LNG receiving plant

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Increased velocity and pressure

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Discharge pressure (bar a)

Normal operating point

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction

The plot represents the envelope of all the

The actual operating point is unique and

Centrifugal Compressor- Introduction