Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Reinforced Concrete
Structures I
Introduction
Topics
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Course Outline
Analysis and Design
Advantages and disadvantages of
concrete structures
Limit states
Loading
Code of Practice
Reinforced Concrete Structures I
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Introduction
Analysis & Design of Rectangular

Sections in flexure
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Properties of Concrete, Design Methods.

Safety and Serviceability, Applied Loads.
Singly reinforced rectangular beams

One-way slabs
Doubly reinforced rectangular beams
T-beams
Shear in Beams
Bond, Anchorage, Development and
Overlap Length
Structural Design
Structural design can be defined as a mixture of
art and science, combining the engineers
feeling for the behavior of a structure with a
sound knowledge of the principles of statics,
dynamics, mechanics of materials, and
structural analysis, to produce a safe
economical structure that will serve its
intended purpose.
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Concrete Making
Concrete: Composite material composed of

portland cement, fine aggregate (sand), coarse
aggregate (gravel/stone), and water; with or
without other additives.
Hydration: Chemical process in which the

cement powder reacts with water and then sets
and hardens into a solid mass, bonding the
aggregates together.
Heat of Hydration: Heat is released during the

hydration process.
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In large concrete masses heat is dissipated

slowly
temperature rises and volume
expansion
later cooling causes contraction.
Concrete Making
Proportioning: Goal is to achieve mix with
Low Cost:
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Adequate strength
Proper workability for placement
Low cost
Minimize amount of cement
Good gradation of aggregates (decreases
voids and cement paste required)
Concrete Making
Water-Cement Ratio (W/C)
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Increased W/C: Improves plasticity and

fluidity of the mix.
Increased W/C: Results in decreased
strength due to larger volume of voids in
cement paste due to free water.
Complete hydration of cement requires
W/C ~ 0.25.
Need water to wet aggregate surfaces,
provide mobility of water during hydration
and to provide workability.
Typical W/C = 0.40-0.60
Concrete Making
Aggregates
70-75% of volume of hardened concrete

Remainder = hardened cement paste,
uncombined water, air voids
More densely packed aggregate give better
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strength
weather resistance (durability)
cost
Concrete
Making
Fine aggregate: sand

Coarse aggregate: gravel
Good gradation:
Aggregate Strength
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2-3 size groups of sand

Several size groups of gravel
Strong aggregates: quartzite, felsite
Weak aggregates: sandstone, marble
Intermediate strength: limestone, granite
Concrete Making
Quality of concrete is measured by its
strength and durability.

The principal factors affecting the strength of
concrete are aggregate, W/C ratio, and the
extent to which hydration has progressed.
Durability of concrete is the ability of the
concrete to resist disintegration due to
freezing, thawing and chemical attack.
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10
Concrete Making
Workability of concrete may be defined as a

composite characteristic indicative of the
ease with which the mass of plastic material
may be deposited in its final place without
segregation during placement, and its ability
to conform to fine forming detail.
Economy takes into account effective use of

materials, effective operation, and ease of
handling. The cost of producing good quality
concrete is an important consideration in the
overall cost of the construction project.
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11
Concrete Making
Workability
Workability measured by slump test

slump
30cm
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Layer 1: Fill 1/3 full.

Layer 2: Fill 2/3 full.
Layer 3: Fill full.
Lift cone and measure slump
12
Concrete Making
Admixtures
Applications:
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Improve workability
Accelerate or retard setting and
hardening
Aid in curing
Improve durability
13
Design Process
Phase 1: Definition of clients needs and

priorities.
Functional requirements
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Aesthetic requirements
Budgetary requirements
14
Design Process
Phase 2: Development of project concept
Develop possible layouts

Approximate analysis preliminary members
sizes/cost for each arrangement
Selection most desirable structural system
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Appropriateness
Economical/Cost
Maintainability
15
Design Process
Phase 3: Design of individual system
Structural analysis (based on preliminary design)
Member design
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Moments
Shear forces
Axial forces
Prepare construction details and
specifications.
Proportion members to resist forces
16
Design Philosophy
Two philosophies of design have long been prevalent.
Working stress method focuses on conditions
at service loads.
Ultimate Strength design method focusing on
conditions at loads greater than the service
loads when failure may be imminent.
The ultimate strength design method is more realistic
to establish structural safety for reinforced concrete.
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17
Working Stress Design Method

Working (service) loads are used and a
member is designed based on an allowable
compressive bending stress, normally 0.45fc
Concrete compressive stress pattern is
assumed to linearly from zero at the neutral
axis.
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18
Ultimate Strength Design Method

In the ultimate strength method, the service loads are
increased sufficiently by factors to obtain the load at
which failure is considered to be imminent. This
load is called the factored load or factored service
load.
strength required to
strength provided
carry factored loads
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Ultimate Strength Design Method

Strength provided is computed in accordance with rules
and assumptions of behavior prescribed by the building
code and the strength required is obtained by performing
a structural analysis using factored loads.
The strength provided is commonly referred to as
ultimate strength. However, it is a code defined value
for strength and not necessarily ultimate.
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20
Limit States and Design

Limit State:
Condition in which a structure or structural
element is no longer acceptable for its
intended use.
Major groups for RC structural limit states
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Ultimate
Serviceability
Special
21
Ultimate Limit State

Ultimate limit state
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structural collapse of all or part of the

structure ( very low probability of occurrence)
and loss of life can occur.
Loss of equilibrium of a part or all of a
structure as a rigid body (tipping, sliding of
structure).
Rupture of critical components causing partial
or complete collapse. (flexural, shear failure).
22
Serviceability Limit States

Functional use of structure is disrupted, but
collapse is not expected
More often tolerated than an an ultimate limit
state since less danger of loss of life.
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23
Advantages of Concrete Structures
Economical
Thinner floor systems
Materials widely available
Suitability of material for architectural and

structural function
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Reduced Building Height

Lower wind loads (< A)
Saving in Cladding
Concrete place in plastic condition - desired

shape & texture can be obtained with forms
and finishing techniques
Designer canReinforced
choose
shape and size
Concrete Structures I
24
Advantages of Concrete Structures
Fire Resistance
Rigidity
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Concrete building have 1-3 hour fire rating with

no fire proofing (steel and timber require
fireproofing to obtain this rating)
Greater stiffness & mass reduces oscillations
(wind), floor vibrations (walking)
Low Maintenance
Availability of Raw Materials
25
Disadvantages of Concrete Structures
Low tensile strength
Strength per unit volume is relatively low.
greater volume required
Forms and Shoring (additional steps)
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cracking if not properly reinforced
Construction of forms
Removal of forms
Prepping (or shoring) the new concrete to
support weight until strength is adequate.
Labor/Materials cost not required for other
types of materials
26
Disadvantages of Concrete Structures
Time-dependent volume changes
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Concrete & steel undergo similar expansion

and contraction.
Concrete undergoes drying shrinkage, which
may cause deflections and cracking.
Creep of concrete under sustained loads
causes an increase in deflection with time.
27
Codes of Practices
The design and analysis of a reinforced concrete member

is partial empirical although rational. These semi-rational
principles and methods are being constantly revised and
improved as a result of theoretical and experimental
research accumulate; they are issued as building code
requirements.
EBCS, ACI, EuroCode, BS, DIN, etc

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Safety Provisions
Structures and structural members must always be
designed to carry some reserve load above what is
expected under normal use.
There are three main reasons why some sort of
safety factor are necessary in structural design.
[1] Variability in resistance.
[2] Variability in loading.
[3] Consequences of failure.
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29
Variability in Resistance
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Variability of the strengths of concrete and

reinforcement.
Differences between the as-built
dimensions and those found in structural
drawings.
Effects of simplification made in the
derivation of the members resistance.
30
Loading
SPECIFICATIONS
Minimum loads on buildings are specified in
codes of practices.
DEAD LOADS:
Weight of all permanent construction
Constant magnitude and fixed location
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31
Dead Loads
Examples:
Weight of the Structure
(Walls, Floors, Roofs, Ceilings, Stairways)
Fixed Service Equipment
(HVAC, Piping Weights, Cable Tray, Etc.)
Can Be Uncertain.
pavement thickness
earth fill over underground structure
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32
Live Loads
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Loads produced by use and occupancy

of the structure.
Maximum loads likely to be produced by
the intended use.
Construction materials
Weight of formwork supporting weight of
fresh concrete
Not less than the minimum specified by
the Code.
33
Environmental Loads
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Snow Loads
Earthquake
Wind
Soil Pressure
Ponding of Rainwater
Temperature Differentials
34
Earthquake Loads
Inertia forces caused by earthquake motion
F=m*a
Distribution of forces can be found using
equivalent static force procedure (code, not
allowed for every building) or using dynamic
analysis procedures
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35
Concrete Properties
1. Uniaxial Stress versus Strain Behavior in
Compression
fc
fc
Ec
30cm
15cm
0.45fc
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c
36
Concrete Properties
1. For strength tests, cylindrical or cube sample could be
considered. The sample is tested after 28 days to test for
strength, fc. The concrete will continue to harden with
time and for a normal Portland cement strength will
increase with time as follows:
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37
Concrete Properties
ompressive Strength, fc
Poissons Ratio,
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fc
Normally use 28-day strength
forEcdesign
fc
strength
0.45fc
~ 0.15 to 0.20
Usually use = 0.17
38
Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength
Tensile strength ~ 8% to 15% of fc
Test:
unreinforced
concrete beam
Mmax = P/2*a
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fr
39
Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength (cont.)
Splitting Tensile Strength, fct
Split Cylinder Test

P
Concrete Cylinder
Poissons
Effect
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40
Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength (cont.)
f ct =
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2P
ld
41
Concrete Properties
3. Shrinkage and Creep
Shrinkage: Due to water loss to atmosphere
(volume loss).
Plastic shrinkage occurs while concrete is still wet
(hot day, flat work, etc.)
Drying shrinkage occurs after concrete has set
Most shrinkage occurs in first few months (~80% within
one year).
Cycles of shrinking and swelling may occur as
environment changes.
Reinforcement restrains the development of shrinkage.
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42
Concrete Properties
3. Shrinkage of an Unloaded Specimen
* 80% of shrinkage occurs in first year

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43
Concrete Properties
Shrinkage
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is a function of
W/C ratio (high water content reduces

amount of aggregate which restrains
shrinkage)
Aggregate type & content (modulus of
Elasticity)
Volume/Surface Ratio
44
Concrete Properties
Shrinkage
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is a function of
Type of cement (finely ground)

Admixtures
Relative humidity (largest for relative humidity of
40% or less).
Typical magnitude of strain: (200 to 600) * 10-6
(200 to 600 microstrain)
45
Concrete Properties
4. Creep
Deformations (strains) under sustained loads.

Like shrinkage, creep is not completely reversible.
P
L
L, elastic
L, creep
P
=L/L
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46
Concrete Properties
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Magnitude of creep strain is a function of all

the above that affect shrinkage, plus
magnitude of stress
age at loading
Creep strain develops over time
Absorbed water layers tend to become
thinner between gel particles that are
transmitting compressive stresses
Bonds form between gel particles in their
deformed position.
47
Steel Reinforcement
1. General
Standard
Reinforcing Bar
Markings
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48
Steel Reinforcement
General
Most common types for non-prestressed
members:
hot-rolled deformed bars
welded wire fabric
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49
Steel Reinforcement
reas, Weights, Dimensions
ypes
Specification for Deformed and Plain-Billet
Steel Bars most common in buildings and
bridges
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St 300: fyk = 300MPa
St 420: fyk = 420MPa

50
Steel Reinforcement
3. Stress versus Strain
Stress-Strain curve for
various types of steel
reinforcement bar.
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51
RC Structural Systems
A. Floor Systems
B. Lateral Load Systems
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Structural Members
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Truss
Beams
Columns
Slabs/plates/shells/folded plates
Walls/diaphragms
Foundation
53
Beam Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending and shear
L
V
E,I,A
M
1,1
2,2
Elastic Properties:
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) = My/I (normal stress)
ks = GA/L (shear)
v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I) (bending)

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54
Column Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending,
shear, and axial
L
F
M
E,I,A
ka = EA/L (axial)
F
1,1
M
Elastic Properties:
3
2,2
a = F/A (normal stress)
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) b = My/I (normal stress)

ks = GA/L (shear)
v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I, A) (normal)

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55
Slab/Plate Elements
Defn: Members subject to bi-directional bending
& shear
Mx, My, and Vz

x
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x, y, and z
56
Wall/Diaphragm Elements
Defn: Members subject to shear
y
Vx and Vx
x
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x and y
57

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