Citing sources and listing references

Patricia Flor
senior librarian

Using and referring to sources

How to avoid plagiarism

How and when to cite sources
Reference styles
How to write a reference list (literature list)

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Using sources
Necessary to use the work of others in your thesis:

State of the art

To show the need for further research
To compare findings
To synthesize the findings of others

Must always give credit to the original authors

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Why should you name your sources?

Give credit to the original author
Allow others to read what you have read
Follow up the reader can get more information
Quality control have you used the information correctly?

Place your work in a wider context

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Plagiarism
Publishing other peoples work as your own

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Plagiarism

Unethical
Illegal
Cheating punishes with sanctions or even expulsion
You dont learn anything!

Plagiarism: where do you draw the line?

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How to avoid plagiarism

Keep a record of where you found the information

Name your source
Use quotations, or
Paraphrase (write in your own words)
Take care in copying and pasteing from electronic sources

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How to cite sources

Refer to them in the text
Reference list (literature list)

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Citing sources in the text

Your should cite your sources when you:

Refer to a source
Use quotations
Paraphrase (indirect quotes)
Summarize

N.B. You do not need to cite information that is common

knowledge, eg. Well-known dates and events

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Refer to
Original text:
Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to write
about literature, showing how his or her work relates to others.
(Murray, R. (2002) How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101)

According to Murray (2002)

Either quote
Or paraphrase

All thesis writers should refer to relevant literature ..

(Murray, 2002)
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Refer to
Other studies have found similar results (Smith and Jones,
2000, Lie et al., 2003)

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Quotations
Short quotes (up to 3 lines): use quotation marks
Longer quotes (more than 3 lines): new paragraph,
indented
According to Murray (2002)
Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has
to write about literature, showing how his or her work relates to
others. Even if you would rather write about the literature in
several chapters rather than just one so that it is integrated in
your argument, it might be helpful, for the moment, to think of it as
a separate unit in your argument.
(Murray, R. (2002) How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101)
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Paraphrasing
Rewriting another authors text in your own words
Original text:
Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to write
about literature, showing how his or her work relates to others.
(Murray, R. (2002) How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101)

Paraphrase
All thesis writers should refer to relevant literature in relation to the topic of
the thesis, but this does not necessarily have to be in the form of a literature
review. (Murray (2002)

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Summarizing
Putting the main idea(s) into your own words
Including only the main point(s)
Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and
take a broad overview of the source material
Must cite your source.

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Is this a paraphrase?
Original text:
Not every thesis has a literature review, but every thesis writer has to write
about literature, showing how his or her work relates to others.
(Murray, R. (2002) How to Write a Thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p. 101)

According to Murray (2002) not every thesis has a literature review, but every
thesis writer has to write about literature, showing how his or her work relates
to others.

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No! This is also plagiarism!

According to Murray (2002) not every thesis has a literature review,

but every thesis writer has to write about literature, showing how his or
her work relates to others.

Even though the source is given, this is word for

word as the author wrote it.
How should it be written?
All thesis writers should refer to relevant literature in relation
to the topic of the thesis, but this does not necessarily have
to be in the form of a literature review. (Murray (2002)
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Exercise

Use the extract from Fundamentals of engineering

thermodynamics

Paraphrase a short part of the text and quote your source.

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How to refer
Keep records of the publications you read
Choose a reference style
Harvard
APA (version of Harvard)
Vancouver

Refer to publications in the text

Make a reference list at the end of the thesis

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TUC
No standard referencing style
Choose a style and stick to it!

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Harvard and APA reference styles

Author and year of publication in the text
Example: According to Murray (2002)

Alphabetical reference list

Alphabetical by author (or by title if no author)
Example:
Murray, R. (2002) How to Write a Thesis. Maidenhead: Open University
Press.
Harvard: http://essential.tbs.uce.ac.uk/harvard.html
APA: http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/apa.pdf
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Vancouver style
References numbered in the text
Example:
Not every thesis has a literature review (1)

Numerical reference list in the same order as in the text

Example:
1. Murray R. How to write a thesis. Maidenhead: Open University Press,
2002; p. 101.
Vancouver http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/vancouver.pdf

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Electronic reference managers

Scientific Workplace
Latex

EndNote

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Personal communications, lecture notes

Do not normally place them in the reference list
Quote them in the text:
According to Bernt Lie (Personal communication, 12.01.2006)

Use foot notes if necessary:

(1) Lie, Bernt. Lecture on . at TUC, 25.10.2005

Check with the person that you have quoted him/her

correctly

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Books
Housecroft, C.E. & Sharpe, A.G. (2005). Inorganic
Chemistry. (2nd ed.) Harlow: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

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Chapter in book
Hansen, P.D. (2003). Adaptive tuning methods of the
Foxboro I/A system. In: V.J. VanDoren (ed.), Techniques
for Adaptive Control, pp. 23-54. Amsterdam: ButterworthHeinemann.

APA style

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Journal article

Hauge, T.A., Slora, R. & Lie, B. (2005) Application and roll-out

of infinite horizon MPC employing a nonlinear mechanistic
model to paper machines. Journal of Process Control. 15,
pp. 201-213.
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Diez, M.D., Fjeld, M., Andersen, E. & Lie, B. (2006). Validation of a

compartmental population balance model of an industrial leaching process:
The Silgrain process. Chemical Engineering Science, 61(1) pp. 229-245.
Available from: ScienceDirect at http://www.sciencedirect.com/ [accessed:
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31.08.2007]
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Conference report
Crawford, G.I. (1965). Oxygen in metals. In: Lenihan,
J.M.A & Thompson, S.J. (eds.), Activiation Analysis:
Proceedings of a AFT Advanced Study Institute, Glasgow,
August 1964. London: Academic Press, pp. 113-118.

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Web document

Energy and Environmental Technology (2007). [Online].

Available from:
http://www.hit.no/nxceng/content/view/full/6448
[Accessed 31.08.2007 ]

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Secondary source
Refer to the document you have actually read
In text:
Carini and Hogans study (as cited in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002,
p. 45)

In reference list:
Thibodeau, G . A. & Patton, K. T. (Ed.). (2002).The Human Body
in Health and Disease. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.

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Exercise
Write a reference in Harvard style for a

Book
Journal article (pdf version)
Journal article (html version)
Conference paper

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