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Attendance Quiz 21-1, 21-2

1.

The experiments in electrostatics (plastic


rods and fur) have shown that there are
exactly how many kinds of electric charge?

2.

Nylon is a good insulator. True or False?

Attendance Quiz 21-1, 21-2


1.

The experiments in electrostatics (plastic


rods and fur) have shown that there are
exactly how many kinds of electric charge?
Two (positive and negative)

2.

Nylon is a good insulator. True or False?


True

Objective
Apply the concepts of the dichotomy,

quantization and conservation of electric charge


Given the initial/final charge distribution,

calculate the final/initial charge distribution using


conservation principles
Predict charge distributions, and the resulting

attraction or repulsion, in a system of charged


insulators and conductors
Outline the process of charging

Electric Charge

Electric Charge
scalar; no direction
SI unit of electric charge: Coulomb (C)

Electrostatics: study of

the interactions between electric


charges that are at rest in an observers reference frame.

Three properties of electric charge:


1.

Dichotomy

2.

Conservation

3.

Quantization

3 properties of electric charge

Dichotomy
Electric charge is either positive or negative
Like charges repel; opposite charges attract

3 properties of electric charge


Conservation
The algebraic sum of all the electric charges in any closed

system is constant.
In charging, charge is neither created nor destroyed; it is

only transferred from one body to another


This is a universal conservation law

3 properties of electric charge


Quantization
The magnitude of charge of the electron or proton is a

natural unit of charge.


Basic unit of charge

e = 1.602 x 10-19 C

Proton: + 1.602 x 10-19 C = +e


Electron: - 1.602 x 10-19 C = -e
Every observable amount of electric charge is always an

integer multiple of this basic unit

Consider 2 conducting spheres of the same size, with


initial charges as shown:

Q1 = +3Q Q2 = -Q

1.What is the final charge upon reaching equilibrium on


each sphere when the two are brought into contact?
2.Are the final charges attractive or repulsive?

Consider 2 conducting spheres of the same size, with


initial charges as shown:

Q1 = +3Q Q2 = -Q

1.What is the final charge upon reaching equilibrium on


each sphere when the two are brought into contact?
The algebraic sum of all the electric charges in any closed

system is constant.
In charging, charge is neither created nor destroyed; it is

only transferred from one body to another

Consider 2 conducting spheres of the same size, with


initial charges as shown:

Q1 = +3Q Q2 = -Q

1.What is the final charge upon reaching equilibrium on


each sphere when the two are brought into contact?

Net charge: +2Q so Q1 = +Q = Q2


2.Are the final charges attractive or repulsive?

Consider 2 conducting spheres of the same size, with


initial charges as shown:

Q1 = +3Q Q2 = -Q

1.What is the final charge upon reaching equilibrium on


each sphere when the two are brought into contact?

Net charge: +2Q so Q1 = +Q = Q2


2.Are the final charges attractive or repulsive?

Both have same sign: Repulsive

Objective
Apply the concepts of the dichotomy, quantization and
conservation of electric charge
Given the initial/final charge distribution, calculate the
final/initial charge distribution using conservation
principles
Predict charge distributions, and the resulting attraction

or repulsion, in a system of charged insulators and


conductors
Outline the process of charging

Conductors, Insulators
& Induced Charges

Types of materials in terms of


electric conduction
Conductors
Insulators

Semiconductors
Superconductors

Conductors

Conductors
Objects that permit easy movement of electrons through

them
In most metals, mobile charges are always negative

electrons: sea of electrons


The earth can act as an infinite source or sink of electrons:

grounding

Conductors
Most metals are good conductors

Insulators
Objects that DO NOT permit easy movement of electrons

through them
Examples include most nonmetals, ceramic, wood,
plastic, rubber, air

The charges within the molecules of an insulator can shift

slightly: polarization

Semiconductors
Objects with properties between conductors and

insulators

Examples include silicon, diodes, transistors

Superconductors
Objects with zero resistance against the movement of

electrons
Examples include some compounds at very low

temperatures

Ways of charging a material


Charging by rubbing
charge of charger changes; electrons transfer

Ways of charging a material


Charging by rubbing

Ways of charging a material


Charging by rubbing
If objects are

insulators and
surrounding air is dry,
objects acquire equal
and opposite charges.
Object that loses

electrons becomes
positively charged
Object that that gains

electrons become
negatively charged

Ways of charging a material


Charging by rubbing
charge of charger changes; electrons transfer
If objects rubbed together are conductors, electrons can

flow back and forth between the objects equalizing the


charges, resulting to no charge building up on the objects.

Ways of charging a material


Charging by induction (w/o grounding)
charge of charger DOES NOT change

Ways of charging a material


Charging by induction (w/ grounding)
charge of charger DOES NOT change
negative charger induces a positive charge

(positive charger induces a negative charge)

Ways of charging a material


Charging by induction (w/ grounding)

Ways of charging a material


Charging by induction (w/ grounding)

Ways of charging a material


Charging by polarization
charge of charger DOES NOT change
charged object can still attract a neutral object by

polarization

Ways of charging a material


Charging by polarization:
Neutral object
A charged object of either sign exerts an attractive

force on an uncharged insulator.

Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter


Atomic structure:

electron,
proton,neutron
Proton and neutron are

made up of quarks

Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter


Standard model

-current state of
classification of all
elementary particles

Contents of the Universe (WMAP prediction)

Objectives
Apply the concepts of the dichotomy, quantization and
conservation of electric charge

Given the initial/final charge distribution, calculate the


final/initial charge distribution using conservation
principles

Predict charge distributions, and the resulting attraction


or repulsion, in a system of charged insulators and
conductors
Outline the process of charging

Demo time!

Summary
Electric charge: fundamental quantity in electrostatics
Electric interactions are chiefly responsible for the
structure of atoms, molecules and solids.
Conductors are materials that permit electric charge to
move easily within them
Insulators permit charge to move much less readily.

Aug 16 Attendance Quiz coverage


Sec 21-3: Coulombs Law
Sec 21-4: Electric Field & Electric Forces

UVLe:
Physics 72 Caeso (1s AY 16-17)
Enrolment key per recit section:
R1: gauss
R1-1: ampere
R1-2: faraday
R1-3: maxwell

Assignment 1/2:
Index Card (3x5)
2

pcs, one side for each


letter:
BOLD TYPE
A/B
C/D

Due

Tuesday, August 16

Happy

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