EE101: Resonance in RLC circuits

M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

I
VR
Vm 6 0

VL
VC

Vm 0
Vm
=
Im , where
R + jL + 1/jC
R + j(L 1/C )

Vm
L 1/C
.
= p
, = tan1
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

I=
Im

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

I
VR
Vm 6 0

VL
VC

Vm 0
Vm
=
Im , where
R + jL + 1/jC
R + j(L 1/C )

Vm
L 1/C
.
= p
, = tan1
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

I=
Im

* As is varied, both Im and change.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

I
VR
Vm 6 0

VL
VC

Vm 0
Vm
=
Im , where
R + jL + 1/jC
R + j(L 1/C )

Vm
L 1/C
.
= p
, = tan1
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

I=
Im

* As is varied, both Im and change.

* When L = 1/C , Im reaches its maximum value, Immax = Vm /R, and
becomes 0, i.e., the current I is in phase with the applied voltage.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

I
VR
Vm 6 0

VL
VC

Vm 0
Vm
=
Im , where
R + jL + 1/jC
R + j(L 1/C )

Vm
L 1/C
.
= p
, = tan1
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

I=
Im

* As is varied, both Im and change.

* When L = 1/C , Im reaches its maximum value, Immax = Vm /R, and
becomes 0, i.e., the current I is in phase with the applied voltage.
* The above condition is called resonance, and the corresponding frequency is
called the resonance frequency (0 ).

0 = 1/ LC

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

VR

VL

I
Vm 6 0

VC

Vm
L 1/C
Im = p
, = tan1
.
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

Resonance in series RLC circuits

f0
VR

VL

Vm 6 0

VC

Im (A)

0.1

0
102

R = 10
L = 1 mH
C = 1 F

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

Vm
L 1/C
Im = p
, = tan1
.
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
* As deviates from 0 , Im decreases.

Resonance in series RLC circuits

f0
VR

VL

Vm 6 0

VC

Im (A)

0.1

0
102

R = 10
L = 1 mH
C = 1 F

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

Vm
L 1/C
Im = p
, = tan1
.
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
* As deviates from 0 , Im decreases.
* As 0, the term 1/C dominates, and /2.

Resonance in series RLC circuits

f0
90

VC

Im (A)

0.1

I
Vm 6 0

f0

VL

0
102

R = 10
L = 1 mH
C = 1 F

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

(degrees)

VR

105

90
102

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

Vm
L 1/C
Im = p
, = tan1
.
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
* As deviates from 0 , Im decreases.
* As 0, the term 1/C dominates, and /2.
* As , the term L dominates, and /2.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

f0
90

VC

Im (A)

0.1

I
Vm 6 0

f0

VL

0
102

R = 10
L = 1 mH
C = 1 F

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

(degrees)

VR

105

90
102

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

Vm
L 1/C
Im = p
, = tan1
.
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
* As deviates from 0 , Im decreases.
* As 0, the term 1/C dominates, and /2.
* As , the term L dominates, and /2.
(SEQUEL file: ee101 reso rlc 1.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

VR

VL

I
Vm 6 0

VC

Imax
m

Imax
m / 2

0
1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

VR

VL

I
Vm 6 0

VC

Imax
m

Imax
m / 2

0
1

* The maximum power that can be absorbed by the resistor is

1
1
Pmax = (Immax )2 R = Vm2 /R.
2
2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

VR

VL

I
Vm 6 0

VC

Imax
m

Imax
m / 2

0
1

* The maximum power that can be absorbed by the resistor is

1
1
Pmax = (Immax )2 R = Vm2 /R.
2
2

* Define 1 and 2 (see figure) as frequencies at which Im = Immax / 2, i.e., the

power absorbed by R is Pmax /2.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

VR

VL

I
Vm 6 0

VC

Imax
m

Imax
m / 2

0
1

* The maximum power that can be absorbed by the resistor is

1
1
Pmax = (Immax )2 R = Vm2 /R.
2
2

* Define 1 and 2 (see figure) as frequencies at which Im = Immax / 2, i.e., the

power absorbed by R is Pmax /2.
* The bandwidth of a resonant circuit is defined as B = 2 1 , and the quality
factor as Q = 0 /B. Quality is a measure of the sharpness of the Im versus
frequency relationship.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm
Im = p
.
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
For = , Im = I max = Vm /R .
0

Imax
m

2
Imax
/
m

For = 1 or = 2 , Im = Immax / 2 .

0
1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm
Im = p
.
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
For = , Im = I max = Vm /R .
0

For = 1 or = 2 , Im = Immax / 2 .
1

2

Imax
m

2
Imax
/
m

0
1

Vm
R

Vm
= p
2
R + (L 1/C )2

for = 1,2 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm
Im = p
.
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
For = , Im = I max = Vm /R .
0

For = 1 or = 2 , Im = Immax / 2 .
1

2

Imax
m

2
Imax
/
m

0
1

Vm
R

Vm
= p
2
R + (L 1/C )2

for = 1,2 .

2 R 2 = R 2 + (L 1/C )2 R = (L 1/C ) .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm
Im = p
.
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
For = , Im = I max = Vm /R .
0

For = 1 or = 2 , Im = Immax / 2 .
1

2

Imax
m

2
Imax
/
m

0
1

Vm
R

Vm
= p
2
R + (L 1/C )2

for = 1,2 .

2 R 2 = R 2 + (L 1/C )2 R = (L 1/C ) .
Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get
s
R 2
R
1
1,2 =
+
+
.
2L
2L
LC

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm
Im = p
.
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
For = , Im = I max = Vm /R .
0

For = 1 or = 2 , Im = Immax / 2 .
1

2

Imax
m

2
Imax
/
m

0
1

Vm
R

Vm
= p
2
R + (L 1/C )2

for = 1,2 .

2 R 2 = R 2 + (L 1/C )2 R = (L 1/C ) .
Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get
s
R 2
R
1
1,2 =
+
+
.
2L
2L
LC
* Bandwidth B = 2 1 = R/L .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm
Im = p
.
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
For = , Im = I max = Vm /R .
0

For = 1 or = 2 , Im = Immax / 2 .
1

2

Imax
m

2
Imax
/
m

0
1

Vm
R

Vm
= p
2
R + (L 1/C )2

for = 1,2 .

2 R 2 = R 2 + (L 1/C )2 R = (L 1/C ) .
Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get
s
R 2
R
1
1,2 =
+
+
.
2L
2L
LC
* Bandwidth B = 2 1 = R/L .
* Quality Q = 0 /B = 0 L/R .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm
Im = p
.
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
For = , Im = I max = Vm /R .
0

For = 1 or = 2 , Im = Immax / 2 .
1

2

Imax
m

2
Imax
/
m

0
1

Vm
R

Vm
= p
2
R + (L 1/C )2

for = 1,2 .

2 R 2 = R 2 + (L 1/C )2 R = (L 1/C ) .
Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get
s
R 2
R
1
1,2 =
+
+
.
2L
2L
LC
* Bandwidth B = 2 1 = R/L .
* Quality Q = 0 /B = 0 L/R .
* Show that, at resonance (i.e., = 0 ), |VL | = |VC | = Q Vm .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm
Im = p
.
R 2 + (L 1/C )2
For = , Im = I max = Vm /R .
0

For = 1 or = 2 , Im = Immax / 2 .
1

2

Imax
m

2
Imax
/
m

0
1

Vm
R

Vm
= p
2
R + (L 1/C )2

for = 1,2 .

2 R 2 = R 2 + (L 1/C )2 R = (L 1/C ) .
Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get
s
R 2
R
1
1,2 =
+
+
.
2L
2L
LC
* Bandwidth B = 2 1 = R/L .
* Quality Q = 0 /B = 0 L/R .
* Show that, at resonance (i.e., = 0 ), |VL | = |VC | = Q Vm .

* Show that 0 = 1 2 .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

90

VL

0.1

Vm 6 0

VC

Im (A)

I = Im 6

0
102

L = 1 mH
C = 1 F

(degrees)

VR

R = 10
R = 20

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

R = 10
R = 20

90
102

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

As R is increased,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

90

VL

0.1

Vm 6 0

VC

Im (A)

I = Im 6

0
102

L = 1 mH
C = 1 F

(degrees)

VR

R = 10
R = 20

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

R = 10
R = 20

90
102

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

As R is increased,
* The quality factor Q = 0 L/R decreases, i.e., Im versus curve becomes
broader.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

90

VL

0.1

Vm 6 0

VC

Im (A)

I = Im 6

0
102

L = 1 mH
C = 1 F

(degrees)

VR

R = 10
R = 20

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

R = 10
R = 20

90
102

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

As R is increased,
* The quality factor Q = 0 L/R decreases, i.e., Im versus curve becomes
broader.
* The maximum current (at = 0 ) decreases (since Immax = Vm /R).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

90

VL

0.1

Vm 6 0

VC

Im (A)

I = Im 6

0
102

L = 1 mH
C = 1 F

(degrees)

VR

R = 10
R = 20

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

R = 10
R = 20

90
102

103
104
Frequency (Hz)

105

As R is increased,
* The quality factor Q = 0 L/R decreases, i.e., Im versus curve becomes
broader.
* The maximum current (at = 0 ) decreases (since Immax = Vm /R).

* The resonance frequency (0 = 1/ LC ) is not affected.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

I
VR
Vm 6 0

VL
VC

Vm 0
Vm
=
Im , where
R + jL + 1/jC
R + j(L 1/C )

Vm
L 1/C
.
= p
, = tan1
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

I=
Im

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

I
VR
Vm 6 0

VL
VC

Vm 0
Vm
=
Im , where
R + jL + 1/jC
R + j(L 1/C )

Vm
L 1/C
.
= p
, = tan1
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

I=
Im

* For < 0 , L < 1/C , the net impedance is capacitive, and the current leads
the applied voltage.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

I
VR
Vm 6 0

VL
VC

Vm 0
Vm
=
Im , where
R + jL + 1/jC
R + j(L 1/C )

Vm
L 1/C
.
= p
, = tan1
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

I=
Im

* For < 0 , L < 1/C , the net impedance is capacitive, and the current leads
the applied voltage.
* For = 0 , L = 1/C , the net impedance is purely resistive, and the current
is in phase with the applied voltage.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

I
VR
Vm 6 0

VL
VC

Vm 0
Vm
=
Im , where
R + jL + 1/jC
R + j(L 1/C )

Vm
L 1/C
.
= p
, = tan1
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

I=
Im

* For < 0 , L < 1/C , the net impedance is capacitive, and the current leads
the applied voltage.
* For = 0 , L = 1/C , the net impedance is purely resistive, and the current
is in phase with the applied voltage.
* For > 0 , L > 1/C , the net impedance is inductive, and the current lags
the applied voltage.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

I
VR
Vm 6 0

VL
VC

Vm 0
Vm
=
Im , where
R + jL + 1/jC
R + j(L 1/C )

Vm
L 1/C
.
= p
, = tan1
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

I=
Im

* For < 0 , L < 1/C , the net impedance is capacitive, and the current leads
the applied voltage.
* For = 0 , L = 1/C , the net impedance is purely resistive, and the current
is in phase with the applied voltage.
* For > 0 , L > 1/C , the net impedance is inductive, and the current lags
the applied voltage.
* Let us look at an example (next slide).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

1

0.1

1
i

Vs

R = 10
L = 1 mH

f =4.3 kHz

0.1

0.1

f =5 kHz f0

0.1

0.1

f =5.9 kHz

C = 1 F

Vs (V) (left axis)

1

0.1

100

200
Time (sec)

300

i (A) (right axis)

400

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits: phasor diagrams

VR

VL

I
VC

Vs

R = 10
L = 1 mH
C = 1 F

4
VL

VL

VL

Im(V)

VR

Vs

Vs

Vs , VR
VL

1
VC

VC
VR

VR

3
4

VR
VL

VC
f = 4.3 kHz

0
1
Re(V)

f = f0 5 kHz

0
1
Re(V)

f = 5.9 kHz

0
1
Re(V)

2
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in parallel RLC circuits

IR
Im 6

IL

IC
V

Im 0 = Y V, where Y = G + jC + 1/jL (G = 1/R) .

Im 0
Im
V=
=
Vm , where
G + jC + 1/jL
G + j(C 1/L)

Im
C 1/L
Vm = p
, = tan1
.
G
G 2 + (C 1/L)2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in parallel RLC circuits

IR
Im 6

IL

IC
V

Im 0 = Y V, where Y = G + jC + 1/jL (G = 1/R) .

Im 0
Im
V=
=
Vm , where
G + jC + 1/jL
G + j(C 1/L)

Im
C 1/L
Vm = p
, = tan1
.
G
G 2 + (C 1/L)2
* As is varied, both Vm and change.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in parallel RLC circuits

IR
Im 6

IL

IC
V

Im 0 = Y V, where Y = G + jC + 1/jL (G = 1/R) .

Im 0
Im
V=
=
Vm , where
G + jC + 1/jL
G + j(C 1/L)

Im
C 1/L
Vm = p
, = tan1
.
G
G 2 + (C 1/L)2
* As is varied, both Vm and change.
* When C = 1/L, Vm reaches its maximum value, Vmmax = Im /G = Im R, and
becomes 0, i.e., the voltage V is in phase with the source current.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in parallel RLC circuits

IR
Im 6

IL

IC
V

Im 0 = Y V, where Y = G + jC + 1/jL (G = 1/R) .

Im 0
Im
V=
=
Vm , where
G + jC + 1/jL
G + j(C 1/L)

Im
C 1/L
Vm = p
, = tan1
.
G
G 2 + (C 1/L)2
* As is varied, both Vm and change.
* When C = 1/L, Vm reaches its maximum value, Vmmax = Im /G = Im R, and
becomes 0, i.e., the voltage V is in phase with the source current.
* The above condition is called resonance, and the corresponding frequency is
called the resonance frequency (0 ).

0 = 1/ LC
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in parallel RLC circuits

L 1/C
.
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

C 1/L
Im
, = tan1
.
= p
G
G 2 + (C 1/L)2

Series RLC circuit: Im = p

Parallel RLC circuit: Vm

Vm

, = tan1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in parallel RLC circuits

L 1/C
.
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

C 1/L
Im
, = tan1
.
= p
G
G 2 + (C 1/L)2

Series RLC circuit: Im = p

Parallel RLC circuit: Vm

Vm

, = tan1

* The two situations are identical if we make the following substitutions:

I V,
R 1/R,
L C.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in parallel RLC circuits

L 1/C
.
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

C 1/L
Im
, = tan1
.
= p
G
G 2 + (C 1/L)2

Series RLC circuit: Im = p

Parallel RLC circuit: Vm

Vm

, = tan1

* The two situations are identical if we make the following substitutions:

I V,
R 1/R,
L C.
* Thus, our results for series RLC circuits can be easily extended to parallel RLC
circuits.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in parallel RLC circuits

L 1/C
.
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

C 1/L
Im
, = tan1
.
= p
G
G 2 + (C 1/L)2

Series RLC circuit: Im = p

Parallel RLC circuit: Vm

Vm

, = tan1

* The two situations are identical if we make the following substitutions:

I V,
R 1/R,
L C.
* Thus, our results for series RLC circuits can be easily extended to parallel RLC
circuits.
s
2
1
1
1
* Show that 1,2 =
+
+
2RC
2RC
LC
Bandwidth B = 1/RC .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in parallel RLC circuits

L 1/C
.
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

C 1/L
Im
, = tan1
.
= p
G
G 2 + (C 1/L)2

Series RLC circuit: Im = p

Parallel RLC circuit: Vm

Vm

, = tan1

* The two situations are identical if we make the following substitutions:

I V,
R 1/R,
L C.
* Thus, our results for series RLC circuits can be easily extended to parallel RLC
circuits.
s
2
1
1
1
* Show that 1,2 =
+
+
2RC
2RC
LC
Bandwidth B = 1/RC .
* Show that, at resonance (i.e., = 0 ), |IL | = |IC | = Q Im .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in parallel RLC circuits

L 1/C
.
R
R 2 + (L 1/C )2

C 1/L
Im
, = tan1
.
= p
G
G 2 + (C 1/L)2

Series RLC circuit: Im = p

Parallel RLC circuit: Vm

Vm

, = tan1

* The two situations are identical if we make the following substitutions:

I V,
R 1/R,
L C.
* Thus, our results for series RLC circuits can be easily extended to parallel RLC
circuits.
s
2
1
1
1
* Show that 1,2 =
+
+
2RC
2RC
LC
Bandwidth B = 1/RC .
* Show that, at resonance (i.e., = 0 ), |IL | = |IC | = Q Im .

1 2 .

* Show that 0 =

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in parallel RLC circuits: home work

IR

IL

Im 6 0

IC

Im = 50 mA
V

R = 2 k
L = 40 mH
C = 0.25 F

* Calculate 0 , f0 , B, Q.
* Calculate IR , IL , IC at = 0 , 1 , 2 .
* Verify graphically that IR + IL + IC = Is in each case.
* Plot the power absorbed by R as a function of frequency for f0 /10 < f < 10 f0 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay