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Hydraulic Engineering
CEWB222

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Dr. Gasim Hayder Ahmed Salih

BN-3-49, gasim@uniten.edu.my

Sources: Dr. Faizah Che Ros, Dr. Mohd Hafiz Zawawi, Prof Ir. Dr. Lariyah Mohd Sidek

What is Hydraulics?
Hydraulic may be defined as the science
that deals with the mechanical behavior of
water at rest or in motion.
The mechanical behavior may entail
computing forces and energy.
The science of fluid at rest is called
hydrostatics
The science of moving fluid is called
hydrodynamics
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Distinction
Fluid Mechanics is the study of fluids itself
under all conditions of rest and motion. The fluids
maybe gaseous or liquid.
Hydraulic primarily deals with liquid water. A
hydraulic approach is more empirical and
emphasis on finding solution of practical value.
Hydrology study of space, time and frequency
characteristics of the quantity and quality of
waters. Deals with water in all form such as
liquid, solid, ice and snow, water vapor.
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Classification of Hydraulics
Source of water
Surface water, vadose zone, saturated geological
formation and ice glaciers

Type of conduit
Open channel, pipe flows and watershed
hydraulics

Properties of water
Water quality and water quantity
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Classification of Hydraulics
Type of Environment
Agriculture, coastal, wetland, lake and river

Land use
Agriculture, urban, forest and rural

Solution Technique
Mathematical and statistical

Types and Classification of Flow

Closed conduit flow (Pipe flow) It does not
have any free surface. If there is free surface
in water flow in pipes, therefore it is classified
as open channel flow.
Open channel flow It has a free surface.

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Types Of Open Channel Flow

NATURAL channels describe all naturally
occurring watercourses including rivers of all
sizes, streams and small gullies. Underground
rivers and streams having a free surface are also
considered natural channels
ARTIFICIAL channels are water conveyance
structures built or developed by human means.
Such channels include pipes and other conduits,
sewer, drained ditches, canals, spillways, gutters,
flumes, etc. They are usually constructed in
regular cross-section shape.
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Properties of Open Channels

Regardless of whether an open channel is a culvert, a drainage
ditch, or a natural river; there are certain geometric properties
which are useful in describing and analyzing open channel flow.
The figure shown below illustrate these geometric properties.
Note that these properties will assume unique values for each
individual cross-section.

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Flow Types
Open channel flow may be classified in a variety of ways;
however, the following types are the most widely used.
1) Time as the Criterion
(Steady and Unsteady Flow)

2) Space or Distance as the Criterion

(Uniform and Varied Flow)

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1) Time criterion
Using time as a condition, flow in an open channel may be classified
as either Steady or Unsteady

Steady Flow refers to the case where the depth and velocity at a
particular point in a channel are constant over time. In steady flow,
the depth and velocity may vary from point to point along a channel
reach; however, in order for the flow to be steady, the depth and
velocity at any single point must be fixed over all time.

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2) Space or Distance criterion

Using space or distance as a condition, flow in an open
channel may be classified as either Uniform or Varied.
Uniform Flow
Refers to the flow characteristic where the streamlines are parallel
to one another.
Since the water surface itself is a streamline, then the depth and
velocity of flow is the same everywhere along a channel reach or
length.

In uniform flow, the channel bottom, the Energy Grade Line, and
the Hydraulic Grade Line are parallel along the entire channel
length.
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Varied Flow

Refers to the condition where the flow depth can change

along the channel reach.
Varied flow can be further subdivided into Gradually
Varied or Rapidly Varied flow.

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Varied flow is for flows with the depth of flow that

changes along the length of the channel.
Varied flow can be further classified into :
i) Gradually varied flow (GVF) where the depth changes
gradually over a comparatively long distance.
ii) Rapidly varied flow (RVF) where the depth changes
abruptly over a comparatively short distance.
iii) Spatially varied flow or discontinuous flow where some
flow is added to or abstracted from the flow system.
Example would be like flows at roadside gutters and
feeding channels in irrigation systems.
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Types of Flow in Open Channel

Classification of Open Channel Flows
Steady flow

Unsteady flow

Uniform flow

Varied flow

Rapid varied flow

Gradually varied
Flow

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State of flow
The state is governed by:
a) The effect of viscosity
b) The effects of gravity
The effect of viscosity relative to inertia would cause
the flow to be in either one of the following states :

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State of flow
i) Laminar flow :
Viscous forces are so strong relative to the inertial forces.
Water particles appear to move in streamlines
Reynolds number Re < 500

ii) Turbulent flow :

Viscous forces are weak relative to the inertial

forces
Water particles move in irregular paths but still
represent the forward motion of the entire
stream
Reynolds number , Re > 1000
iii) Transitional flow
The flow state between laminar and turbulent
flows 500 < Re < 1000

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State of flow
b) The effects of gravity
The effect of viscosity relative to inertia would cause the flow to be in either
one of the following states:
i) Subcritical flow :
Gravity force is more pronounced
The flow has a low velocity and often tranquil and streaming

Froude Number , F <1

F=

ii) Supercritical flow :

Inertial force is dominant
The flow has high a velocity and often rapid, shooting and torrential
Froude number , F >1
iii) Critical flow :
A state of flow between subcritical and supercritical flow
Froude number, F = 1

gy

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Froude Number
Froude number, Fr, is a dimensionless value that describes
different flow regimes of open channel flow. The Froude
number is a ratio of inertial and gravitational forces.

Gravity (numerator) - moves water downhill

Inertia (denominator) - reflects its willingness

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Regimes of Flow

1.
2.
3.
4.

The combined effects of viscosity and gravity would

result in either one of the following regimes of flow is
governed by:
Subcritical-laminar flow, F < 1 and Re < 500
Supercritical laminar flow, F > 1 and Re < 500
Supercritical Turbulent flow, F > 1 and Re >1000
Subcritical Turbulent flow, F <1 and Re >1000

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Froude Number for Open Channel Flow

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Hydraulic jump

Note that there is head loss in hydraulic jump

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