” : 4g . Uae z Aysi ntities * units ** — 4.4, Physical quantities _ eae -magnitucle —___ {7 . eed =I — 4.2 ST units moss “pe ease tf re: pica -- sana fe {milli scantiiy Ab | mega ogee p— be om &: Ki] OM x deci ld) ie i —___& sealer quaatinies hai ttre gexcistonce, speed) Jb ? vector antities: magnitucle + direction ee Ss inet Ce.g + cb'splocement velocity) — —* Adding | subwacting —_ceplenar ane ee a as a f eb ———S ae - aby 7 Berg ant . at Bes a verioe Se) sealer ponent foe ee Gili ja dQe lets seve Compass iat at ana oat A SE © 2Om)s* 30° sb Bele * / ‘ aay : ____Component due Bo —— i. -o + AOm)s* x cos GOS = _ Se AS frencat er ; F: 3ti ee a Haste merits. “Techniques Na a Pas. Errors and uncertainties po Sysemotic errors 2 ero_error = measurement ed 10 read. © 2 ie Be le snck reac O. _ a 2.9 emmeler; no eurrent, =? ceeding =CQ "am = +_Tncorrect _ calibration of insteument —_ me = Rove USe a bs = —_______¢.9--: observing _meniseus fram _an_angle _ ae + thuman reaction _ ee stopwatch reflex ce 0.12 Pa coco ae ee ao 2 Equipment _. (iuhecls ore friction) = Be eer tit ene te ee ae a +__Canelitian (e.g. roam temperatere) "3. pe eh 2 econ ra es ee — ee its c1otia) veils Recision: closeness of _ 2. 2_mecsusements ___ — Rete rtoty — = Pu = uncertainty x ACO oe preoserec! ovale Se“Hs — M0 KGermstics a —3.4. Equations of motion satel = Ao = acceleration i = final velocity ae tu s_inihied veloetty wmitied v J a - a a ety nste fine: = - scab tugs 0 2 acceleration _ ie = BE pertneciete caeeaae a ef faling be body 2 = ee ping pong ball from. a different po oe et Boe he § MW = dude od by ¢* pe eo Ans 0 4 oe fepestemch x 5 a Average. posiovissns d+ esiginisi se ——___—— ————_— ay Chniiios sats emoticie cduecits iaebee nding a aE a a olinettion + cinifermna inh4, ——_____ ae Dynamics a 4.4. Homentum _»_ Newton's laws of motion —* mass: property cf_obedy that resists change inmotion ____ ers 2 Newton's 1° jaw: An object will remain._ot_rest_/keep trovelling. ott constant _velacity unless csetecl en _by on —exteracil _iforce — ea tow: net forcon acting cn ect i= ge of i +t force + change in— p_2—same_dbrechicn ) oT Jaw: usten a bodien interact, forces exerted © walt opposite F | | Py om B | Ft S Kk) | b | mo) BIB a e ; E RRPRPrRmPRPReRaAaR TR PPA wB —*_weight effect of gravitahenal field ao merss—_____ « free fall - =a ; Oo, gl pS isamcintiston ae — t- 4 —*s net force »O Best > terminal velocity = © 1 stant ___Cé po objects before collision.» after collision) <—-inelaste collision: KE net_censervecl a —___ > perfectly elache cellisicn: KE ccnserved —-—relotive speed d_appreach > +s. of ssparcition pea _ tetal energy conserved| 5. Forces, density pressure ’ 5.1. Types of forces __ te : = pushes and pulls _ a, tie : = weight : force, f_g ea on. bjyect eee friction _ferce arises when 2 surfaces ub —— ——________— Bday + clject mexes through cir. Fiction. behoen. sbject and cir + object pushes aie ose. = _upthrust: ebject placed im - a. fluid experienc’ in. 5 upwards force > When pressure of fluscl exer — weigint Ben on clyect . pl = hd J _— ___upthrust > weight => object floei —_____ __ = contact feree: acts at right angles —b_ te _the __ BC ccface that produced the contact force a fh — tension fore. dn_rope/ string .shen_sfretehed _pull —? tension tries _jo_ shorten. ——e S nga ee . ye weight of object i. AS “Cr ppears te act _ . —£.2. Turning effects of forces moment @ pt.: magnitude of _foree _______ pata +b dlistare _from__line_of _force — 7 (~-) . = couple + pair _of _forces ; rotation —____— G, @,—seporated_hy a torque: —turning_effect_/ moment — Higgs 7 ____+ cf _a@_cauple ____*__allrecspinns x — ee aa 7, Me —5._d. Equilibrium of forces Pranciple of _maments: Far body i _eguilibritans un ol © mements abcut pont» 2, © moments =n resultant fore a. A ” torqu a Ke = system in equilébrigm PO - re force. Bee, —__________from_pivet ___ + ar 2 Tleules (I) oR is ra 8 pS, 4. Density “eS pes -§ pepe snemal_ferce acting pec. Be ae per unit nit crocs ~ sectional areq & olm. of ubstance a th Poi) Beat Has ae Py in he -aotsske oa 5 Vio water: A xh —, —mass gf water: 0xV = oxA «ch oeseles & —weight Qwote > mig: Py Axhsg ee i nea (aie Mah xh $ ee A F x E Poa page a | |fp Eble energy * power oe ——— Mould ccreteten , a. ple energy eonnat be cveated or_destroyec! _cenverted from. ‘te another 6.3. Wer ond effnieey ? force. Ws xd eee Et a Work den t constay gains ——— stony sel energy output 66 1 usefid energy input es. Rétcetin! energy a _kinebe energy KE = Fxd = ms axgOxte—__3=-2 Sf * Elastic potential energy: energy stored in._an_extended _ acct Hitt seuseiia otbnscomppestedciobjeckoi yin a = = om — A eae * q.81 ; “ __* higher off ground. Creules/_ I) eg lite = 2CCkm ous ee 6.4. Rwer = werk dene =perunit time sehrs: ges Pin Foy | + Fad P= iW = Bos Fy Wwots/w) = z t > Ww t = pet eb itik al a ol gatas Fe eALS| Ni ce or Coo} [BlingBlingacl olathe ah Balials . si 2 mo 9.1. Stress ond! strain Deformation is. caused by a force’ and that, in one dimension _, the deformation can be tensile compressive. 4 Parallel single d aries $ S serie! gies extension — extension ring constant (Nm!) ___Stress : what we. apply _Cpressiure) cross - sectismal CP) - stress Co) =F _ A << areg Strain: _ushat happens te the material pe tras Cn extension 4 original length —doung’s —modulus: measure of stiffness of oa _moterial Mcdulus = stress Es a * area under force - extension graph = work done 6 Be Coy Hooke s Law 0 —the extension of a materral ___| —is_directly prportionalto =| —the_opplied force_ax_long : ;Phases of matter — pee = —p =) __density: mass per unit volume of _ 3 eA Zhe sina —a__substance. pe i met, Bee he kinetic “medal oe passes’ E gas? liquidl —? soll _ = a —qreater, spacing —clese spacing tied —__disorder ad enone Joram: a fk tree, fast maton re gtrictecl_ motion Sid clea aie i oN Brownian motion Order and olisorder = Crystalline materrc = arrangect regular. pattern | _ =6.g.i pure. metals spherical: atems packed fs pacar pte material —_ >_arranged eeenelcna a phason lunslaes. ssssp ears ciscrclerecl “onorgenmy a 2 ——=£-g.i_ polymer. —= haphazard motion ——air_porticles : =_be. moving long a cae Pressure: normal fore cacti: ee per_unit cross- seetional area > calli exert force on mall wi 2 _has momentum = eel — ewe - a - lal uss i eb dh dh dh db dhChanges ot _ state fe wor our Lewregemerte Sn s Boiling: : [in ling. Occurs ot a fixed t* for ong —almespheric_prestture f tact b. me1 Waves 2 ep HEIL. “Propre scive. swawestocibuticngl xo 3.0) Bee 2 mave._through material / vacuum sitronsfére energy < trond pi one. _pasthierastesmnotner ts alguings Not ie fs i stant tepid ee Wave: a_periachic fet orestiipenkisicn pts Idlsturbance travelling a foesiveS sacri __|-throughi space , characterised > SASL OSS: —— brating particles fT time for 4 complete escillation =f 2 fof cscillations per unit time pa frequency ot a point __CH2) _ s period. = — frequency é s Fz ¢ wtp? — Fisidyel st ig ican ae a wavelength ee S mn Intensity = _ Power Sop Ca Are aths SA aes spe —< Bein) wig “syh _ basbfurhense |.) — Rote BP coer Settee ras bore ence unit area gt night angles to the (Cosi wow e velocity.wind wave captured by miciciphone — rcoriverted iAt val too ¢ Fe z i es ee te eaee ee ee oe a a are: Ve Sa See © egy ee Oi WHEL Sie Lk z Cote mc N tucther: Vs [ve v= initio! 14.4. Doppler Effect source. of wnves_meven relative toa Le BS aeins i | ___ When a I) 8 new Frequency~, 12. Superposition _ a oe ma —15.1._ Stationary waves ——frinciple_of _ superposition: - when > Pearce casas paint, the _ resultant clsplacement is the algebraic =suim ofthe ——displaeccmentcf the two waves. DEMONSTRATING STATIONARY WAVES. See MEN Sse —4. Microwaves —__ > direct _microwowe at metal plate _ probe “Hronsrtter— = reflets _ microwave, sees ot [ toils probe around to cb: ner ow intensity —_ wt BS at ha ee ____ gereen. SE _generotor to viBhrstel Stet = = ee ———=-flashing _streboscope te caphire. ae | | ___ ee nanens f—sting__ _ aS =~ ———vibreition = waghts mardise gn — SS a: _ 5. An_air column closed at one end ~ resonance tube Tuumeve air tbe te oe of. oir—coluunun held vib resting tuning _fock fesononce — m al al a 7" 7" = " a = distance between J nodes = XK a a a = -} J -} 7 5 =§ : " 7 a (ea ae ee ; 4 Node: point where amplitude js always O r4as a -_ Ase distance! henptere 2 adjacent nodes / eRe se E $ va ae 4 SS aS & Be grlonaribalid 2 choafions Be ioe 5 & ioy, . 16.2. Diff sieeeraeenene Serra oe Se » Amr part) =_light falls _on screen —> equally spacecl dot be _intigetey eer 4 mT Vit on slice __lig ht aves fre _ore_in_phase [[~bse > constructive interference- 3. Interference ot microwaves Sh oe Sra nee tae cecaaciacranr ue olapsel Ss a taf 4g + imnse_probe to_dotect BS . = s . . 5 4H pass s2 ADige maxima ' BoB) d &§ | oe Cools [Bl ing Bling ee. vee; ou BF. Electric. Fielote oie 12.1. Concept of an electric fielol 7 example of a field! of force. eg ——Eectric_field strength: ____created_hy 7 charges — — . force per unit +ve charge. represent _by 4 field lines _ —_ = acting on _o_steriomary + —point_shevrge ay \ unit: Ym" or nico 7 se s 2 a= als = ess - cee dna at L earth 7 Q — eft between 5 pectin tte S charged! sphere 5 oppositely charged plates radical ef __andl_earrtheol ee + chargedl_sphere. plate. B 7.3. Uniform electric. felds : Electric. freld strength — vc19.1. Electrre current, charge an charge comers ook -0_flaus of. elapye. __ove _ quantised Coulomb: Tunit of electriced charge DAA —____ - a. Correrst of elect: city q ‘ charge _C volts/v)19.3. Resistance 1» resistivity — ese eee Since oh “resistance: the retra ofp. e\iolno a a z a = eet as commas 3 és aoialaay < W_ characteristics Cat constant ¢°) : ———Metoltic: ebrobetor f 6 8 ore ec iti. — = ae all a {1--[ a - le ee yas a brie metallie 9 Hews x Ss judi aes a conductor tag s _ a 3 s e ; ae 2 I Semi conductor diode _ Ta a = e eR 2) es - re Ma Qhmn's law: Fie BapiEe be Sinclactcd at_eonstant _ 2 1°, the current in the: conductor is olirecty —__ 310) inal @) —prepertional to the p.d.ccross_its ends 5 @tiius ; eS| a 2 | bs -p-=_RA 2 3 20_.D.C.. circuits sere Sense ! q * electromotive force _Ce.m.f.) + total werk clone when ¢ i rr = eros dronsferrects by weep im deving wot charge round! ecraplete circ a ; Toternal resistance. —G fH | Vout = _R akvies ee [ven R, +R, ies a! ] , = — = 4-ar SS f ek Ven AeA Ra 90.3. Kirchhoff 3s laws — 24 low: the sum of currents entering any point ina P —__cireuit is equeil 40 the sum_of currents leaving thot same pt. ee 22, Se os —ucrent_is conserved because _eherge. ia conserved! low: the sum. of e.m.f.8 around any locp tno circuit fs ——__Scurces of e.m.fs components with _p.cl.sJO. Riential dividers " re | | | Vg Sy, | sail) R+R, Usage: sensors, enhected to co processing cireurt hi b I. SS 1 + f WW x Rw Ae Le o> ew tater sve 1" _coethcrent Rot _thermisten y_("®) Ref UpRY os herent host) inteouty “oF ght ® Paten:OA : oF —26, Particle and nuclear physics 36.4. Atoms, nuclei and radiation "Plum pudiding model’ 2 >. __Ernest _Rutherforel. attering__experiment sa olg nucleus ence of a small, massive, charged nucleus at atem centre. = _mest mass in concentreited =~ nuckon 4 aves proton ™ Tsetope + -Nuclei_ot sare _elemerit with = =_same_#_f protons - different + cf neurons. SY eee mass-energy are cull _conservecl_in_nuclecir processes. a Fee BURRaDRRRDREEERREKRRBAAAAAA A |. | | b |. | Is 2 ae | | | hs | | a | | Liae ; “al i § : 2 : “4 a 2 ‘ Lf clecay _ : neutron —> _ —__ electron a eae se an =e —____anti_ electron. d d berween quarks a ot eredbti od : &——_—Strange___ Se a a ial ng den os ence leptons ___ Quork Ghar. GJ. Mass Ae d 26.2. Fundamental _particles ts ners) rein .— eae | igs ei Ausiclornental_ prickcles © ——_}—____itee._they consist of quarks Ant Quorle Charge (@) | mass a Soy. tes __ @ Leptons - fh ae “f clectoms st Bea ' L e+ + positrans eee | ee | eb aunt laaibbtin gS al \ ; = 32M [2 __dpaapins Diet settee octst GME _ ” pd ee = Ss particles. "Coan a eeephaiis = dicks oe ee: a ae eee oe pees oo | ——ff)-2-92 SS . Ads 40 = onknewton [= _pi-on — quork ay CINE Re eer ee k-on 2 eet aA pret d re +0 *_antipreton