s wh —: Chemi cues eee 7 G cal energetics 4. AH Lattice. -energy.~ enthalpy change tshen 4 mole af ____ u joni compound is —foomed _frena its _gaseaus—iens under __ piesoesis 2stonclord ~ eondiitiongsis 2 icsiine (ong SON SANG Tog wh AH negative JASECUS IONS lattice zs Na* (g) + Ot5 tg) —? _No* Ct" (s)_ari* 2-78 KTmol"! C1 k ion 4 + ¥ chawge density = 1 redite g 3 eee tons ‘ hie = DH gy V exothermic C less -ve ) itl) = chipsElatan = DH 1 exothermic (more ~ ve) 5.2. Bom - Haber bycleiteS Ag ees AA __> determine AH jay Abt, | AHS al ae SS eee a es ee el Livegy eapitay, +7 Pictiitcay nna) +05 ga LG) SE) li) +t Gs) is) + + F2@) ee A ee aie : Y LIF ts) ¥ ai ARR (Eod!} Bingaiing erlerg (+ 4H) SE aa aS SS Ee— 4 mele _q gaseous _4- fons. Bitty _etomisation mole gaseous _ofoms._fermed fron _its_elaments here jong ine gaseous stoie compound — etectren._alfinity ~ + +4 moe of ©” to ee ee 4 ( 4 ' —& meastice of —Sdlisoroler’ of o_ system = 4 orders W entropy = BS* occurs + - - . — J _ = change in state (3) 3 Gi), > tg), G) > Coa) c . as > _- At = —_=—in__reaction. A_#_of __gaseaus molecules __-______ 5 4 at me “l v A SP +S Froducts - SS reactants AH? - Tas* q See ie ee x sia = ot sia :oH 6. Electrochemistry 6-2. Electroly sis Freacday's — chargé on 4 «election v 4 constant Fos fn. e Co) : R Aves 5 __chorge, —» Qeei Tounos to* 7 tee 7 * \ current. > Electrolysis of _aqueete uctico ~ * i eri scieimemtieinswasanartpmocaiey acsilalonsatalon ‘> _mofe kel to fom + anade C+) o [graphite _eleckodes] SO Fa NGAP 60" Ons Br eT | ee i a ee Se ee es ee ee ee _—_____concentrested dilite Di 3) C87 OH 2045 Nes* of ort® ort” mere : care C5) art oe et H ©) ant + de” = #, C+) 9a° = cy, + 2e7 C+) AcH” > 9H, 6 +0, cee power supply pt! A vouicble __* weigh _pure_eappec_ © fesistoc +p stot ot fer measured t inteweu B a oy Cc oh ial Stasis Geeroe 6.3. Standard electrocle patentials B72 0 ____& stemdore cell potential B54. Nest _equettion ___ + stondard. electrode Creclex)_patenticul : the srandard__pctenticll_of halt cel tshenmecsured tithe _stondarel _hychog en electacle es | the cther half cell. : | + stanclorc! cell potential. Rere cee enon + sfandarel__hydragen electrode, oo —_huiitgitons: oe jo it lidigies z —»| = af a aac platinum, — H, gas , pressure: datm (404 kPa) wire. ait Rules 20 COV. =, + Pt elec in H* ions H? L0omeddm *¥ > Hy, /H* cell ee a rae —eterreet? Y ctution ser } ___ Measure. F° of nen- metals i CE oxictedtion. : aye . G See a cael ([le= Hy by) es avovshel | Astra |, | Aedm | os, _| shape | salt bridge | | se : = re ___ceniewer j 2 ® 7 Pt r ® es Ct, 100meddm” Ht, 4.00 mel encombining half cells 4 ch +e = Ct” faq) ES = +1 36V more. _+ve. 3 - = J clecten flew ser iacliie’ecd Hit (oq) ate: eee gh ala) ES + .0..cov.. iless we = ended ae - an 1.3G - ©.CO = +1. 36V ——_ spontaneous} overall Fy > BV + however = 4 non- standard conditions: At” Ac Ap — AE® ——_4achuetion_enerqy DP 1 5 reesthicn won't ocere ? Ee —» +O.35V | poy gest oq see E 2 E* +» 0.669. oxidized specter } cecepneteieeliaigasindlllilsniniein ates 2 re iced ic x Dior Ve (Codi [Blingairns Gr oak ) 4m sd tn dees fe) foek tape Gk ipoy BES a OD” i Y det, A aS al= = ai -t Nickel = meted hydirile _bedtery CNi Me) 5 — +f enengy density than NiCd 7 toxii mertericth, =i “ Bj pplication: mobile phenes .lopop _conapusters aes ss oe nel Mn, cr AgG at @ ———lightweight + sranil A bis. — =e z high. \tage __ 2 eo _. — ——give__eenstant voltage _cve! time. : = ———cle_net_sontain _biquids or pasie > does not tectke thy tc wOnl” endl Q and gos Oy tao + ne“ Aon” ee ae eee ee ee ee we cap ae Ia _ ae pies —#.2. Tonic equilibria = LH'ICOH] 4,0, == “nd + OH 7...) £0] Ky = Cad)’ = cn'ipow] = ke xltho) S tonic. product of water pH = -log,, CH* ] - “ve_leg_to base 10 of hyclrogen ten eancentrats Weak cer - wuaing the acid olistoctodt'on _eanstant_, Ka, HA (aq) == _H* Gq) + A“Caq) Kes fe EW ca CHAT [HA] 7 acre dlittociation extent | pKa_s = log,, Ka Pipi pseGi yd ak i 1 sempwe strengths of noid — — Acid- base indicators a dye) miature bts cjes.s-avoh -cbaeciess Meagan BeReib pHl_range HSS os ne uniontseci conjugate base. : —Indlicater color A ealor & a ones i i + end poiat _accure _1shen solu uns a iS on- Acid hose _ecrnbication Tinclicedtor { a ck enol A Meck acid / strong bage phenolphthalein 5 a ey’ j Y ' ' ' strong acicl ~ strong base. eae strong acid= week base. FLU Buffer solution = | ee, ef _oct /bare ts octet Ee a+ it sal es ) teak base + It Ccondygertes iow!) #.g.1 ~edbenete oem 2 ep honnerde: fy CH, COOH Coq) <= H*lag) + Ci 2 Yeledtively: constant = ~ CH, COONa (s) + aq = Not laa) + cH sean —_____sediuinn_ethanaatt atOte—__- | = CH, COOH (aq) == H* (oq) + Ct C00” faq) 4 reletvely con rele by cor thane: tid ethancete ion $ 2 adel nt 7 + add On ~ { = ehitt — acre Se Ot + tee eet =P suonly 4 Cecca7 4 ensures ions OY CH bet he ghae. - ctor doesn?t shange sign fcr <4 supply of Crycoot and CHcoo” | > ptt doe ot change. 4 eficontly ic, 6M im solution don't A sia. { = Ht doesn't cheing: i, : Uses of buffer solutions ( —382 doting = treet ment of lecthen { ——>—Manufacture of dyes = cheak PH meters recatcl comeot pH 2S HOW i le ee f {; hyclee genacubencale ters 0, (aq) + +h0 Coq) SS Ht tag) + 100, lag) “CH* YA = shift equ) <— cH") =shift equil —> Ht + HCO; For, Heo * Ch, +H, —> Ht spt = LH) in bleed ~ constant pH 1 AL HT in. bleed) Been. contlant pH Solubility product, Ksp — 14 precluct opt rthe comentmton of sachii furcded + solution — —ef a _spouingly soluble: salt at 298K. Ag, Ol (s) = _Agt lag) + Cag)t ' 1 Re ee [ P ; P , i oY, — Ai aoa Reaction Kincting. a ee 8-4. Simple. rode. -equotions ;_omler of reaction} rede. constants cael ea nad 0 order = 1" order 28 order __rate = REAY? rates READ “SREB S 2Fe tog) 2 SO, tan). ! i ale eee ieee eee ie eet ee: ' ' es > $0, 6G N tay =e SO, tq) + NO tg) fe 206, + NO tq) —__NG, by) _ - : uncatalysed reaction ee Be leet 40s 64 py 2s , £ VA catalysed reaction S [reciept ; a Sole inter mediate| - a } ees \\ i fe — aol beteul) 2 products : progress of reaction s s 1 heterogeneous catalyst + different phase to_reaction nixture —* Tren in _Haber_process = theory of adsorption (cherniscrpbicn) Melecules bond te atoms on surface ol a solic ee ; : @diftision te ¥o" Nin N I 4 oleae ie ut trae. eta 77 * 77 ToT med iron surface. 3 4 iss pais a 4 Be BS. ae : HON i. seco DP adsorption {4 wt : from _sucticeDie ae pe ee ‘ * tre iti ts ' catalysts: small beads combed | cwrth: t Latinum lait fi 1 bibephe: FE yBe cot cle? td coef ate ; —9._weakening —eavalent bands f 8 formation of _eus bond. aco + ANG — JCC, + Wy = adjacent _N atom Nv |! a ~ to + 106, — co, § 4. desorption _cf C q 2% cettalytic. role of enzymes EL. \ f L+ _globular__proteins ~ brolege t ‘ products Cie i — Ue te eee) ) ' Sere ee S@.0y de chams 4 = _en2ymes re PECIFIC catalyse reachow ie lock = and - key model subshate —> must Bt sa ti react co —atang nsugh > weakens ccvalint bend within ‘teactow! -meleoule = alla peas crue’ are decomposition of _ nitrates + carbonates Group 2 = 1 thermal stability oi ad @ st —, C05. fon more polarizecl Deh a : So OT EO, rt cect. + easier to break > infinitely dlilute. solution,a so =a 12.1. General physi ie if cbt rom vinaticde o 4 + Transition_element: | : EG Laden gs das aa i leer as Cormmon Con able ‘ _Element Symbol | Configurestion. Oridettion__stotes _ oun: 2+ ‘ Cool: + mox o.s.: all 3d and 4s electrons + gan and kese 4s electrons Artt ias a Sy haben pons sista + high melting point: pins ti at ) CS a hgh clensities ™ (xia? “a Po'iutitedio \_sonndoxe — baotis + + hare! ond _cigid —usedtel_ as eonsteuction-nacderiol Pe pred ecriductors eich 1S) antl ent — ait nisation energy 2 small venation in 7 atomic _tadiurs, ionic axcfig ! | “(Cita lta Wns) werd Catster lego Yad de pe) ‘ 3 ae at ar os = density. Ga dlaagere ste alan rods. + higher pa) ionic _cexditas o | fi . ge Cagis): 1 @ | [rece ec weg =n# bonds 10 the central jon eg (H,0), 1. toa) + 20” —> Gon), CHO), Ge) + HzO le) blue solution 2 Pole bluc ppt. Cu Con), CHO) 4 (6) AIH, Cag)? [CuCH,0), OOH) T fag) + a0) sass paleblue ppp | deep Hue sobition + GH an) EGACHO), Vag) + 400g) > LCucty) Coq) + 04,004) +_Reclox_systems ey - ae Hen ~ (aq)* 8H tag) + Se == Mn? * aq) + HHO) +15 3N ~ Fe S* (aq). ee Fe? (og) 4 OFA ees StH *Caq) + 8 Fe** (aq) -» Mn’ (aq) + SFe® aq) + HHO) | very: pole pink Bett 7 Fal and! Cr O eee Coht Co, Oy “foq) + Han) + Ge" == 2Ce**aq) 34,000). oan —Fe** (ag) + 27 sax Fe?" Cag) + OFF Cr, Cen) +14" © GF? Zaq) —> 207 esi)-< OR an) + 3H.0 U2) iOM ig oe F —12.3. Colour _of complexes } “2 ica) Arye dat t | «BORD Ree : t | Gu¥ 62.34" pat i) 3 aq mw i _degenerate. dpe dn ag : — 4d orbitals * Shp ckl oancticlad | + seuithing at apoascte es jae CIRO as a complexes p ——+—abserphion—of light energy (from _visible_spechum, earrespends with AE) ——08_on_electron_moves__between _2_nron=clegenerate. orbitals. = eet senna tere iE). } __test_of visible specthum —_eevlent Hequeney — —+—cemplexe shave dif cobcs: df AE for elechon d-d transition —___ 19.4. Stereoisomerism_in_transition element complexes —*_Cis- trans isomerism + platin Pt (nts). Ch, —s ‘square planar _ a. Nth a eh epee Zp, 2+ ol haua® 58 ss cena DRE es 28: platin | a trons = platin, Spotgeek bind_to_DNA_of cancer cells, prevent cell divisionKeg epee. Tel nae [ou exe) DPtteas Kot 51 —_— pa a awlUelClUUelU rl ligand _ ae ge ee ee ee nes ion links Cee) ean s 9 + cone. HOL i | Bottle |” ne 4 opty eee Cote berets GEL pink age dale ue, | ECoCHO)e cs Se Guy === Cootnrty), 174 4 oud é pink Fe recldlish= brown > fe block [.Co (Hig 1" + ton 9 Co (Hy Cly LOH)p. tH g pial blue ppt ee Pay ee Tiehitas (Eod1} [Blingating: Se _ 14. An_ introduction _to_arganic_chem iste ILL. Formulae. functional _ groups, naming _organic_eampounds —____ ) ____Arenes = contains _benat | __ Halogenoalk ane Phenol - ot Acy\ chlorides OH a i Ogg ~ RC t ms ( S Mec. aes a: , Amides Amino _actds BAO = rs Nets ee : (See Yate ga R=c-n x > NH, Coon abd} | = ; s caeote—____. 15. Hydrocarbons 4 __15. 4. Arene Elec trophilic substi Br, i . “r= ‘i - anhydrous age ©) + Br FeBry catalyst + HBr Br = Hor + Br* : electrophile + catalysts: FeRrs, ALCL, , Fey i “helogen carriers“ ere a St, a ee ce (Osa 20, OE re a + halogens substitute ot positions 2 and 4 on benzene ring Free radical substitution Ae CH boil Ca =o uv_light . faa crie’: 5 at sid i; * NO, * + electrophile *__reagent: conc _ HNO, HNO + pH SOy NO, * + ps0, ~ —————Satalyst: eone H,SOW A west Of ——_____+ _eonditrons + heat under reflux; 65°C _ eae Friedel - Crafts acylation - * CHCO* : electrophile = ‘ teatalysts ALCL y s reagent: Crt COck Cethonayl ehloride) = ————tonddtbions: heat 66°C 186 min cae C,H, + CHycom —> CL HsCOCH, + Hee___ Friedel ~ Crafts alkylation akg! bs substitute ‘with —_R___qroup CHa ; Ona Qu Z ACh, _GH, + Cra 9 “GiisCy/s Hol E + CHS * + etectrophile + reagant : CH, Ce talyst: ALC, = + conditions: __Onrdation of side ehains ___benrare. coil 2 CH COOH x oQ- Sto] —=*. a 4 HO Ae + omdizing agent: lalkaline) KMno, +H" + heat OR __acielied_K, Cr Oy dilite HGy ” £ benzene _ring —2 —cyclohe xenn@— rig J Oram CO pees aon Sadan ec” del i - + catalyst» Ni RRR etiin (Eed}} (Bingaing eaeetaee stains condi tions + y- OU, a r Re Bonding in ee Zarenes ; E - aa al ‘mae oa SG gyi Tan! fe, we ised apart as ee = 7 17 7 0 7 Ee re oN! 4” _— apace ai a ———ization of Storm: Delocabiced tit system!ymeits a each 8. C atom:.3 bonds 6 a -d4 free > F bonds —> delocalited +f - APiatirontive fet dactrophile attacks ee undergoes electrophilic. _ substitution —__Lack — of renstvty. «Gam towards _e. sub es - ——electon__dlensity inning islets in - ce. Jess attracted tc _electraphiles —Retabve. Sve leer Pench hod 342 rial a ad ~ pulls ¢€ oe sss aitSe LE. DS Fiche _Formation of esters, by acylation with acyl_chlorides __+ formation of ni si —— Gee fe “0 a CHC + a HOH => CH, oe ail FAH Ct ce Soo athanoy| 3 ethanol ethy! 33 ethanoate ° as € oO + ee a > es benzoyl sodium __phany! shiende. phenoxide - benroate. 17-2. Phenol. Barc B : i kek sodium phenoxide. 2 with bases | So ee + with No —» vigorous reaction. Zt soluble in water er + aNa Ss Oe af _salts Orne Oe CORNERO OH an axe _compourd yellows - orange solution/ ppt [BlingBling— ee of paca tng iia cd Mo 2 eee J 6s NOM ae ae ee "8,4, @~ b Bromo phenol dec = a shibe a + halogens tc positions 2, 4 and & Nitration of aromatic ring + NO,* wT + dilute LNG room t° On Nt ve - 2 Q == 2 SARE oe Z © + HO ee lets , + ape: ee. norton (i ‘On = —— ON A NOr = i ___ Product “OF HG : } - Sint tse le bs Ee _ 2,4, 6 ~ trinitro phenol _ - ) Relative acidity of water, phenol and ethanol J more acide _phenel_- water- ethanol less acichic Acidity of phenol: delocalisahion of -ve charge on ee phenoxide fon info T bonding e7 system on benzene ring - J fea ale =lO- we Hig == HT son 2 Ci HgOH === Ht +O 4.07 - 7 poe! (a Pac ao . TUS deere ton (Oy-Oh eae Orns! ; with OM” or OHO” H@ntn - Ly Ht not w atrongly attracted (Coat Bling BlingCH,COOH + PCls —» CH,COCL + POC + HOt ae 3CH,COCH + PCl, —> —8CH,Coct + -HyPOx CH,CocH + SOM, —» CH,Com + SO, + H@ Oxidation_of carho.xylic._eciols > _CO,_+ H,0 i)_methanore acid _ HCOOH + £OJ —> CO, + HO with _Fehling’s solution : HCOOH + 40H” + aGu’* —» CO, +. SHO + CuO with — Tollen’s reagent HCOON + 2on7+ AAg(NH,) * => CO, + 2Ho + ahg + HAH, ii) piece. acid + area + warm, acdifieol KunGy COOH 2% T Ss 200, + AH + de COoH 5( 00H), + QHnOy” + Ht ——> 4OCO,-+ AMn** + BHO Pea | ee aula: eel ' oz] 1 | ! |!—_______*_the _more __spreau Oe — ae ties - weak acids J = weaker alcohols € phends € carboxylic acids stronger —~o eee 2 + =e CH,-c’ Sa gHOH .e-€. + 1" streager RACE = >. charge spread over. whole groupe Po Li. change density > B form with H* - ner res : L> more stable fon v #2 i clection- withdrawing groups - Bg eee > wecken 0-H bond im HCC he SN Gg tinissocioted acid molecule oH ee | = further delocolize a reel = coo" ee ee ee fee faced! at 42 less likely bond with H* a * =p -fa— ee ep eee Tae Sa Hc? CL: eluctroregative atom a AOF02's a Deus set Leith (CosiOHS 9, ten, = - 4 carboxy tic acid + @ room el reacts vigorousl © - with + C atom _strongiy 6° a a3 ee Te ae Acyl enlorides more reactive to hydrolysy s 1 than _._alleyl_ehtonides. chlorides resistant te bude 1 ee eee, 45 not very electronegative. Hg | Acyl Bai Alkyl Ang 20 R—Ch i { Na loa © | eae 2 > +H : * with: alchol bon secu ledtion. ©. Ree re + C,H,OH —> CHC HOR oe alcohol Sane ey! leis ester + with sphenols _— acylation =e OH CH p29 = oo Ne i \ —? cH, 0x6 + HO. Wp 9 ee Vetta,— - . “gO : CAy CO a Or NI cot Chg C5. AHR aw - * N—CHy = acyl chloride primary amine 7 —— — = HH = = _ N= substituted amide i a uy 6 cu, & el ae i at on NH Seca CH= ee + Hee 7 2 aa wet + amide DP ysrotyus a ee ; aS. GG - SH ye se ont Mua seed ‘itll Hee a f ce 7 by O-# 7 ‘on eee —— —= nuclecp le attack. ~ elaminctior 2ih —___90._ Nitrogen cam pounds Suathe t 1 a , —4._Nuc_sub. with —halogenaalkanes —anol_Nby CH, CH, Br_+ NH, ——> CH, CH,— NH, + HBr ‘ __+ hot, excess ethanolic NH3. { y 1 2. ai idles with _LiALM, ) ° “ Bae tol} oR Cone eH NH, v | | ' 5 fee + reducing agent: LAL, a4 3. Reduction of nrtriles with GiALHy er 4, /Ni CH,—CEN + 40H) ——> CH,CH, - NH, + reducing agent: LiALNy { CH — CEN + an, “is cHyer = NHe { _____+ heat _nitrobenene with: 756°C (reflux) - $n = cone. HQ. on 3 SS a , - . primary ee - tertiary : - x R R-NH, “ Ny R-=N & ; : F5 R CHANH, CoH), NH (CHy), ON * base: proton / N* acceptor Strength ef base _& ovailability of e7 lone pair 7 + N_ donates lone pair to H* +» dative covalent bond a RNY, + =H * => ORNH,* CH,NH, + HCL —> CHyNH, "7 phenylamine < ammonia < ethylamine cettylomine — CHSCH, > Ne per more. readily —avoslodble af ere bord with Ht lp props ere slaettin dence ST OO) Pheri ee AS) —phenylamine, 7 wa P_orbitals on N overlap with cont = W- bonding system _in_benrene_ ring N: iia ded cloriah pBtP ola csloce bk bend with H7oi vyte——_——— Reactions of phenylamine + with Br; laq) br Br : Oo + 38r, — Sea ubel + with nitrous actd HNO, > diaronium salt_+ phenol Step 4. diazotisation a (Oe + HNO, + HO —. CO-NENGE + 2H, 0 benrenediaronium chloride + below 40°C + diaronium salt is unstable L, decompose to Na Step 9. coupling reaction --- e.sub ama erates Age Oper + Oren Ors orci ont phenol : dy electrophile in alkaline 1 Laas in_a20 2 Tr i ete tO) through CHy-CoNH, + HQ * RNH, © Rcoce CyH, + Cae > NH, — > CH CONHG He + HQ , com. eu mide = } | Amides are neutral LC i b Hydrolysis _of _ amide: a ae cheat with dilute acid (rete) ‘i oO CH, = CONH, 4 Hee + 4.0 —> cH son + NH, tan OH | 1 ae PEI Se Rac woke + HO 1 R's co + RN, * . NEAT ‘ou p_ excess RUNH, 1” heated dei ulster sujet acne retus ea < ——_CH,= CONH, + NaOH — cH, - C7 + NH, Oo No* meee + Naow —» R'-c% £ nat So a ke ONe ~ Reduction _of amides with _LiALHy 2 CH, - CONH, * 4CH) — CHICH, = NH, + HLO = ALE ——— = — 85)Pngs sin dry ether; BeAr room 4° ennNH, R group can _be = ee Soot + acidic - R* = COOH 1 Coon. + basic - R= NH 2-amino - carboxylic _aciel + neutral- Riz alkyl group contains basic —NH, and acidic —-COoN — each molecule can react with stself - Ney . “wn teatlie lid = R=-GisH ot R-cC-H 7 sulle ees water - s 007 = strong ntermeecator a 2uitterion forces 4. attracticn ___carries 2 opposite charges solution of a.4. contains 2urtterions which have both basic and acidic properties —> — buffer Ly resist A pH small _am: of + - Nis hts R-c-H + Ht R-C-N T ’ C00" ) = Coon bs : ese NAy NH, 1 1 R- c-H *..0nW 27> R-c- + HO. . 1 = coo" é LOG 7 + Amino acids (amphoteric) react uth both acids and bases Teh — form saltsFormation of peptide bonds ben Shes: Sink = rent} of poentnpeyi Condensation reaction 25, HO Et H Lk tr. eet ‘ He Nei 5G Bor HEN = Cc - COOH a, =e T R # KR z HO lost 4 a a a a t ee 2 SD Hin-¢ -c R dipeptide KA N-—C —COOH fe 5 peptide tink dipepticle, tripeptide —» polypeptide —» protein: natural polymer Hl =Neo Cc nucleophilic addition followed = by 5 elimination q ty © Hydrolysis of _ proteins: 2 oO 6 welt w ral \ eins ule Beets Tet seta : On é D a A Alkali ie (erg. ee ee Se = produce sodium. Sud aaer mle es Sarboxylic ocidsea | sreogent: alkaline solution j et: { oT 5 of = hadee otarned ‘iodo methane acai sclredd 4 cearbonylic acid | = ayy Nexcrt tog} — COCH —_—_ a RCOCT. ~—natergercntion > : Wack aay Ghia ———_ RCOONa*® + CHT, 3 Ssh trivtedomethane.lt) a Polymerisation aa; — | 2a Coedenscrtina scpligmertscition cau te ead ph ero : Polyesters, eet ee dicarboxylic golicicals cone: er wr oh acids bemene =4.4- ethane = —> “Terylene* + water » dicarboxy Ire Gerd 8 de Bosal) nd Be ; Polyamides _A,6- diaminohexane + See @,@ + water 4 : H RO! Se pO N= Got ec, ai tS cen), -c* om Sed (Crt), 6 \ o 4 H Oo” XM es N- Corts) “8 a a seein = Nylon 6 2 ends o ~- Nylon - VP, strength ay Ct Salim elasticihy — useful fibre: aks oT ecb ea sinctons ae in -elothing industry. , $5 = climbing ropes __ Benzene. - 4,4 = = £ dicarboxylic acict benrene 7 oon = cons COOH Ne ?s strengin fa “weight properties Ly body armour : bulletprof vests = sporting applicertions: bicycle #res, sails, racing cars81.3. Properties of polymers Addition polymers. (7 2esily_detorm —*Termed from hydrocarbons —? Van der Woals between chains GS eepetitart on chain tenis *pmore branched / sidechains = J P2 weaker : affects ‘ bulk properties ’ — eee ae low P + lots af side ehoins_° Sete. non-poor > noe HOPE = high p= ease seca ly —#atly_hydrelysed—> nen ~sen btodeqredable AS SES, — Condensation. polymers: te high degree of alignment < ~ =_net__ branched _ In DNA _ replication 7\ Secondary + - regular structural arrangements = Stabilised by H-bonds between _-NH_ and -CO groups __ >= helix _+ B- pleatedisheetgow —____ polypeptide chain! backbone CC -C =| Bice ain) ee —__ flexible, allow free rotation Oe + A= helix: backbone twist — spiral. rod-like structure ball “-NH_and -CO__imolvedl in _H- bend formation —__ large # H-bonds. in_same. direction STABILISES structure + @- pleated sheets: H-bonds + -dif p.p chains /dif area. on 1 pp > flat sheet - like structure ——* tertiary :tolcling ef pip.c_—? 8D shape —______*_slisulfide bridges + covalent -S -S- bonds GH grape) + weak Van der Waals’ + relatively weak H-bonds fects t= toni ugje’s tonal oes ata =chaing ©) Non- foie neces adhesives : —*_Spoxy_resin + formation of _eross = linked, thermasetting polymer vy Comi tents of 2 tubes ) St olfer ty heat + _Superglue: _polymerises during the._setting process C=C bonds » 7 bonds _overlap eee eeesome polymers degradable. — dlariyg » 4 + palyesters./ polyannide degradable _by hydrolysis trotted avensent ter pict ixsit et—Thin_layer _ chromate niga 74) nin sony LEE stationary Ry value = = 2 phase + dist = | “Alumina Al,O, $ s “solvent >| - Silica + SiO, + locatin cin. a — PP Gox.sliquid abeovnerto — chromatography. CLC) ay ion_time: 7 pe en ns ee | ram __Cnobile_ mt hromaiagnana pass _ _cokumn, phase.) a " — pass throug! oven Ceontains stationary phase) “~~ nen- volatile liquid B Percentage). eafipnsition.. --os25q sins, [iP + find area_under peak for each ecmponert + express_as_t of 2 Agu peaks time fer _acempenent behw- detectable depend? co _electton clans ot afew) —_____ -OH +0,0 — -od * HOO | -NH -Co- +-0,0 9 -NO-CO-_ + HOO h ,: ~ = TNS line. = —1-area_under peaks: relative * of equivalent “H atoms responsible __ pagovnyd 229.\ for that bertiouler| shift ie pling pets debe on ae a Se n+d = # of signals a peak splits into ce Teena, LAE RT STH — __+Tetramethyl silane CTS) + used as standard for ehemfeal’ shi ift_measuremer& ___» inert, volatile Ugquid ; mixes wo. by ges 4 sharp absorption» * peak” ‘identification of 0-H and _N=N pri =OH = NH CH. CHOH + HO Oc oM + HOP —_—_tlectfomagnetic spectrum as_profems 45 compare & NMR specums94.4. Carbon - 13 NM Sita fj neta of different types of carbons —_____— + proainnty ic functional groups + _# of C in each type — Next to _+ sof adjacent Corbons —____ carbonyl /alkene a Aes Carboxy! eee | | coco! 308 / | Allyl C20 OH bs | ee | Less_hyalrogend e cee } 1(@)_higher_ppm 4 r : Sa oO RC wo 1 6S MG 0 _ Aa 4 of peaks = * of C_ clfferent environments & of peaks C # of C atoms 2 tin same _ environment—___+_better_thernpeutic sect hy te patient takes drugs in _smallers doses_os all tha drug is active : - fewer side effects __ _ undesirable due to other tomers20-5.) Electrophoresis & S, a a . - fi - ao : a +sample_placed on_absorbent paper or on_ot get - Bene supported by solid base (e.g. glass plate) ___ —__+ buffer _sclution, eeernned Movement: -ve to eve ——_Factors_affecting rate. +_slie_of ions eid = + charge on ion: + pH >_ affects charge of ‘ons Electropherogram + UV light - shows bands