District Climate and Energy Plan

District Development Committee
Morang
DISTRICT CLIMATE AND ENERGY PLAN

(MORANG)
DECEMBER 2014
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
Alternative Energy Promotion Centre
Final Report
District Climate and Energy Plan- Morang, 2014
SUMMARY
District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) will be the most effective tool to withstand as well as
mitigate the climate change impact through renewable energy technologies intervention. The
general goal of the District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) is to create an implementation plan that
raises appropriate Rural Energy Technologies (RETS) dissemination and construction in Morang
district. Moreover, it will also add to national and local climate change mitigation and adaptation
plans of Nepal. The DCEP may play a systematic roadmap that assists as a periodic rolling plan of
the districts in the area of clean renewable energy/low carbon technologies development and
preparation for climate change strategy in Nepal. Strategies for development and dissemination of
the Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) in the district were mapped out and climate adaptation
and mitigation and gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) linkages were also explored. In this
regard, Nepal Energy and Environment Development Services (NEEDS) has helped manage this
project as well as provided the proper guidance, coordination, and technical support to DDCs and
VDCs as well as maintained the gap between DDC and AEPC/NRREP and helped in successful
completion of project for Morang district.
The overall objective of the task was to prepare a district climate change adaptive, de centralised
renewable energy plan that presents a detailed implementation plan which contributes to climate
change mitigation as well as adaptation and addresses the mainstreaming of Gender Equality and
Social Inclusion. Some of the specific objectives of the DCEPs formulation are: to outline energy
needs of the respective district; to carry out the assessment of available resource, technology and
institutions working in climate change and renewable energy/energy sector; to carry out
situational assessments of climate change, gender equality and social inclusion in the chosen
districts; to assess the institutional arrangements of the district, identify the gap and recommend
for necessary improvements; to conduct capacity need assessment and identify the actions to
implement the proposed District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP); to outline implementation of the
plan with identification of roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders; and to recommend
interventions of appropriate renewable energy technologies incorporating the influencing factors
of climate change and GESI that contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation and GESI
mainstreaming.
The consultant (NEEDS) has followed three main stages, which are further categorized for
preparation of DCEP. The stages are: i) Executive planning phase, ii) Planning workshop, field study
and action phase, and iii) Review, design and reporting phase. The consultant adopted the same
approach as it has proposed in the proposal. It has been according to the Norms and Standards of
MoSTE and AEPC and the issues mentioned in the project proposal as stated in the Terms of
Reference (ToR). The consultant has conducted the task applying participatory tools and
techniques simultaneously in order to obtain reliable information besides of secondary sources as
primarily indicated in the ToR. The DCEP preparation methodology is based upon the DCEP
guideline which is availed from AEPC/NRREP. The defined methodological background provides
the local level coordination, stakeholder consultation along with the collection of local data base
and the generation of the primary data work was carried out and provided by Morang district. The
team of consultants provided the tools, technique along with the necessary technical supports
systems for the project which is undertaken. The desk study was made on the following: climate
change policy and program in the international and in the national context were assessed and
reviewed; the available District Energy situation reports, district plans, annual reports, district
overview documents from the respective district were assessed and reviewed; the information of
Gender equity and social inclusion for each VDC of the Morang district was also assembled through
a thorough study; institutional assessment and review was made to find out the institution capacity
gap; and, appropriate scale of desk study was conducted to assess and review the relevant
documents on policy, programs and related theme. The team of consultants proceeded to carry out
the detail field study in the project district. The main objective of the field study was to collect
information and data from the project area to achieve the objectives of the project. Following
activities were applied for the successful accomplishment of the project work; field visit; visit to
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stakeholders, organizations, meetings, interactions/ discussions; mapping; SWOT analysis; semistructured questionnaire, checklist; and collection of documents (publications, audio visuals,
statute, guidelines, manuals, brochures, handbooks, minutes etc.).
The data that were collected from the field as well as secondary published sources were used to
develop the business as usual scenario (BAU), where current trends of energy use and technology
intervention were assumed to continue. All the up-to-date RETs intervention levels were
incorporated into the data so as to provide the current up-date information. Following this, two
further scenarios such as medium adaptation scenario (MAS) and a climate resilient scenario (CRS)
were developed. The later scenarios were developed on the basis of desirable future based on the
interpretation of the scenarios after assessment of climate change and energy status considering
gender equity and social inclusion and institutional status. The intervention level required for
various technologies was then calculated for both medium adaptation scenario (MAS) and climate
resilient scenario (CRS), which has been translated into the detailed implementation plan for five
years for Morang. The project was mainly based on both the primary as well as secondary data
collected from various sources. Collection of necessary data was discussed carefully with relevant
organizations from Morang district. These information collections were mostly based on the
process outlined in the DCEP guideline. The data collection looked to collate the 4 different
components of DCEP (i.e. energy, resource, institutional and technology assessment). Moreover,
information were collected to incorporate the cross cutting issues like gender, social inclusion,
climate change and institutional capacity.
The data thus collected were analyzed, compared and interpreted with statistical tool/package like
Ms Excel, LEAP, etc. Additionally, some data were generated through simple
statistical/mathematical calculation. Beside the existing data, missing data were assumed
scientifically on the basis of the trend or nature of the graph and also from calculation. The
collected was processed and incisively analyzed, and reflected the status of energy, climate change,
GESI and institutional in Morang district. The latest and updated information was then used to
design BAU, MAS and CRS scenario. The Long-Range Energy Alternative Planning Model (LEAP)
software as developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute is used. The
commercial/institutional and industrial sector energy demand of the district was adapted from the
primary data of NEEDS during field study as well as the published sources from various related
authorities including DESR and DDC Morang. Starting from the year-2014, the BAU scenarios
projection trends were forecasted for 5 years (up to 2019) assuming the current trend of energy
use, projected population growth, and same technological intervention. From the BAU scenario,
MAS and CRS were developed in compliance with the DCEP guideline.
The total energy consumption of Morang district is 11000.36 thousand GJ. The residential sector is
the largest consumer of energy in the district with a demand of 6044.45 thousand GJ in 2014. It
amounts for around 55% of the total energy consumption of the district. Total energy consumption
in the institution/commercial sector in 2014 is 641.32 thousand GJ. Major institution/commercial
consumers include restaurants, hotels, schools, colleges, hospitals, etc. The industrial sector energy
demand in Morang is 1233.77 thousand GJ. The transport sector energy demand in Morang is
3080.81 thousand GJ. Morang district is one of the main industrial districts in Nepal, with a large
industrial estate located in Biratnagar, as well as a many medium sized industries located
throughout the district.
The annual consumption of fuel wood is 1.5 MT/GESI household, which contribute to overall 27%
GESI household. The average market price of the fuel wood which they purchase is NPR 8.74/Kg.
Similarly, the annual consumption of agriculture residue is 1.75 MT/GESI household, and this
contribute to overall 24% GESI household. Apart from having their own resources, they also buy for
NPR 4.48/Kg in average. Moreover, the annual consumption of cattle dung is 1.92 MT/GESI
household, which contribute to overall 8% GESI household, and they purchase this resource for
NPR 6.74/Kg in average. The annual consumption of SKO/Kerosene is 0.03 KL/GESI household, and
this resource contributes to 14% GESI household. The market price rate in average is NPR
110.42/Litre. The annual consumption of LPG is 0.04 MT/GESI household, and this resource
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contributes overall 7% of GESI household. The market price of LPG is NPR 103.46/Kg in average.
Lastly, the electricity consumption per year is 565.27 kWh/GESI household and that contribute
overall 20% of GESI household. The electricity price in average is NPR 6.85/kWh.
Summary sheet of climate change assessment for energy resources and RETs
Climatic variability
Yearly trend
Negative impact
Positive impact
Neutral
Hydropower
Solar potential may
Decline on agriculture may
supply line may
increase because of
Rainfall
Decreased
happen which are bioenergy
remain constant
availability of more
resource potential
as this is an
sunshine hours
external source
Positive impact on
paddy production may
Increase susceptible to
happen (up to couple of
household fires
years) which are
bioenergy resource
potential
Positive impact on
Increase susceptible to
maize production may
forest fires, which can
happen (up to couple of
demand more fuel wood for
years) which are
the district from external
bioenergy resource
source
potential
Positive impact on
wheat production may
happen (up to up to
couple of years) which
are bioenergy resource
potential
No impact on
potato
Temperature
Increased
production may
happen (up to
couple of years)
which are
bioenergy
resource
potential
Positive impact on
sugarcane production
may happen (up to
couple of years) which
are bioenergy resource
potential
Increase susceptibility to
human, livestock and forest
disease which can hamper
the resource potential
Relative humidity
Decreased
Not have significant impact

on RETs
Wind speed
Decreased
Low or no potential for wind

power production
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Biogas production may

increase due to fast and
more degradation of
organic waste as well
as increase in the
number of livestock
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Final Report
Sunshine hours
Landslides
risk/exposure
Solar potential may

increase because of
availability of more
sunshine hours
Almost
constant
Very low
Flood risk/exposure
Moderate
Drought risk/exposure
Low
Hailstorm
Increased
Not have significant impact

on RETs
It can affect property/assets
and life of GESI communities
Impact on agriculture may
happen which are bioenergy
resource potential
It can affect property/assets
and life of GESI communities
May have significant impact
on RETs
Impact on agriculture
production may happen
which are bioenergy
resource potential
Impact on agriculture
which are bioenergy
resource potential
It can damage/destroy the
solar home system
The capacity assessment of few key organizations/institutions of the district that was carried out
using SWOT tools revealed that institutions needed a backed up support as well as capacity
building.
Various donors like Norwegian agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the Netherlands (DGIS), and DANIDA are found to be involved in the district. They provide
funds to AEPC which in turn runs its program through district energy and environment unit of DDC
Morang, regional service Centre (NCDC) and other service providers. AEPC and national NGOs like
BSP are involved in the district in providing capacity development services to other local NGO,
private sector and RET companies. The Biogas Support Program (BSP) is started in July 1992 with
funding from the DGIS of the Netherlands government through SNV/N. Government of Nepal (GoN)
and the KfW also started funding the BSP from the phase-III, which was started in March 1997. The
BSP, Phase-IV (July 2003-June 2009) was being implemented after then.
Energy Sector Assistance Program (ESAP) is a program funded by Denmark and Norway which
provide support in Micro- hydro, SHS and Improved Cooking Stove (ICS). Rural Energy
Development Program (REDP), a UNDP and World Bank initiated program support in micro-hydro
and Decentralized Energy Planning in districts. Similarly, European Union (EU) has its separate
program as Institutional Solar System. The study found some sort of lacking in mutual coordination
and joint participation amongst district line agencies including the District Agriculture
Development Office, District Irrigation Office and District Forest Office as well as other
organizations involved in facilitating the renewable energy sector. The coordination amongst
organizations seems to be limited to within particular sectors and cross sectorial coordination
doesnt stand out.
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BAU Scenario
Business as Usual Scenario (BAU) is developed based on current trends, and assuming the variables
as such: present energy consumption demand; population growth; and interventions of the district.
The output also reflects the emission status from the present resource type consumption as well as
technologies. The baseline information of BAU scenario is used for derivation of MAS and CRS
scenarios. The detail findings from BAU scenario is presented in the below:
Energy Demand for four major Sectors
,000 GJ
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Transport
Total
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
3990.08 4214.789 4457.921 4721.451 5007.536 5318.634
1233.77 1313.95 1399.75 1491.58 1589.58 1695.17
641.32
678.61
719.03
762.88
810.53
862.38
3080.81 3219.45 3364.32 3515.72 3673.92 3839.25
8945.98 9426.799 9941.021 10491.63 11081.57 11715.43
The emission of different pollutants and GHGs including CO2 biogenic is shown in the table below.
The diagram indicate that the value of total emission for base year is 891.2 thousand metric tonnes
and expected to reach over 1107.8 thousand metric tonnes by 2019. The highest emission is of
Carbon dioxide non-biogenic followed by carbon dioxide biogenic, carbon monoxide, Non Methane
volatile organic compounds, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur Dioxide, and Methane.
Units: Thousand Metric Tonnes

Carbon Dioxide Biogenic
Carbon Dioxide Non Biogenic
Carbon Monoxide
Methane
Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrous Oxide
Total Suspended Particulates
Sulfur Dioxide
Total
2014 2015 2016

2017
2018
2019
394.3 411.0 428.5
446.7
465.6
485.4
456.4 484.7 505.4
526.8
549.2
572.6
29.8 31.1 32.4
33.8
35.2
36.6
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.3
4.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.1
891.2 938.0 977.9 1,019.4 1,062.6 1,107.8
In the residential sector, of the total energy demand for cooking and heating which is about 5318.63
thousand GJ for 2019, fuel wood has to be supplied as a major energy resources/fuel for cooking in
the district. The total supply in 2019 will be of about 2449 thousand GJ by fuel wood followed by
LPG (991.05 thousand GJ), dung cake (746.77 thousand GJ), Biogas (242.93 GJ), SKO/Kerosene
(134.03 thousand GJ), agricultural residue (55.40 thousand GJ), and electricity (1.01 thousand GJ).
Similarly, of the total energy demand for lighting which is about 698.44 thousand GJ for 2019,
electricity- grid has to be supplied as a major energy resource for lighting. The total supply in 2019
will be of about 604.65 thousand GJ followed by SKO/Kerosene (93.02 thousand GJ), Solar PV (0.62
thousand GJ), and Solar tuki (0.12 thousand GJ). If the energy supplied is made for both
cooking/heating and lighting for residential sector for 2019 to fulfil the above demand, the total
GHGs emitted will be 51.9 thousand metric tonnes CO2 equivalent.
In the Commercial/institutional sector, of the total energy demand for cooking and heating which is
about 710.05 thousand GJ for 2019, LPG has to be supplied as a major energy resources/fuel for
cooking. The total supply in 2019 will be of about 208.76 thousand GJ followed by SKO/Kerosene
(201.12 thousand GJ), coal (157.08 thousand GJ), fuel wood (141.33 thousand GJ), and Biogas (1.76
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thousand GJ). Similarly, of the total energy demand for lighting which is 152.34 thousand GJ for
2019, electricity- grid has to be supplied as a major energy resource for lighting. The total supply in
2019 will be of about 151.32 thousand GJ followed by Solar (1.02 thousand GJ). If the energy
supplied is made for both cooking/heating and lighting for commercial/institutional sector for
2019 to fulfil the above demand, the total GHGs emitted will be 38.4 thousand metric tonnes CO2
equivalent.
In the industrial sector, of the total energy demand for industries, which is about 1695.16 thousand
GJ for 2019, the highest energy supply has to be for coal amounting about 644.97 thousand GJ
followed by electricity (483.47 thousand GJ), oil (289.81 thousand GJ), fuel wood (185.51 thousand
GJ), and LPG (91.37 thousand GJ). If the energy supplied is made for industrial sector for 2019 to
fulfil the above demand, the total GHGs emitted will be 171.6 thousand metric tonnes CO2
equivalent.
In the transport sector, of the total energy demand for transport which is about 266.57 thousand GJ
for 2019, the highest energy supply has to be for diesel amounting about 219.09 thousand GJ
followed by gasoline (47.48 thousand GJ). If the energy supplied is made for transport sector for
2019 to fulfil the above demand, the total GHGs emitted will be 342.7 thousand metric tonnes CO 2
equivalent.
MAS Scenario
MAS can meet the energy demand through mixture of renewable and fossil fuel based energy. The
MAS is developed considering cutting off the fossil fuel based energy and switching to more clean
and renewable energy considering the extent of climatic adaptation needed in this stage. Switching
to more renewable option, the investment cost may increase because RETs being expensive in the
initial stage; however, its benefit will be over environment. Energy consumption of the Morang
district is expected to decrease than the BAU scenario, because of the more efficient technologies.
The other opportunity is that by implementing cleaner technologies, people can receive subsidy
from AEPC/NRREP. The detail findings from MAS scenario is presented in the below:
Year
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Residential ,000 GJ Commercial ,000GJ Industrial ,000 GJ Transportation ,000 GJ Total

3990.80
641.32
1233.77
3080.81 8946.70
3946.33
634.17
1220.02
3046.48 8847.00
4106.46
659.91
1269.53
3170.10 9206.00
4290.35
689.46
1326.38
3312.06 9618.25
4501.10
723.32
1391.53
3474.75 10090.70
4743.16
762.22
1466.36
3661.61 10633.36
Although ICS will be implemented to reduce the energy consumption, fuel wood supply will slightly
increase for each consecutive year for up to 2019. It has to be supplied 2827.58 thousand GJ for
2019. For 2019, fuel wood will still remain as the highest energy contributor followed by diesel
(2649.08 thousand GJ), electricity (1848.83 thousand GJ), LPG (1100.96 thousand GJ), Gasoline
(715.95 thousand GJ), SKO/Kerosene (388.43 thousand GJ), Biogas (298.79 thousand GJ),
agricultural residue (55.40 thousand GJ), and Solar (1.55 thousand GJ).
CRS Scenario
Most of the energy demand will be met by climate smart technologies. The RETs that will be applied
here will be of very efficient. The RETs can contribute highest level of climate change mitigation and
adaptation and benefiting to poor, vulnerable and DAGs groups through process access of special
subsidy by AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs and donor organizations. Although the cost of the technology
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will be higher in the initial stage, it will have very short return period. Also, because the technology
has high efficiency, the energy demand will fall more than MAS and BAU scenarios. Moreover, Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) seems the highest opportunities, which are the potential sources
for revenue/income generation. The other benefits are that: it will protect environment, protect
from resources over exploitation, and benefit public health. The detail findings from CRS scenario is
presented in the below:
Year

2014
3990.8
641.32
1233.77
3080.81
8946.7
2015
3426.199064
550.5888503
1059.221615
2644.950471 7680.96
2016
3299.918371
530.2955923
1020.18149
2547.464547 7397.86
2017
3415.734405
548.9071837
1055.986428
2636.871984
7657.5
2018
3746.223157
602.016597
1158.1582
2892.002046
8398.4
2019
4298.276315
690.7313236
1328.827395
3318.174966 9636.01
Because ICS will be implemented larger number to reduce the energy consumption, fuel wood
supply will decrease for each consecutive year for up to 2019. It has to be supplied 2016.70
thousand GJ for 2019. For 2019, electricity supply will stand the highest energy contributor
followed by fuel wood (2016.70 thousand GJ), LPG (1840.62 GJ), Biogas (1038.45 thousand GJ),
cattle dung/dung cake (746.76 thousand GJ), diesel (151.97 thousand GJ), gasoline (109.11
thousand GJ), SKO/Kerosene (55.40 thousand GJ), agricultural residue (55.40 thousand GJ), and
7.17 thousand GJ).
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Detail Implementation Plan for MAS and CRS
Detail Implementation plan for MAS and CRS
RETs
Scenario
Year
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
30
30
30
31
32
MAS
(KW)
CRS
(KW)
Proposed activity
46.9
66.8
95.1
135.2
Solar
Home
System
(SHS)
units
Rice
husk
gasifier,
wood,
charcoal,
briquette
1200
1503
2000
2300
4600
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4700
4809
4900
Increasing awareness
program and promotion of
SHS
Receiving financial support

from DDC and VDC and various
donor agencies
Solar companies
program and promotion on
safe disposal of lead acid
battery and solar panel
Designing/developing a
disposal manual. Establishing a
battery recycling centre at
Morang
Increased number of solar
companies
AEPC/NRREP
All over districts;

however, priority
VDCs are all above.
AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs,

municipalities, NGOs and private
firms.
All over the district
AEPC/NRREP
Urban and Solar

deprived area
Solar companies
Capacity building training
Sites of installation
Solar companies
Hiring consulting services, and

by DEECCC/energy units from
DDC as well as AEPC/NRREP
All over the VDCs
AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs, etc.
All over the DDC
2600
5000
Landslide/river
cutting VDCs
Drought prone
VDCs
Targets VDCs are in
the compliance
with AEPC subsidy
provision
Subsidy provision from

AEPC/NRREP and DDC
Landslide/river
cutting VDCs
Installation of ICS
CRS

companies
Providing access to subsidy

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC
Repairing, maintenance and

operation of SHS
Field based
operational/functional
monitoring and research
and study
MAS
By whom
Flooding prone
VDCs
Increasing SHS sales service
ICS:
Site of
implementation
Priority VDCs,
which do not have
fully access to NEA
gridline
Installation of SHS
33
How to deliver service
Increased number of ICS

companies
Flooding prone
VDCs
Drought prone
VDCs.
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ICS companies
Major Risk/
Assumption
As already
mentioned in the
climatic
vulnerability
section that there
is no such major
risk associated
with the
installation,
promotion and
performance of
this technology
except few
variability effects
such as wind,
thunderstorm,
and hailstorm.
Therefore,
keeping in mind
only above
mentioned limited
risks have been
assumed during
the
implementation
phase of DCEP.
As already
mentioned in the
climatic
vulnerability
section that there
is no such major
risk associated
with the
installation,
promotion and
performance of
Final Report

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC
ICS
Increasing ICS sales service
MAS
(in CUM)
Biogas
CRS
(in CUM)

AEPC/NRREP

donor agencies
companies
Targets VDCs are

not in the
compliance with
AEPC subsidy
provision;
however, little
subsidy can be
arranged from DDC
AEPC/NRREP
All over DDC

firms.
Urban and ICS

deprived area
ICS companies

operation of ICS
ICS companies
Field based
and study

All over the VDCs
Training to ICS promoters
Hiring consulting services, by

DEECCC/energy units from DDC
as well as AEPC/NRREP
Above VDCs
All over DDC

4077
4425
4800
5200
5650
8166
10478
13444
17248
22130
Landslide/river
cutting VDCs
Installation of Biogas
Flooding prone
VDCs
Biogas companies
Drought prone
VDCs
provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC
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Increased number of Biogas

companies
Targets VDCs are in

the compliance
with AEPC subsidy
provision;

AEPC/NRREP
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AEPC/NRREP
this technology
except few
variability effects
such as wind,
thunderstorm,
hailstorm.
Therefore,
keeping in mind
the
aforementioned
limited risks have
been assumed
during the
implementation
phase of DCEP.
The other risks
are adoption of
this technology
rather than LPG;
however, due to
shortage of fuel
and high energy
demand for
cooking and
heating, and
through proper
awareness
activities, it is
assumed that ICS
technologies may
be highly
implemented
As already
mentioned in the
climatic
vulnerability
section that there
is no such major
risk associated
with the
installation,
promotion and
performance of
this technology
except few
variability effects
such as wind,
Final Report

however, little
subsidy can be
arranged from DDC
Biogas
Increasing Biogas sales
service
operation of Biogas
Field based
and study
MAS
CRS (KW)
0
2.7
Wind
power
and solar
power
hybrid
0
4
0
5.2
0
0
All over DDC

firms.
Urban and Biogas

deprived area
Biogas companies
Biogas companies

All over VDCs
AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs, etc
Installation of Wind power
Increased number of Wind

power companies

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC

AEPC/NRREP
Wind power
Increasing Wind power
sales service
operation of Wind power
Field based
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donor agencies
companies

donor agencies
power companies
According to the
feasibility study by
AEPC, Warangi and
Yagangsheela VDCs
have potential of
wind generation
Targets VDCs are in
the compliance
with AEPC subsidy
provision;
however, little
subsidy can be
arranged from DDC
as well
Wind power companies
AEPC/NRREP
Warangi and
Yagangsheela VDCs

firms.
DDC
Above VDCs
Page 11
thunderstorm,
hailstorm.
Therefore,
keeping in mind
the
aforementioned
limited risks have
been assumed
during the
implementation
phase of DCEP.
The other risks
are adoption of
this technology
rather than LPG;
however, due to
shortage of fuel
and high energy
demand for
cooking and
heating, through
proper awareness
activities, it is
assumed that
Biogas
technologies may
be highly
implemented
As already
mentioned in the
climatic
vulnerability
section that there
is no such major
risk associated
with the
installation,
promotion and
performance of
this technology
except few
variability effects
such as
thunderstorm/
hailstorm.
Therefore,
keeping in mind
the
aforementioned
limited risks have
Final Report

and study
Training about financial

access and utilization for
RETs
Capacity
building
training
Prepared by: NEEDS
Training to RETs
implementing stakeholders,
DDC, VDCs on climate
change issues and
management
Training to RETs
companies, NGOs, CBOs,
private firm, cooperative,
banks, clubs, etc. on RETs
entrepreneurship/business
development and
promotion
Training on energy
resource conservation

Aware people about finance

access and possible donor firms
for RETs development by DDC,
VDCs and AEPC/NRREP
DEECCC/energy unit from DDC
and AEPC/NRREP to conduct
training on climate change
adaptation, mitigation, coping
mechanism, emergency
preparedness and implications
of RETs
DEECCC/energy/environmental
unit from DDC and
AEPC/NRREP to conduct
training on
development and planning.
unit to conduct training on
conservation for various energy
resources
Page 12
been assumed
during the
implementation
phase of DCEP.
The other risks
are adoption of
this technology
because this is
really very
expensive
technology to
afford and also
when the speed
does not met, the
output might be
0; however, due to
high energy
demand for
lighting and
through proper
awareness
activities,
including subsidy,
it is assumed that
Wind power
technologies may
be implemented
DDC, Morang
DDC
(DEECCC/energy/environmental
unit), VDCs, AEPC/NRREP
DDC, Morang
DDC
DDC, Morang
DDC
DDC, Morang
DDC
Final Report
Support
Prepared by: NEEDS
Training on operation,
maintenance and
management of RETs to the
VDCs representative
Climate
change/vulnerability
assessment for VDCs
Monitoring and evaluation
of DCEP implementation
activities at prioritized
areas
Developing knowledge
management centre for
RETs and climate change at
least at DDC level
Data/information collection
based on renewable energy,
climate change considering
GESI issues, research and
development
Coping/emergency/hazards
preparedness program in
line with NAPA, LAPA and
CAPA
DEECCC/energy unit to conduct

training on proper use of RETs
and management
DDC, Morang
GIS, environmental and

geological mapping
VDCs
DDC
DDC

VDCs
Consultant
DDC, Morang
DDC
VDCs
Consultant
VDCs
DDC
Through initiation from DDC

and coordination with
AEPC/NRREP
Hiring consulting services by

unit from DDC and with support
from related ministries and
AEPC/NRREP
Page 13
Final Report

Summary of financial planning for MAS
Activities
Solar Home System (SHS)
Improved Cooking Stove
Biogas
Support
Total (in NPR)
Total investment share for MAS
Summary of financial planning for MAS (in NPR)

Year
2015
2016
2017
14525000
20162500
25800000
31995000
34984400
35065000
60941708.6 132644267 47818481.62
1000000
600000
600000
2500000
1200000
1700000
110961709 189591167 110983482
2018
2019
35450000
48310000
36600000
38135000
65024994.96 88409695.39
600000
600000
1200000
1700000
138874995 177154695
Total
5 Years
144247500
176779400
394839147.6
3400000
8300000
727566048
AEPC/NRREP- Subsidy (42% of the total cost)

DDC- 10%
VDC- 5%
Local Communities- 10%
46938900
11096171
5548085
11096171
80872935
18959117
9479558
18959117
47063085
11098348
5549174
11098348
58693125
13887499
6943750
13887499
74140185
17715470
8857735
17715470
307708230
72756605
36378302
72756605
Private invester/Micro-entreprenurship- 5%
5548085
9479558
5549174
6943750
8857735
36378302
11096171
18959117
11098348
13887499
17715470
72756605
19638125
110961709
32881765
189591167
19527004
110983482
24631872
138874995
32152632
177154695
128831399
727566048
NGOs/INGOs/FECOFUN/Donors/Royalty/Tax/Charities/AEPC
and other development agencies- 10%
Bank Loan (Micro-finance, Co-operatives, Banks, etc.)- 18%
Total (in NPR)
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 14
Final Report

Summary of financial planning for CRS
Summary of financial planning for CRS ( in NPR)
Year
Activities
Total
2015
2016
2017
2018
30575000
58281250
26361750
37937750
55452250
208608000
60931500
76253000
82787500
98109000
122217500
440298500
68864234.6 140555815.4 56281104.98 78790891.57 110277052.7
454769099.2
Biogas
2019 5 Years
1000000
600000
600000
600000
600000
3400000
Support
2500000
1200000
1700000
1200000
1700000
8300000
163870735
276890065
167730355
216637642
70619805
118904190
74482770
95904225
127697985
487608975
DDC- 10%
16387073
27689007
16773035
21663764
29024680
111537560
8193537
13844503
8386518
10831882
14512340
55768780

16387073
8193537
27689007
13844503
16773035
8386518
21663764
10831882
29024680
14512340
111537560
55768780
16387073
27689007
16773035
21663764
29024680
111537560
27702636
47229849
26155443
34078360
46450097
181616385
163870735
276890065
167730355
216637642
290246803
1115375599
Total (in NPR)
290246803 1115375599
Total investment share for CRS
VDC- 5%
Total (in NPR)
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 15
Final Report

Monitoring and Evaluation Plan for MAS and CRS
Monitoring and evaluation plan (MAS and CRS)

RETs
Target Year
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
MAS
30
KW
30
KW
30
KW
31
KW
46.9
KW
Solar
Home
System
(SHS)
units
Prepared by: NEEDS
66.8
KW
95.1
KW
Verifiable indicators
Means of
verification
Information
collection
frequency
Verification
responsibility
Support
Installation of SHS
Total SHS installed each

year and are functional
Yearly wise
monitoring and
evaluation report of
DEECC/AEPC
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
SHS
companies
Subsidy document
from AEPC
Any time
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
SHS
companies
DDC progress annual

report
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
SHS
companies
DDC progress annual

report
Yearly
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
private firms,
NGOs
At least 90% of the total

Installed household are
satisfied from the sales
service
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, SHS users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
SHS
companies

operation of SHS
At least one member of

installed household have
received the capacity
building training on proper
operation and maintenance
of SHS
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, SHS users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
SHS
companies
32
KW
CRS
33
KW
Proposed activity
135.2
KW

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC
SHS
The total SHS installed

each year are in the line
with prequalified
companies and whether
installer get the subsidy
according to the subsidy
provision/policy
Financial arrangement
reflected d in DDC annual
plan and is spent according
to the implementation plan
especially in the prioritized
area of DDC.
Brochures/pamphlets,
posters/magazines, etc. At
least one battery recycling
and disposal centre
established in Biratnagar.
Page 16
Final Report

Field based
and study
A yearly monitoring and

evaluation report on scale
and quality of intervention,
research and study reports
on SHS
Monitoring and
evaluation report on
SHS
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant,
AEPC/NRREP
SHS
companies
Installation of ICS
Total ICS installed each

Yearly wise
monitoring and
DEECC/AEPC
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
ICS
companies
ICS
area of DDC.
DDC progress annual

report
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
ICS
companies

service
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, ICS users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
ICS
companies
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, ICS users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
ICS
companies
Monitoring and
ICS
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant,
AEPC/NRREP
ICS
companies
Total Biogas installed each

Yearly wise
monitoring and
DEECC/AEPC
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
Biogas
companies

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC

with prequalified
provision/policy
Subsidy document
from AEPC
Any time
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
Biogas
companies
MAS
1200
1503
ICS (Rice
husk
gasifier,
wood,
charcoal,
briquette)
2000
2300
2600
CRS
4600
4700
4809
4900
5000

operation of ICS
Field based
and study

of ICS
on ICS
MAS
Biogas
4077
CUM
4425
CUM
Prepared by: NEEDS
4800
CUM
5200
CUM
5650
CUM
Page 17
Final Report
CRS
8166
CUM
10478
CUM
13444
CUM
17248
CUM
22130
CUM
MAS
Wind
Power
Biogas
area of DDC.
DDC progress annual

report
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
Biogas
companies

service

service
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, Biogas users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
Biogas
companies

operation of Biogas

of Biogas
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
Biogas
companies
Field based
and study

on Biogas
Monitoring and
Biogas
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant,
AEPC/NRREP
Biogas
companies
Installation of Wind Power

(WP)
Total WP installed each

Yearly wise
monitoring and
DEECC/AEPC
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
WP
companies
Subsidy document
from AEPC
Any time
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
WP
companies
DDC progress annual

report
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
WP
companies

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC
WP
CRS
Prepared by: NEEDS
The total WP installed each

year are in the line with
prequalified companies
and whether installer get
the subsidy according to
the subsidy
provision/policy
area of DDC.
Page 18
Final Report
2.7 KW
4 KW
5.2 KW
Capacity
building
training
(MAS/CRS)
Prepared by: NEEDS
Increasing WP sales service
DDC are satisfied from the

sales service
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, WP users
survey

operation of WP
Technical staffs of DDC

of WP
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, WP users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
WP
companies
Field based
and study

on SHS
Monitoring and
SHS
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant,
AEPC/NRREP
SHS
companies
A district wide
training is held
through which at
least 75
persons from 30
organisations
are imparted
knowledge on
climate change
issues.
Yearly
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
private firms,
NGOs
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
RETs
companies,
NGOs, CBOs,
private firm,
cooperatives,
banks, clubs,
etc.
Training to RETs
change issues and
management
Training to RETs
private firm, cooperatives,
development and
promotion
At least each VDC

representative, one
participant from all related
institutions and technical
staff of DEECC receive
capacity building training
on climate change
adaptation/mitigation
At least 100 persons
representing RETs
banks, clubs, and all other
related firm receive
training on RETs
development and
promotion
DDC progress annual

report, training
report
Page 19
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
WP
companies
Once
Final Report
Training on energy
conservation and
management
Climate
assessment for VDCs
Support
(MAS/CRS)
maintenance and
VDCs representative
Prepared by: NEEDS

areas
least at DDC level
development
CAPA
At least each VDC

representative, 5
municipality
representative, 5 DDC
representative, 25 main
commercial agency, 25
main institutional agencies,
25 main industrial
agencies, 25
transportation agencies,
etc. receive capacity
building training on energy
conservation and
management
of RETs
DDC progress annual

report, training
report
Yearly
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
RETs
companies,
NGOs, CBOs,
private firm,
cooperatives,
banks, clubs,
etc.
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, RETs users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
RETs
companies
Climate
assessment report
published by DEECCC/DDC
DDC report of
climate
assessment
Once
DEECCC,
AEPC/NRREP
Hired
consultant
A monitoring and
and quality of intervention
M and E report
published by DDC
Two times
DEECCC,
AEPC/NRREP
Hired
consultant
At least one district climate

and energy knowledge
management centre
developed at DDC level.
M and E report
published by DDC
Yearly
DEECCC,
AEPC/NRREP
AEPC/NRREP
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
AEPC/NRREP
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
Hired
consultant
Once after the

implementation of the plan
At least one program to be
conducted during the
implementation level
Once after the

implementation of
the plan
DDC report of
climate change
Page 20
Final Report
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This final report is the result of the hard work and commitment of a number of people from
respective organizations, all of whom deserve sincerely our appreciation and recognition. First of all,
I would like to thanks to the hired project team of experts especially Prof Dr Rhiddibir Singh, Team
Leader; Mr Mahesh K. Marita; Mr Subash C. Ghimire and Mr Bala Ram Mayalu to contribute their
valuable time to successful accomplishment of the DCEP project. Prof Singh deserves recognition for
his valuable inputs, suggestions as well as providing technical information into this project.
Secondly, I would like to express hearty gratitude to whole DCEP team from AEPC/NRREP, and
especially Mr Raju Laudari, who is an Assistant Director/Program Manager, Productive Energy Use
and Climate & Carbon; Mr Rudra Prasad Khanal, who is a Out Reach Head, DCEP; Mr Prem Kumar
Pokhrel, who is a Program Officer, DCEP/Climate and Carbon Unit; Rajan Rijal, Out Reach
Management; Mr Bibek Raj Kandel, DCEP-1 coordination as well as Laxman Punjali and Krishna
Chandra Poudel, DCEP coordination, and under whose guidance this project has been completed
successfully.
Furthermore, outsource suggestion and guidance was made by Mr Shiv Ram Pokhrel (Ex LDO,
Morang); and Mr Narayan Prasad Mainali (LDO, Morang), therefore I highly acknowledge them. My
sincere thanks go to Mr Gyanendra Kumar Singh (Environment, Energy and Climate Change Officer)
for his valuable support, management and providing important information without which it would
have been very difficult.
Department of hydrology and meteorology (DHM); Department of Forest, Babrmahal/Morang
district; Department of Agriculture (DOA), Morang; Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA); Ministry of
Agriculture Developemnt (MOAD), Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE);
Department of Water Induced Diasasters and Prevention (DWIDP); Various local NGOs/INGOs;
Private Firms; Political Parties; Media and FM, and so forth have also provided/shared the valuable
information during the necessity; therefore, I would like to thanks to them immensely.
Moreover, I would like to extend my deep gratitude to AEPC/NRREP for providing NEEDS financial
resources, access, anticipating in meetings and seminars for knowledge sharing about the facts and
figures from the varieties of expertise related to our subject matter.
Lastly, I am most obliged to AEPC/NRREP and DDC Morang and its whole family to be very
cooperative, helpful and diligence and without whom we would not have completed our project
successfully. Finally, I am pleased to all those who have directly and directly contributed in our
project.
.........
Mr Bhupendra Das
Chairperson, NEEDS
Climate Change Expert/Deputy TL, DCEP-1
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 21
Final Report
ACRONYM
AEPC:
ADB:
BSP:
BAS:
BS:
CBO:
CC:
CDM:
CRS:
DCEP:
DESR:
DEECCC:
DEEU:
DHM:
DDC:
ESAP:
FGD:
GHG:
GIS:
GON:
GESI:
GDP:
GLOF:
GoN:
GESI:
IPCC:
ICS:
INGO:
IPCC:
KII:
LAPA:
LDO:
LEAP:
LPG:
MAS:
MoA:
MoAC:
MoAD:
MoHA:
MoSTE:
NAPA:
NEEDS
NRREP:
NAPA:
NEA:
NGO:
NPC:
NTFP:
PAC:
PPCR:
PRA:
RET:
RE:
Prepared by: NEEDS
Alternative energy Promotion Centre

Asian Development Bank
Biogas Support Programme
Business As Usual Scenario
Central Bureau of Statistics
Community Based Organization
Climate Change
Clean Development Mechanism
Climate Resilient Scenario
District Climate and Energy Plan
District Energy Situation Reports
District Energy, Environment and Climate Change Committee
District Energy and Environment Unit
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
District Development Committee
Energy Sector Assistance Program
Focus Group Discussion
Green House Gases
Geographic Information System
Government of Nepal
Gender Equity and Social Inclusion
Gross Domestic Product
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
Government of Nepal
Gender Equality and Social Inclusion
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
International Non-Governmental Organization
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Key Informant Interviews
Local Adaptation Plan of Action
Local Development Officer
Long Range Energy Alternative Planning
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Medium Adaptation Scenario
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative
Ministry of Agriculture Development
Ministry of Home Affairs
National Adaptation Plans of Action
Nepal Energy and Environment Development Services
National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme
National Adaptation Program of Action
Nepal Electricity Authority
Non Governmental Organization
National Planning Commission
Non Timber Forest Product
Practical Action Consulting
Pilot Program on Climate Resilience
Participatory Rural Appraisal
Renewable Energy Technologies
Renewable Energy
Page 22
Final Report
RETs:
SHS:
SREP:
SWERA:
SWOT:
TCS:
UNDP:
VDC:
WECS:
Renewable Energy Technologies

Solar Home System
Scaling Up Renewable Energy Programs
Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment in Nepal
Strength Weakness Opportunities Threat
Traditional Cooking Stove
United Nations Development Programme
Village Development Committee
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
Units of Measurement
0C
GJ
Ha
Kg
kJ
kW
kWh
MJ
mm
MT
MW
MWh
Prepared by: NEEDS
Degree Celsius
Giga Joule
Hectare (1 Ha = 10,000m2)
Kilo Gram
Kilo Jolule
Kilo Watt
Kilo Watt-Hour
Mega Joule
Millimeter
Metric Ton
Mega Watt
Mega Watt-Hour
Page 23
Final Report
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 General Background
1.2 Rationale
1.3 Objective of DCEP
1.4 Scope of DCEP
1.5 Limitations of DCEP process
Chapter 2: Overview of Morang District
2.1 Geographic Profile
2.2 Demographic Structure
2.2.1 Population
2.2.2 Education Status
2.2.3 Religious Status of the District
2.2.4 Caste/Ethnic Composition
2.2.5 Dias-advantage Group
2.2.6 VDC/Municipality wise Details
2.2.7 Economic Activity from GESI Perspectives
2.2.8 Land Ownership and Tenure System from GESI perspectives
2.2.9 Household Income Expenditure from GESI Perspectives
2.2.10 Physical Assets from GESI perspective
2.2.11 Gender Roles and Responsibilities from GESI Perspectives
2.2.12 Poverty Status in the District
2.3 Institutional Status
Chapter 3: DCEP Process and Methodology
1-4
1
2
2
3
4
5-23
5
10
10
10
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
16
17
17
19
24-38
3.1 DCEP Process

3.1.1 Executive Planning Phase
3.1.2 Planning Workshop, Field Study and Action Phase
3.1.3 Review, Design and Reporting Phase
24
24
24
25
3.2 Approach
3.2.1 General Approach
3.2.2 General Management Approach
3.2.3 Approach to Field Works
3.2.4 Project Management Tools and Systematic Monitoring
3.2.5 Quality Assurance System
3.2.6 Identification of Project Risks, Assessment, Analysis and Management
27
27
27
27
28
28
29
3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 District Climate Change
3.3.2 Alternative Energy Resources/Renewable Energy Resources
3.3.3 Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI)
3.3.4 Organizational Assessment Component
3.3.5 Funding Requirement for RETs
30
30
30
31
31
32
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 24
Final Report
3.3.6 District Climate and Energy Strategy
3.3.7 Business as Usual Scenario (BAU), Medium Adaptation Scenario (MAS),
Climate Resilient Scenario (CRS)
3.3.8 Data Collection and Working Procedure
Chapter 4: District Climate Change and Energy Situation
32
33
33
39-97
4.1 Climate Change Assessment

4.1.1 Rainfall
4.1.2 Temperature
4.1.3 Relative Humidity
4.1.4 Wind Speed
4.1.5 Sunshine Hours
39
39
40
42
42
42
4.2 Energy Consumption/Demand Assessment

4.2.1 Residential sector
4.2.2 Institutional/commercial sector
4.2.3 Industrial sector
4.2.4 Transportation
4.2.5 Gender Equity and Social Inclusion (GESI)
Energy Consumption/Demand Assessment
44
44
46
48
48
49
4.3 Implication on Energy Consumption due to Climate Change
49
4.4 Energy Resource/ Supply Assessment

4.4.1 Traditional (Biomass)
4.4.2 Commercial
4.4.3 Renewable Energy
50
50
53
54
4.5 Vulnerability and stresses to energy resources in the context of climate change
4.5.1 Impact of Climate Change on Human Beings
4.5.2 Impact of Climate Change on Assets/Property
4.5.3 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
4.5.4 Impact of Climate Change on Forest Resources
4.5.5 Impact of Climate Change on Hydropower
4.5.6 Impact of Climate Change on Solar Power
4.5.7 Impact of Climate Change on Wind Power
4.5.8 Impact of Climate Change on Livestock/Biogas Resource Potential
4.5.9 Impact of Climate Change on Biogas Production
57
57
57
59
62
63
64
64
65
66
4.6 Technology Assessment

4.6.1 Overview
4.6.2 RETs Status/Trends
4.6.3 Ownership of Systems by Gender
4.6.4 Adaptation Potential
4.6.5 Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Morang District
4.6.6 Climate Proofing Technologies
4.6.7 Mitigation Potential from RETs
4.6.8 Technology Assessment Parameters
68
68
68
70
71
76
83
83
84
4.7 Renewable Energy Technologies Linkages with Climate Change and GESI Issues
86
4.8 Institutional Assessment

4.8.1 Overview
87
87
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 25
Final Report
4.8.2 Identification of Stakeholder and their Role
4.8.3 Interrelationship and Interdependence of Stakeholder
4.8.4 Capacity and potential assessment
4.8.5 Funding institutions
Chapter 5: District Energy Scenario Development/Demand Projection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Scenarios Development
88
90
90
93
98-117
98
98
5.2.1 Business as Usual Scenario (BAU)

5.2.1.1 Total Energy Demand and GHGs emission
5.2.1.2 Energy Supply and GHGs emission
98
98
108
5.2.2 Medium Adaptation Scenario (MAS)

5.2.2.1 Total Energy Demand
5.2.2.2 Energy Supply
108
109
112
5.2.3 Climate Resilient Scenarios (CRS)

112
113
116
5.2.4 Comparison between total Energy Consumption Demand and GHGs

Emission for BAU, MAS and CRS
116
Chapter 6: DCEP Implementation Plan

6.1 Existing Policies to Implement Proposed Plan
6.2 Detail Implementation Plan
6.3 Financing Plan
6.3.1 Financing Requirement for MAS
6.3.2 Financing Requirement for CRS
6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
Chapter 7: Recommendation
7.1 Climate Change
7.2 Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs)
7.3 Gender and Social Inclusion
7.4 Institutional
7.5 Strategic Management
118- 140
118
118
124
126
130
135
141-142
141
141
141
142
142
REFERENCES
143-145
ANNEX
146- 220
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SECTION 2: MAIN CONTENT
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Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 General Background
Climate change is the burning issues of the 21st century. Its severe impacts may still be eluded if
efforts are made to transform current energy systems. If renewable energy technologies are
implemented properly, it can contribute to social and economic development, secure a sustainable
energy supply, and reduce negative impacts of energy provision on the environment and human
health. Because the demand for energy is increasing, national use of fossil fuel (coal, oil, and gas)
has increased to dominate energy supply, resulting to a rapid growth in carbon dioxide emissions.
Morang district can adopt simple, innovative and feasible alternative energy solutions to aid in
energy supply and to mitigate climate change. Although there is rise in technological innovation,
the success of renewable energy is still not so satisfactory. This is because of the lack of information
sharing and dissemination as well as less research and development. Therefore, it reveals the
imminent need to identify and modify sustainable and affordable alternative energy sources, if fuel
supply is to meet the ever-increasing demand as well as increase the livelihood of people in Morang
district.
The importance of renewable energy technologies have been realized to address the climate change
issues as well as support the vulnerable and disadvantageous groups of communities of rural area
there by enhancing the livelihood and increase income generation considering gender and social
inclusion. However, the biggest barriers are lack of ensuring to successful launch of the renewable
energy technologies to the expected destination. The experience of the past reveals that this barrier
could be only overcome through local level participation in the planning process. Therefore, the
local level development bodies; for instance, District Development Committees (DDCs) and Village
Development Committees (VDCs) can be involved and contribute in successful implementation of
Renewable Energy programmes. Although different actors of local and district levels are
responsible to improve the livelihood and income generation through renewable energy
promotion, the lack of proper networking and effective coordination is impending the development
process. Moreover, the majority of districts in Nepal have no long term visionary plan for
mainstreaming gender and social inclusion especially in renewable energy and climate change
issues. Low carbon technologies play a crucial role to fulfil the energy demand as well as reduce
carbon dioxide emission. Hence, clean renewable environmentally sound technologies must be
used in order to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases and to favour sustainable
development.
It is necessary to create conducive environment that will self-motivate and mobilise local
institutions, rural energy users groups, non-government organisations, cooperatives and private
sector organisation for the development and expansion of rural energy resources. Effective
management of national energy sector and energy development and expansion in rural areas will
contribute directly in the improvement of the overall rural populations living standard through
maintaining ecological balance, save time in collection of fuel wood, generate additional
employment opportunities, improve health and increase access to education to rural children. This
climate and energy plan (DCEP) is formulated as it is felt that there is an absence of the overall rural
energy plan and policy, although the Tenth Plan, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Millenium
Development Goal, etc. provides general guideline for the rural energy development. The main goal
of the District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) is to create planning process through integration of
renewable energy technologies at district level and contributing to local as well as national
development plans. The District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) is designed to address the climate
change mitigation as well adaptation and to support the urban, rural, and disadvantaged people
through enhancing their livelihoods and ensuring betterment of health, reducing the expenses
incurred through fossil fuel based resources, increase income generation, and availing
opportunities for gender and social inclusion groups. In this regard, District Climate and Energy
Plan (DCEP) for Morang district were prepared considering all aforementioned issues.
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1.2 Rationale
This climate and energy plan is formulated because it is felt that there is an absence of the overall
rural energy plan and policy, although the Tenth Plan, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Millenium
Development Goal, etc. provides general guideline for the rural energy development. This DCEP will
become a good source to the government of Nepal in development process; help strategically
determine where investment are needed in the short, medium and long term to adapt to current
climate variability and future climate change, and identify where mitigation opportunities can be
achieved; identify where capacity development is required, where institutional framework is
needed to strengthen and where further studies and research are needed; and, increase the access
to climate finance and technological support. Nepal being an immensely climate vulnerability
country, and primarily relying on energy, agriculture and water (hydropower) sectors, reducing
risks and vulnerabilities, and optimizing opportunities by framing a right policies, plans and
programs and its implementation at local, regional and national levels are realized the most at
present.
Due to the present energy shortage in Nepal, people are relying on burning of loose agro-residues
and cow dung for the domestic purpose such as heating, lighting and other requirements.
Therefore, it reveals the imminent need to identify and modify sustainable and affordable
alternative energy sources, if fuel supply is to meet the ever-increasing demand as well as increase
the livelihood of people in Morang district. Energy crisis and climate change is the burning issues in
the present context. It is the mean time to address these issues through sustainable use of
renewable energy technologies. Although there is rise in technological innovation, the success of
renewable energy is still not so satisfactory. This is because of the lack of information sharing and
dissemination as well as less research and development, and inadequate budget. This project has
compiled all the achievements and experiences gained from the local of Morang district, which has
ultimately helped in designing the DCEP to meet the goal of climate change adaptation and
mitigation considering gender equality and social inclusion.
District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) will be the most effective tool to withstand as well as
mitigate the climate change impact through renewable energy technologies intervention. The
general goal of the District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) is to create an implementation plan that
raises appropriate Rural Energy Technologies (RETS) dissemination and construction in Morang
district. Moreover, it will also add to national and local climate change mitigation and adaptation
plans of Nepal. The DCEP may play a systematic roadmap that assists as a periodic rolling plan of
the districts in the area of clean renewable energy/low carbon technologies development and
preparation for climate change strategy in Nepal. Strategies for development and dissemination of
the Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) in the district were mapped out and climate adaptation
and mitigation and gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) linkages were also explored. In this
regard, Nepal Energy and Environment Development Services (NEEDS) has helped manage this
project as well as provided the proper guidance, coordination, and technical support to DDCs and
VDCs as well as maintained the gap between DDC and AEPC/NRREP and helped in successful
completion of project for Morang district.
1.3 Objective of DCEP
The overall objective of the task was to prepare a district climate change adaptive, de centralised
renewable energy plan that presents a detailed implementation plan which contributes to climate
change mitigation as well as adaptation and addresses the mainstreaming of Gender Equality and
Social Inclusion.
Specific Objectives
Some of the specific objectives of the DCEPs formulation are:
1. To outline energy needs of the respective district.
2. To carry out the assessment of available resource, technology and institutions working in
climate change and renewable energy/energy sector.
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3. To carry out situational assessments of climate change, gender equality and social inclusion in
the chosen districts.
4. To assess the institutional arrangements of the district, identify the gap and recommend for
necessary improvements.
5. To conduct capacity need assessment and identify the actions to implement the proposed
District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEPs).
6. To outline implementation of the plan with identification of roles and responsibilities of
different stakeholders.
7. To recommend interventions of appropriate renewable energy technologies incorporating the
influencing factors of climate change and GESI that contribute to climate change adaptation and
mitigation and GESI mainstreaming.
1.4 Scope of DCEP
NEEDs has provided the technical support to DDC to prepare DCEP. Local level coordination,
stakeholder consultation and local/primary data work was done by Morang DDC; however, NEEDS
provided necessary technical support for these works.
The scope of work included at least the following:
Reviewed and assessed climate change policy, program in both international and national
context.
Reviewed and assessed the available District Energy Situation reports, district plans, annual
reports, district overview documents from respective districts.
Defined the methodology; finalized scope (activities) and basis for subsequent work.
Conducted desk study to review the relevant document, program, policies etc.
Prepared and presented all findings of the desk study at the inception workshop.
Prepared inception report incorporating all comments received from inception workshop.
Assessed and analysed energy supply and consumption patterns in the selected district based
on technology with GESI perspective identified weaknesses and limitations.
Analysed vulnerable groups in the context of climate and GESI.
Identified the potential of all alternative energy resources e.g. micro hydro, solar, improved
water mills, peltric sets, wind, biomass/biogas, etc. Targets and recommendations were
identified appropriate technology based on climatic condition, geographical variations and GESI
perspectives.
Prepared a broad climate change assessment of the district (based on existing data)
Identified all current and potential stakeholders in the RE (and interlinking) sectors, analysed
strengths and weaknesses in terms of ability to implement RE strategy.
Prepared integrated rural/renewable energy development and management plan including
divisions of responsibility and specific activities of stakeholders.
Integrated a district climate and energy strategy addressing potential for mitigation and
adaptation activities.
Provided tentative financial requirements for identified/proposed RETs and suggesting funding
mechanisms and possible sources of funding (subsidies through AEPC, DDCs/VDCs
commitments, Contribution from users, other sources of funds like: micro finance, other
distribute agencies in the districts)
Ensured that gender equality and social inclusion incorporated in planning and processes are
mainstreamed into the DCEP.
Recommended appropriate strategies to implement GESI responsive DCEP implementation.
Provided a monitoring and evaluation plan, mechanism for disaggregated data base for the
implementation of DCEPs.
Produced draft report (both in Nepali and English) and prepare simple and user-friendly
analysis tools/software for updating the data annually for each district and oriented the DDC to
keep and update the data, present at stakeholders workshop.
Prepared final report (both in Nepali and English) along with simple and user-friendly analysis
tools/software for updating the data annually after incorporating inputs from the workshops.
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1.5 Limitations of DCEP process
`
The following were the limitations of this project.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Time constraint- Very limited time is allocated for Morang district. Also all VDCs of Morang
district did not have equal access, which consumed more time than expected.
Limited budget- Very limited budget was allocated to cover entire aspects of the elements for
Morang district.
The lack of comprehensive data base on district of energy resources, harvest and supply of the
resources, end use appliances, technology and net energy efficiency etc. actually induced the
major problems to make the district climate and energy plan.
The quality of secondary data largely questionable and do vary from citation to citation.
The District Energy and Situation Report (DESR) as prepared by DDC are only for 2069. No any
DESR reports are developed after then. Thus there are very big gap in data or information to be
estimated.
The data provided by Department of Hydrology and Metrology (DHM) seems quite contrary.
The data of current years of DHM depicts that temperature is decreasing annually; however,
local respond they are facing the extreme hot temperature which they have never faced in
previous years.
DHM data provides only for temperature, rainfall and humidity; however, other data such as
sunshine hours, wind speed, etc. are also mandatory for climate change study. Thus, aanalysis of
long term climate data was really very difficult.
There exists lack of appropriate and adequate information on climate change in district level.
Therefore, the information was insufficient for the DCEP.
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Chapter 2
Overview of Morang District
2.1 Geographic Profile
2.1.1 Physical
Morang district lies in the Koshi Zone of the Eastern Development Region of Nepal. Spatially it is
located between 2620 and 2653 North latitude, and between 8716 to 8741 East longitude. It
has the altitude of 60 m to 2410m. The district lies in terai covering an area of 1,855 Sq Km. 80% of
the Morang District lies in the Terai Region but some lie in the Siwalik and Mahabharat lekh.
Morang district can be divided into 3 geomorphic units as such: Mahabharat lekh, Inner Terai and
Terai. The district is bordered by Jhapa and Ilam (Mawa Khola) in East, Sunsari (Budhi and Kesaliya
Khola) in West, India (Bihar state) in South, Dhankuta and Panchthar in the North (VDC &
demographic profile, 2064). Morang is one of the six districts of eastern zone Koshi. This district
has different importance in Nepali history. This district has played vital role from Mahavarat to the
popular movements for Nepal's democracy. Not only that, this district has a name as a first and
largest industrialized district of Nepal. Biratnagar is the district headquarters of Morang. Altogether
there are 9 Electoral Constituencies in Morang, 17 Ilakas, 65 VDCs and 1 Sub metropolitan city. Of
65 VDCs, 8 are hilly VDCs, 3 Bhawar VDCs, and 54 Terai VDCs.
2.1.2 Geology
Morang district lies in the three tectonic zones of the Himalayan of Nepal, which is bounded by
Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Central Thrust (MCT). The
northern part of the district consists of low grade metamorphic rocks such as phyllite, slate, and
quartzite of lesser Himalayan. The centremost part is Siwalik zone, which consists of sand, silt, and
gravel. The southern part consists of soft and loose sediments such as sand, silt and gravel. The
alluvial deposits are enriched with boulder size materials followed by gravels, pebbles, and cobbles.
The river basins are highly dominated by sand and silt. The sandy layers are rich in mica content.
All these are the source for building houses, tunnel, dam, and bridges construction.
2.1.3 Land Use
According to VDC and Demographic Profile of Nepal (2013), the major land use are as follows:
wetland cultivation (24850.43Ha), upper wetland cultivation (54031.25 Ha), mixed land cultivation
(16675.43 Ha), tars/mountain foot slopes (19356.87 Ha), sloping terraces (3641.81 Ha), level
terraces (4354.37Ha), grasslands (1713.5 Ha), shrubs/bushes (4352.12 Ha), Sal forest (9512.93
Ha), tropical mixed hardwood forest (30868.56 Ha), urban areas (858.06), sand/gravel/boulders
(583.12 Ha), and rivers (8477.43 Ha).
2.1.4 Rivers and Ponds
Morang district consists of lots of Rivers and Ponds. Rivers are mainly of two types. One originates
from Mahabharat lekh and other from Siwalik range. The one which originates from Mahabharat
lekh are: Khadam Khola, Chisang Khola, Mawa Khola, Ratuwa Khola, and Bakraha Khola. The others
which originate from Siwalik range are: Budi, Singhiya, Lohandra, Das, Kesliya, Mariyabakra,
Betauna, Judi and Sakhare. Similarly, few famous pond of this district include: Sunbarsiya pond in
Govindapur, and Rajarani dhimal pond in Bhogateni.
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Figure 1: Map of Morang District Covering all VDCS of the DCEP
Sourec: MoFLD (http://www.mofald.gov.np/districtmap/05Morang/Admin.jp

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Figure 2: Land Utilization- Morang
Source: http://www.mofald.gov.np/districtmap/05Morang/Landuse.jpg
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Figure 3: River System- Morang
Source: http://www.mofald.gov.np/districtmap/05Morang/River.jpg
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2.1.5 Status of Irrigation
Table 1: Existing Irrigation System
S.N.
Irrigation Type
1
2
3
4
Land Area ( ha )
Irrigation by Canal
Sector irrigation project
Irrigation by ponds/tube well
Irrigated by farmer's self-effort
5 Small irrigation and Others

Total
35389
7385
2140
12600
8231
65745
Source: DADO, Morang, 2068

2.1.6 Forest
The total forest of Morang district is around 30% (185500 ha). The district covers about 67%
protected forest, 28% productive forest, and 5% probable community forest (DFO, 2068 and cited
in DESR Morang, 2069).
Figure 4: Existing and proposed forest in different management category in District Morang
Source: DEP, 2014
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2.1.7 Agriculture
Agriculture covers around 57.66% of total land areas of Morang district. The main crops cultivated
in Morang district are paddy, maize, wheat, millet, barley, oil crops, vegetables, and potatoes.
According to the data from MoAD, 2011/12, the total paddy production of Morang district was
277619 Mt followed by sugarcane (133980 Mt), potato (68700 Mt), maize (45300 Mt), wheat
(40438 Mt, millet (1812 Mt), and buckwheat (62 Mt).
2.2 Demographic Structure
2.2.1 Population
The Table below shows the population status of Morang. According to CBS (2011), the total
population of Morang was 965,370 in 2011 with an annual population growth rate of 1.35% (2001
to 2011). Using the growth rate, the projected population in the district in 2014 is likely to reach
around 1,303,250.
Table 2: Population of Morang
Population
Total Population
Male :
Female
Total Households
Average Household Size :
Population Density/Sq.km.
Population Growth Rate :
Sex Ratio
2011 Census
965,370
466,712
498,658
213,997
4.51
520.42
1.35
93.59
Source: CBS, 2011
2014 Projection*
1,303,250
630061.2
673188.3
601.79
93.59
Table 3: Population projection of Morang

Population
Total
Population
Male :
2011
Census
965,370
466,712
Female
498,658
Total
Households
Average
HH
Size :
Population
Density/Sq.km.
Pop. Growth
Rate :
Sex Ratio
213,997
2012
Projection
2013
Projection
2014
Projection
2015
Projection
2016
Projection
2017
Projection
2018
Projection
2019
Projection
978,402
473,013
991,611
479,398
1,004,998
485,870
1,018,565
492,429
1,032,316
499,077
1,046,252
505,815
1,060,376
512,643
1,074,692
519,564
505,390
213,997
512,213
213,997
519,128
213,997
526,136
213,997
533,239
213,997
540,437
213,997
547,733
213,997
555,128
213,998
4.57
527.44
4.63
534.56
4.70
541.78
4.76
549.09
4.82
556.50
4.89
564.02
4.96
571.63
5.02
579.35
1.35
93.59
1.35
93.59
1.35
93.59
1.35
93.59
1.35
93.59
1.35
93.59
1.35
93.59
2.35
93.59
4.51
520.42
1.35
93.59
2.2.2 Education Status
Total
Illiterate
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Table 4: Education Status

Morang
771,879 %
235,537
31
226,879 %
63,769 28
140,132 %
70,364 50
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Can't read and write
Can read only
Literate
Beginner
Primary(1-5)
Lower secondary(6-8)
Secondary(9-10)
SLC & equiv.
Intermediate & equiv.
Graduate & equiv.
Post graduate, equiv. & above
Others
Non-formal edu.
Level not stated
Literacy not stated
225,610
9,927
536,027
1,410
151,275
128,803
85,043
79,688
38,139
18,180
5,547
168
26,330
1,443
315
Source: CBS, 2011
29
1
69
0
20
17
11
10
5
2
1
0
3
0
0
60,674
3,095
163,046
428
41,816
33,317
26,497
24,485
12,572
9,232
3,548
64
10,521
565
64
27
1
72
0
18
15
12
11
6
4
2
0
5
0
0
67,772
2,592
69,687
306
18,528
14,374
11,545
10,745
4,574
1,702
631
7
6,946
331
81
48
2
50
0
13
10
8
8
3
1
0
0
5
0
0
Overall literacy rate (for population aged 5 years and above) has increased from 54.1 percent in
2001 to 65.9 percent in 2011. Male literacy rate is 75.1% compared to female literacy rate of 57.4%.
Figure 5: Education Status
Source: CBS, 2011

2.2.3 Religious Status of the Districts
The majority of the communities of the Morang district are found Hinduism following Kirat, than
Islam, Buddhist, Prakiti, Christian, Bahai, Bon, Sikhism and others.
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Figure 6: Religious Status of the Districts
Source: CBS, 2011

2.2.4 Caste/Ethnic Composition
Morang district has diverse ethnic distribution. There are more than 107 cast ethnic groups. It has a
predominant ethnic Bramhen/Chhetri 25.72%, following Tharu 6.27%, Rai 4.96%, Musalman
4.74%, Limbu 4.22%, Rajbansi 3.84%, Newar 3.17% and Musahar 2.99% population, making up
about 55.31% of the total population. After this there are Gangai, Kewat, Magar, Tamang,
Bantar/Sardar, Yadav, Kami, Satar/Santhal, Teli, Khawas, Mallaha, Damai/Dholi, Dhanuk, Dhimal,
Marwadi, Gurung, Dusadh/Pasawan/Pasi and others who makes 49.26 predominantly inhabit the
district.
2.2.5 Dis-advantage Group
In this district the dis-advantage group (DAG) including more than 70 cast i.e. Tharu, Rajbansi,
Musahar, Gangai, Kewat, Magar, Tamang, Bantar/Sardar, Yadav, Kami, Satar/Santhal, Teli, Khawas,
Damai/Dholi, Dhanuk, Hajam/Thakur, Sarki, Koiri/Kushwaha, Chamar/Harijan/Ram, Sonar,
Tatma/Tatwa, Danuwar, Sunuwar, Khatwe, Kurmi, Badhaee, Sarbaria, Bin, Kumal, Dhobi, Dom,
Rajbhar, Baraee, Badi, Kahar, Amat, Munda, Yamphu, Kumhar, Lohar, Gaderi/Bhedhar, Kamar,
Pattharkatta/Kushwadiya, Chepang/Praja, Mali, Thami, Bhote, Brahmu/Baramo, Halkhor, Rajdhob,
Thulung, Koche, Nurang, Ghale, Dhunia, Kanu, Meche, Bahing, Kusunda, Loharung, Hyolmo, Natuwa,
Lhomi, Lodh, Darai, Pahari, Kalar, Lepcha, Raji, Dhandi and Dalit Others are covered. The overall
dis-advantage group composition of the district is 48.10 % (416,008 numbers) including 21.23%
(204,937 male) and 21.86% (211,071 female) with 70 different groups.
2.2.6 VDC/ Municipality wise Details
Morang district has total 65 VDCs and one Sub Metropolitan City. The district headquarter is
Biratnagar. Biratnagar Sub Metropolitan City has 45,131 HHs and 201,125 populations. Out of
VDCs, Urlabari VDC denotes the highest HHs (8,165), density and population (35,166) follow by
Indrapur, Belbari and Pathari VDCs. Similarly, Patigaun VDC is the lowest HHs (478), density and
population (2,183) follow by Sinhadevi Smbare and Ramite Khola VDCs respectively. Please see in
detail information of VDC with forecasting data for 5 years.
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2.2.7 Economic Activity from GESI Perspectives
Figure 7: Economic Activity from GESI Perspectives
Source: NEEDS survey, 2014

In this survey the main purpose of data on economic activity is simply to provide a benchmark.
Analyzing the main occupation and economic activities of the district population among sample HH,
major population 47% depend on agricultural activities whether they are cultivating their own land
and share cropping. Peoples depending in wage labor are 15%, whereas peoples depend upon
business 15%) and rest 26% are involved in other economic activities.
2.2.8 Land Ownership and Tenure System from GESI perspectives
A total of 87% HHs have own land and rest 12.9% HHs does not have own land. The average
cultivated land per HH is 14.8 Ropani. Regarding the irrigation facility there are 33% land having
irrigation facilities and 61% land does not have irrigation facility.
Figure 8: Land having Irrigation Facility
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2.2.9 Household Income Expenditure from GESI Perspectives
Table 5: Percentage of Households with Food Sufficiency
Duration
1-3 months
4-6 months
7-9 months
10-12 months
More than 12 months
Do not Khow
HH
56
39
23
25
27
14
%
32.94
14.71
13.53
14.71
15.88
8.24
Food sufficiency of the district has been taken as a major indicator to measure the poverty level in
area as per project guideline. The food sufficiency status is as such: people having food sufficiency
of less than 3 months are 32.94%, population having less than 4-6 months is 14.71% and
households having 7-9 months have 13.53% HHs food sufficiency. And 10-12 months food
sufficiency is 14.71%, more than a year or saving of food is only 15.88%.
Population is above subsistence level and have food sufficiency for more than 12 months (15.88%)
indicating that for 84.22% household own production is not sufficient for whole year.
Consequently, more than 61% HHs depends upon other secondary income sources to coping. 50%
HHs depends upon wage labor following borrowing others, which is 19.3%, selling livestock is
17.2% HHs, business is 8.4%, services is 6.9% HHs, Pension and remittances is 5.7% and selling
asset is 1.5% HHs. The following table shows the income sources of the food sufficiency ways.
Figure 9: Household Income Status
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Table 6: Income Sources
SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Types of sources
Wage labour within the village
Wage labour outside the village
Selling Livestock
Selling asset
Services (Salary/Daily allowances)
Pension and Remittances
Business
Borrowing
HHs
78
58
57
5
23
19
28
64
%
23.5
17.5
17.2
1.5
6.9
5.7
8.4
19.3

Poor HHs are defined; less than 9 months food sufficiency HHs. The following table shows the
actual figure of poor HHs member with percentage.
Annual Household Income (in year)
Table 7: Annual Household Income
Income Level
less than 20000
21000-50000
51000-100000
More than 100000
Missing
HH
33
53
31
24
29
%
19.41
31.18
18.24
14.12
17.06
Average income NPR

Average Expenditure NPR
108,987.14
105,469.93
The above table shows that the annual average income is Rs 108,887.24 and expenditure is Rs.
105,469.93. Whereas 19.41%.HH having less than Rs. 20,000, than more than 100,000 is 14.12%
HHs.
Regarding the income sources of the district more than 68% HH depends upon agriculture related
activities such as farming, livestock, fruit-vegetable farming, 16% HHs depend on wage labour, 7%
depends upon services, 7% depends upon foreign Services and rest 2% HHs depends upon
business.
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Figure 10: Main Income Sources

2.2.10 Physical Assets from GESI perspective
In terms of physical assets owned by community household more than 66.5% own
telephone/mobile facilities, 62% of the HHs has toilet facility, 61.8% own radio, solar 50%,
television 43.5%, camera 14.1%, vehicles 12.9%, computer 12.9% and frieze 11.8% and sewing
machine 1.8%.
Figure 11: Physical Facilities
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2.2.11 Gender Roles and Responsibilities from GESI Perspectives
In terms of gender roles and responsibilities the survey where the access to different types of
works in the communities such as Collection and management of fuel wood, Acquisition and use of
fossil fuel, Ownership of animal husbandry, Maintaining of biogas and use of produces, Agricultural
practice and use and control of produce, Ownership of ICS, and Medical treatment and purchasing
of medicine. Most of the works are completed by male and female jointly. However, purchasing of
solar decision is male dominant and handling of ICS is female dominant. The following table shows
the clear picture of household level activities.
Table 8: Gender Roles and Responsibilities (GESI perspective)
Activities
Male (%)
Collection and management of fuel wood
Female (%)
Together (%)
6%
30%
64%
Acquisition and use of fossil fuel
16%
10%
74%
Ownership of animal husbandry
23%
22%
55%
Maintaining of biogas and use of produces
38%
4%
58%
Agricultural practice and use and control of

production
29%
7%
64%
Ownership of Solar PV
85%
7%
8%
9%
84%
7%
29%
5%
66%
Ownership of ICS
Medical treatment and purchasing of
medicine

2.2.12 Poverty Status in the District
Poverty Incidence for a given area is the proportion of individuals living in that area who are in
households with an average per capita expenditure below the poverty line. Poverty gap is the
average distance below the poverty line, being zero for those individuals above the line. It thus
represents the resources needed to bring all poor individuals up to a basic level. The poverty level
in Morang is lies between 35 to 40 Human Poverty Indexes (Poverty Mapping & Development
Indicators-2063).
The Development Indicators of the Morang district of Nepal updated in 2003 by ICIMOD/CBS/SNV
shows as follows:
Table 9: Ranking of Study Districts Based on Weighted Scores
Overall Composite* 2001 Overall Composite* 1997 PDI+ 2001 SEIDI+ 2001 WEI+ 2001
Index
11
16
24
(Source: http://www.hdihumla.org.np/remote-districts-of-nepal.htm)
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Figure 12: Human Poverty Status
Source: http://www.un.org.np/sites/default/files/report/tid_70/Nepal-HPI-districts-2004.png
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2.3 Institutional Status

2.3.1 NGOs/INGOs
The NGOs working in climate and energy sector as identified prior and after field visit in districts
are: UNICEF; UNFPA; WHO; SAP Nepal; Action Aid; Plan Nepal; UNHCR; UNDP; BNMT; Nepal Red
Cross Society; Rotary club; Nepal Jaycees; Lions Club; Leo Club; INSEC Nepal; RRN; NariBikasSangh;
FORWARD; BatabaranPatrakarSamuha, Lumanti, NEWAH, RWSSFDB (FundBorad), ENPHO etc.
2.3.2 Tourism, Historical and Religious Institution
Some important sites potential for tourism are: Palace of Birat King; Dhanpalgadhi; RajaraniPokhari
(DhimalDarbar); Raja Dhanpal than; Sunbarshipokhari; Bagjhoda; Saptakanyagupha;
MahadevParvatigufa;
Miklajungdanda;
Harichandragadhi;
Nirajan
park,
Sundarpur;
KanepokhariBayarban; ChuliPokhari, Tandi, Haseni Simsar, Beteni Simsar etc.
Dharmashala and guest houses are providing service to guests in district from many years back.
Such Dharmashala and guest houses (atithisadan) are: Atithisadan, Biratnagar; Radhakrishna,
Biratnagar; Gopikrishna, Biratnagar; Ramjanaki, Biratnagar; Todi Community Building, Biratnagar;
Marwari SewaSadan, Biratnagar; ChenwalaDharmashala, Rangeli; DindayalDharmashala, Rangeli.
2.3.3 Commercial Potentiality
Biratnagar is the major city of Morang district. Rangeli, Letang, Urlabari, Madhumalla, Pathari,
Belbari, Bayarban, Karsiya and Biratchowk are other places that have commercial value in district.
Amardaha, Dovana, Belbari, Sorabhag, Urlabari etc. are recognized as animal hat bazaar in district.
2.3.4 Hotel and Restaurants
The status of hotel and restaurants in Morang is more potential than other districts of eastern
region. There are many hotels and restaurants from star hotel to ordinary. There are six star hotels,
48 standard hotel and lodges and 529 ordinary hotel/ restaurants. Total 0.91% of peoples in
Morang are involved in hotel and restaurant business as indicated by CBS 2058.
Regarding on transportation sector in district, several means of land transportation, air
transportation, travel agencies, rafting, trekking, cargo, road carrier transportation are exist. All the
means of transportation except rafting and trekking has a significant importance in the district.
Total 647 public land transportation means of 10 transportation organizations are plying daily.
Average 15 air flights are also operating daily in district. 36 nos. of travel agencies and 23 road
carrier agencies are working on their business in the district (District Profile, Morang, 2070).
2.3.6 Warehouse
In Morang, one government dry port is operating its service. It has the storing capacity of 5000 MT.
Three private cold storages also are running in district. The capacity of this cold storage is 7000MT.
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2.3.7 Communication Institution

The status of communication facilities and institution in district are reflecting in the table below.
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Table 10: Communication Institution/ Facilities in district

Type of post office
No.
Daily newspaper printing and publishing simultaneously in Morang as 2
Kathmandu
FM station
15
Telephone line
25656
CDMA
29775
Mobile phone
223327
Post offices
69
Newspaper
40
Cable television
13
Cinema hall
11
Advertising agency
9
PCO and Cyber Cafe
87
Public library
50
Email and Internet
25000
Source: District Profile, Morang, 2070
2.3.8 Agriculture Institution

There are seven agriculture service centers and contact centre in Morang. Table below indicates the
location of service centers and contact centre with their corresponding influencing VDCs.
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Table11: List of Agriculture Service Centre/ Contact Centre

Location of Centre
VDCs to be service provided
Rangeli service centre
Rangeli, Takuwa, Aamgachhi, Dainiya, Govindapur,
Bardanga, Dadarbairiya, Jhurkiya, Amardaha, Ithara,
Darbesa, Sorabhag, A. Bariyati, Sijuwar
Urlabari service centre
Rajghat, Pathari, Urlabari, Madhumalla, Hasandaha,
Shanischare, Letang, Barangi, Jante, Ramitekhola, Tandi
Bahuni service centre
Bahuni, Hoklabari, Keraun, Bayarban, Babiyabirta, Kaseni,
Banigama, Dangihat
Indrapur service centre
Indrapur, Hraincha, Mrigauliya, Dulari, Sundarpur,
Kerabari, Bhogateni, Singhadevi, Pati, Yangshila, Belbari
Katahari contact centre
Katahari, Thalaha, Motipur, Bhaudaha, Nocha,
Bhathigachha, Majhare, Kadamaha, Pokhariya, Biratnagar
sub metropolitan city
Tankisinawari contact centre Tankishinawari, Hattimudha, Dangraha, Shi. Badahara
Jhorahat contact centre
Jhorahat, JhapaBaijanathpur, Tetariya, Lakhantari, Sidhraha
Source: District Profile 2070
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2.3.9 Veterinary Service Centre

There are 17 veterinary service centers and sub service center in the district. The name of centers/
sub-center and their influencing VDC is given in Table.
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Table 12: Veterinary Service Centers/Contact Centers

Location of Centre
Influence VDCs
Sijuwa sub-service centre
Sijuwa, Jhurkiya, Mahadeva, Itahara
Rangeli service centre
Rangeli, Aamgachhi, Dainiya, Govindapur, Takuwa,
Bardanga, Darvesa
Hasandaha sub-service centre Amardaha, Hasandaha, Shanischare
Urlabari service centre
Urlabari, Rajghat, Pathari, Madhumalla
Tandi sub-service centre
Tandi, Ramitekhola
Bahuni service centre
Bahuni, Hoklabari, Keraun, Bayarban, Dangihat
Sorabhag sub-service centre
Babiyabirta, Sorabhag, A. Bariyati
Kadmaha sub-service centre
Kadmaha, Dadarbairiya, Nocha, Pokhariya, Shi. Jahada
Letang sub-service centre
Letang, Warangi, Kaseni, Jante
Kerabari sub-service centre
Kerabari, Bhogateni, Pati, Shinghadevi, Yangshila
Indrapur service centre
Indrapur, Haraincha, Mrigauliya, Dulari, Sundarpur, Belbari
Thalaha sub-service centre
Thalaha, Motipur, Bhaundaha
Katahari service centre
Katahari, Biratnagar SMP 2,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
Bhathigachh
sub-service Bhathigachh, Majhare, Budhanagar, Biratnagar SMP
centre
18,19,21 and 22
Jhorahat sub-service centre
Jhorahat, JhapaBaijanathpur, Biratnagar SMP 1,
3,4,5,6,7,15,16,17 and 20
Tetariya sub-service centre
Banigama, Tetariya, Lakhantari, Sidhraha
Dangraha service centre
TankiSinuwari, Dangraha, Hattimudha, Shi. Badahara
Source: District Profile, 2070
2.3.10 Industries
Biratnagar is the most renowned industrial area of the nation. The first modern industry was
established in Biratnagar more than 100 years ago. Jute mills were popular industries in past. Now
many types industries have been established and running in district.
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Table 13: Description of Industry in Morang

Industry
Manufacturing industry
Energy
Forest and Agro based
Mineral
Tourism
Service
Construction
Total
Cottage industries
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Nos.
2150
4
129
50
1
1647
508
4489
214
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Small industries
Large industries (having at least 10 employees)
4275
295
2.3.11 Financial Banking and Cooperative Institution

In Morang, 82 commercial and development banks are providing financial service by its many
branches. Eleven finance company, 28 micro finances and 23 insurance companies are doing its
business. Besides of it, there are 1001 cooperatives, 33 law firms, 83 auditors, 9 advertising
agencies also providing services in the district.
2.3.12 Libraries
Being a pioneer district in eastern region, there are thirty-four public libraries providing service to
readers in different part of district.
2.3.13 Educational Institution
The status of community and institutional schools in Morang district is illustrated by the table
below (ref Table)
Table 14: Summary of different Education Institutes in Morang
Education Institution
Nos. of Community School
Nos. of Institutional School
Primary school
559
344
Lower secondary school
Secondary school
Higher secondary school
Technical school
Gumba
Madarsa
Ashram
College
Child Development Centre
Community Learning Centre
258
153
59
1
1
56
6
5
942
29
229
179
35
8
18
Source: DEO Morang Bulletin, 2013

Apart from this, one university, one medical college and many colleges affiliated with more than
four national universities are running in district.
2.3.14 Health Institution
The health facilities are better in Morang than many other districts. One zonal hospital (Koshi zonal
hospital), one district hospital (Rangeli hospital), 12 non-governmental hospitals, 29 private
hospital including of Nobel Medical College and well established 249 village clinics as well as 311
vaccine clinics are providing health services in district. One eye hospital, one aayurved hospital and
one aayurved medical college also are providing service in Morang. In rural part of district, 34
health posts, 26 sub-health posts and 7 primary health centers are functioning.
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2.3.15 Sports Institution

The sports facilities and institutions in district are shown in the table below.
Sports Institution
Nos.
Sports
ground 2
(Stadium)
Conference hall
1
Covered hall
Snooker/ pool house
Health club
Gym
Swimming pool
Garden (Public garden)
Table 15: Sports Institution in Morang

Remarks
Shahid stadium and one under construction in Baijanathpur
2
Biratnagar
22
14
27
2
Dadhiram complex, Hatkhola
4
Dadhiram, Gopal and Smriti garden
Source: District Environment Profile, Morang, 2014
2.3.16 Government/ Public Offices

Details of government, semi government and non-government offices in districts are illustrated in
the table below.
Table 16: Government/ Public Offices in Morang
Description
Nos.
Remarks
Government office
87
Government corporation
57
Including branches and sub-branches
Local body
66
Non-Government Organizations
1503
Registered
2.3.17 Police Institution
One district police office in district headquarters and 18 police posts along with one armed police
force are providing peace and security service in district.
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Chapter 3
DCEP Process and Methodology
3.1 DCEP Process
To address the climate change issues/challenges as well as development of clean and renewable
energy technologies in the local level, preparation of district climate and energy plan (DCEP) is
sought for careful planning. A scientific and systematic approach is equally necessary for
decentralization and/or rural energy planning as well as resolving the issues related to climate
change. Unless DCEP is developed, the opportunities will not be availed to local as well as the
backward, disadvantageous, and minority people or gender equity and social inclusion (GESI) side.
The preparation of DCEP will also highlights and incorporates the institutional set up of the district
in relation to dissemination of renewable energy technologies (RETs), climate change activities
including GESI, and make recommendations about what mechanism, systems, processes and
organizational arrangements are necessary to be tailored to foster dissemination of renewable
energy technologies. The DCEP thus prepared will add value to identify the most appropriate
actions, opportunities/benefits and intervention needed to increase the access to renewable energy
technologies and contribute to climate change adaptation/mitigation in compliance with climate
change policy 2011.
The consulting service (NEEDS) has followed three main stages, which are further categorized for
preparation of DCEP. The stages are: i) Executive planning phase, ii) Planning workshop, field study
and action phase, and iii) Review, design and reporting phase.
3.1.1 Executive Planning Phase
In the executive planning phase, first of all DCEP team of experts were properly oriented by hired
consultants of the subject matter and their role/responsibilities were also highlighted for
successful accomplishment in time. Then desk study was made where experts reviewed the
information on climate change policy, district energy situation report, plans, annual reports, etc.,
and all other associate published sources for DCEP. After thorough review of the documents,
incisive analysis was made. After the accomplishment of desk study, the inception workshop was
organized, where results were showcased and received the feedbacks/comments/suggestions.
Moreover, the issues and challenges related to content of DCEP guideline, extent and duration for
field study were also highlighted, discussed and finalized. All the comments/feedbacks were finally
incorporated and the inception report was submitted to AEPC/NRREP in the allocated time. Before
moving to the field, all the necessary arrangements were made in collaboration with Morang DDC
and AEPC/NRREP. The checklist/questionnaire and rapid assessment set were developed to collect
District/VDCs data: (Institutions, Demographic, Socio-economic, Gender and ethnicity, Income
activities, Energy use, Climate change, etc.).
3.1.2 Planning Workshop, Field Study and Action Phase
The two days planning workshop was arranged at Morang DDC for the highlights of the DCEP
projects and its objective/importance, and enumerators training. At least one representative from
the local government organization, non-government organization, private organizations, and
community based organizations, clubs, banks, local cooperatives; media, etc. attended the
workshop. The DCEP objectives and purposes were showcased by the team of experts of NEEDS.
Various discussions and planning process were highlighted about the DCEP in the planning
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workshop. Moreover stakeholders/key informants interview were made with the designed
questionnaire set. Also SWOT analysis was carried out with the designed format with the
participants.
The DECCC at the district was also formed representing various stakeholders during the DCEP
planning workshop with initiation from NEEDS. For the field study, the selected enumerators from
the DDC were given the training for VDC level data collection by NEEDS team of experts. Few
sample study were made by the project team which showcased how to collect the data by the
enumerators, and then enumerators proceeded with it. The field verifications were also done and
the collected data were reviewed, analyzed and the feedbacks and suggestions were provided to
enumerators about their data works.
3.1.3 Review, Design and Reporting Phase

In this phase, DCEP reports, activity plans, institutional and financial sections, actor identification,
and monitoring and evaluation plan was finalized. Findings/results, conclusions, and
recommendations are the main element of this phase. This phase also highlights the roles and
responsibilities of each stakeholders, arrange facilities like subsidies from AEPC, funding
mechanism- DDCs and VDCs contribution, users contribution, bank loan, development partners,
etc. Also this phase integrate a district climate and energy plan and strategy addressing potential
for mitigation and adaptation activities including GESI.
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Figure 13: DCEP PREPARATION PROCESS/DESIGN

Review information on climate change policy, district energy
situation report, plans, annual reports, etc. and then analyse it.
PROJECT TEAM of NEEDS
Desk study
AEPC/NRREP, NEEDS,
selected districts of
cluster 1, other respective
stakeholders
Executive
planning
District/VDCs data: (Institutions,

Demographic, Socio-economic, Gender
and ethnicity, Income activities, Energy
use, Climate change, etc.
Sa
mp
lin
g
Data collection and analysis

methodologies
Sample random sampling for field

study (to cover especially
vulnerable and disadvantageous
groups of very remote, remote and
non-remote VDCs of each selected
district)
Inception
workshops
Submission of Inception report and incorporation of feedbacks/comments/suggestions
Field study
and action
Preparation for field study
Structure questionnaire, checklist,

rapid assessment sheet
Exploring all potential sources of

alternative energy
Field survey/information collection
Key informant interviews (KII),

Institutional interviews, Focus group
discussion (FGD), field observation, etc.
on renewable energy, climate change
and gender perspectives.
Household perception study:

Users perception about energy supply
and consumption (with GESI
perspective)
Climate change and gender perspectives
Baseline climate change assessment outline
Review, design
and Reporting
Integrate a district climate and

energy strategy addressing
potential for mitigation and
adaptation activities including GESI
Final DCEP report submission to

AEPC/NRREP/Selected districts
and finding sharing through
webpage of AEPC/NRREP, DDC,
NEEDS, newspaper, etc
Prepared by: NEEDS
Designing the roles and

responsibilities of each stakeholders,
arrange facilities like subsidies from
AEPC, funding mechanism- DDCs and
VDCs contribution, users
contribution, bank loan, development
partners, etc.
Draft preparation of district climate

and energy plan (DCEP)
Design monitoring and evaluation plan for DCEP
Arrange mini-workshop for

valuable
input/feedbacks/suggestion
from the senior authorities
Review of DCEP by
AEPC/NRREP/Selected
districts for feedbacks
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Final Report
3.2 Approach
NEEDS, the consultant adopt the same approach as it has proposed in the proposal. It has been
according to the Norms and Standards of MoSTE and AEPC and the issues mentioned in the project
proposal as stated in the Terms of Reference (ToR). The consultant has conducted the task applying
participatory tools and techniques simultaneously in order to obtain reliable information besides of
secondary sources as primarily indicated in the ToR.
The following sub-sections describe the approach which NEEDS has planned to obtain expected
result by providing consulting services to meet the requirement of the terms of reference to fulfill
the objective of the DCEP in Morang district.
3.2.1 General Approach
The consultant intended to embark upon the services with the following general approaches:
Selection of those methods and process, which have been tested and proven to be successful
and effective.
Application of an optimal combination of the methods and technologies based on the
practicality, project's aim, site-specific analysis, and sound technical judgment.
Selection and mobilization of appropriate technical personnel.
Close contact and effective coordination with the client, project officials, and concerned
personnel and authorities.
Full use of the available and applicable reports, standards, manuals, specification, other
information, primary and secondary data as well as lessons learned in the similar
studies/researches in the past.
Clearly defined management roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders.
Clearly defined roles and responsibilities for each member of the proposed Team of the
Consultant.
In-depth knowledge of financial and management information systems at all times;
Strict adherence to the work schedule.
Sufficient flexibility to respond to desired changes and directions.
Systematic procedures for quality control; and Systematic monitoring of both processes and
performance.
3.2.2 General Management Approach
The consultant's general management approach will be comprised with:
Clearly defined role and responsibilities for each member of the proposed team.
Application of high quality and systematic procedure to meet the all project objectives.
Application of the financial and management information systems at all times,
Strict adherence to the work schedule.
Sufficient flexibility to respond to desired changes and directions.
3.2.3 Approach to Field Works
The field works were planned meticulously and implemented systematically. This includes:
Effective coordination and liaison with AEPC authority.
Close coordination with local government bodies i.e. DDCS and VDCs.
Assured participation of stakeholders and local organizations.
Effective coordination and close interaction between the team members.
Good management of logistics.
Minimization of repetition of works by good planning, effective control and timely
communication.
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Preparation and use of standards and workable formats for ensuring uniform data collection,
minimizing subject deviations and establishing effective and objective interpretation of the
data. The formats are suitable for analysis by using computer software as appropriate.
Figure 14: General Approach of the Consultant
WHAT TO DO?
UNDERSTAND TOR
- Study Objectives
- Scope of Services
- Tasks to be Performed
- Specific Requirements
WHO WILL DO?

Deploy Competent
Assign roles and
responsibilities for
every emmber
TEAM
HOW TO DO?
Adopt Appropriate
METHODOLOGY for:
- Time Control
- Quality Control
- Cost Control
WITH THE HELP OF WHAT?
WHEN TO DO?
Provide required
FACILITIES
- Office/Support from Head Office
- Transportation
- Other Logistic supports,
remuneration
Prepare WORK PLAN/SCHEDULE

and milestones with activities,
duration, dates
3.2.4 Project Management Tools and Systematic Monitoring

The Consultants approach was of systematic monitoring of the project actions on a task by task
basis in order to maximize the effectiveness of the works performed. The overall DCEP involves a
diverse range of tasks and activities in carrying-out and achieving the desired result, and each of
these tasks and activities are time related and have specific costs. The planning and programming
for this project which include a wide range of disciplines was carried out using standard software
These software packages enabled links to be made between individual tasks and activities and their
attendant individual time periods and costs. This allowed a computerized time and cost related
model to be constructed for a specific project, which was manipulated to define the Project
Planning.
3.2.5 Quality Assurance System
For successful completion of the Project, a Quality Assurance System (QAS) of the Consultant was
put in place controlling its own activities. Effective quality management was achieved by the
application of relevant procedures, which included definition of responsibilities and duties, project
planning and review, appropriate verification of inputs and project work, quality auditing and,
where necessary, undertaken corrective measures.
The Consultant's Quality Assurance System was based on the elements such as Quality Assurance
Manuals, Quality Assurance Procedures, Project Specific Quality Plan, Quality Assurance Staffing
and Responsibilities, Time Schedule for Quality Assurance Activities etc. A routine quality check
(self-check, discipline check and interface check) was carried out during the project duration and
preparation of reports and plans. The Systematic Diagram of Quality Assurance Plan (QAP) is
depicted in the figure.
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Figure 15: Quality Assurance

Understanding of Objectives &
Scope of Services
Selection of the Right Team
Formation of QAT
Orientation to the Team
Activities
Periodic Review & Meeting
Feed Back
Output
Fig.: Schematic Diagram of QAP

3.2.6 Identification of Project Risks, Assessment, Analysis and Management
The management of risk is seen as an area, where the Consultants expertise can reduce cost
through the introduction of innovative management practices. The Consultant established and
implemented a risk management process for the Project involving the identification, analysis and
assessment of risks; identification of risk mitigation measures; and ongoing monitoring of risks. By
adopting a proactive approach to the management of risk, response to threats was planned and
opportunities were enhanced to contribute to a successful Project outcome.
The risk possibilities during the project duration were:
Attitude/Behavior change in the communities.
Financial/economic constraint to cover all aspects of the project.
Risk management
The Consultant played an active role in mitigating the project risks. It was achieved by post
identification, analysis of possible consequences as well as solutions participatory, transparent and
accommodative discussions, and by building consensus among the stakeholders.
Consultant's approach towards managing risks associated with the Project, among others, was as
follows:
Identification and routine assessment of risks, mentioned above, and plan appropriate action to
be taken by the concerned parties at right time for its management;
Timely and close interfacing, coordination and cooperation between the Project team members,
as well as all the related stakeholders to make them aware on the consequences due to Project
risks, and plan and implement appropriate and participatory solution for mitigating the risks;
Maintaining good public relation;
Alternative designs for mitigation of uncertainties and environmental impacts;
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Being vigilant and proactive regarding changing socio-political and economic scenarios, and
recommendation required for actions to the Client;
Seriously analyzed and advised steps for ensuring a safe working environment etc.
3.3 Methodology
The preparation of the District Climate and Energy Plan (DCEP) for Morang district was conducted
by NEEDS team of consultants in close cooperation and mutual co-ordination with Morang district
and AEPC/NRREP. The DCEP preparation methodology is based upon the DCEP guideline which is
availed from AEPC/NRREP. The defined methodological background provides the local level
coordination, stakeholder consultation along with the collection of local data base and the
generation of the primary data work was carried out and provided by Morang district. The team of
consultants provided the tools, technique along with the necessary technical supports systems for
the project which is undertaken. The desk study was made on the following: climate change policy
and program in the international and in the national context were assessed and reviewed; the
available District Energy situation reports, district plans, annual reports, district overview
documents from the respective district were assessed and reviewed; the information of Gender
equity and social inclusion for each VDC of the Morang district was also assembled through a
thorough study; institutional assessment and review was made to find out the institution capacity
gap; and, appropriate scale of desk study was conducted to assess and review the relevant
documents on policy, programs and related theme.
The team of consultants was proceeded to carry out the detail field study in the project district. The
main objective of the field study was to collect information and data from the project area to
achieve the objectives of the project.
3.3.1 District Climate Change
I.
Based on the available existing data, a broad climate change assessment project of the
respective district was prepared
II. Currently available Google maps, satellite maps, stripe maps, land use maps of Morang district
was worked out to co-adjust the effects of climate change effect wherever applicable for further
analyses and evaluation.
3.3.2 Alternative Energy Resources/Renewable Energy Resources
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Available resources data base were used to identify the potential of the alternative energy
resources such as biomass/biogas, micro hydropower, solar thermal/PV, improved water
mills, peltric sets, wind and geothermal.
As per the state of the requirement of the tools and technique such as Google maps, satellite
maps, stripe maps, land use maps, field survey, focused group discussion, interview,
interaction and structure questionnaire were used for the closer resources potential
identification in the respective districts.
The available potential of the alternative/renewable energy resources and the
closer/acceptable user group/community targets along with the recommendations were
reported with the identified application of adaptable appropriate (RETS) renewable energy
technology that were based on the local climatic condition of Gender Equality and Social
Inclusion (GESI) perspectives.
In co-operation with the respective DDC minor and major intra districts level meetings
were conducted to identify all current and potential local and adjoining stakeholders in the
renewable energy (RE) and interlinking sectors were assessed and evaluated for further
consideration.
The strength and weakness of the specified stakeholders were analyzed and assessed in
terms of capacity and ability to implement renewable energy (RE) strategy within the
respective district.
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vi.
vii.
viii.
By utilizing the field based study, observation and cross sectional structure questionnaire
survey, checklist verifications of the energy supply and consumption patterns in the
specified selected districts based on the technology in application with GESI perspective
were assessed and analyzed for further activities.
The weakness and limitation of the recorded end use appliances of energy consumption
technology in use along with the GESI perspective were assessed and analyzed for the
preparation of the district climate change and energy plan (DCEP) in Morang district.
After the completion of all above action programs an integrated rural/renewable energy
development and management plan will be prepared that include divisions of responsibility
and necessary supports of DDC under the broad road map of AEPC.
3.3.3 Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI)
i.
By utilizing the available data base and conducting field survey using appropriate tools and
techniques the broad spectrum of vulnerable groups in the context of climate and GESI were
assessed and analyzed in each specified districts for the consideration of DCEP.
ii. The assessment, analysis and evaluation of the secondary data along with the surveyed data,
the gender equality and social inclusion issue were respectively incorporated in planning and
processes were mainstreamed into the district climate change and energy plan (DCEP)
3.3.4 Organizational Assessment Component
a. Scope
The scopes of the Organizational Assessment Component of District Climate and Energy Plan
(DCEP) were comprised with the following activities:
To carry out the assessment of available resources, technology and institutions working in
climate change and renewable energy/energy sector.
To assess the institutional arrangements of the district, identify the gap and recommend for
necessary improvements.
To identify all current and potential stakeholders in the RE (and interlinking) sectors,
analyze strengths and weaknesses in terms of ability to implement RE strategy.
In performing efficient preparation of DCEP, NEEDS focused on quality of work, time bound output
and geography/ weather friendly work schedule. This has helped in planning of each activity in
sequential and logical order to meet time frame, maintain coordination with government agencies,
team members and other stakeholders.
b. Methodology and Tools
Following activities were applied for the successful accomplishment of the project work.
Field visit; visit to stakeholders, organizations, meetings, interactions/ discussions
Mapping
SWOT Analysis
Semi-structured questionnaire, checklist
Collection of documents (publications, audio visuals, statute, guidelines, manuals,
brochures, handbooks, minutes etc.)
c. Resource availability and local capability
The focus of the organization assessment was on the resource availability and local capability as
well as mapping of institutions working on climate and energy sector in Morang district. The major
resources in energy sectors are Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS), Biogas, Bio-briquettes, micro hydro
plants, water mills (Improved Ghatta, water mills), solar power etc.
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d. Organization identification and roles

Based on the literatures reviewed as the course of DCEP preparation, organizations that were
identified in climate and energy sector of Morang district are government, private, financing
institutions and NGOs. These institutions are providing various services with regards to promotion
of energy services in the district.
It is found that most of renewable energy promotion activities are carrying out with an active
involvement of DDC/DEEU and NGOs at district level and AEPC at central level. Various donors like
NORAD, DGIS, and DANIDA also are involved in the districts. Biogas Support Program (BSP) is
involved in the district in providing capacity development services to other local NGOs, private
sector and Renewal Energy Technology (RET) companies.
3.3.5 Funding Requirement for RETs
i.
Based on the field study, surveyed data base and other available primary and secondary
sources the district energy resources of renewable matter were assessed and evaluated. The
current status of energy supply and consumption along with the adapted end use energy
appliances and technology associated were observed and evaluated. Based on these assessed,
observed and analyzed data a series of RETs were identified and proposed for implementation
in Morang district. The proposed RETs were solar, wind, micro-hydropower, biomass/biogas,
geothermal, etc.
A tentative financial requirement for identified/proposed RETs in any renewable energy
resources based was provided as per the current cost for each district.
The current funding for RETs were reviewed and the rationale funding mechanisms that will
be required by the household, community, co-operatives, institutional and industrial sectors
were appropriately suggested for further activities
The possible sources of funding on RETs such as the financial subsidies through AEPC,
DDCs/VDCs commitments and then limitation were collected and reported for due
consideration.
The scope and limitations of combinations from the household users, community users,
institutional and industrial users also were compelled and suggested for rational evaluation
before DCEP to be implemented within the specific districts.
The other sources of funds like micro finance and other districts agencies within and outside
the districts were also assessed and evaluated in the form of suggestion.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
3.3.6 District Climate and Energy Strategy

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
After the completion of the desk and field study on integrated district climate and energy
strategy document were prepared.
The strategy document incorporated the issues that address the specified potential for
mitigation and adaptation activities which will promote the harnessing of the indigenous
renewable energy resources within Morang district through the implementation of selected
RETs that ensure the safe road map that can be followed through the deployment of DCEP in
Morang district.
Business As Usual Scenario (BAS), Medium Adaptation Scenario (MAS) and Climate
Resilience Scenario (CRS) were calculated while planning DCEP.
CDM and Greenhouse gas calculation and its effect were studied after all the relevant datas
collected from Morang district.
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3.3.7 Business as Usual Scenario (BAU), Medium Adaptation Scenario (MAS), Climate
Resilient Scenario (CRS)
The data that were collected from the field as well as secondary published sources were used to
develop the business as usual scenario (BAU), where current trends of energy use and technology
intervention were assumed to continue. All the up-to-date RETs intervention levels were
incorporated into the data so as to provide the current up-date information. Following this, two
further scenarios such as medium adaptation scenario (MAS) and a climate resilient scenario (CRS)
were developed. The later scenarios were developed on the basis of desirable future based on the
interpretation of the scenarios after assessment of climate change and energy status considering
gender equity and social inclusion and institutional status. The intervention level required for
various technologies was then calculated for both medium adaptation scenario (MAS) and climate
resilient scenario (CRS), which has been translated into the detailed implementation plan for five
years for Morang.
3.3.8 Data Collection and Working Procedure
The study was mainly based on both the primary as well as secondary data collected from various
sources. Collection of necessary data was discussed carefully with relevant organizations from
Morang district. These information collections were mostly based on the process outlined in the
DCEP guideline. The data collection looked to collate the 4 different components of DCEP (i.e.
energy, resource, institutional and technology assessment). Moreover, information were collected
to incorporate the the cross cutting issues like gender, social inclusion, climate change and
institutional capacity.
Figure 16: Data Collection Components of DCEP
Institutional Capacity
Institutional assessment
Climate change
Resource assessment
Social Inclusion
Energy needs assessment
Gender
Data collection components
Data Collection Components of DCEPs
Technology assessment
Cross cutting issues
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i. The Sample Size

Primary data from all VDC was collected from Morang district. Altogether 1029 samples were
selected for this plan which represented household, institutional/commercial and industrial
sectors.
ii. Primary Data

Primary data collection was carried out to up data the data, fulfill the data gap, and cross
verification of the secondary data. With the exception of any, almost all the VDC of the Morang were
selected for the primary data collection in line with the DCEP guideline. Sets of structure
questionnaire, checklists, observation sheet, Focal Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant
Interview (KII), and General Group Discussion sheets were developed.
Depending upon the nature and the topic of the subject matter, the household using of renewable
energy were interviewed, sites were assessed by direct observation, and suggestions/comments for
betterment or improvement of alternative energy technology were performed through FGD. KII
was conducted at the DDC hall, while FGD was conducted with the diverse group at the VDC level.
FGDs and KIIs etc. were utilized along with tools (institutional capacity assessment) outlined in the
guideline to collate primary data. For both of it, the main participants that were invited were local,
poor, disadvantageous and marginalized groups, local politicians, academicians, government
organizations, NGOs/INGOs, private organizations, CBOs, banks, cooperatives, manufacturer, media,
police, etc. Of the total participants, women represented almost equally. All the questionnaire
contained the questions in line with the DCEP guideline (for example, energy consumption pattern,
climate change issues, technological development and choices, resource utilization, GESI status,
institutional capacity, etc.)
iii. Secondary Data

Apart from the primary data, information on socio-economic status, institutional status, energy use
data, policy and strategy and very little climate change data were assembled through the secondary
sources. All the historical data including the recent ones of climate change, renewable and fossil
fuel energy, gender equity and social inclusion (GESI) and institutional status were collected from
journals; articles; books; magazines; internet/websites; newsletter; and other published and
unpublished sources from Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC)/ National Rural and
Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP); Department of Forestry (Ministry of Forest and Soil
Conservation); Ministry of Agriculture (MoA); Nepal Energy and Environment Development
Services (NEEDS); Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), Morang; District Development Committee
(DDC), Morang, Village Development Committees (VDCs), Morang; Department of Water Induced
Disaster and Prevention (DWIDP), Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC), Biratnagar; District Energy and
Environment Unit; Ministry of Science Technology and Environment (MoSTE); Ministry of Home
Affairs (MoHA); Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM); Biogas Support Program (BSP);
INGOs; NGOs; and other relevant organizations. The secondary data thus collected were tallied with
the previous similar study. The outcomes were analyzed and presented in the form of different
statistical tools/packages.
iv. Analysis Used

a. Energy Assessment
The minimum energy required for residential activities is based on the integration of primary data
collected from all VDC of Morang and House hold table data from CBS- 2011. The average value of
energy consumption data was calculated from the entire sample of respondent. The average value
was then multiplied with the total number of household of energy consumption for the Morang
district. The minimum energy required for commercial/institutional and industrial sectors was also
calculated similarly except for the fact that in these case no such table data was available, and
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instead primary as well as secondary census data which were available were used. The data thus
collected were analyzed, compared and interpreted with statistical tool/package like Ms Excel,
LEAP, etc. Additionally, some data were generated through simple statistical/mathematical
calculation. Beside the existing data, missing data were assumed scientifically on the basis of the
trend or nature of the graph and also from calculation.
b. Resource Assessment
The data on the energy resource potential for fuel wood is adopted from Department of Forest
(DoF), Morang; and, District Energy Situation Report (DESR), 2013, Morang. The energy resource
potential for agricultural reside is adopted from Department of Agriculture, Morang, 2013; Ministry
of Agriculture, 2012; and, District Energy Situation Report (DESR), 2013, Morang. Furthermore, the
data on the energy resource potential for biogas is adopted from Ministry of Agriculture, 2012;
District Energy Situation Report (DESR), 2013, Morang; AEPC, 2013; BSP Nepal; and, DDC Morang,
2013. The data on the energy resource potential for fossil fuel is adopted from NOC, 2014. Lastly,
the data on energy resource potential for solar and wind power is adopted from Water and Energy
Commission Secretariat (WECS), 2010; AEPC, 2013; and, SWERA, 2008. Moreover, in terms of
resources vulnerability or impact due to climate change, National Adaptation Program of Action
(NAPA), local perception study/primary data from all VDC as well as through FGD and KII; various
case study reports of national and international; DDC environmental reports; etc. were referred.
c. Technology Assessment
Both primary and secondary data have been used for technological assessment. The technologies
have been incisively analysed through the data collected from the implementing/promoting
organizations of government as well as non-government (AEPC/NRREP; DDC, Morang; BSP Nepal;
CRT/N; REDP; etc.). The other aspect of this section is issues related with the energy costs based on
market prices. The energy technologies have been prioritized/ ranked based on the comparative
and incisive analysis of financial estimates and climatic perspectives. For financial estimates, the
comparisons are based on cost benefit analysis and energy/technology cost. From the climatic
perspective, comparisons are based on: comparative emission rates of each of the technologies;
carbon emission abatement cost; potential contribution to climate change adaptation and
mitigation; vulnerability of the technology due to climatic variation and extreme events. These
analyses have been made in order to rank/prioritize various renewable energy technologies to
abate GHG emissions for different incremental investment for each technology.
d. Financial Assessment
For financial assessment, cost benefit analysis has been used for the evaluation of benefits and loss
(both economically and environmentally) of a set on investment alternatives. The higher is
difference between benefits and loss and positive, the project will become more sustainable. The
primary elements which can be monetized with cost benefit analysis are: investment cost,
operating and maintenance costs of the technologies, and the remaining capital value.
e. Climate and Climatic Hazards Assessment
Climate change/variability of Morang district was analysed using bio-physical data from the
district, hydro-meteorological data obtained from DHM, household perception data from VDCs,
experts judgement and experience. Bio-physical refers to topography, altitude, latitude, longitude,
all physical aspects, etc. that is linked with the climate change. All meteorological data of 15 years
was analysed and projection trends of climate variability/ change were plotted. The projections
were of maximum and minimum temperature pattern, rainfall pattern, wind speed, sunshine hours,
etc. This data were compared with the results of household perception study, FGD and KII and final
evaluation were made. Moreover, the climate change sensitivity as well as impact on energy
resources, agriculture/bio energy resources, livestock, forest resources, properties/assets, peoples
life, etc. were also analysed referring various sources/references. The hazards due to climatic
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variability was analysed with the data of 2000 onwards that was availed from NAPA, 2010 and
MoHA, 2011-2012.
f.
Gender and Social Inclusion Assessment
While preparing DCEP, sufficient attention was given for social difference in the needs of women,
the poor, and the excluded groups. There exists a feeling of discrimination based on gender, caste,
and ethnicity with the people living in poverty pockets of the district. District Development
Programs was incorporated and GESI was given high priority.
The data that was collected through household interview, FGD and KII as well as secondary sources
formed the basis for GESI assessment. The collected data was analysed in terms of ownership of
technologies as per ethnicity and gender in order to present a general scenario. All the data used for
analysis was verified with the different tools and methods. This section also highlighted the
opportunities of renewable energy technologies, ownerships, acceptance of RETs and benefits that
GESI communities availed from.
g. Organizational Assessment
Organizational assessment of relevant stakeholders in Morang district was carried out using tool
such as SWOT Analysis and matrix. Coverage matrix provided the information on degree of
involvement of actors in providing various services related to renewable energy. Actor
constellation was used to identify the relationships between these actors in terms of participation,
funding and coordination with each other. SWOT analysis helped to identify the gaps and
potentialities of these stakeholders and provided an assessment of the capacity development needs.
The organizational assessment covered three main components:
Stakeholder identification and roles in renewable energy sector.
Capacity assessment of various organizations.
Relationships amongst various organizations working in the renewable energy sector.
h. Scenario development
The collected was processed and incisively analyzed, and reflected the status of energy, climate
change, GESI and institutional in Morang district. The latest and updated information was then used
to design BAU, MAS and CRS scenario. The Long-Range Energy Alternative Planning Model (LEAP)
software as developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute is a used. This is a software tool for
energy policy analysis and climate change mitigation assessment. The data which were collected
separately for residential, commercial/institutional, and industrial of energy utilization of Morang
district was the baseline for the LEAP. The other supporting data for residential sector was
available from Household table from CBS- 2011. This helped to integrate the primary data with it,
which reflected the overall energy consumption status of the district. The commercial/institutional
and industrial sector energy demand of the district was adapted from the primary data of NEEDS
during field study as well as the published sources from DESR and DDC Morang. Starting from the
year-2014, the BAU scenarios projection trends were forecasted for 5 years (up to 2019) assuming
the current trend of energy use, projected population growth, and same technological intervention.
From the BAU scenario, MAS and CRS were developed in compliance with the DCEP guideline.
v. Reports
a.
Situation Analysis Report
Situation analysis report included an up-dated version of the detailed work program reflecting the
progress of work, and programs etc. during the project period were prepared. This was report on
both progresses to date and for final report.
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b.
Project Completion Report
The Consultant, before the completion of the Project and within the delivery date, prepared a
comprehensive Final Report and submitted to AEPC/NRREP. This report included information from
all above-listed reports. It also comprised a complete summary of all the most prominent aspects of
the work which directly affected design, progress, costs, variation and extension of time and claims.
This report also summarized all the methods and activities involved financial statement, work
performance, the constraints and solutions undertaken including overall Project impact,
conclusions and recommendations.
c.
Final Report
The Final Report was prepared after incorporating of comments received from AEPC/NRREP on
Draft Report.
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vi. Organization and Staffing

Figure 17: Organization and Staffing
Organization Structure of the Consultant- NEEDS
GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL
AEPC/NRREP
District Development Committee, Morang
Pragram Coordinator/Outreach
coordinator (AEPC/NRREP)
Project
Stakeholders
DCEP preparation consultant

Nepal Energy and Environment
Development Sevices (NEEDS)
TEAM LEADER/Energy Expert

Prof Dr Riddhi Bir Singh
CONSULTANT TEAM
SUPPORT STAFFS
Office Management staff, finance officer, data
entry experts, report writing experts, office
assistant, etc.
THE CONSULTANT TEAM EXPERTS

-
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Clim ate Change Expert

Renewable Energy Planning Expert
GESI Expert
Ins titutional As s es sment Expert
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Bhupendra Das
Mahes h K. Marita
Subas h C. Ghim ire
Balaram Mayalu
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Final Report
Chapter 4
District Climate Change and Energy Situation
4.1 Climate Change Assessment
Nepal has experienced an average maximum annual temperature increase of 0.060C. This rate of
increase is higher in the mountains than in other regions. Despite having only 0.4 percent of the
total global population and being responsible for only 0.025 percent of total GHG emissions in the
world, Nepal will be affected disproportionately, especially from increasing atmospheric
temperature (Climate Change Policy/GoN, 2011). Energy, agriculture, forestry, and water
resources has become a highly climate sensitive sector. Also, the NAPA (2010) based on a detailed
analysis (Practical Action, 2009) over a period of 30 years (19762005) reported a trend of
observed warming for Nepal of approximately 0.4 to 0.6:C per decade. This is significantly higher
than the global average trends, which are closer to 0.1:C per decade (IPCC, 2013).
Changes in the annual rainfall cycle, intense rainfall and longer droughts have been observed.
Similarly, both days and nights are presently warmer. The number of days with 100 mm of heavy
rainfall is increasing. The timing and duration of rainfall is changing. The adverse impacts of climate
change have been noticed in energy, agriculture and food security, water resources, forests and
biodiversity, health, tourism and infrastructures. Climate-induced disasters and other effects have
caused damages and losses to life, property, and livelihoods. Millions of Nepalese are estimated to
be at risk to climate change. In the past 90 years, a glacier in the Sagarmatha region has receded
330 feet vertically. Because of glacier melting, new glacier lakes have formed. Although there will
be an increase in river flows until 2030, this is projected to decrease significantly by the end of this
century (Climate Change Policy/GoN, 2011). The problems arising due to climate change are
increasing over the years. Nepal has to implement adaptation programmes even if it is not being
responsible for climate change. Hence, Nepal has considered climate adaptation as a national
agenda and has taken several initiatives for implementing different programmes for risk reduction
in the recent years.
Morang district is not adequately adapted to deal with existing climate risks. Future climate change
has the potential to exacerbate these impacts, through temperature variation, changes in annual
and seasonal rainfall, and changes in variability and climate extremes. These will potentially affect
key sectors of district of Morang, including agriculture, health, water availability, energy use,
infrastructure, and biodiversity and ecosystem services, with the potential to lead to large
economic costs, for individual sectors and at the aggregate level (GDP). Climate change ultimately
has the potential to affect planned development and sector investment plans, threatening the
achievement of overall growth and sector objectives.
Morang district has various types of climate. During summer time, there is extremely hot in the
Terai region and extremely cold during the winter time; however, hilly region has cold climate at
both summer and winter time. According to the DHM data of 2012, the maximum temperature of
Morang was 36.70C, in the month of May and minimum 8.90C, in the month of January. The
maximum rainfall occurs from June to September, July is the peak rainfall time. According to DHM
data of 2012, the highest rainfall was 353 mm in July, and the total annual rainfall was 88.17 mm.
The record shows that November to March has the lowest rainfall. Also, the rainfall pattern is
different due to altitudinal variations as well as climate change.
4.1.1 Rainfall
Water is critical for power production of Morang district. Rainfall levels have a major influence on
generation, as many of the current plants rely on run of rivers. During the dry season, river flows
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are insufficient to operate all plants, and this leads to high load shedding, which compounds
existing problems of unmet demand.
The figure 18 depicts that the amount of rainfall is fluctuating. In overall, rainfall is decreasing from
April to November, 2012 than mean monthly rainfall of 1998-2012. The alteration in precipitation
can result either drought or flood or simultaneous can have profound impact on energy resource
potential.
In average, there is some indication of decreasing trend in the yearly mean rainfall over the past 15
years (figure 19). Also the linear trend line depicts that yearly mean rainfall may decrease for at
least couple of years. The records of precipitation between 1998 and 2012 of Morang district is
shown as below.
Rainfall variations can cause water induced disasters. Floods can be the major climate related
hazard in Morang district, which can trigger river cutting and landslides rates. Floods are
particularly associated with monsoon rains, i.e. with current climate variability. Water induced
disasters frequently lead to major loss of life, as well as damaging property and infrastructure, thus
can lead to major economic costs to Morang district.
4.1.2 Temperature
According to data calculated from Department of Hydrology and Metrology (DHM), the annual
maximum mean temperature from 1998 to 2012 is in the month of May which is recorded to be
33.830C, while the minimum mean temperature is in the month of January which is recorded to be
9.160C. However, if compared with the latest DHM data for the year 2012, there exists only slightly
fluctuation in temperature. The maximum temperature was 35.20C for May and the minimum
temperature was 8.90C for January in the year 2012.
However, there is some indication of increasing trend in the yearly mean temperature (increase in
maximum temperature) over the past 15 years, while minimum temperature remains almost
constant. Also the linear trend line depicts that yearly mean temperature may increase for at least
couple of years. Increase in temperature has a profound impact on energy resource potential. The
records of yearly mean temperature between 1998 and 2012 of Morang district is shown in figure
21.
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Climatic Prospects of Morang District

Figure 18: Rainfall
Figure 19: Yearly Mean Rainfall
Figure 20: Temperature
Figure 21: Yearly Mean Temperature
SOURCE: EXTRACTED FROM DHM

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4.1.3 Relative Humidity

The following figure depicts that there is some indication of decreasing trend in the yearly mean
relative humidity over the past 15 years. The records of yearly mean temperature between 1998
and 2012 of Morang district is shown in figure below.
Figure 22: Yearly Mean Relative Humidity
Source: Extracted from DHM

4.1.4 Wind Speed
The following figure depicts that there is decrease in the monthly wind speed with previous yearly
month. The records of monthly wind speed, and monthly mean wind speed between 1998 and 2012
of Morang district is shown in figure 23.
There is some indication of decrease in annual wind speed over the past 15 years in Morang
district. Decrease in wind speed from the optimum range has a profound impact on wind power
potential. Thus Morang district has a low wind power potential. The records of yearly mean wind
speed between 1998 and 2012 of Morang district is shown in figure 24.
4.1.5 Sunshine Hours
The following figure depicts that there is decrease in the monthly sunshine hours with previous
yearly month. The records of monthly sunshine hours, and monthly mean sunshine hours between
1998 and 2012 of Morang district is shown in figure 25.
However, there is some indication of annual sunshine hours to remain almost constant over the
past 15 years in Morang district. Increase in sunshine hours has a positive impact on solar power
potential. Thus Morang district has a high solar power potential. The records of yearly mean
sunshine hours between 1998 and 2012 of Morang district is shown in figure 26.
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Wind and Sunshine Prospects of Morang District

Figure 23: Wind Speed
Figure 24: Yearly Mean Wind Speed
Figure 25: Sunshine Hours
Figure 26: Yearly Mean Sunshine Hours
SOURCE: EXTRACTED FROM DHM
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4.2 Energy Consumption/Demand Assessment
Figure 27: Energy Consumption by Sector
The total energy consumption of Morang district is 11000.36 thousand GJ. The residential sector is
the largest consumer of energy in the district with a demand of 6044.45 thousand GJ in 2014. It
amounts for around 55% of the total energy consumption of the district. Total energy consumption
in the institution/commercial sector in 2014 is 641.32 thousand GJ. Major institution/commercial
consumers include restaurants, hotels, schools, colleges, hospitals, etc. The industrial sector energy
demand in Morang is 1233.77 thousand GJ. The transport sector energy demand in Morang is
3080.81 thousand GJ. Morang district is one of the main industrial districts in Nepal, with a large
industrial estate located in Biratnagar, as well as a many medium sized industries located
throughout the district.
4.2.1 Residential sector

4.2.1.1 Energy Consumption/Demand by Residential Sector
The total residential energy consumption is 3990.08 thousand GJ. Cooking and heating makes up
the biggest share of energy consumption in the residential sector, which accounts 3575.61
thousand GJ followed by lighting which accounts 414.47 thousand GJ.
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Figure 28: Energy Demand by Residential Sector
4.2.1.2 Energy Consumption/Demand by fuel type in cooking in Residential Sector

Figure 29: Energy Demand by Fuel Type in Cooking in Residential Sector
In terms of fuel consumption in the residential sector in the district, fuel wood has the largest share,
making up over 56% of fuel use (i.e. 2003.25 thousand GJ) followed by cattle dung (663.26
thousand GJ), LPG (537.90 thousand GJ), Biogas (198.71 thousand GJ), kerosene (125.65 thousand
GJ), others- agriculture (46.20 thousand GJ), and electricity <1% (0.63 thousand GJ).
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4.2.1.3 Energy Consumption/Demand by fuel type in lighting in Residential Sector

The energy demand for lighting in residential sector is 414.47 thousand GJ for base year and
expected to reach over 698.44 thousand GJ by 2019.
Figure 30: Energy Consumption/Demand by fuel type in lighting in Residential Sector
4.2.2 Institutional/Commercial Sector

4.2.2.1 Energy Demand for Institutional/Commercial Sector
The total institutional/commercial energy consumption is 641.32 thousand GJ. Cooking and heating
makes up the biggest share of energy consumption in the institutional/commercial sector, which
accounts 558.47 thousand GJ followed by lighting which accounts 82.85 thousand GJ.
Figure 31: Energy Demand for Institutional/Commercial Sector
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4.2.2.2 Energy Consumption/Demand by Fuel type in Cooking in Institutional/Commercial Sector

Figure 32: Energy Consumption by Fuel type in Cooking in Institutional/Commercial Sector
In terms of fuel consumption in the institutional/commercial in the district, kerosene has the
largest share, making up over 31% of fuel use (i.e. 113.41 thousand GJ) followed by coal (140.19
thousand GJ), LPG (130.81 thousand GJ), fuel wood (113.41 thousand GJ), and biogas <1% (1.41
thousand GJ).
4.2.2.3 Energy Consumption/Demand by fuel type in lighting in institutional/commercial Sector
Figure 33: Energy Consumption/Demand by fuel type in lighting
in institutional/commercial Sector
Electricity has made the highest share (99%), which is about 82.13 thousand GJ followed by Solar
PV (1%), amounting about 0.72 thousanf GJ in the institutional/commercial sector.
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4.2.3 Industrial sector

In terms of fuel consumption by industrial sector in the district, coal has the largest share, making
up over 40% of fuel use (i.e. 496.78 thousand GJ) followed by electricity (312.78 thousand GJ), oil
(200.93 thousand GJ), fuel wood (148.86 thousand GJ), and LPG (74.38 thousand GJ).
Figure 34: Energy Consumption by Industrial sector
Figure 35: Energy Consumption by Transportation Sector
In terms of fuel consumption by transportation sector in the district, diesel has the largest share,
making up over 84% of fuel use (i.e. 166.84 thousand GJ) followed by gasoline (31.58 thousand GJ).
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4.2.5 Gender Equity and Social Inclusion (GESI) Energy Consumption/Demand Assessment
The annual consumption of fuel wood is 1.5 MT/household, which contribute to overall 27% GESI
household. The average market price of the fuel wood which they purchase is NPR 8.74/Kg.
Similarly, the annual consumption of agriculture residue is 1.75 MT/household, and this contribute
to overall 24% GESI household. Apart from having their own resources, they also buy for NPR
4.48/Kg in average. Moreover, the annual consumption of cattle dung is 1.92 MT/household, which
contribute to overall 8% GESI household, and they purchase this resource for NPR 6.74/Kg in
average. The annual consumption of SKO/Kerosene is 0.03 KL/household, and this resource
contributes to 14% GESI household. The market price rate in average is NPR 110.42/Litre. The
annual consumption of LPG is 0.04 MT/household, and this resource contributes overall 7% of GESI
household. The market price of LPG is NPR 103.46/Kg in average. Lastly, the electricity
consumption per year is 565.27 kWh/household and that contribute overall 20% of GESI
household. The electricity price in average is NPR 6.85/kWh.
In the Morang district, out of the total energy demand, the highest demand for cooking is met from
fuel wood (fire wood). Women/Female are primarily responsible for managing household level fuel
wood supply, therefore, replacing by other RETs will have greater implication on women.
Moreover, the cost of RETs will be vital for women and deprived groups that do not have access to
or control over financial resources even though the technology may be preferred by these groups of
people. Likewise, the majority of poor, backward, vulnerable, Dalit and ethnic groups (for example,
Mushar, Chamar, Dom, etc.) reside in the periphery or most distant from the district headquarter
with very limited access and capabilities and they cannot afford RETs there are no alternative in
remote areas where the transportation cost of raw material for other alternatives is very high. For
these groups, fuel wood, agriculture residue, cattle dung, etc. can be the cheapest one. Therefore, by
introducing the cheapest RETs such as improved cooking stove (for example, rice husk stove, wood
stove, charcoal stove, bio-briquette, etc.) under government subsidy provision might be an
important strategy to meet the energy demand, reduce the deforestation and climate change issues.
Moreover, as the data entails that 84% of women/female in GESI communities are involved in
managing the ICS. Therefore, establishing this entrepreneurship in the VDC level will increase the
better options for livelihood and income generation increment especially to women, socially
excluded and minor groups, and poor people.
Collecting fuel wood is very time consuming, and also because of the increase demand of fuel wood,
it is getting expensive to afford. In this case, bio gas can become better option. The technology is
rather expensive in the initial stage; however, if considering subsidy provision, the cost can be
reduced. Also, it is only one time investment and has short return period time. The benefits are:
women can save time utilized for collecting fuel wood and in turn input in income generation
activities, caring children more, increase health through reduced smoke, etc. The other advantage is
that Morang district experience increasing growth rate of livestock, which can suffice the dung for
bio gas production. Only 4% of the women/female is involved in biogas management in Morang.
This signifies that the household is male headed/female dominated. Therefore, more women
involvement seems crucial, and this can be possible through designing awareness program and
capacity building program by AEPC.
4.3 Implication on Energy Consumption due to Climate Change
Morang district is experiencing a decline in rainfall and steadily rise in temperature. The focus
group discussion and perception study of all VDCs reveals the fact that the energy consumption
pattern is most likely to increase due to the increase growth rate/population, increase
accessories/facilities, and urbanization. In summer, to cope against the increased temperature,
people are adopting technologies for cooling and refrigeration purposes. This is resulting in
increased demand of energy in the residential, institutional, commercial, institutional and industrial
sectors in the district. Similarly, in winter to cope against the cold climate, people are adopting
technologies for warming or heating purposes and this is also increasing the demand of energy in
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the district. The other reason for increase in demand of energy is that with the time, people are
shifting towards the latest innovative technologies/facilities, which requires more energy to
operate it. If future projection is made considering the present energy demand and situation, the
energy demand is most likely to increase.
4.4 Energy Resource/ Supply Assessment

4.4.1 Traditional (Biomass)
4.4.1.1 Fuel wood
The details of the community forest of Morang is mentioned in the below table. The community
forest of this district covers around 13.69% (Calculated estimation) of total forest.
Table 17: District Forest Type at Handover
District Forest Type at handover
Not Specified
Shorea robusta (Sal)
Subtropical deciduous
Not Specified
Total:
No. of FUG
CF Area (ha)
6
41
8
6
55
Source: DOF, 2014
No of HH
45.96
7,087.63
468.07
45.96
7,601.66
1,699
11,870
1,342
1,699
14,911
The condition of the community forest in the Morang district is given in the below table.
Table 18: Forest Condition
Forest Condition
Sum of Area, Ha
Sum of No HH
Degraded
1862.51
4890
Good
4355.04
8461
Very Degraded
30.070
437
1354.029999
1123
7,601.66
14,911
Very Good
Total Coverage
Source: DoF Morang, April 23, 2014

In the context of women participation, there are about only one forest user group under 52 ha of
community forest. The total womans participation in this community forest user group is 106
(DOF, 2014).
Commercial and non-commercial wood supply from forest
As per the data mentioned in the district energy and climate Report of Morang 2013, the average
production of fuel wood is 137.4 MT per year where as its supply is 108 MT per year. The
commercial wood supply for this district has been found of 24121.7 cu.ft (DESR Morang, 2013).
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Table 19: Commercial and non-commercial wood supply

Type of Forest
Private Forest
Community Forest
National Forest
Total
Wood-commercial(Cu
Nonft)
commercial(Chatta)
174354.9
422.12
14387.18
32.75
0
0
188742.08
454.87
Source: DoF, 2014
Total sustom
Revenue,Rs
3098469
6558032
0
9656501
Traditional Cooking Stove

The demand of ICS is high in in hilly VDC and VDC around forest area but as per DESR report of
Morang, there is not any promoting agency for it. In the Terai region of Morang since 2067-68
various organizations have been working and providing ICS but due to technical problem in design,
so many users are raising complain but not any action was being taken up to now. The details of
this improved cooking stove are given in the annex: Summary of RET.
4.4.1.2 Agriculture Residue

The area of production land and the production in context of Morang district is shown below.
Area of Production:
In the context of Morang, as per the graph shown below, it is clear that the area of production has
been increasing for some period and again decreasing by some amount but in overall the trend of
production area is increasing but less as compared to 2003 to 2006.
Figure 36: Area of Agricultural Production
Source: DoA, Morang 2013
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Crop Production
From the graph of production, it is seemed that the production is increasing initially and in the year
2006/07 has been decreased abruptly and then it has been increased by small amount in the
consecutive years up to 2008/09 along with certain drop in the year 2009/10 and again have
significant increase in the production from 2011/12 where the production is 130214 MT.
Figure 37: Crop Production
Source: DoA, Morang 2013

The agricultural residues obtained from paddy husk and the straw of paddy, maize, millet and
wheat etc. are used for making animal feed, cooking and heating water. They are also used for low
heat application in traditional and modern industries. The details of the agriculture residues along
with its energy potential are given below.
Table 20: Energy Potential from Agriculture Residue
Crop
Area ,ha
type
Paddy
10045
Wheat
18500
Maize
16500
Dal
9505
Total
54550
Production, Residue/MT
Residue, MT
MT
Crop production
321989
2.78
895129.42
35150
2
70300
42676
2.23
95167.48
7718
1.47
11345.46
407533
1071942.36
Source: DESR, Morang, 2013
Energy Production
potential, GJ
11242825.52
882968
1195303.549
142498.9776
13463596.04
4.4.1.3 Animal dung

The number of cattle is increasing smoothly in the Morang district, which can suffice the energy
supply for cooking and heating purpose in the form of dung cake.
Table below shows total number of livestock and corresponding energy potential. Assumption
made in estimating cattle dung is given in Table.
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Table 21: Energy potential from Dung

Livestock
Number
Cow
Buffalos
Dung/livestock,
MT/ Year
273329
148588
Total
Dung collection,
MT /year
0.47
0.52
421917
Energy Potential, GJ
128464.63
77265.76
1398979.821
841424.1264
205730.39
2240403.947
Source: DDC Morang, 2013

From the above estimated calculation, it was seemed that the total energy potential from the cattle
and buffalo dung is 2240403.94 GJ.
4.4.2 Commercial
4.4.2.1 Fossil fuel
The consumption pattern of petroleum product in Morang district as per the NOC data is as follows.
The below sources of fossil fuel is imported from India.
Table 22: Consumption Pattern of Petroleum Product
Year
HSD, Litre
MS, Litre
SKO, Litre
2069-70
37251581.00
10200373.00
497558.00
2070-71
38803416.00
10852524.00
Source: NOC, 2014
401914.00
4.4.2.2 Grid- electricity

As per the data of NEA, Morang mentioned in the District Situation Report of Morang, 2013, there
are 51 VDCs which are fully connected to the National Grid Electricity Supply and 15 VDCs are
partially connected.
Electricity status of NEA
Hydro-electric power is the main source of energy in Morang district. There are altogether 4
distribution/supply lines which fulfill the entire VDCs except for 15 VDCs. The supply lines are as
such: Urlabari, Belbari, Rangeli and Biratnagar covering the following sectors.
Table 23: Electricity Status of NEA
Tariff
Commercial
Community
Domestic
Industrial
Internal
consumption
Irrigation
Non commercial
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Number of
consumers
2690
169
377606
4164
67
30804
936
Total Units consumed

Total amount
(kWh)
(NPR)
1656902.09
21821781.64
4578673.365
19060314.89
90833702.19
635132728.6
86886064.67
783685978.7
31846
902672
318793.36
339237.1
3261084.95
4243331.23
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Street lighting
Temples
Water supply
Others
Total
28
76982
506
37264
56
360888.71
1295
19348329
418321
205032117.4
Source: NEA Morang, 2014
469579.2
189046.4
2299080.04
154787982
1625290145
4.4.3 Renewable Energy

4.4.3.1 Solar energy
The potential of solar energy considering collection efficiency 10% and 5% of land of habituation
and unproductive land is:
Table 24: Solar Energy Potential
Total yearly Average Average annual
radiation,
sunshine
kW/m2/day
day/hours per
year
Area available Sq Power /Energy output,

km (considering 5 % GWHr
unproductive land of
total
productive
land 78200)
4.7
39.1
300 days
2.0122815 X10 7
The value of average radiation and sunshine hours is taken on the basis of Water and Energy
Commission Secretariat, 2010.
Moreover, a feasibility study carried out by AEPC, 2012 entails that Warangi VDC has potential for
hybrid- solar and wind with the power of 15 KW and 2.7 KW respectively can supply altogether 105
household (with the demand 47 kWh/day) with the total installation cost of USD 322,892. The
other hybrid for the same VDC- solar and wind with the power of 10 KW and 4 KW respectively can
supply altogether 72 household (with the demand 38 kWh/day) with the total installation cost of
USD 275667. Similarly, Yagangsheela VDCs has potential for hybrid- solar and wind with the power
of 10 KW and 5.2 KW respectively and can supply altogether 93 household (with the demand 44
kWh/day) with the total installation cost of USD 290,825.
4.4.3.2 Solar Water Heating System
Resolution of 40 km has been used in the analysis of potential estimation for water heating
systems of Nepal. In this analysis, only grid connected and densely populated cities of Nepal
have been considered. Densely populated cities or towns have been defined as cities that have
population density greater than 3500/ sq. km.
Per capita hot water requirement has been assumed to be 25 liters per day. Then to heat up the
amount of water, a system with solar panel of 0.5 sq m is required. In the context of Morang
District, the total of 77.42 sq.km of area is available for solar water heating system (SWERA, 2008).
4.4.3.3 Wind energy
In context of Morang District, the wind power density is 46 Watt/m2. Wind power density less
than or equal to 100 Watt/m2 are not useful for wind energy harnessing. WPD greater than
200 Watt/m2 are normally taken for consideration for non-grid connected power generation while
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greater than 300 Watt/m2 are considered as grid connectivity in developing countries (SWERA,
2008).
There are some locations in Morang district, where wind can be tapped for providing energy for
several purposes such as electricity generation, water lifting etc. Moreover, a feasibility study
carried out by AEPC, 2012 entails that Warangi VDC has potential for hybrid- solar and wind with
the power of 15 KW and 2.7 KW respectively can supply altogether 105 household (with the
demand 47 kWh/day) with the total installation cost of USD 322,892. The other hybrid for the same
VDC- solar and wind with the power of 10 KW and 4 KW respectively can supply altogether 72
household (with the demand 38 kWh/day) with the total installation cost of USD 275667. Similarly,
Yagangsheela VDCs has potential for hybrid- solar and wind with the power of 10 KW and 5.2 KW
respectively and can supply altogether 93 household (with the demand 44 kWh/day) with the total
installation cost of USD 290,825.
4.4.3.4 Biofuel
There is high potential of bio-fuel in the district but due to lack knowledge and awareness, Jatropha
as bio-fuel is very less or not planted. In the district, 15602 ha land covered by Shrub and 4069 ha
covered by river. After providing different training and program related with Jatropha, there is very
less nursery or plantation (only 30 ha) done in the district.
4.4.3.5 Biogas
The year wise live stock of Morang district is shown in the below graph. As per the graph shown
below, the number of cattle is increasing smoothly whereas its number increased in significant way
from 2010 to 2012 where its value is 1308981.
Figure 38: Livestock Status
Table below shows total number of livestock and corresponding energy potential. Assumption
made in estimating cattle dung is given in Table.
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Table 25: Energy Potential from Biogas

Livestock Number Dung/livestock,
MT/ Year
Cow
Buffalos
273329
148588
Total
421917
Dung collection,
MT /year
0.47
0.52
Energy
Potential, GJ
128464.63
77265.76
205730.39
Biogas
potential,
cum
1398979.821 60825209.6
841424.1264 36583657.67
2240403.947 97408867
Source: DDC Morang, 2013

From the above estimated calculation, it was seemed that the total energy potential from the cattle
and buffalo dung is 2240403.94 GJ where in terms of cubic meter, its potential is 97408867 cum.
As per the Biogas Support Program (BSP) year book 2012, by installing 500 plant, total of 1250 Ton
of fuel wood is being saved annualy. Similiary agriculture waste saving by 175 Ton, dung cake by
300 Ton. The annual saving of Kerosene is 3250 litre every year. The reduction in work load of
women and girls are by 3 hrs./day/household.
From the installation of 500 plant, total of 1500 Ton of greenhouse gas emission has been reducing
annually in Morang district as per the Biogas Support Program (BSP, 2012) book and reduction in
load mainly of household women and girl is 3 hrs./day/household (BSP Year book, 2012).
4.4.3.6 Waste to Energy
The municipalities of Morang district have also potential for waste to energy generation. The in
depth study and research is needed to explore the overall energy potential from solid waste either
through Municipalities, AEPC, DDC, or solid waste management and technical support centre
(SWMTSC) or through all of them together. Following are the status of waste of Biratnagar
municipality.
Table 26: Waste to Energy Potential
SN
Source
Unit
2009/2010
2010/2011
Agriculture and food
Mt/day
Plastic
Mt/day
1.2
Other
Mt/day
Total
Mt/day
9.2
Source: Biratnagar municipality, 2012
13
4.4.3.7 Micro-hydro
In the Morang district, there are some possibilities of Micro hydropower at Warangi, Yansila,
Bhogateni, Pati, Ramite VDCs. According to the DESR 2069, one micro-hydro power is installed in
Morang district up-to now. According to the DESR, 2069/70, the DDC has started to survey at
different places of the district (Chisang Khola).
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4.5 Vulnerability and Stresses to Energy Resources in the context of Climate Change
4.5.1 Impact of Climate Change on Human Beings
From above, it is clear that adaptation and mitigation options will be needed in Morang district.
Adaptation can reduce the risks of climate change, however it has a cost, and the level of adaptation
needed will vary strongly with future climate change. Related to these points, there is an increasing
recognition that adaptation assessments need to move from a theoretical analysis towards practical
implementation, taking account of the effective use of resources in the context of existing
development plans and future uncertainty.
According to Gender and Climate Change: South Africa case study 2010, the impact of climate
change will not be homogenous as the poorest communities will be more vulnerable to the impacts
of climate change and it is estimated that men and women will be affected by climate change
differently. Therefore, in order to supplement/incorporate GESI and alternative energy into climate
change agenda, preparation of DCEP was mandatory in Morang District. District Climate and Energy
Plan (DCEP) have been prepared with strong consultation from selected local/districts, NEEDS,
AEPC/NRREP, and other respective stakeholders. This guiding tool can be the first achievement for
the government of Nepal, where the development picture especially in the climate change
adaptation/mitigation through renewable energy technologies concerning gender equality and social
inclusion has been highlighted to enhance the benefits in the local level.
The general different climatic hazards prospects are highlighted in the figure 39 and 40. The data
from 2000 onwards have been assembled from NAPA and MOHA and trend is sketched (figure 39
and 40). According to the data from 2000 to 2012, the total deaths due to natural disasters are 39
excluding year 2009 and year 2010. The highest hit was in the year of 2012, which killed altogether
11 people in that year alone. Of many driven forces, climate change impact may also have favored
the cause.
It is believed that more effect of impact due to climate change will be over women than to men
because they are reported to be the majority amongst the poorest and most disadvantageous
groups in the communities/societies. Women are therefore facing a weaker socio-economic status
as well as having limited capacity to cope and adapt to the climate change. Due to the increasing
severe effect of climate change, women spent more energy in collecting the basic requirements
such as food, water, firewood, fodder, etc. Although women are most vulnerable, they still function
as agents of change in societies natural resource management, innovation, farming and care giving,
therefore, they are primarily concerned and hold the key to adaptation to climate change (UNDP,
2009). The conclusion from the debate in between gender and climate change depicts that any
effort/action applied to minimize climate change including climate variability, can be only effective
if considered gender differentiated impacts and vulnerabilities, in order to address womens and
mens specific needs. It is therefore urgent to mainstream gender into climate change policies.
Recently, it is estimated that there is very little knowledge regarding gender differentiated impact
of climate change, even policy makers, decision makers are not aware of it properly.
4.5.2 Impact of Climate Change on Assets/Property

The general different climatic hazards prospects are highlighted in the figure 41 and 42. The data
from 2000 onwards have been assembled from NAPA and MOHA and trend is sketched (figure 41
and 42). According to the data from 2000 to 2012, the total property loss due to natural disasters is
NPR 109,477,200.00 (Ten crores, ninety four lakhs, seventy seven thousand, and two hundred
rupees only) excluding year 2009 and year 2010. The highest hit was in the year of 2012, which
destroyed altogether NPR 63,630,000.00 (Six crores, thirty six lakhs, and thirty thousand rupees) in
that year alone. Of many driven forces, climate change impact may also have favored the cause.
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DIFFERENT HAZARDS AT MORANG DISTRICT

Figure 39: Death due to Hazards
Figure 40: Effects due to Hazards
Figure 41: Total Estimated Loss
Figure 42: Total Estimated Loss
Source: NAPA, 2010
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4.5.3 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture

Very little study has been carried regarding the relationships between the climate and agriculture
for Nepal. Empirical studies indicate that 70 % of the performance of crop production is explained
by the climatic variability linked with the temporal weather condition (Sherchand, 2007). Because
physiological function of a crop is governed by the ecological and climatic determinants, these
weather parameters have a direct effect on the growth and development of a crop.
Agricultural production and productivity are primarily dependent on climatic factors, and the
favorable climatic conditions are well known to be crucial in generating optimal crop yield.
Anecdotal and scientific evidences suggest that climate variation or change, particularly interannual and intra-annual climatic fluctuations, has mostly long term negative impacts on
agricultural productivity all over the world (Nellemann et al. 2009; Shah et al. 2008). As Nepal is
a highly agricultural country practicing conventional farming with inadequate infrastructures, the
effects of global climate change are expected to be very serious (Maharjan et al. 2011;
Manandhar et al. 2011).
In Nepalese agriculture, the time has come for the authorities to find out adaptive measures to
mitigate the effects to reduce untold natural calamities and miseries due to recent erratic weather
pattern (Malla G., 2008).
The status of agriculture in Morang district is as follows:
i. Paddy Yield
The optimum requirement of temperature and humidity for paddy crop is depicted below.
According to the mentioned source below, above or below the critical level especially the
temperature and humidity, the growth of a paddy crop will be affected.
As compared to past years, the rice yield is increasing in Morang District (figure 43).
The optimum range of air temperature and humidity for successful growth of a crop is as follows:
Table 27: Optimum Range of Air Temperature and Humidity for Successful Growth of Paddy
Crop
Rice
Maximum air
Minimum air
Average air temp
Effect of
temp. (oC)
temp. (oC)
(oC)
humidity
48
12
22-30
High
Source: Hunsigi and Krishna 1998; Balasubramaniyan and Palaniappan, 2001
Both the temperature and relative humidity is appropriate for paddy yield. Thus of many factors,
climate change is also favouring to the rice yield. Also according to the graph, unless any natural
hazards occur, still it is predicted to increase in yield for at least a couple of years. This implies that
paddy yield can have surplus in biomass energy resource potential accordingly.
ii. Maize Yield
The optimum requirement of temperature and humidity for maize crop is depicted below.
temperature and humidity, the growth of a maize crop will be affected.
As compared to past years, the maize yield is increasing in Morang District (figure 44).
The optimum range of air temperature and humidity for successful growth of a maize crop is as
follows:
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Table 28: Optimum Range of Air Temperature and Humidity for Successful Growth of Maize
Crops
Maize
Maximum air
Minimum air
Average air temp Effect of
temp. (oC)
temp. (oC)
(oC)
humidity
45
10
25
Very high
From the figure, the climate is still suitable for maize crops i.e. the temperature is favouring which
lies in the range of above mentioned source. Thus of many factors, climate change is also favouring
to the maize yield. Also according to the graph, unless any natural hazards occur, still it is predicted
to increase in yield for at least a couple of years. This implies that maize yield can have surplus in
biomass energy resource potential accordingly.
iii. Wheat Yield

The optimum requirement of temperature and humidity for wheat crop is depicted below.
temperature and humidity, the growth of wheat crop will be affected.
As compared to past years, the wheat yield is increasing slightly in Morang District (figure 45).
The optimum range of air temperature and humidity for successful growth of a wheat crop is as
follows:
Table 29: Optimum Range of Air Temperatures and Humidity for Successful Growth of Wheat
Crops
Wheat
Maximum air
Minimum air
Average air temp Effect of humidity
temp. (oC)
temp. (oC)
(oC)
35
5
15-20
Medium
The optimum climate is met for wheat yield in Morang district. Thus of many factors, climate
change is also favouring to the wheat yield. Also according to the graph, unless any natural hazards
occur, still it is predicted to increase in yield for at least a couple of years. This implies that wheat
yield can have surplus in biomass energy resource potential accordingly.
iv. Potato Yield

The optimum requirement of temperature and humidity for potato crop is depicted below.
temperature and humidity, the growth of potato crop will be affected. As compared to past years,
the potato yield is almost constant since 2009 in Morang District (with exception for the year
2005/2006) (figure 46).
The optimum range of air temperature and humidity for successful growth of a potato crop is as
follows:
Table 30: Optimum Range of Air Temperatures and Humidity for Successful Growth of Potato
Crops
Potato
Maximum air
temp. (oC)
Minimum air
temp. (oC)
Average air temp

(oC)
Effect of
humidity
30
10
12-20
Very high
The yield of the potato is slightly decreasing. This implies that biomass energy resource potential of
potato remains can be decreased with the previous years.
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL YIELD

Figure 44: Maize Yield
Figure 43: Paddy Yield
Figure 45: Wheat Yield
Figure 46: Potato Yield
Source: Extracted from MOAD
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v. Sugarcane Yield
The optimum requirement of temperature and humidity for Sugarcane crop is depicted below.
temperature and humidity, the growth of Sugarcane crop will be affected.
As compared to past years, the Sugarcane yield is increasing in Morang District, and it is predicted
to remain constant for at least coming two years as well.
Figure 47: Sugarcane Yield
Source: Extracted from MoAD

The optimum range of air temperature and humidity for successful growth of a Sugarcane crop is as
follows:
Table 31: Optimum Range of Air Temperatures and Humidity for Successful Growth of Sugarcane
Crops
Maximum air
Minimum air
Average air temp Effect of
temp. (oC)
temp. (oC)
(oC)
humidity
Sugarcane
45
10
22-30
High
The optimum climate is met for Sugarcane yield in Morang District. Thus, it has the potential of
biofuel production. This implies that biomass energy resource potential of Sugarcane is increasing
at Morang District.
4.5.4 Impact of Climate Change on Forest Resources

Fuel wood is the main source of energy for cooking, lighting and heating especially in rural areas,
therefore climate change have both direct and indirect effect on forest quality. Forest provide
water, timber and pulp for residential and industrial use, and are an important sink of atmosphere
carbon dioxide (CO2). Long term impacts of changes in air temperature, rainfall, atmospheric CO2,
and ozone (O3) and their variation could have significant impacts of forest resources of Nepal.
Although more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may encourage tree growth, the negative impacts
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of climate change are expected to outweigh any benefits. According to FAO (cited by LFP, 2009),
agriculture, forestry and fisheries are highly sensitive to climate change, and climate change is very
likely to have serious impact on their productive functions. As a consequence, production of food,
feed, fibre, energy, industrial crops, livestock, poultry, fish and forest products may decrease (LFP,
2009). The livelihoods of forest based people are projected to become increasingly more
challenging due to climate change that results in loss of lands and productivity (cited by LFP,
2009). Events such as fires, floods, landslides and droughts are pre-eminent risks. FAO (2005)
(cited by LFP, 2009) warns that climate change would lead to an increase in arid lands due to
increased water stresses particularly in developing countries where irrigation facilities are poor.
According to Boa (2003) (cited by LFP, 2009), temperature rise would accelerate sudden
outbreaks of insects but they can last only when other factors soil conditions, water, and chemicals
like pesticides are favourable. They often damage the health of forests and crops in a relatively in
short period, which requires a high level of preparedness to cope.
Rise of Tree Lines
As climate changes, biological diversity will also change. A rise in global temperatures of 3.25C
would be equivalent to an ecological shift upwards of about 500 m in altitude, climatologists
believe. Alpine species confined to the tops of low-lying mountains risk extinction as the habitat is
taken over by forests.
Disease and Pest Infestations
Because of climate change, insect distribution could change rapidly in Morang District and can
degrade the forest quality as well. Changing patterns of precipitation, especially alternating periods
of drought and heavy rainfall have been associated with an increased predisposition of trees to the
pathogenic fungus. Especially forest pest and pathogen species that directly profit from increased
temperature or altered patterns of precipitation are going to meet improved developmental
conditions.
Forest Fire
According to the KII/FGD, national forest around Kanepokhari, community forest located around
Letang, and Char Koshi Jhadi are highly prone to forest fire (NEEDS Survey, 2014).
4.5.5 Impact of Climate Change on Hydropower
Climatic variability also affects hydropower/hydroelectricity generation. The seasonal variation in
rainfall means that a number of runofriver hydropower plants cannot operate during the dry
season, which results load shedding that has a high economic impact. These impacts are
compounded by large year to year variations, thus load shedding is aggravated in low rainfall years,
and can also affect storage projects due to the level of reservoir recharge that occurs during the
monsoon. Hydroelectric plants are also subject to the risks of floods including Glacial Lake
Outburst Floods (GLOFs) that can have huge economic loss.
The energy generation from hydro power plants is dependent on the river inflows and reservoir
capabilities of individual plants, noting that runofriver and storage systems are affected
differently. River inflows do vary with climate variability, seasonally and between years. River
flows are highest during the monsoon period (June to September) and lowest in January to April,
which are the driest months of the year. In terms of inter annual variability, dry years are a
particular issue and can result in increased cost of power generation due to increased thermal
generation and increased imports.
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4.5.6 Impact of Climate Change on Solar Power

Climate change can affect solar energy resources by changing atmospheric water vapour content,
cloudiness and cloud characteristics, which affects atmospheric transmissivity (Cutforth and
Judiesch, 2007). This can have effects on electricity generation from photovoltaic and concentrated
solar power (CSP) arrays. As impacts on these variables may have different trends around the
world, so would solar energy resources, having positive impacts in terms of increase in solar
radiation in some situations (e.g., a reported increase in solar radiation of 5.8% in south eastern
Europe (Bartk B., 2010) and negative impacts in terms of decrease in solar radiation (e.g., a
reported decrease trend in incoming solar radiation in Canada (Cutforth and Judiesch, 2007).
Besides impacts from extreme weather events, solar energy supply can be affected by increases in
air temperature, which can modify photovoltaic (PV) cells efficiencies and reduce PV electrical
generation (Bull et al., 2007). The efficiency of concentrated solar power (CSP) can also be impacted
by climate change, for it consists of a thermal machine and, as such, its efficiency is altered by
ambient temperature changes (Schaeffer, 2011).
The solar power is closely related with number of sun shine hours. The effects of climate change on
the solar resource remain largely unstudied in Nepal. Climate change affects cloud cover
characteristics and consequently directly affects the performance of solar energy technologies. The
solar resource is huge and solar energy use in Morang district is increasing. Solar PV is commonly
deployed in domestic buildings, and it offers the most appropriate source of distributed renewable
energy generation in rural areas, due to the ease of incorporating solar PV into building
materials. Small scale solar PV generation also qualifies for the subsidy scheme, a government
incentive to increase energy production from renewable energy. It is ironic that much of the
motivation to use renewable sources of energy generation comes from the desire to mitigate
climate change, and climate change directly affects renewable energy resources. In the case of solar
energy, cloud cover is the most important property of the climate to consider. Human activity
causing an increase in atmospheric particles (aerosols) can in turn increase cloud cover by
providing greater numbers of cloud condensation nuclei. The district solar irradiance levels depend
on the cloud cover characteristics, and therefore will change due to climate change. Furthermore,
sunshine hours of summer and winter do considerably vary thus the power output will also vary.
Thus more sunshine hours will be in summer. According to the local primary data, in average the
sunshine hours of Morang district is 8 hours. Also local responded that the frequency of
thunderstorms has increased than before. This has not only killed the number of people but also
damaging the solar home system, and since all the rural parts do not have equal access, therefore,
to mend or repair the system, it is very expensive. So once the system is damaged, they leave it for
months of time.
According to the KII/FGD, Solar energy has become the most useful in the time hazards and
extreme weather events. The climate change has the positive impact on solar energy harnessing
(NEEDS Survey, 2014).
4.5.7 Impact of Climate Change on Wind Power
The expansion of wind energy installed capacity plays a key role in climate change mitigation.
However, wind energy is also susceptible to global climate change. Some changes associated with
climate evolution will likely benefit the wind energy industry while other changes may negatively
impact wind energy developments, with such gains and losses depending on the region under
consideration (Pryor and Barthelmie, 2010). As opposed to hydropower, wind energy cannot be
naturally stored nor have its output regularized due to the lack of a reservoir. Therefore, the
natural hourly, daily or seasonal variability of wind speeds has a significant impact in the energy
produced from wind turbines. Power demand fluctuations may not match natural variations in
wind speeds, rendering the operation of wind power more susceptible to changing wind patterns
resulting from climate change. The energy contained in the wind is proportional to the cube of wind
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speed, which means that alterations in the later can have significant impacts on the former (Pryor
and Barthelmie, 2010). Still, a number of studies have been produced about the impacts of climate
change on wind power resources. Even though compared to hydropower wind power is likely to be
more vulnerable to potentially negative impacts from climate change, wind power systems have a
smaller life-span, which make them more adaptable in the long-term. The decision to build a
hydropower dam entails not only in high capital and environmental costs but also in a stationary
structure with a longer physical and economic life-span. In this context, wind power climate impact
studies should focus on the total exploitable wind resource, indicating the future availability of
power generation and identifying/ prioritizing areas for site-specific viability assessments
(Schaeffer et al., 2012).
Because of climate change, wind power has become an opportunity. In a place where reducing
carbon will most likely be the norm, wind power is seen as valuable, in part, due to its lack of
greenhouse gas emissions. However, climate change also presents risks and threats to wind energy
in terms of wind resources. The major risks for wind power fall into two basic categories - changes
in the wind resource distribution and risks to infrastructure. All forms of renewable energy are
somewhat sensitive to climate variation. While not as vulnerable to climate change as hydropower
or biomass, wind resources will likely face some shifts in location, intensity, interval and duration.
It is very complicated to say impact of climate change over wind power. However, some can be
assumed as such: extreme weather and storms damage the grid, hurricanes threaten offshore
installations, and higher temperatures overheat equipment and pipelines.
The effects of climate change on the wind resource remain largely unstudied in Nepal. Increasing
temperatures will lead to changes in the wind climatology of Morang district. Climate change may
alter the wind patterns in the future; a reduction in speeds may reduce the commercial returns or
pose problems for the continuity of supply, an increase in the frequency of severe winds may
similarly impact on supply continuity. Conversely, an increase in the mean wind speed may have a
positive effect on the available power supply in Morang district.
4.5.8 Impact of Climate Change on Livestock/Biogas Resource Potential
Very little study has been carried regarding the relationships between the climate and Livestock for
Nepal. The total number of animal death due to natural disaster is 11 and 35 for the year 2011 and
2012 respectively (MoHA, 2012). Of many factors, climate change may have also favoured to this
loss.
i. Cattle
The figure no. 48 showcases the trend of annual increase in the cattle number in Morang district. Of
many factors, climate change may have also favoured to the increase in population of cattle. Thus
increase in cattle population will have surplus in biogas resource potential in Morang district
ii. Buffalo
The figure no. 49 showcases the trend of annual increase in the Buffalo number in Morang district.
Of many factors, climate change may have also favoured to the increase in population of Buffalo
Thus increase in Buffalo population will have surplus in biogas resource potential in Morang
district
iii. Goat
The following figure showcases the trend of annual increase in the Goat number in Morang district.
Of many factors, climate change may have also favoured to the rise in population of Goat Thus
increase in Goat population will have surplus in biogas resource potential in Morang district (refer
figure 50).
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iv. Pigs
The following figure showcases the trend of annual increase in the Pig number in Morang district.
Of many factors, climate change may have also favoured to the rise in population of Pigs. Thus
increase in Pig population will have surplus in biogas resource potential in Morang district (refer
figure 51).
4.5.9 Impact of Climate Change on Biogas Production

Anaerobic digestion is a natural process whereby bacteria existing in oxygen-free environments
decompose organic matter. Anaerobic digesters are designed and managed to accomplish this
decomposition. As a result of this digestion, organic material is stabilized and gaseous by products,
primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are released. Typically anaerobic digesters are
designed to operate in either the mesophilic (20-45C) or thermophilic (45-60C) temperature
ranges. However, methanogenesis is also possible under low temperature (<20C), this referred to
as psychrophilic digestion. The temperature below their optimum for growth, microorganisms are
unable to attach substrates from their environment because of lowered affinity (Nedwell, 1999).
Anaerobic digestion at psychrophilic temperatures has not been as extensively explored as either
mesophilic or thermophilic digestion, probably due to little anticipation of the development of
economically attractive systems using this technology. Low temperature has a deleterious effect on
methanogenesis and can cause decreased gas yields and digester failure, when digester are not
properly designed.
Thus Morang district has the highest biogas production in the month of May to September because
climatic condition favour more during this time. Little possibility of bio gas production exists at
extremely low temperature areas of Morang district, because the sludge in the digester would
quickly freeze in cold winter nights. And because water has a relatively high heat capacity, the
melting of the sludge would take a lot of time.
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LIVESTOCK TREND IN MORANG DISTRICT

Figure 49: Buffaloes Status
Figure 48: Cattle Status
Figure 50: Goats Status
Figure 51: Pigs Status
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4.6 Technology Assessment

4.6.1 Overview
Renewable energy technologies (RETs) have been assessed in terms of available resources and its
uses/application. While assessing, financial elements have been considered the important
determining factors along with the various opportunities. The other measuring factors were by
adopting RETs, how much financial could be saved that otherwise would have incurred through use
of fossil fuel based energy technology, how much efficiency RETs deliver, and how much RETs
contribute to the benefit of health. The benefits are measured in terms of time saved, increase in
livelihood and income generation, and reduced labour of work. In GESI context, women will be
benefitted more by adopting RETs at household level, because they spend more time in home for
house hold activities. The other benefits are employment that can be increased through RETS
entrepreneurship and development. However, more concern is for climate change, therefore, it was
important to measure how much it contributes to climate change mitigation by cutting off the
greenhouse gases (GHGs), if switched to the cleaner energy technologies. RETs have implication on
the environment and natural resources, therefore, those measurements were also adopted.
Moreover, assessment of RETs was also made for cooking/heating and lighting for residential,
commercial/institutional, and industrial sectors incorporating gender equity and social inclusion
(GESI) elements. The main parameters that were assessed for RETs include: status/trend of various
technologies, end uses as practiced, technological cost, efficiency, climate smart technologies,
emission factors for mitigation potential, reduction of greenhouse gases/climate change adaptation
potential, RETs vulnerability due to extreme climatic events, GESI aspects considering the
technological choices, affordability, capacity building needs, and overall sustainability parameters
through cost benefit analysis tool.
4.6.2 RETs Status/Trends
4.6.2.1 Solar energy
The VDC wise data of solar home system is given in the annex. As per DESR Morang, 2013 report,
the total solar home system installed is of 13.005 KWp. However , as the per the data mentioned in
AEPC, 2013 report, year wise installation of Solar Home System (SHS) and small Solar Home System
installed in this district are given below.
Table 32: Solar Home System Installation
Year
2009-2010
2010-2011
2011-2012
2012-2013
Total
Total

No
of System
system
Capacity ,kW
69
106
3.27
12
0.365
147
4.7
334
8.335
Small Solar Home System (SSHS)

HH
No
of System
HH
benefitted system
capacity ,kW benefitted
69
1
1
106
120
0.6
120
N/A
169
169
147
221
1.105
221
322
511
1.705
511
10.04 kW
Source: AEPC, 2013
The total number of households benefitted by solar home system is 322 and smaller solar home
system is 511. This data is less than the actual as the households number are not mentioned in
annual progress report of AEPC clearly. In total, 10.04 KW of energy is being used in this district
from solar home system which is less than the value given in the DESR Morang, 2013 report.
However its actual data has been taken from the Primary data of Morang.
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There are some Institutional solar PV system installed in this District which are mentioned in the
below table.
Table 33: Installation of Institutional Solar PV System 2011-12
Name of the institution
Capacity (kW)
Laxmi Ma. Vi., Morang
2.100
4.6.2.2 Wind energy

There are some locations in Morang district, where wind can be tapped for providing energy for
several purposes such as electricity generation, water lifting etc. There is a wind power installed in
Thalha, Biratnagar.
4.6.2.3 Biogas Plant
From the year book 2012 published by BSP, the details of biogas plant installation year by year with
significant number is shown below. The following types such as 2, 4, 6 and 8 m 3 of biogas plants are
installed in this district. The total number of biogas plant from 2064/65 up to 2069/70 is estimated
to be 500 and total capacity installed is 3078 cum.
Figure 52: Year Wise Installation of different Size of Biogas Plant
Source: AEPC, 2014
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Table 34: Year Wise Installation of different Size of Biogas Plant

Biogas Plant
Size, cum
No of Plant installed
2064-65
206566
0
2066-67
206869
0
2069-70
Total
206768
1
21
19
15
12
10
86
663
756
649
459
396
443
3366
73
91
51
43
31
48
337
Total plants
757
866
715
515
437
500
3790
total capacity
Installed(cum)
4646
5340
4362
3148
2664
3078
23238
Source: AEPC, 2014 and DDC Morang, 2013
4.6.2.4 Improved Cooking Stove (ICS)

According to the DESR 2069, Morang, there exists only few installed ICS, which are around 171, and
are made from locally available mud, brick and chimney. The local do not highly use it. Due to very
low quality, emitting more smoke, being less efficient and having lack of appropriate skilled
organizations/manufacturers, its production is now impeded in the district. The demand for ICS is
very high especially from hilly VDCs and VDCs around by forest area. There are no such ICS
promoters identified yet in the district.
4.6.3 Ownership of Systems by Gender

Out of the total solar power installation, the highest ownership is by male, and female contribute
only slightly. Similarly for total biogas installation, male ownership is the maximum. Of the total
improved cooking stove (ICS) installation, the highest ownership is by female, male contribute very
less.
Table 35: Ownership of RETs by Gender
RETs
Solar power
Biogas
Improved cooking
stove (ICS)
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Male ownership Female

(%)
(%)
ownership Together (%)
85%
7%
8%
38%
4%
58%
9%
84%
7%
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4.6.4 Adaptation Potential

There is lack of discrete scientific reports/publications and facts on the status of climate change is
happening in Morang; however, according to the general study made through collecting and
analysing the DHM data as well as perception study, Morang district is also experiencing a climate
change, and because climatic events are unpredictable, climatic adaption seems crucial. The
following are study findings from perception study of Morang.
4.6.4.1 General Household on Perception of Climate Change and Adaptation Potential

In General households of Morang, 100% agreed on flooding increased since last past 10 years.
99.62% have observed that change has been occurring regarding the month of flooding. Due to
flooding, rice is the first to get affected followed by vegetable, maize, millet, buckwheat and barley.
100% respondent in Morang agreed that drought have been increasing since last past 10 years.
Also, 100% respondent agreed on changes been observed regarding the month of drought
occurrence. Rice has the highest impact due to drought events followed by vegetable, maize, millet,
barley and buckwheat. About 99.87% of respondent agreed on occurrence of hailstorm been
increasing since last past 10 years. 99.87% agreed on changes have been observed regarding the
month of hailstorm occurrence. Maize has the highest impact due to hailstorm, which is followed by
rice, vegetable, barley, buckwheat and millet. 100% agreed that river cutting and to some extent
landslide in mountain residing communities been increasing since last past 10 years. 99.87%
agreed on changes have been observed regarding the month of river cutting/landslide occurrence.
Rice has the highest impact due to landslide events which is followed by vegetable, maize, millet,
buckwheat and barley. 100% agreed for agricultural production decline. Agricultural production
decline are due to: no irrigation facilities, drought, flooding, unavailability of chemical fertilizer, less
land availability, more expensive to cope against climate change, decline in productivity land, there
is not much business, since many of the families are shifting from agriculture to other business
(education to other fields), there is no availability of bio-fertilizer, less people are interested in
agriculture. 92.7% agreed that the flowering/harvesting season of the crops altered and 3.96%
disagrees to it, and 3.32% dont know about it. 99.2% agrees that sources of energy resources are
sensitive to climate change and variability. 75.48% agrees that the intensity of fog formation have
increased, and decrease at some other places (24.14%). 90.29% agrees that the intensity of cold
wave have increased at some place, and 9.71 agree at decrease at other places. 96.55% agrees that
the intensity of hot wave have increased. In gender wise, 100% agrees that children are affected the
most due to climate change. The practices that have been adopted to cope with the climate change
in terms of priority are: change in cropping pattern followed by change in site of farmland, use of
flood/drought resistance varieties, mixed cropping in farming, use of more Bio-fertilizer,
construction of cemented barrier against flooding, air condition/fan, extending greenery/garden
around residential area, seasonal migration, use of more chemical fertilizer, use of more
insecticide/pesticide and less time spend outside house/home.
4.6.4.2 Gender Equity and Social Inclusion (GESI) Household on Perception of Climate
Change and Adaptation Potential
In GESI household of Morang, 72.35 % agrees that flood been increasing since last past 10 years.
87.64% agrees that changes have been observed regarding the month of flooding occurrence. Maize
has the highest impact due to flooding events followed by rice, vegetable, millet, buckwheat and
barley. 91.76% agrees that drought been increasing since last past 10 years. 87.64% agrees that
changes have been observed regarding the month of drought occurrence. Maize has the highest
impact due to drought events. This is followed by rice, vegetable, millet, buckwheat and barley.
81.76% agrees that hailstorm been increasing since last past 10 years. 84.11% agrees that changes
have been observed regarding the month of hailstorm occurrence. Maize has the highest impact due
to hailstorm. This is followed by, rice, vegetable, millet, buckwheat and barley. 76.47% agrees that
river cutting and landslide been increasing since last past 10 years. 81.17% agrees that changes
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have been observed regarding the month of landslide occurrence. Rice has the highest impact due
to river cutting and landslide events. This is followed by maize, vegetable, millet, buckwheat and
barley. 87.64% agreed that agricultural production is declining and the reasons for agricultural
production is declining on the basis of rankings are given as: drought followed by no availability of
bio-fertilizer; no irrigation facilities; no availability of chemical fertilizer, no productivity land,
flooding, more expensive to cope against climate change, less land availability, more educated
family, not willing to do (less interest), and not much business. 75.29% agrees that
flowering/harvesting season of the crops altered. 85.88% agrees that sources of energy resources
are sensitive to climate change and variability. 30% agree that the intensity of fog formation have
increased at their place and 59.41% responded that that it has decreased in their place, 10.58%
have no idea about it. 63.42% agrees that the intensity of cold wave have increased in their place
and 27% has agreed it has decreased in their place, and 9.41% do not know about it. 87% agrees
that the intensity of hot wave have increased. The drinking water fetching time has decreased in
GESI communities of Morang, and this may because of drinking water facilities an infrastructure
developed by their own, government, NGO and private sectors. But firewood collection, NTFP
collection, fodder collection and cattle grazing has increased in the last decade. This is due to the
lack of easiness in the availability of forest resources in these regions. Human encroachment is one
of the biggest reasons for such events. 64.12% agrees that children are affected the most due to
climate change followed by female (26.47%), male (8.82%). 70% agree that all the family members
are affected by natural disaster in the past. The practices they adopted to cope with the climate
change in terms of ranking are: change in cropping pattern, change in site of farmland, mixed
cropping, use of more bio-fertilizer, use of more chemical fertilizer, use of flood/drought resistance
varieties, construction of cemented barrier against flooding, extending greenery/garden around
residential area, use fan, less time spend outside house/home, use of more insecticide/pesticide,
boat facilities against flooding, and seasonal migration.
Renewable energy is the best measures for climate change mitigation and adaptation because RETs
have a high potential to displace greenhouse gases which is resulted due to combustion of fossil fuel
and thereby to mitigate climate change. Adopting a low carbon emissions and climate-resilient
development path for sustainable socio-economic growth and safe livelihood is needed for the
district. Moreover, expanding the scope of carbon sequestration through scientific management of
the forests, formulating and implementing land use plans and controlling deforestation are other
steps. Reducing GHG emissions through additional development and utilization of clean, renewable
and alternative energy technologies and formulating and implementing plans to address adverse
impacts of climate change are crucial. Other adaptation potential is formulating and implementing
design standards for climate resilient construction of bridges, dams, river flood control and other
infrastructure; and encouraging low carbon emission by providing financial and technical support
by government. Behaviour change, structural changes, policy based responses are also very
important for the adaptation pathway.
The adaptation capacity of Morang has been assessed to determine the status within a mixed
culture considering GESI issues. In general adaptation of supply line from NEA Morang (this does
not pose any climatic risks), SHS (solar PV, solar thermal, solar Tuki), Biogas (livestock dung, and
organic waste from municipal), ICS (rice husk gasifier, wood and charcoal), and wind power are
possible measures of reducing the resources including fuel wood and fossil fuel, which can pose
adverse impact to the environment and promulgate climate change. Furthermore, adopting RETs
will have better livelihood opportunities and increase in the health and income generation
activities.
From GESI perspectives, women, poor and disadvantageous groups can save time from resource
collection, and spare their time for income generation activities, receiving capacity building training
especially on use of RETs and coping against climate change/emergency preparedness, generating
knowledge and skills, caring children, and receiving other opportunities from DDC, AEPC/NRREP,
municipalities, respective ministries, VDCs for climatic related development works. Apart from
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other activities listed so far for the adaptation, adopting climate smart technologies for agricultural
practices, forest management, watershed management, etc.
4.6.4.3 Role of Female in Climate Change Adaptation/Mitigation

According to the KII/FGD, following are the roles and responsibilities that female/women should
adopt for climate change mitigation.
Table 36: Role of Female in Climate Change Adaptation/Mitigation
Role of Female
Role of Female
Change in cooking procedure
Participation in afforestation program
Change in cooking utensils/devices
Participation in all development activities
More education and employment
Particpation in decision making process
Particpation on operation and management of Change in behaviour and adoption of RETs

RETs through capacity building training
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4.6.4.4 Adaptation Potential with respect to RETs

Table 37: Adaptation potential with respect to RETs
Technology
General
Adaptation potentials with respect to RETs

Gendered
Caste/ethnicity
Solar power can be used for

lighting home, operating TV,
operating laptops, running
fans, charging mobile, water
pumping, irrigation,
telephone, radio, etc.
The skill can be developed through

employment opportunities,
capacity building training, and
increase access to resources that
are valuable to climatic adaptation.
Better health and increased
livelihood status are also the
opportunities.
Biogas
The main resources of this

technology are organic waste,
which have a high
decomposition rate (for
example, livestock dung,
municipal organic waste,
agricultural residue). This
technology is used for cooking,
heating and lighting purpose.
This technology is often a common

adaptive practice, and very little
guiding or training is required to
operate the process. Better health,
less exposure to indoor air
pollution, and increased livelihood
status are also the opportunities.
ICS
The main resources of this

technology are biomass fuel
(for example, rice husk, wood,
charcoal, briquette,
agricultural residue, etc.). This
technology is used for cooking,
heating and to some extent
lighting purposes.
This technology is often a common

adaptive practice, and very little
guiding or training is required to
operate the process. Better health,
less exposure to indoor air
pollution, and increased livelihood
status are also the opportunities.
Solar
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livelihood through income
generation will enable to cope
against climate change
This technology can substitute kerosene

that is used for lighting purpose (this will
help in climate change mitigation), cut off
depending on other expensive resources for
running appliances, and the subsidy and
loan facilities at cheap interest will help to
afford or provide access to GESI and poor
groups.

This technology can substitute kerosene,

LPG and fuel wood that is used for cooking
and lighting purpose (this will help in
climate change mitigation), cut off
depending on other expensive resources
for running appliances, and the especial
subsidy and loan facilities at cheap interest
will help to afford or provide access to GESI
and poor groups.
Better health, less exposure to

indoor air pollution, and
increased livelihood status are
also the opportunities.

and LPG that is used for cooking and
lighting purpose (this will help in climate
change mitigation), cut off depending on
other expensive resources for running
appliances, and the especial subsidy and
groups.
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Wind Power
Wind Power can be used for

lighting home, operating TV,
operating laptops, running
fans, charging mobile, water
pumping, irrigation,
telephone, radio, etc.
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The skill can be developed through

employment opportunities,
capacity building training, and
increase access to resources that
are valuable to climatic adaptation.
livelihood status are also the
opportunities.

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that is used for lighting purpose (this will
help in climate change mitigation), cut off
depending on other expensive resources for
running appliances, and the subsidy and
groups.
Final Report
4.6.5 Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Morang District

MOE/NAPA (2010) developed the GIS based overall vulnerability map for whole Nepal which
reported that Nepal is highly vulnerable to climate change and suggested that more than 1.9 million
of its population is under high vulnerability to climate change while 10 million are increasingly at
risk. The various climatic indicators are mapped as well as ranked according to the severity of
occurrence in the country. In the below table context, 0.000 to 1.000 is the score range for all
disastrous events due to climate change. The disastrous events due to climate change are ranked as
very high, high, moderate, low and very low. On the basis of degree/extent of climate change
impact, all districts of Nepal have been ranked up with applying the aforementioned scores and
then ranks; the higher the score; higher is the rank for increased vulnerability.
a. District Ranks- Temperature and Rainfall Risk Sub-indices
Table 38: District Ranks- Temperature and Rainfall Risk Sub-indices
Districts
Overall Climate Change Trend
Morang
High (0.442-0.579)
Source: NAPA, 2010
According to NAPA (2010), of all districts in Nepal, Morang (Score= 0.578), is ranked as high in
terms of District Ranks- Temperature and Rainfall Risk Sub-indices (figure 53).
According to the KII/FGD, the intensity of hot wave has increased from the last 10 years. Following
are the months, when people experience the highest intensity of hot wave.
Table 39: Highest intensity of hot wave months
Month
Month
Chaitra
Shrawan
Baisakh
Bhadra
Jestha
Ashoj
Ashad
b. District Ranks- Landslide/Exposure Sub-indices
Landslide and slope failure are present in the upper hilly region of the district. Steep slope
associated with fragile topography, deforestation and stream bank cutting are the main causes
for the landslides. As consequences of these slide and erosion millions of cubic meter of soil is
lost every year. In general, debris flows are present in the Siwalik whereas in Mahabharat Lekh
rotational slides occur.
Table 40: District Ranks- Landslide/Exposure Sub-indices
Districts
Landslides Risk/Exposure
Morang
Very Low (0.000-0.072)

Source: NAPA, 2010
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According to NAPA (2010), of all districts in Nepal, Morang (Score= 0.000), is ranked as very low in
terms of District Ranks- Landslide/Exposure Sub-indices (figure 54).
According to the KII/FGD, following are the name of the VDCs which are most prone due to
landslide/River cutting.
Table 41: Name of the most landslide/River cutting prone VDCs/Area/Region
VDC/Area/Region
VDC/Area/Region
Singha Devi
Lotang
Kesh Bari
Warangi
Bhogateni
Yangsila
Pati Gaun
Kayla Bari
Rameti Khot
Madhumala
Tangi
Bhotani
Table 42: Highest intensity of landslides/river cutting months
Month
Month
Ashad
Bhadra
Shrawan
c. District Ranks- Flood Risk/Exposure Sub-indices
The southern plain of the Morang district suffer from frequent flooding. Concentrated
precipitations create flash flood in this region. Water level often rises in the Mawa khola, Ratuwa
khola and other small tributaries in the monsoon season. The flood destroys cultivated land and
cause significant loss of life and property every year. Flooding and bank cutting during high flow
often cause shifting of river channel.
Table 43: District Ranks- Flood Risk/Exposure Sub-indices
Districts
Flood Risk/Exposure
Morang
Moderate (0.352-0.544)
Source: NAPA, 2010
According to NAPA (2010), of all districts in Nepal, Morang (Score= 0.466), is ranked as moderate
in terms of District Ranks- Flood Risk/Exposure Sub-indices (figure 55).
According to the KII/FGD, following are the name of the rivers and VDCs which are most prone to
flooding events:
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Table 44: Name of the rivers and VDCs where flooding occurs frequently
Name of the Rivers
VDC/Area/Region
Bhokhara Khola
Govindapur
Chesang Khola
Rangeli
Lohandra Khola
Belbari
Telia Khola
Jate
Budi Khola
Morang- Sunsari boundary
Chinsan Khola
Madaha Khola
Ratuwa Khola
Morang- Jhapa boundari
Dansh Khola
Phaisaliya
Biratnagar
Table 45: Highest intensity of flooding months

Month
Month
Ashad
Bhadra
Shrawan
d. District Ranks- Drought Risk/Exposure sub-indices
Table 46: District Ranks- Drought Risk/Exposure sub-indices
Districts
Drought Risk/Exposure
Morang
Low (0.106-0.223)
Source: NAPA, 2010
According to NAPA (2010), of all districts in Nepal, Morang (Score= 0.131), is ranked as low in
terms of District Ranks- Drought Risk/Exposure sub-indices (figure 56).
According to the KII/FGD, following are the name of the water sources/streams that are dried up
partially or completely.
Table 47: Name of water sources/streams that are dried up partially/completely

Name of the Streams
VDC/Area/Region
Munsari Khola
Morang
Chesang Khola
Rangeli
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Lohandra Khola
Belbari
Ratuwa Khola
Morang- Jhapa boundari

Month
Falgun
Table 48: Highest intensity of drought months

Month
Baisakh
Chaitra
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CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY MAPPING FOR MORANG DISTRICT

Figure 53: Rainfall Temperature Vulnearability
Figure 55: Flood Vulnerability
Figure 54: Landslide Vulnerability
Figure 56: Drought Vulnerability
Source: NAPA, 2010

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Table 49: Summary Sheet of Energy Resources and RETs Vulnerability due to Climate Change
Climatic variability
Yearly trend
Negative impact
Positive impact
Rainfall
Decreased
Decline on agriculture may happen

which are bioenergy resource potential
Solar potential may increase

because of availability of more
sunshine hours
Increase susceptible to household fires
Positive impact on paddy

production may happen (up to
couple of years) which are
bioenergy resource potential
Increase susceptible to forest fires,

which can demand more fuel wood for
the district from external source
Positive impact on maize

Neutral
Hydropower supply line
may remain constant as
this is an external
source
Positive impact on wheat

up to couple of years) which are
Temperature
Increased
No impact on potato
(up to couple of years)
which are bioenergy
resource potential
Positive impact on sugarcane
Increase susceptibility to human,
livestock and forest disease which can
hamper the resource potential
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Biogas production may increase

due to fast and more
degradation of organic waste as
well as increase in the number of
livestock
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Relative humidity
Decreased
Not have significant impact on RETs
Wind speed
Decreased
Low or no potential for wind power

production
Sunshine hours
Almost constant
Landslides risk/exposure
Very low
Solar potential may increase

because of availability of more
sunshine hours
Not have significant impact on RETs
Flood risk/exposure
Moderate
It can affect property/assets and life of

GESI communities
Impact on agriculture may happen
which are bioenergy resource potential
It can affect property/assets and life of
GESI communities
May have significant impact on RETs
Drought risk/exposure
Hailstorm
Low
Increased
Impact on agriculture production may

happen which are bioenergy resource
potential
Impact on agriculture production may
happen which are bioenergy resource
potential
It can damage/destroy the solar home
system
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Table 50: Technological Ranking based on the Vulnerability

Technology
Vulnerability to climate
Rank
Solar (Solar PV, Solar thermal, Solar tuki)

ICS (Rice husk gasifier, wood, charcoal,
briquette)
No
Very low
Biogas
Very Low
Diesel/Petrol
Very high
LPG
Kerosene
High
Very high
5
6
No
Very Low
Wind power
Biofuel
4.6.6 Climate Proofing Technologies
Adopting a low carbon emissions and climate-resilient development path for sustainable socioeconomic growth, it can contribute to mitigating greenhouse gases (GHGs). It can also provide the
opportunities to increase resiliency to the impacts of climate change. It is important to formulate
and implement the necessary strategies, guidelines and working procedures to support a socioeconomic development that is climate-friendly and resilient. Expanding the scope of carbon
sequestration through scientific management of the forests, formulating and implementing land use
plans and controlling deforestation are the other important aspects for climate-resilient
development. It is crucial to reduce GHG emissions through additional development and utilization
of climate smart energy technologies and formulating and implementing plans to address adverse
impacts of climate change. Moreover, government should provide incentives to develop
appropriate climate proofing technologies, its transfer and utilization for reducing the emissions of
air pollutants, at source, that increase the atmospheric temperature. Energy auditing for the
industries are also important which can showcase the emissions level. Developing and promoting
transport industries that use electricity (electric train, rope way, cable car etc.) are other climatic
proofing technologies. There is high scope for the solar technology promotion in Morang, which can
meet the lighting demand at rural area and during load shedding condition. ICS and Biogas could
be good option for meeting cooking energy needs. Formulating and implementing design standards
for climate resilient construction of bridges, dams, river flood control and other infrastructure are
essential climatic adaptation option. Lastly, encouraging low carbon emission by providing financial
and technical support and incentives by government and donor agencies may be good strategy.
Additionally, a separate energy monitoring system should be developed to ensure systems can
adapt to anticipated climate change impacts. A long term strategy for climate smart technologies
should be developed to decentralised low carbon energy supply systems.
4.6.7 Mitigation Potential from RETs
Cut off greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the source, and extending sinks such as forest and
agriculture to absorb carbon dioxide from atmosphere are possible intervention in order to
mitigate the climate change. Through sustainable RETs and biomass resource management, GHGs
can be cut off or prevented. Climate change issues is entirely a new issues for Nepal, therefore,
exploration of mitigation potential is limited at both national and district level. Therefore, attempts
to estimate mitigation potential by this consultant- NEEDS can help district to development process
and help in ministerial level to develop low carbon development strategy in compliance with the
climate change policy- 2011, NAPA and LAPA. The overall findings of the study has been analysed
and given a special attention to reduce the emission of GHGs through application of RETs. It also
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highlights the future opportunities that people including GESI communities will get from climate
and renewable energy related activities.
Table 51: Mitigation Potential from RETs

RETs
Mitigation potential
Solar home system (SHS)
Significantly reduce GHGs, replace kerosene/diesel
Improved cooking stove

(ICS)/briquette/charcoal
Reduce the GHGs, protect forest from clearing/exploitation,

protect ecosystem/environment
Biogas
Reduce emission of GHGs, replace kerosene/diesel, protect

ecosystem/environment
Wind power
Significantly reduce GHGs, replace kerosene/diesel
Biofuel
May reduce petroleum products after blending with

petroleum
4.6.8 Technology Assessment Parameters

The RETs have been judged by comparing with each other and then is presented in the ranking
format. The technologies have been classified on the basis: Very high (for highest value) followed
by high, medium, low, very low and No values based on the experts judgement by DCEP team and
analysed data. Based on the aforementioned values and elements below, the RETs ranking is
presented the following sequence:
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Table 52: Summary of Technology Assessment Parameters
Technology
Purpose
Justification
Only solution to load
shedding,
substitution of
Kerosene and short
return period
Resources
available
Affordability/
cost
GHGs
contribution/
climate change
Help in
mitigation
User
friendly
Contribute
to poverty
reduction
Vulnerability
to climate
Very high
Very high
No
Very high
Very High
Very high
Very High
No
Very high
Very high
Very low
High
High
Very high
Very high
Very low
High
Medium
Very low
High
High
High
Very high
Very low
Help in
adaptation
Solar (Solar PV,

Solar thermal, Solar
tuki)
Lighting
ICS (Rice husk

gasifier, wood,
charcoal, briquette)
Cooking,
heating and
lighting
Biogas
Cooking
Solution to replace
LPG, substitution of
kerosene, and short
return period
Option to replace
LPG, fuel wood and
substitution of
kerosene
Diesel/Petrol
Running
vehicles
and power
device
Only solution to run

vehicles and power
device
High
Medium
Very high
No
No
High
No
Very high
LPG
Cooking
Option to replace
fuel wood, clean
technology and have
easy access to get
High
High
High
No
No
High
No
High
Kerosene
Lighting
and
cooking
High
Medium
Very high
No
No
Very high
Very high
Very high
Wind power
Lighting
Option to replace
fuel wood, and have
easy access to get
Solution to load
shedding,
substitution of
Kerosene and short
return period
Low
Very Low
No
High
High
High
High
Low
Biofuel
Running
vehicles
and power
device
Solution to run
vehicles and power
device
Very low
Very low
Very low
High
High
Very high
Very high
Low
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4.7 Renewable Energy Technologies Linkages with Climate Change and GESI Issues
Table 53: Renewable Energy Technologies Linkages with Climate Change and GESI Issues
Technology
Adaptation Potential and

vulnerabilities
Solar Technologies
Solar power can support in a
wider areas such as climatic
adaptation process. In drought
area, solar water pumping can
be used for water availing.
Solar technology also benefits
women, children, minority and
poor groups in lighting and
communication purposes. Solar
power development at local
level
can
reduce
the
susceptibility of green house
gases that otherwise result
through use of Kerosene and
other fossil fuel based energy for
lighting and heating.
ICS
ICS above 25% efficiency
(Rice husk Gasifier, wood, bio- consume
less
fuel
wood
charcoal, bio-briquette, etc.)
compared to traditional cook
stove. It helps in adaptation of
communities residing in areas
with high flooding/river cutting
incidences and increasing forest
exploitation.
Use of highly
efficient ICS contributes in forest
conservation.
Biogas
The increase use of animal waste
for biogas generation can reduce
the dependency on fossil fuel
based energy such as kerosene
as well as fuel wood, which are
the sources for cooking. Biogas
development at local level can
reduce the susceptibility of
greenhouse gases that otherwise
result through use of Kerosene
and other fossil fuel based
energy. Moreover, increase use
of biogas helps in increasing
agricultural
productivity
through by-product such as
slurry, which increases soil
fertility.
Wind Power
Wind power can support in a
adaptation process. In drought
area, wind power can be used
for water pumping. Wind power
technology also benefits women,
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Gender and Social Aspects

Solar power also helps in
empowering poor, women, adult
and
socially
excluded
people/DAGs through income
saving, communication and
information dissemination. It
also helps in substitution of
fossil fuel such as kerosene by
solar power for lighting. It also
supports in reducing health
related issues, prevents green
house gas emission, and
livelihood.
The use of ICS above 25% helps

in reducing drudgery to women.
Moreover, it also contributes in
reducing
the
Indoor
Air
Pollution (IAP) and slows down
the chances of Acute Respiratory
Infection for women and
children.
The use of Biogas helps in
reducing drudgery to women.
Moreover, it also contributes in
reducing
the
Indoor
Air
Pollution (IAP) and slows down
the chances of Acute Respiratory
Infection for women and
children.
Wind power also helps in

and
socially
excluded
saving, communication and
information dissemination. It
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Micro-hydro
children, minority and poor

groups
in
lighting
and
communication purposes. Wind
power development at local
level
can
reduce
the
susceptibility of greenhouse
gases that otherwise result
through use of Kerosene and
other fossil fuel based energy for
lighting and heating.
Hydropower
helps
in
diversifying livelihood options of
vulnerable
communities.
Hydropower can support in a
adaptation process. Hydropower
technology also benefits women,
children, minority and poor
groups in lighting, heating and
cooking and communication
purposes.
Hydropower
development at local level can
reduce the susceptibility of
greenhouse gases that otherwise
result through use of Kerosene
and other fossil fuel based
energy for lighting, heating and
cooking.
However,
the
fluctuation in runoff may cause
damages to the hydropower
plants.
Therefore,
proper
engineering structural and nonstructural
adaptation
process/technique
can
be
facilitated.
also helps in substitution of

fossil fuel such as kerosene by
wind power for lighting and
heating. It also supports in
reducing health related issues,
prevents
greenhouse
gas
emission, and increase in
livelihood.
Hydropower also helps in
and
socially
excluded
saving/generation,
communication and information
dissemination. It also helps in
substitution of fossil fuel such as
kerosene by hydropower for
lighting, heating and cooking. It
also supports in reducing health
related
issues,
prevents
greenhouse gas emission, and
livelihood.
4.8 Institutional Assessment

4.8.1 Overview
The institutions regarding on the energy and climate sector in districts are assessed based on its
nature through several tools during the DCEP preparation process. Generally the institutions are
categorized in two types: the formal and the informal. Formal institutions are government and nongovernment organizations and informal are some social and cultural institutions such as mothers
group (aama samuha), Guraus of Tharu, Dhan Naach and Chyabrum Naach of LImbus, Lakhe Naach
and Gai Jatra of Newars, Sakela of Rais, Selos of Tamangs etc. The study has focused on the role and
stake of these institutions in energy and climate sector of districts. Besides of formal institutions,
the study team also has assessed the role and stake in energy and climate sector in districts
whether these informal institutions has or not.
The basic tools applied for collecting information to assess informal institutions is Key Informants
Interview (KII) and participants observation. The key informants are Guraus1 of Tharu, Bijuwas of
1
A special type of priest, called gurau', is employed to satisfy the gods and goddesses by worshipping them. The guraus are of two
types: those who worship the gods and goddesses for protecting villages and grain fields are called ban gurau and those who satisfy the
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Rai and Fedangwas of Limbu. Some of the traditional institutions and its implications on renewable
energy, such as the collection of local capital, kind contribution for community based initiatives
were also documented from group discussion and formal/ informal meetings. The study team
noticed strong ownership of community based initiatives by these informal institutions and the
practice to create regulatory mechanism. The formal institutions are basically government offices
that are responsible for energy and climate sector planning and development in district. The
institutions were assessed based on the list provided by the DDC and District Administration Office
in district headquarters. Information about District Energy, Environment and Climate Change
Committee (DEECCC) has been established in Morang DDC for the promotion of renewable energy
activities and environmental sustainability. DEEU coordinates renewable related planning and
implementation activities with related line agencies.
As per the envisaged framework of DCEP by NEEDS, the key areas for institutional assessment were
the general concept of institutions/ actors as well as their role of these institutions in the field of
energy and development sector. The study team has been agreed on this framework and presented
the methodology to the AEPC prior to field mobilization. The study team applied participatory tools
to map out the actors, their roles, capacity gaps and external influencing factors during the field
visit. Apart from these, various literatures were reviewed and studied during the district
consultation process. Related documents, brochures, manuals and progress reports are collected
from the stakeholders working in the energy and climate sector in districts. The team has been
studied the interrelationship and independence between the actors in the energy development and
climate sector in district. The team also appraised the existing capacity and progress of these actors
or stakeholders and intensively reviewed the gaps between existing capacity and needed
requirement to fulfill the gap. The strength, weakness, threat and opportunity elements are
analyzed during the study in the form of SWOT analysis. It is essential to find out the enabling
elements and disabling elements in the energy development and climate sector of district. SWOT
analysis has been proved to identify the external influence factors in the sector that are both
favoring and non-favoring to the development of energy and climate sector planning as well as
development.
Interactions with district stakeholders and key government line offices has provided a glance of
existing situation and it was done during field visits and meetings with key agencies. Previous
assessments carried out on capacity building such as short term and long term training needs for
various institutions on micro-financing options, along with one-two-one interactions with
participants of previous exchange visits were carried out. The findings for institutional assessment
are presented in next chapter. The other tools applied for institutional assessment are coverage
matrix and actor constellation mapping. Coverage matrix provided the information on degree of
involvement of actors in providing various services related to renewable energy. Actor
constellation was used to identify the relationships between these actors in terms of participation,
funding and coordination with each other. A detail deliberation on SWOT analysis of institutions is
elaborated in the main text.
4.8.2 Identification of Stakeholder and their Role
Prior to identification of stakeholders and roles of each stakeholder, the study team prepared a
stakeholder mapping in a participatory meetings with district consultation meeting participants.
The coverage matrix tool was used to identify the involvement of various stakeholders including
government, private sectors, financing institutions, NGO etc in providing various services including
subsidy support, Renewal Energy Technology (RET) promotion, dissemination, technology
installation, monitoring and evaluation etc in renewable energy sector. The coverage matrix was
carried out for each of various significant RETs. By the coverage matrix, it is observed that subsidy
support was provided by AEPC and DDC where as local organizations were focused on
dissemination, awareness and technology installation, trainings for handling, operation and
ancestral deities and dead parents are called ghar gurau (Muller-Boker, 1999:75).
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maintenance. No major involvement was seen of district based financing institutions in providing
lending support except the role of banks to provide subsidy to bio gas and solar plants as per
government rules and regulations.
The study also assessed some limited involvement of organizations in sustainable management of
resources, hazard mitigation and research and development. International Non-Government
Organizations (INGO) and UN organizations such as UNDP, UNICEF has put some efforts in
mitigation of disaster, research in loss and damage and emergency relief management.
a) Biomass
In biomass sector, because of the limitation in subsidy policy/provision of central
government/AEPC, there are only few VDCs where subsidy can be availed. A NGO such as FECOFUN
are actively involved in this sector. Because there does not exit any local ICS manufacturer nor
there are many local ICS suppliers, there are no any records of installed metallic stove. Moreover,
according to the data and FGD, people are also not willing to accept the mud stove. In addition,
there are no any financing institutions in providing any service in the biomass sector except very
few-limited micro-finance companies such as Jivan Bikash Samaj. A strong subsidy support
mechanism from the central government/AEPC as well as DDC and VDC should be developed for
the terai districts as well. Moreover, more sales companies, institutional development programs,
capacity building training, monitoring and evaluation, data base management, etc. are necessary to
boost up the development process in biomass sector.
b) Solar
In solar sector, because of the limitation in subsidy policy/provision of central government/AEPC,
there are only few VDCs where subsidy can be availed. As identified, there are 7 private companies
working in the solar related renewable energy technologies (note: it is expected that number of the
private companies may be more). The list of pre-qualified Solar company working in the district is
given in table below.
Table 54: Solar Company Working at Morang district
S.N. Company Name
Address
Remarks
1
Krishna Grill and Engg. Works Pvt. Ltd.
Bhumiprasasan
Pre-qualified
chowk, Brt
2
Lotus Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Mahendra chowk, Pre-qualified
Brt.
3
Lokpriya Solar Company Pvt. Ltd.
Itahari, Sunsari
4
Primier Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Mahendra chowk, Pre-qualified (For
Brt.
SSHS)
5
Manasalu Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Biratchowk,
Morang
6
Everest Solar Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Itahari, Sunsari
7
Deep Light Energy Pvt. Ltd.
mahendra chowk, Pre-qualified (For
Morang
SSHS)
c) Biogas
As identified, there are 16 private companies from Morang including Sunsari, Jhapa and Ilam
working in Morang in the Biogas related renewable energy technologies (note: it is expected that
number of the private companies may be more). AEPC/DDEU and DDC provide the financial
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support according to the subsidy provision. However, the list of Biogas Company of Morang district
is given in table below.
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Table 55: List of Recognised Biogas Companies of Morang district (F/Y:2068/69)

Company Name
Address
Mechi Gobargas Company (Pvt.)
Indrapur-3, Morang
Ltd.
Munal Gobargas Company (Pvt.)
Urlabari-2, Morang
Ltd.
Suryodaya Gobargas Company
Indrapur-8,Biratchowk, Morang
(Pvt.) Ltd.
Bhagawati Gobargas Tatha Urja
Indrapur-4, Morang
Bikash Company (Pvt.) Ltd.
Suryodaya Biogas Tatha Urja
Indrapur-3, Biratchowk, Morang
Bikash Company (Pvt.) Ltd.
Sana Krishak Samudayak Gobargas Indrapur-4, Biratchowk, Morang
Company (Pvt.) Ltd.
District Energy & Environment Situation Report, 2066
d) Wind Power
There are no any private companies in providing any service in this sector as identified. More sales
companies, institutional development programs, capacity building training, monitoring and
evaluation, data base management, etc. are necessary to boost up the development process in wind
power sector.
e) Biofuel
There are no any private companies in providing any service in this sector as identified. More sales
companies, institutional development programs, capacity building training, monitoring and
evaluation, data base management, etc. are necessary to boost up the development process in
biofuel sector.
4.8.3 Interrelationship and Interdependence of Stakeholder
The interrelationship and interdependence between stakeholders is studied during the district
consultation meeting and focus group discussion (FGD). The actor constellation mapping tool was
used to identify relationship amongst various donors, government line agencies, NGOs, INGOs,
private sector, finance institutions and local organizations in terms of providing capacity
development support, coordination and participation, funding support and subcontracting, all of
which are highlighted in the below.
4.8.4 Capacity and potential assessment
The capacity of few key organizations/institutions of the district was carried out using SWOT tools
as well as through interviews. The analysis revealed that institutions needed a backed up support
as well as capacity building. The details are presented in the below.
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a) District Energy Environment and Climate Change Committee (DEECCC)

Former DEEU succeed to establish the sub-committee for promotion biogas in rural area and
named Biogas Co-ordination Sub-Committee. The main role and responsibility of the committee is
to give suggestion on planning of biogas at district to EESC.
DEECCC has formed just recently in Morang district. The DEECCC currently is not sufficiently skilled
for the DCEP activities because of the lack of skills and trainings on issues of climate and new
renewable energy technologies. However, in terms of relations with renewable energy stakeholders
DEECCC perform well with the progressive results and good impression from the local. DEECCC has
not yet clearly developed a proper strategy to deal with gender equality and gender issues for
climate and renewable energy development activities.
For the successful accomplishment of the DCEP implementation, DDC/DEECCC has to clearly
develop a policy on GESI, establish a social development unit especially for dalit, ethnic, poor and
socially excluding/ DAGs groups. All the climate and energy related development activities should
be given the equal priority and include included gender responses to benefit disadvantaged groups
including women. The capacity of DEECCC at present is generally lacking in terms of human
resource availability to be able to deliver the DCEP. For the DCEP implementation, it requires
capacity building training program, an increased monitoring and evaluation system, proper and
adequate subsidy disbursement, increase in promotion and public awareness activities etc.
b) District Forest Office (DFO)
The district forest office supports the local people in the activities related to communities
development in line with the forest conservation. However, in the present context, they are not
adequately staffed to cover entire aspects of their development cavities nor they are highly skilled
and trained. In terms of relations with related stakeholders DFO perform well with the progressive
results and good impression from the local. DFO has not yet clearly developed a proper strategy to
tie with renewable energy development activities. According to the FGD, the DFO is very positive to
work closely with DEECCC and contribute in the energy development sectors especially in ICS
promotion.
For the successful accomplishment of the DCEP implementation, DFO has to also clearly develop a
policy on GESI, establish a social development unit especially for dalit, ethnic, poor and socially
excluding/ DAGs groups. For the DCEP implementation, the technical team of DFO should be
provided the capacity building training program, an increased monitoring and evaluation system,
proper and adequate subsidy disbursement, increase in promotion and public awareness activities
etc.
c) Federation of Community Forest Users, Nepal (FECOFUN), Morang
FECOFUN although do not deal directly with renewable energy technologies, they do work in the
field like climate change adaptation/mitigation, landslide, desertification. FECOFUN supports the
local people in the activities related to communities development in line with the forest
conservation. However, in the present context, they are not adequately staffed to cover entire
aspects of their development cavities nor they are highly skilled and trained. In terms of relations
with related stakeholders FECOFUN perform well with the progressive results and good impression
from the local. FECOFUN has not yet clearly developed a proper strategy to tie with renewable
energy development activities. According to the FGD, the FECOFUN is very positive to work closely
with DEECCC and contribute in the energy development sectors especially in ICS promotion.
For the successful accomplishment of the DCEP implementation, FECOFUN has to also clearly
develop a policy on GESI, establish a social development unit especially for dalit, ethnic, poor and
socially excluding/ DAGs groups. For the DCEP implementation, the technical team of FECOFUN
should be provided the capacity building training program, an increased monitoring and evaluation
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system, proper and adequate subsidy disbursement, increase in promotion and public awareness
activities etc.
d) District Agriculture Office (DAO)
The district forest office supports the local people in the activities related to communities
development in line with the agricultural development. However, in the present context, they are
not adequately staffed to cover entire aspects of their development cavities nor they are highly
skilled and trained. In terms of relations with related stakeholders DAO perform well with the
progressive results and good impression from the local. DAO has not yet clearly developed a proper
strategy to tie with renewable energy development activities. According to the FGD, the DAO is
very positive to work closely with DEECCC and contribute in the energy development sectors
especially in Rice Husk Gasifier Stove promotion.
For the successful accomplishment of the DCEP implementation, DAO has to also clearly develop a
excluding/ DAGs groups. For the DCEP implementation, the technical team of DAO should be
etc.
e) Nepal Biogas Promotion Association (NBPA)
The NBPA supports 14 Biogas companies for the Biogas plant construction/installation,
management and development. In average annually NBPA install around 500-600 Biogas plants in
Morang district. According to the interview, NBPA works with the line of DDC plan, with the
estimate of 1631.7 CUM Biogas plant installation. NBPA supports the local Biogas companies in the
activities related to communities development in line with the Bio-energy development. However,
in the present context, they are not adequately staffed to cover entire aspects of their development
cavities nor they are highly skilled and trained. In terms of relations with related stakeholders
NBPA perform well with the progressive results and good impression from the local. According to
the FGD, the NBPA is very positive to work closely with DEECCC and contribute in the energy
development sectors especially in Biogas promotion.
For the successful accomplishment of the DCEP implementation, NBPA has to also clearly develop a
excluding/ DAGs groups. For the DCEP implementation, the technical team of NBPA should be
etc.
f) Krishna Grill and Engg. Works Pvt. Ltd.
Krishna Grill and Engg. Is best recognize for solar and wind energy in Morang. However, relations
between output and cost of production, in terms of staff, financing and physical resources are not
sustainable at present. The organization has developed the adequate relations between the
organization and external stakeholders and policy makers. The organization management are able
to handle gender issues, poverty issues, socially excluded groups issues, minority and DAGs issues
that may arise, even without a specific policy in the district. The organization has also targeted
ethnic community including women as their service recipients.
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g) Lotus Energy Pvt. Ltd.

Lotus Energy P. Ltd is best recognize for solar energy in Morang. Lotus Energy P. ltd has experience
of installing solar power of at least 20 to 30 households each month. However, relations between
output and cost of production, in terms of staff, financing and physical resources are not sustainable
at present. The organization has developed the adequate relations between the organization and
external stakeholders and policy makers. The organization management are able to handle gender
issues, poverty issues, socially excluded groups issues, minority and DAGs issues that may arise,
even without a specific policy in the district. The organization has also targeted ethnic community
including women as their service recipients.
The other similar organizations that are best recognized for solar energy service delivery in Morang
district are:
h) Lokpriya Solar Company Pvt. Ltd.
i) Primier Energy Pvt. Ltd.
j) Manasalu Energy Pvt. Ltd.
k) Everest Solar Energy Pvt. Ltd., and
l) Deep Light Energy Pvt. Ltd.
4.8.5 Funding institutions
a) Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC)/NRREP
AEPC/NRREP provides subsidies as well as financial support in the renewable energy sectors at the
national and local level. The organization seems positive to extend the subsidy facilities and RE
development policy and mechanism at the various local levels. AEPC/NRREP has also systems in
place to assess whether their target group is happy with the quality and level of service they
receive. The organization has developed the adequate relations between the organization and
b) District Development Committee (DDC)/Village Development Committees (VDCs)
DDC/VDCs has to also contribute in the form of subsidies as well as financial support in the
development of renewable energy sectors. The organization seems positive to extend the RE
development policy and mechanism at the various local levels. However, DDC/VDCs has not yet
developed the system in place to assess whether their target group is happy with the quality and
level of service they receive. The DDC/VDCs has developed the adequate relations between the
organization and external stakeholders and policy makers. The DDC/VDCs management team
should be able to handle gender issues, poverty issues, socially excluded groups issues, minority
and DAGs issues that may arise, even without a specific policy in the district. The DDC/VDCs has to
also targeted ethnic community including women as their service recipients.
c) Banks/Micro Finance Institutes (MFIs) involved in providing Loan for RETs
MFIs promotes solar energy, Biogas and very less for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) in Morang.
The relations between output and cost of production, in terms of staff, financing and physical
resources are sustainable at present. According to the FGD, public perception of the organization is
positive and they have systems in place to assess whether their target group is happy with the
quality and level of service they receive. The organizations have developed the adequate relations
between the organization and external stakeholders and policy makers. The organization
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management are able to handle gender issues, poverty issues, socially excluded groups issues,
minority and DAGs issues that may arise, even without a specific policy in the district. The
organization has also targeted ethnic community including women as their service recipients.
The list of financing institution are as below:
Table 56: Micro Finance Institutes (MFIs) involved in providing Loan from AEPC to Solar
users
S.N.
Name of MFIs
1 Aadarsa Saving & Credit cooperative Ltd.
2 Ekta Saving & Credit Cooperative Society Ltd.
3 Hariyali Saving & Credit Cooperative Society Ltd.
4 Himalayan Saving & Credit Cooperative Society Ltd.
5 Jiwan Bikash Samaj
6 Kerabari nari Bikash CoOperative Society Ltd.
7 Kishan Jagriti Multipurpose CoOperative Society Ltd.
8 Lali Guras Saving & Credit Cooperative Society Ltd.
9 Lohit Ganga Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd.
10 Milijuli Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd.
11 Parisramik Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd.
12 Purwanchal Gramin Bikash Bank
Ltd.
13 Ramailo Saving & Credit Cooperative Society Ltd.
14 Sanischare Saving & Credit Cooperative Society Ltd.
15 Surya Saving & Credit Cooperative Society Ltd.
16 Suryodaya Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd.
17 Yansila Nari Bikash Co-operative
Society Ltd.
18 Kalyad Nari Bikash Co-operative
Society Ltd.
19 Suryodaya Saving & Credit Cooperative Society Ltd.
20 Bhaluwa Saving & Credit Cooperative Society Ltd.
21 Birendranagar Saving & Credit
Co-operative Society Ltd.
22 Dip Jyoti Nari Bikash Saving &
Credit Co-operative Society Ltd.
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Address
Bayarwan-8, Morang
Belbari-3, Morang
Biratchowk
Pathari-6, Morang
Inrapur-3,
Indrapur-3, Morang
Kerabari-9, Morang
Indrapur-3, Morang
Biratnagar-10, Morang
Kerabari-2, Morang Indrapur-8, Morang
Hattimuda-4, Morang Indrapur-8, Morang
Belbari-3, Morang
Inrapur-3,
Biratchowk
Haraicha-4, Morang Itahari-4, Sunsari
Haraicha-1, Morang Indrapur-8, Morang
Haraicha-3, Morang Indrapur-3, Morang
Biratnagar-12, Battaroad, Morang
Bayarwan-8, Morang Indrapur-8, Morang
Sanischare-3, Morang
Urlabari-3, Morang
Urlabari-2, Morang
Urlabari-2, Morang
Biratnagar-6, Morang
Yansila-2, Morang
Indrapur-8, Morang
Banigama- 1, Morang Indrapur-8, Morang

Bayarban-8, Morang
Inrapur-8, Morang
Kerabari-9, Morang
Indrapur-3, Morang
Pathari-8, Morang
Indrapur-3, Morang
Belbari-1, Morang Indrapur-8, Morang
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More sales companies, institutional development programs, capacity building training, monitoring
and evaluation, data base management, etc. are necessary to boost up the development process in
RE sector. Because, very few local participants of DDC are involved in the RE development sector,
there is need of the more technical expertise as well as appropriate and adequate funding resources
in this sector.
d) Clean Energy Development Bank
Clean Energy Development Bank also provides loan in the renewable energy sectors at the national
level. The organization is positive to extend the services at the various local levels. They have also
systems in place to assess whether their target group is happy with the quality and level of service
they receive. The organization has developed the adequate relations between the organization and
e) Climate Investment Fund Supported Programs
The Pilot Program on Climate Resilience (PPCR) and the Scaling up Renewable Energy Program
(SREP) are also the funding sources for climate change through Climate Investment Fund for Nepal.
According to the mission report of 2010, there are 5 major components to be considered, which are
depicted in the below. The financial allocation/arrangement is as such: USD 50 Million in grants and
USD 60 Million in credit. However, the system is quite complicated, and also the exact investment
projects are yet to be identified and thus the PPCR interventions in Morang district are yet to be
explored.
Table 57: Climate Investment Fund Supported Programs
PPCR Components
Focus areas relevant to DCEP
Benefit to Morang DCEP

through PPCR investment
Component I: Building Climate

Resilience of Watersheds and
Water Resources in Mountain
Eco-Regions
Water resources protection, ,

livelihood improvement activities,
biodiversity conservation, etc.
Morang district could benefit

from water resources
protection, which is the
potential source for irrigation
for bio-energy development
Component II: Building

Resilience to Climate-Related
Extreme Events
Hydro-meteorological infrastructure,
the establishment of early warning
systems for priority vulnerable
communities, and the creation of
climate risk insurance / finance
programs for vulnerable
communities including GESI
Benefit through the

development of early warning,
insurance program, emergency
preparedness and coping
Component III: Mainstreaming

Climate Risk Management in
Development
Climate change risk management,

capacity building for Climatic risk
management at the district and local
levels, targeting both the public
sector and civil society
Building climate resilient
communities, food security, manage
disaster risk, promote infrastructure
climate proofing, building capacity
and enhancing access to finance to
build more climate resilient
communities
Adaptation planning support to

Morang district
Component IV: Building Climate

Resilient Communities through
Private Sector Participation
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Possible opportunities to make

ICS, Solar and Biogas investment
in Morang and developing
climate resilient district
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Component V
Ensure the sustainability and

resilience of certain endangered
species in the context of climate
change
Small linkage with DCEP
f) The other donor agencies

Various donors like Norwegian agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the Netherlands (DGIS), and DANIDA are found to be involved in the district. They provide
funds to AEPC which in turn runs its program through district energy and environment unit of DDC
Morang, regional service Centre (NCDC) and other service providers. AEPC and national NGOs like
BSP are involved in the district in providing capacity development services to other local NGO,
private sector and RET companies. The Biogas Support Program (BSP) is started in July 1992 with
funding from the DGIS of the Netherlands government through SNV/N. Government of Nepal (GoN)
and the KfW also started funding the BSP from the phase-III, which was started in March 1997. The
BSP, Phase-IV (July 2003-June 2009) was being implemented after then.
Energy Sector Assistance Program (ESAP) is a program funded by Denmark and Norway which
provide support in Micro- hydro, SHS and Improved Cooking Stove (ICS). Rural Energy
Development Program (REDP), a UNDP and World Bank initiated program support in micro-hydro
and Decentralized Energy Planning in districts. Similarly, European Union (EU) has its separate
program as Institutional Solar System. The study found some sort of lacking in mutual coordination
and joint participation amongst district line agencies including the District Agriculture
Development Office, District Irrigation Office and District Forest Office as well as other
organizations involved in facilitating the renewable energy sector. The coordination amongst
organizations seems to be limited to within particular sectors and cross sectorial coordination
doesnt stand out.
g) The other financing institutions include: Social fund/Equities, NGOs/INGOs, royalties and taxes,
funding programs, charities, and other private sector financing.
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Figure 57: Channelling of DCEP Implementation funds from various sources
AEPC/NRREP
DDC/VDCs
Private Sector
financing
Royalities/
Taxes
NGOs/INGOs
District
Energy Fund
Central level fund
RE Fund
Charities
Donors
Others
Social Funds
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Banks/ Microfinance
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Chapter 5
District Energy Scenario Development/Demand Projection
5.1 Introduction
LEAP software as well as general excel tool were used for the scenarios development considering
2014 a base year, then the five year planning period (2015 to 2019) was designed based on the
base year.
Process and assumption
Primary data from all VDCs including institutional/commercial and industrial sectors were
collected and processed. These data provided the detail energy consumption pattern for all
aforementioned sectors. Moreover, the household status of energy consumption for the Morang
district was also collected from CBS, 2011. Both of these data for residential sectors were
integrated by applying the experts judgement. Now the clear picture of the actual energy
consumption for Morang district was obtained. All these data are assumed to be the base year2014. Considering this, the LEAP software were used, which projected the energy consumption
pattern up to 5 years (2015 up to 2019) along with the GHGs emissions. The three scenarios (BAU,
MAS and CRS) were developed based on assuming the same demographic status and population
growth rate. Moreover, past, present and projected climatic impact over RETs was also considered
while developing the scenarios. Although, total energy demand is expected to rise as per the
population growth, use of RETs is assumed to reduce the pace of the total consumption.
5.2 Scenarios Development
5.2.1 Business as Usual Scenario (BAU)
Business as Usual Scenario (BAU) is developed based on current trends, and assuming the variables
as such: present energy consumption demand; population growth; and interventions of the district.
The output also reflects the emission status from the present resource type consumption as well as
technologies. The baseline information of BAU scenario is used for derivation of MAS and CRS
scenarios. The detail findings from BAU scenario is presented in the below:
5.2.1.1 Total Energy Demand and GHGs emission
For Morang district, the total energy demand for base year (2014) is 8945.98 thousand GJ and
expected to reach over 11715 thousand GJ by 2019. This demand includes for the sectors like
residential, industrial, commercial/institution, and transport. The energy demand of Morang
district by sector wise is shown in figure and table below:
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Figure 58: Energy Demand for four major Sectors
The value of energy demand for base year (2014) and other projected year is shown below:
Table 58: Energy Demand for four major Sectors
,000 GJ
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Transport
Total
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
3990.08 4214.789 4457.921 4721.451 5007.536 5318.634
1233.77 1313.95 1399.75 1491.58 1589.58 1695.17
641.32
678.61
719.03
762.88
810.53
862.38
3080.81 3219.45 3364.32 3515.72 3673.92 3839.25
8945.98 9426.799 9941.021 10491.63 11081.57 11715.43
i. Energy demand for Residential sector

The energy demand for residential sector is 3990.08 thousand GJ for base year (2014) and expected
to reach over 5318.63 thousand GJ by 2019. Cooking/heating and lighting are the main source of
energy for residential sector. The details are presented in the figure and table below.
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Figure 59: Residential Energy Demand
The value of respective year is shown below:

Table 59: Residential Energy Demand
,000 GJ
Cooking/Heating
Lighting
Total
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
3575.61 3755.14 3947.93 4155.34 4378.86 4620.19
414.47 459.649 509.9909 566.1108 628.676 698.4441
3990.08 4214.789 4457.921 4721.451 5007.536 5318.634
ii. Residential cooking and heating

The energy demand for residential cooking and heating sector is shown below and the demand for
base year is 3575.61 thousand GJ and expected to reach over 4620.19 thousand GJ by 2019. For
cooking/heating, fuel wood contribute the highest followed by cattle dung, LPG, Biogas,
SKO/Kerosene, agricultural residue and electricity. The details are reflected in the figure and table
below.
Figure 60: Cooking and Heating Energy Demand
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The value of considered year is shown below:

Table 60: Cooking and Heating Energy Demand
,000 GJ
2014
Fuelwood
2003.25
Others- Agricultural residue 46.20
Cattle dung
663.26
SKO/Kerosene
125.65
LPG
537.90
Biogas
198.71
Electricity
0.63
Total
3575.61
2015
2085.38
47.91
679.18
127.28
607.83
206.86
0.69
3755.14
2016
2170.88
49.68
695.48
128.94
686.84
215.34
0.76
3947.93
2017
2259.89
51.52
712.17
130.62
776.13
224.17
0.84
4155.34
2018
2352.55
53.43
729.27
132.31
877.03
233.36
0.92
4378.86
2019
2449.00
55.40
746.77
134.03
991.05
242.93
1.01
4620.19
iii. Residential lighting

The energy demand for lighting in residential sector is 414.47 thousand GJ for base year and
expected to reach over 698.44 thousand GJ by 2019. Regarding lighting, electricity consumption is
the highest followed by SKO/ Kerosene, Solar PV and Solar Tuki. The details are shown in the figure
and table below.
Figure 61: Lighting Energy Demand
The value also shown in table below:

Table 61: Lighting Energy Demand
,000 GJ
Electricity
Solar pv
Solar tuki
Kerosene
Total
Prepared by: NEEDS
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
343.1 384.272 430.3846 482.0308 539.8745 604.6594
0.41
0.45
0.48
0.53
0.57
0.62
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
70.84 74.80704 78.99623 83.42002 88.09154 93.02467
414.47 459.649 509.9909 566.1108 628.676 698.4441
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iv. Energy demand for commercial/institutional sector

The energy demand for 2014 is around 641.32 thousand GJ and expected to reach over 862.38
thousand GJ by 2019. The energy consumption for cooking and lighting are illustrated in the figure
and table below.
Figure 62: Commercial Energy Demands
The value of energy is shown in table below:

Table 62: Commercial Energy Demands
,000 GJ
COOKING
LIGHTING
TOTAL
2014
558.47
82.85
641.32
2015
585.04
93.58
678.61
2016
613.33
105.70
719.03
2017
643.49
119.39
762.88
2018
675.67
134.86
810.53
2019
710.05
152.34
862.38
v. Commercial/institutional Cooking demand

The energy demand for the commercial sector further sub divided in two main sub-sectors. The
cooking demand for base year is 558.47 thousand GJ and expected to reach over 710.05 thousand
GJ by 2019. The highest contributing for commercial cooking is SKO/ Kerosene followed by coal,
LPG, fuel wood, and Biogas. The details are shown in the figure and table below.
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Figure 63: Energy Demand for Commercial Cooking by Fuel Types
The value of respective year is shown below:

Table 63: Energy Demand for Commercial Cooking by Fuel Types
COOKING ,000 GJ
Fuel wood
SKO/Keros ene
LPG
Coa l
Bi oga s
Tota l
2014
113.41
172.65
130.81
140.19
1.41
558.47
2015
118.51
178.00
143.63
143.42
1.47
585.04
2016
123.84
183.52
157.71
146.72
1.54
613.33
2017
129.42
189.21
173.16
150.09
1.61
643.49
2018
135.24
195.08
190.13
153.54
1.68
675.67
2019
141.33
201.12
208.76
157.08
1.76
710.05
vi. Commercial/institutional lighting

The energy demand for commercial lighting for base year is 82.13 thousand GJ and expected to
reach over 151.32 thousand GJ by 2019. The main sources of lighting for commercial/institution
sector are electricity followed by solar PV. The details are highlighted in the figure and table below.
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Figure 64: Commercial Lighting Demand
Table 64: Commercial Lighting Demand

LIGHTING ,000 GJ
El ectri ci ty
Sol ar
Total
2014
82.13
0.72
82.85
2015
92.81
0.77
93.58
2016
104.87
0.83
105.70
2017
118.51
0.89
119.39
2018
133.91
0.95
134.86
2019
151.32
1.02
152.34
vii. Energy demand in industrial sector

The demand of energy for industrial sector is 1233.76 thousand GJ for 2014 and expected to reach
over 1695.16 thousand GJ by 2019. The details are highlighted in the figure and table below.
Figure 65: Energy Demand for Industrial Sector
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Table 65: Energy Demand for Industrial Sector
,000 GJ
ELECTRITY
WOOD
COAL
OIL
LPG
TOTAL
2014
312.7898
148.8672
496.7827
200.9389
74.38774
1233.766
2015
341.2537
155.5662
523.4102
216.2102
77.51202
1313.952
2016
372.3078
162.5667
551.465
232.6422
80.76753
1399.749
2017
406.1878
169.8822
581.0235
250.323
84.15977
1491.576
2018
443.1509
177.5269
612.1664
269.3475
87.69448
1589.886
2019
483.4776
185.5156
644.9785
289.818
91.37764
1695.167
viii. Energy demand for transport sector

The demand of energy in transport sector is 3080.81 thousand GJ for 2014 and expected to reach
over 3839.2 thousand GJ by 2019. The details are highlighted in the figure and table below.
Figure 66: Transport Sector Energy Demand
Table 66: Transport Sector Energy Demand
,000 GJ
Diesel
Gasoline
Total
2014
2125.7589
955.0511
3080.81
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2221.418051 2321.382 2425.844 2535.007 2649.082
998.0283995 1042.94 1089.872 1138.9162 1190.167
3219.44645 3364.322 3515.716 3673.9232 3839.25
ix. Total Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions

The emission of different pollutants and GHGs including CO2 biogenic is shown in figure below and
their value in the table. The diagram indicate that the value of total emission for base year is 891.2
thousand metric tonnes and expected to reach over 1107.8 thousand metric tonnes by 2019. The
highest emission is of Carbon dioxide non-biogenic followed by carbon dioxide biogenic, carbon
monoxide, Non Methane volatile organic compounds, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur Dioxide, and
Methane. The details are depicted in the figure and table below.
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Figure 67: Trend of Pollutants Emission from all Sectors
Table 67: Value of Different Emission
Units: Thousand Metric Tonnes

Carbon Dioxide Biogenic
Carbon Dioxide Non Biogenic
Carbon Monoxide
Methane
Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrous Oxide
Total Suspended Particulates
Sulfur Dioxide
Total
2014 2015 2016

2017
2018
2019
394.3 411.0 428.5
446.7
465.6
485.4
456.4 484.7 505.4
526.8
549.2
572.6
29.8 31.1 32.4
33.8
35.2
36.6
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.3
4.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.1
891.2 938.0 977.9 1,019.4 1,062.6 1,107.8
x. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission by sectors

The emission of GHGs for all sectors is shown below and which shows the value excluding CO2
biogenic which is considered natural process. The GHGs emission for base year is 482.4 thousand
metric tonnes and expected to reach over 604.5 thousand metric tonnes by 2019. The highest GHGs
emission is for transportation sector followed by industrial, residential and
commercial/institutional sectors. The details are depicted in the figure and table below.
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Figure 68: GHGs Emission by Sectors
Table 68: GHGs Emission by Sectors
Units: Thousand Metric Tonnes CO2 Equivalent

2014
42.4
30.7
128.9
280.3
482.4
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
TRANSPORTATION
Total
2015
44.2
32.1
143.7
291.8
511.8
2016
46.0
33.6
150.2
303.8
533.6
2017
47.9
35.1
157.0
316.2
556.3
2018
49.8
36.7
164.1
329.2
579.9
2019
51.9
38.4
171.6
342.7
604.5
xi. Share of Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission

Major share of GHGs is CO2 and followed by methane and nitrous oxide. The share of all the GHGs is
shown in the figure and table below.
Figure 69: GHGs by Types
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Table 69: GHGs by Types
Units: Thousand Metric Tonnes CO2 Equivalent

Effects
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Total
2014
456.4
19.6
6.4
482.4
2015
484.7
20.4
6.7
511.8
2016
505.4
21.2
7.0
533.6
2017
526.8
22.1
7.3
556.3
2018
549.2
23.1
7.6
579.9
2019
572.6
24.0
7.9
604.5
5.2.1.2 Energy Supply and GHGs emission

In the residential sector, of the total energy demand for cooking and heating which is about 5318.63
thousand GJ for 2019, fuel wood has to be supplied as a major energy resources/fuel for cooking in
the district. The total supply in 2019 will be of about 2449 thousand GJ by fuel wood followed by
LPG (991.05 thousand GJ), dung cake (746.77 thousand GJ), Biogas (242.93 GJ), SKO/Kerosene
(134.03 thousand GJ), agricultural residue (55.40 thousand GJ), and electricity (1.01 thousand GJ).
Similarly, of the total energy demand for lighting which is about 698.44 thousand GJ for 2019,
electricity- grid has to be supplied as a major energy resource for lighting. The total supply in 2019
will be of about 604.65 thousand GJ followed by SKO/Kerosene (93.02 thousand GJ), Solar PV (0.62
thousand GJ), and Solar tuki (0.12 thousand GJ). If the energy supplied is made for both
cooking/heating and lighting for residential sector for 2019 to fulfil the above demand, the total
GHGs emitted will be 51.9 thousand metric tonnes CO2 equivalent.
In the Commercial/institutional sector, of the total energy demand for cooking and heating which is
about 710.05 thousand GJ for 2019, LPG has to be supplied as a major energy resources/fuel for
cooking. The total supply in 2019 will be of about 208.76 thousand GJ followed by SKO/Kerosene
(201.12 thousand GJ), coal (157.08 thousand GJ), fuel wood (141.33 thousand GJ), and Biogas (1.76
thousand GJ). Similarly, of the total energy demand for lighting which is 152.34 thousand GJ for
2019, electricity- grid has to be supplied as a major energy resource for lighting. The total supply in
2019 will be of about 151.32 thousand GJ followed by Solar (1.02 thousand GJ). If the energy
supplied is made for both cooking/heating and lighting for commercial/institutional sector for
equivalent.
In the industrial sector, of the total energy demand for industries, which is about 1695.16 thousand
GJ for 2019, the highest energy supply has to be for coal amounting about 644.97 thousand GJ
followed by electricity (483.47 thousand GJ), oil (289.81 thousand GJ), fuel wood (185.51 thousand
GJ), and LPG (91.37 thousand GJ). If the energy supplied is made for industrial sector for 2019 to
fulfil the above demand, the total GHGs emitted will be 171.6 thousand metric tonnes CO 2
equivalent.
In the transport sector, of the total energy demand for transport which is about 266.57 thousand GJ
for 2019, the highest energy supply has to be for diesel amounting about 219.09 thousand GJ
followed by gasoline (47.48 thousand GJ). If the energy supplied is made for transport sector for
equivalent.
5.2.2 Medium Adaptation Scenario (MAS)
Medium Adaptation Scenario (MAS) is developed based on livelihood development through proper
access of energy sources. It does not completely represent a full climate resilient strategy; however,
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it provides some climate change adaptive and mitigation measures option considering potential
vulnerabilities of resources and technologies. Moreover, this scenario also incorporates GESI issues.
MAS can meet the energy demand through mixture of renewable and fossil fuel based energy. The
MAS is developed considering cutting off the fossil fuel based energy and switching to more clean
and renewable energy considering the extent of climatic adaptation needed in this stage. Switching
to more renewable option, the investment cost may increase because RETs being expensive in the
initial stage; however, its benefit will be over environment. Energy consumption of the Morang
district is expected to decrease than the BAU scenario, because of the more efficient technologies.
The other opportunity is that by implementing cleaner technologies, people can receive subsidy
from AEPC/NRREP. The detail findings from MAS scenario is presented in the below:
The total energy demand for 2019 is expected to decrease with the implementation of highly
efficient technologies. The decrease may be from 11715 thousand GJ (BAU scenario) to 10633.36
thousand GJ (MAS scenario). The detail is highlighted in the figure and table below.
Figure 70: Energy Demand Comparison
Table 70: Energy Demand Comparison
,000 GJ
Medium adaptation
BAU
2014
8945.0000
8945
2015
8847.7300
9426
2016
9206.4800
9941
2017
9618.2500
10491
2018
2019
10090.7000 10633.3600
11081
11715
i. Energy Demand by Sectors

For Morang district, the total energy demand for the year 2015 will be 8847 thousand GJ and
expected to reach over 10633.36 thousand GJ by 2019. This demand includes for the sectors like
residential, commercial/institution, industrial, and transport. The overall energy demand will
significantly decrease compared to BAU scenario because of the implementation highly efficient
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technologies. In 2019, the energy demand of residential sector will decrease from 5318.63
thousand GJ (BAU) to 4743.16 thousand GJ (MAS). Similarly for commercial/institutional sector,
the energy demand will decrease from 862.38 thousands GJ (BAU) to 762.22 thousands GJ (MAS) in
2019. For industrial sector, the energy demand will decrease from 1695.17 thousand GJ (BAU) to
1466.36 thousand GJ in 2019 (MAS). Lastly, for transport sector, the energy demand will decrease
from 3839.25 thousand GJ (BAU) to 3661.61 thousand GJ (MAS).
The energy demand of Morang district by sector wise is shown in figure and table below:
Figure 71: Energy Demand by Sectors
Table 71: Energy Demand by Sectors

Year
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

3990.80
641.32
1233.77
3080.81 8946.70
3946.33
634.17
1220.02
3046.48 8847.00
4106.46
659.91
1269.53
3170.10 9206.00
4290.35
689.46
1326.38
3312.06 9618.25
4501.10
723.32
1391.53
3474.75 10090.70
4743.16
762.22
1466.36
3661.61 10633.36
ii. Energy demand by fuel type

The demand of total energy for 2014 is 8472 thousand GJ and expected to reach over 10000
thousand GJ by 2019. The share of kerosene and gasoline decreases as the share of electricity, Solar
PV, fuel wood, LPG, agricultural residue, cattle dung, diesel, and Biogas increases. The detail is
highlighted in the figure and table below.
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Figure 72: Energy Demand by Fuel Type
Table 72: Energy Demand by Fuel Type

,000GJ
Fuel wood
Electricity
Kerosene
Agricultural residue
Biogas
Cattle dung
LPG
Solar
Diesel
Gasoline
Total
2014
2265.5236
738.0198
570.0806
46.1994
198.7133
663.2630
908.1757
1.2300
2125.7589
955.0511
8472.0155
2015
2368.0773
951.4181
518.5768
47.9088
215.6039
679.1813
942.6941
1.2866
2221.4181
901.5682
8847.7332
2016
2475.3351
1117.7176
481.4339
49.6814
233.9303
695.4817
979.0934
1.3458
2321.3819
851.0804
9206.4814
2017
2587.5169
1317.4512
447.5948
51.5196
253.8143
712.1732
1017.5072
1.4077
2425.8440
803.4199
9618.2490
2018
2019
2704.8531 2827.5853
1558.0791 1848.8363
416.6989
388.4305
53.4259
55.4026
275.3886
298.7966
729.2654
746.7678
1058.0798 1100.9670
1.4724
1.5402
2535.0070 2649.0823
758.4284
715.9564
10090.6986 10633.3649
iii. Total Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Emission

The emission of GHGs for the local adaptation for Morang district is shown below. The emission
decreases due to the reduction in fossil fuel consumption.
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Figure 73: Total Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Emission
Table 73: Total Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Emission
,000 metric tonnes

Medium local adptation
BAU
2014
2015
2016
482.4 416.9383 360.3598
482.4
511.8
533.6
2017
311.459
556.3
2018
2019
269.194 232.6644
579.9
604.5

Although ICS will be implemented to reduce the energy consumption, fuel wood supply will slightly
increase for each consecutive year for up to 2019. It has to be supplied 2827.58 thousand GJ for
2019. For 2019, fuel wood will still remain as the highest energy contributor followed by diesel
(2649.08 thousand GJ), electricity (1848.83 thousand GJ), LPG (1100.96 thousand GJ), Gasoline
(715.95 thousand GJ), SKO/Kerosene (388.43 thousand GJ), Biogas (298.79 thousand GJ),
agricultural residue (55.40 thousand GJ), and Solar (1.55 thousand GJ).
5.2.3 Climate Resilient Scenarios (CRS)
This is the final scenario which will benefit highest to the environment and livelihood through
maximum possible installation of climate proof technologies/climate smart technologies. Fossil fuel
will be used to the lowest quantity, which fulfil the transport almost entirely. Only very limited will
be used for cooking and lighting purpose. CRS scenario does not incorporate GESI issues; however,
it is assumed that increased in the resilience and adaptation measures will have indirect impacts to
the GESI groups.
Most of the energy demand will be met by climate smart technologies. The RETs that will be applied
here will be of very efficient. The RETs can contribute highest level of climate change mitigation and
adaptation and benefiting to poor, vulnerable and DAGs groups through process access of special
subsidy by AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs and donor organizations. Although the cost of the technology
will be higher in the initial stage, it will have very short return period. Also, because the technology
has high efficiency, the energy demand will fall more than MAS and BAU scenarios. Moreover, Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) seems the highest opportunities, which are the potential sources
for revenue/income generation. The other benefits are that: it will protect environment, protect
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from resources over exploitation, and benefit public health. The detail findings from CRS scenario is
presented in the below:
The total energy demand for 2019 is expected to decrease with the implementation of highly
efficient technologies. The decrease may be from 11715 thousand GJ (BAU scenario) to 9636.01
thousand GJ (CRS scenario). The detail is highlighted in the figure and table below.
Figure 74: Energy Demand Comparisons
Table 74: Energy Demand Comparisons
,000 GJ
BAU
Climate resilience
2014
8945
8945
2015
9426
7680.96
2016
9941
7397.86
2017
10491
7657.45
2018
11081
8398.4
2019
11715
9636.01
i. Energy Demand by Sectors

For Morang district, the total energy demand for the year 2019 will be is 9636.01 thousand GJ. This
demand includes for the sectors like residential, commercial/institution, industrial, and transport.
The overall energy demand will significantly decrease compared to BAU scenario because of the
implementation highly efficient technologies. In 2019, the energy demand of residential sector will
decrease from 5318.63 thousand GJ (BAU) to 4298.27 thousand GJ (CRS). Similarly for
commercial/institutional sector, the energy demand will decrease from 862.38 thousands GJ (BAU)
to 690.73 thousands GJ (CRS) in 2019. For industrial sector, the energy demand will decrease from
1695.17 thousand GJ (BAU) to 1328.82 thousand GJ in 2019 (CRS). Lastly, for transport sector, the
energy demand will decrease from 3839.25 thousand GJ (BAU) to 3318.17 thousand GJ (CRS).
The energy demand of Morang district by sector wise is shown in figure and table below:
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Figure 75: Energy Demand by Sectors
Table 75: Energy Demand by Sectors

Year
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

3990.8
641.32
1233.77
3080.81
8946.7
3426.199064
550.5888503
1059.221615
2644.950471 7680.96
3299.918371
530.2955923
1020.18149
2547.464547 7397.86
3415.734405
548.9071837
1055.986428
2636.871984
7657.5
3746.223157
602.016597
1158.1582
2892.002046
8398.4
4298.276315
690.7313236
1328.827395
3318.174966 9636.01
ii. Energy Demand by Fuel Type

The share of fuel wood, cattle dung, SKO/Kerosene, gasoline, diesel decreases as the share of
electricity, Solar PV, LPG, Biogas and agricultural residue increases. The detail is highlighted in the
figure and table below.
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Figure 76: Energy Demand by Fuel Type
Table76: Energy Demand by Fuel Type

,000GJ
Fuel wood
Electricity
Kerosene
Agricultural residue
Biogas
Cattle dung
LPG
Solar
Diesel
Gasoline
Total
2014
2265.5236
738.0198
570.0806
46.1994
298.7133
803.2630
1148.1757
1.2300
2125.7589
955.0511
8952.0155
2015
2213.4166
1014.0393
358.0106
47.9088
383.2492
679.1813
1110.3393
1.7503
1254.1978
618.8731
7680.9662
2016
2162.5080
1393.2899
224.8307
49.6814
491.7087
695.4817
1236.8718
2.4907
739.9767
401.0298
7397.8693
2017
2112.7703
1914.3804
141.1937
51.5196
630.8622
712.1732
1394.5551
3.5442
436.5862
259.8673
7657.4523
2018
2064.1766
2630.3586
88.6696
53.4259
809.3962
729.2654
1592.0875
5.0434
257.5859
168.3940
8398.4031
2019
2016.7005
3614.1127
55.6845
55.4026
1038.4554
746.7678
1840.6258
7.1768
151.9757
109.1193
9636.0211
iii. Total Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Emission

The emission of GHGs for CRS scenario for Morang district is shown below. The emission decreases
due to the reduction in fossil fuel consumption.
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Figure 77: Total Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Emission
Table 77: Total Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Emission

,000 metric tonnes
CRS
BAU
2014
482.4
482.4
2019
2015
2016
2017
2018
298.1232 184.2401 113.8604 70.36573 43.48602
604.5
511.8
533.6
556.3
579.9

Because ICS will be implemented larger number to reduce the energy consumption, fuel wood
supply will decrease for each consecutive year for up to 2019. It has to be supplied 2016.70
thousand GJ for 2019. For 2019, electricity supply will stand the highest energy contributor
followed by fuel wood (2016.70 thousand GJ), LPG (1840.62 GJ), Biogas (1038.45 thousand GJ),
cattle dung/dung cake (746.76 thousand GJ), diesel (151.97 thousand GJ), gasoline (109.11
thousand GJ), SKO/Kerosene (55.40 thousand GJ), agricultural residue (55.40 thousand GJ), and
7.17 thousand GJ).
5.2.4 Comparison between total Energy Consumption Demand and GHGs Emission for BAU,
MAS and CRS
Following figure represent the comparison between three scenarios in terms of total energy
consumption demand and the GHGs emission. We see that that energy consumption demand
decreases highly from BAU to MAS and then CRS. The decrease is due to adoption of RETs with the
high efficiency.
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Figure 78: Comparison between Energy Demand between BAU, MAS and CRS
Table 78: Comparison between Energy Demand between BAU, MAS and CRS
,000 GJ
Medium adaptation
BAU
Climate resilience
2014
8945.0000
8945
8945
2015
8847.7300
9426
7680.96
2016
9206.4800
9941
7397.86
2017
9618.2500
10491
7657.45
2018
2019
10090.7000 10633.3600
11081
11715
8398.4
9636.01
With regards to GHGs emission, it is observed that BAU has the highest GHGs emission in 2019
whereas CRS has the lowest. Because MAS path lies in between BAU and CRS, to some extent, it is
also in the line with the climatic adaptation pathway. MAS replaces fossil fuel only to some extent
therefore, GHGs emission is higher than BAU and lower than CRS. However, in CRS, except for the
mandatory requirement, all fossil fuel energy is totally cut off and replaced by highly efficient
climate smart/climate proofing technologies. Therefore, the highest GHGs emission is cut off for the
CRS scenario. All the GHGs emission and reduction are derived from LEAP software. The figure
below showcases the status of GHGs emission by three different scenarios.
Figure 79: Comparison between GHGs between BAU, MAS and CRS
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Chapter 6
DCEP Implementation Plan
This chapter highlights the detail plan for 5 years based on the Medium Adaptation Scenario (MAS)
and Climate Resilient Scenario (CRS). Various scales of intervention have been designed based on
the RETs. Moreover, highlights are made for the need of capacity building training program and
other supports for DCEP.
6.1 Existing Policies to Implement Proposed Plan
Reviewing the Morang District Development Plan for FY 2071/72; a significant attention is found in
the Renewable Energy Technology (RET) sector development in the Infrastructure Development
section. This whole DCEP is based on the strategies that have applied by the District Development
Committee (DDC), Morang in the District Development Plan 2071/72. In the District Development
Plan 2071/72, the Morang DDC has put emphasis on the national strategy to make smoke free
household up to 2017 by promoting alternative energy with special program implementation of
biogas plant, improved cooking stoves and clean energy. (DDC; District Development Plan; 1.5 A-4).
The decision no. 40 of the District Development Plan, Morang 2071/72 has promulgated that the
DDC has been approved the Three Year Strategic Plan prepared by Energy and Environment Unit
about to achieve goal of making smokeless household up to 2017 in Morang district. Similarly, in
the other decision (no. 41) of DDC Morang has delegated the right of making draft of District
Climate and Energy Plan Preparation Manual to DDC. The decision also has briefed the manual will
be prepared as per the district favor and in line with the policy of Ministry of Science, Technology
and Environment. This DCEP has been prepared as per the decision and policy framework of
ministry. The other decision of DDC (no. 42) is about the change of name and institutional structure
of existing District Environment section having within DDC office Morang. The name is now
changed to Environment, Energy and climate Change Section and the organizational structure also
has been transformed accordingly of the letter of Ministry of Federal Affairs and local development.
The decision is the application of Environment, Energy and Climate Change Section Implementation
Regulation 2070; clause 3.1 circulated by GoN.
In national context, the central government- AEPC/NRREP under Ministry of Science, Technology
and Environment (MoSTE) has a national level programme to support district for various energy
related activities as well. Renewable Energy Subsidy Arrangement/provision is made for each RET
according to the physiographic region of the country. Few RETs such as solar home systems, solar
water pumping, Biogas, Improved Cooking Stove, and other RETs are provided with subsidy
ranging from 25-40% of the total installation costs on average.
6.2 Detail Implementation Plan
The detail implementation plan has been designed for two scenarios such MAS and CRS. The plan
has been developed for 5 years referring the base year 2014. Two scenarios reflect the different
scale of climatic adaptation and mitigation intervention along with incorporating various capacity
building and supportive activities. For implementing the delivery action of the DCEP plan, DDC,
VDCs, AEPC/NRREP and all other respective stakeholders (NGOs, CBOs, private firm, cooperative,
banks, public clubs, etc.) has to coordinate properly for the effective service delivery.
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Table 79: Detail Implementation Plan for MAS and CRS

Detail Implementation plan for MAS and CRS
RETs
Scenario
Year
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
30
30
30
31
32
MAS
(KW)
CRS
(KW)
33
46.9
66.8
95.1
135.2
Proposed activity
How to deliver service
Site of
implementation
By whom
Priority VDCs,
which do not have
fully access to NEA
gridline
Installation of SHS

companies
Landslide/river
cutting VDCs
Solar companies
Flooding prone
VDCs
Drought prone
VDCs
Solar
Home
System
(SHS)
units
ICS:
MAS
Rice husk
gasifier,
wood,
CRS
1200
1503
2000
2300
2600
4600
4700
4809
4900
5000
Prepared by: NEEDS
Major Risk/
Assumption

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC

AEPC/NRREP and DDC
Targets VDCs are in

the compliance with
AEPC subsidy
provision
AEPC/NRREP
SHS

donor agencies
All over districts;

however, priority
VDCs are all above.

firms.
Designing/developing a
disposal manual. Establishing a
battery recycling centre at
Morang
All over the district
AEPC/NRREP

companies
Urban and Solar

deprived area
Solar companies

operation of SHS
Solar companies
Field based
and study

All over the VDCs
Installation of ICS

companies
All over the DDC
Page 119
Landslide/river
cutting VDCs
ICS companies
As already
mentioned in the
climatic
vulnerability
section that there
is no such major
risk associated
with the
installation,
promotion and
performance of
this technology
except few
variability effects
such as wind,
thunderstorm, and
hailstorm.
Therefore, keeping
in mind only above
mentioned limited
risks have been
assumed during
the
implementation
phase of DCEP.
As already
mentioned in the
climatic
vulnerability
section that there
Final Report
charcoal,
briquette
Flooding prone
VDCs
Drought prone
VDCs.

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC
ICS
MAS
(in CUM)
Biogas
CRS
(in CUM)

AEPC/NRREP

donor agencies
companies
Targets VDCs are

not in the
compliance with
AEPC subsidy
provision; however,
little subsidy can be
arranged from DDC
AEPC/NRREP
All over DDC

firms.
Urban and ICS

deprived area
ICS companies

operation of ICS
ICS companies
Field based
and study

All over the VDCs
Hiring consulting services, by

as well as AEPC/NRREP
Above VDCs
All over DDC

4077
8166
4425
4800
5200
5650
10478
13444
17248
22130
Landslide/river
cutting VDCs

companies
Flooding prone
VDCs
Drought prone
VDCs
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Biogas companies
is no such major
risk associated
with the
installation,
promotion and
performance of
this technology
except few
variability effects
such as wind,
thunderstorm,
hailstorm.
Therefore, keeping
in mind the
aforementioned
limited risks have
been assumed
during the
implementation
phase of DCEP. The
other risks are
adoption of this
technology rather
than LPG;
however, due to
shortage of fuel
and high energy
demand for
cooking and
heating, and
through proper
awareness
activities, it is
assumed that ICS
technologies may
be highly
implemented
As already
mentioned in the
climatic
vulnerability
section that there
is no such major
risk associated
with the
installation,
promotion and
performance of
Final Report

Targets VDCs are in
the compliance with
AEPC subsidy
provision; however,
arranged from DDC
AEPC/NRREP
All over DDC

firms.
Urban and Biogas

deprived area
Biogas companies
Biogas companies

All over VDCs
AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs, etc

power companies
According to the
feasibility study by
AEPC, Warangi and
Yagangsheela VDCs
have potential of
wind generation

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC

AEPC/NRREP
Targets VDCs are in

the compliance with
AEPC subsidy
provision; however,
arranged from DDC
as well
AEPC/NRREP
Wind power
Increasing Wind power
sales service

donor agencies
power companies
Warangi and
Yagangsheela VDCs

firms.
DDC

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC
Biogas
service
operation of Biogas
Field based
and study
MAS
0
Installation of Wind power
Wind
power
and solar
power
hybrid
CRS (KW)
2.7
Prepared by: NEEDS
5.2

AEPC/NRREP
donor agencies
companies
Page 121
this technology
except few
variability effects
such as wind,
thunderstorm,
hailstorm.
Therefore, keeping
in mind the
aforementioned
limited risks have
been assumed
during the
implementation
phase of DCEP. The
other risks are
adoption of this
technology rather
than LPG;
however, due to
shortage of fuel
and high energy
demand for
cooking and
heating, through
proper awareness
activities, it is
assumed that
Biogas
technologies may
be highly
implemented
As already
mentioned in the
climatic
vulnerability
section that there
is no such major
risk associated
with the
installation,
promotion and
performance of
this technology
except few
variability effects
such as
thunderstorm/
hailstorm.
Therefore, keeping
in mind the
aforementioned
Final Report
Prepared by: NEEDS
Field based
and study

Above VDCs
DDC, Morang
DDC
DDC, Morang
DDC
DDC, Morang
DDC
DDC, Morang
DDC
Training about financial

access and utilization for
RETs
Capacity
building
training

operation of Wind power
Training to RETs
change issues and
management
Training to RETs
private firm, cooperative,
development and
promotion
Training on energy
resource conservation
Aware people about finance

access and possible donor firms
for RETs development by DDC,
VDCs and AEPC/NRREP
DEECCC/energy unit from DDC
and AEPC/NRREP to conduct
training on climate change
adaptation, mitigation, coping
mechanism, emergency
preparedness and implications
of RETs
unit from DDC and
AEPC/NRREP to conduct
training on
development and planning.
unit to conduct training on
conservation for various energy
resources
Page 122
limited risks have

been assumed
during the
implementation
phase of DCEP. The
other risks are
adoption of this
technology
because this is
really very
expensive
technology to
afford and also
when the speed
does not met, the
output might be 0;
however, due to
high energy
demand for
lighting and
through proper
awareness
activities,
including subsidy,
it is assumed that
Wind power
technologies may
be implemented
Final Report
Support
Prepared by: NEEDS
maintenance and
VDCs representative
Climate
assessment for VDCs
areas
least at DDC level
development
CAPA
DEECCC/energy unit to conduct

training on proper use of RETs
and management
DDC, Morang
GIS, environmental and

geological mapping
VDCs
DDC
DDC

VDCs
Consultant
DDC, Morang
DDC
VDCs
Consultant
VDCs
DDC
Through initiation from DDC

and coordination with
AEPC/NRREP
Hiring consulting services by

unit from DDC and with support
from related ministries and
AEPC/NRREP
Page 123
Final Report
6.3 Financing Plan

Regarding on the budget allocation for 2070/71, total Rs. 1,200,000 has been found for the alternative
and renewable energy sector development in the district by DDC. The plan budget for 2071/72 is also
only Rs. 1,200,000. It means no budget increment for next fiscal year than the past year. The table
below illustrates the budget allocation for alternative energy in Morang district for consecutive years.
Table 80: Financing Plan
Budget (NRs. in hundred)
F/Y
F/Y
F/Y
F/Y
2071/72
2070/71
2069/70
2068/69
Alternative Energy
1200
1200
10000
1491
1. Solar Tuki distribution
400
400
Smokeless program
400
400
Biogas support
200
200
Institutional biogas
100
100
Alternative energy awareness 50
50
program
Alternative energy day
25
25
Monitoring
25
25
Total
1200
1200
1000
1491
Source: District Development Plan, Morang, 2071/72, 2070/71, 2069/70, 2068/69
Budget
heading
6.05.4
Sector
Table 81: DDC Investment Plan on Alternative Energy (Fiscal Year 070/71)
DDC Investment Plan on Alternative Energy (Fiscal Year 070/71)
Major Programs of Alternative
Energy promotion Activities
Internal Budget
Others
Total
Solar Tuki Distribution
400,000.00
400,000.00
Smokeless program
400,000.00
400,000.00
Biogas support
200,000.00
200,000.00
Institutional Biogas
Alternative energy awareness
program
100,000.00
100,000.00
50,000.00
50,000.00
Alternative energy day
25,000.00
25,000.00
Field visits
25,000.00
25,000.00
Total investment in NPR

Source: DDC, Morang (2070)
1,200,000.00
The budget amount of F/Y 2069/69 is including of salary and allowance of program staffs.
Reviewing the District Development Plan of Morang district, the significant fact is found that apart
from the regular budget plan for alternative energy, there have other resources to address energy
development sector in district. The improved cooking stoves program having budget Rs. 200 thousand
is being proposed for F/Y 2071/71 by the program Women Friendly Program of budget heading
6.05.2.1. Similarly Improved Cooking Stoves Construction and Handover program has been proposed
of budget Rs. 150 thousand in Morang within Dalit Development Program for 2071/72. There is
another resources supported for alternative energy in district. It is Indigenous Ethnic people
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 124
Final Report
Development program which has budget Rs. 250 thousand. The other major element Climate in DCEP;
3 nos. of workshop/ seminar has been proposed as Climate Change and REDD Orientation Workshop
on behalf of District Forest Office, Morang (p. 99, District development Plan, F/Y 2071/72).
According to the DESR Morang 2069, for sustainable development of the energy sector in district level,
an institution named District Energy Fund (DEF) is created in the district. It is specially created for
supporting rural energy development efforts or schemes in the district. It also plans for funds and
manages development programme including promotion of rural energy schemes in sustainable way.
The ownership of DEF lays DDC. A District Energy and Environment Management Committee (DEEMC)
is formed under the chairmanship of DDC Chairperson. Basically, DEF is a fund created from the
mobilization of different sources such as the initial contribution of AEPC, annual allocation of DDC,
VDC contribution. Other possible sources may be, donor's contribution, return from earlier
investment to energy schemes. The DDC Council held in the Baishakh has approved the constitution of
the DEF in the district and running from the date.
Regarding on the implementation plan of Morang in the Renewable Energy Technology (RET) sector; it
is proposed based on the strategy of District Development mentioned as above. The proposed plan will
start from the January 2015. The potential resource for financing is not found adequate to implement
all the planned activities reviewing the district progress and plan of District Development Committee.
So, adequate funding and grants plus national and international technical assistance from various
development partners is very much intended and crucial. The proposed RETs are needed to
strategically implement in coordination with various development partners with their technical and
financial assistance wherever required. Financial cost estimation includes the RET system cost,
capacity building and other additional cost that would require until the project completion.
DDC need to mobilize the budget for RET promotion in line with detailed implementation plan.
Further, it would help to explore other possibilities for intermediary fund/grant and investment (such
as, MFIs, Cooperatives, Finance Company etc) to fulfill fund gaps, if any. Hence, it has a greater
implication both on resources and adaptation process.
Table 82: Cost of the Technology
Technology
Cost (NPR)
Subsidy
(NPR)
15,000 per 20 Wp
6000 per 20-50 Wp
Biogas
10868.9 per CUM
4650 per CUM
Improved cooking stove
Rice husk gasifier- 5500 per rice husk

11000 per sample
gasifier
stove
(proposed)
Wood stove- 4,000 per
sample
2000 per wood stove
(proposed)
Wind power and solar hybrid
88938400 per hybrid Wind- 125,000 per KW

(Wind power of 11.9
KW and Solar of 35 Solar- 120,000 per KW
KW)
Prepared by: NEEDS
amount
Page 125
Final Report
6.3.1 Financing Requirement for MAS

Table 83: Financing Requirement for MAS
RETs
Solar Home
System (SHS)
Activities
Unit cost (NPR)
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Installation of SHS
15000/20 Wp
Users, DDC/VDCs,
others
Providing access to subsidy provision

from AEPC/NRREP
6000/20-50 Wp
AEPC/NRREP
Additional subsidy
As per
DDC, VDCs and others
Increasing awareness program and

promotion of SHS
Minimum 5% of total cost
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and

VDC
1125000
1125000
1125000
1162500
1200000

promotion on safe disposal of lead
acid battery and solar panel
5% of total cost
AEPC/NRREP, DDC,
VDC and others
1125000
1125000
1125000
1162500
1200000
As per
SHS companies
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
Repairing, maintenance and operation

of SHS
As per
Users
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
DDC
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
Field based operational/functional

monitoring and research and study
Improved
Cooking Stove
Budget (NPR)
Financial responsibility
22500000
22500000
22500000
23250000
24000000
9000000
9000000
9000000
9300000
9600000
ICS installation- Rice husk stove

(50%)
11000/piece
Users, DDC/VDCs,
others
6600000
8272000
11000000
12650000
14300000

from AEPC/NRREP
5500/piece
AEPC/NRREP
3300000
4136000
5500000
6325000
7150000
Additional subsidy
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
ICS installation- wood stove (50%)
4000/piece
Users, DDC/VDCs and

others
2400000
3008000
4000000
4600000
5200000

from AEPC/NRREP, DDC and VDC
2000/piece
AEPC/NRREP
1200000
1504000
2000000
2300000
2600000
Additional subsidy
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 126
Final Report

promotion of ICS- Rice husk stove
AEPC/NRREP, DDC,
VDC and others
As per
413600
550000
632500
715000

promotion of ICS- Wood stove
AEPC/NRREP, DDC,
VDC and others
120000
150400
200000
230000
260000
As per
ICS companies
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per

of ICS
As per
Users
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
DDC
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
100000
100000
100000
100000
100000

Biogas
100000/training
DDC/AEPC
10868.9/CUM
Users, DDC/VDCs and

others
44312505
48094883
52170720
56518280
61409285

4650/CUM
AEPC/NRREP
18958050
20576250
22320000
24180000
26272500
Additional subsidy
As per

promotion of Biogas
5% of total cost
AEPC/NRREP, DDC,
VDC and others
Increasing Biogas sales service
As per
Biogas companies
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per

of Biogas
As per
Users
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per

Capacity building
training
As per
2215625
DDC
200000/once
DDC, VDCs,
AEPC/NRREP, and
others
200000
Training to RETs implementing

stakeholders, DDC, VDCs on climate
change issues and management
200000/year
DDC, VDCs,
AEPC/NRREP, and
others
200000
Page 127
As per
2404744
60000
Training about financial access and

utilization for RETs
Prepared by: NEEDS
As per
2608536
80000
3070464
120000
200000
As per
2825914
100000
200000
As per
140000
200000
200000
Final Report
Support
Training to RETs companies, NGOs,

CBOs, private firm, cooperative,
development and promotion
200000/once
DDC, VDCs,
AEPC/NRREP, and
others
200000
Training on energy resource

conservation
200000/year
DDC, VDCs,
AEPC/NRREP, and
others
200000
200000
200000
200000
200000
Training on operation, maintenance

and management of RETs to the VDCs
representative
200000/year
DDC, VDCs,
AEPC/NRREP, and
others
200000
200000
200000
200000
200000
1000000/once
DDC, others
500000 (2 times)
DDC, others
1st year 500000 and then

onwards 200000/year
DDC, others
500000
200000
200000
200000
200000
Data/information collection based on

renewable energy, climate change
considering GESI issues, research and
development
500000/year
DDC, others
500000
500000
500000
500000
500000
preparedness program for GESI
groups and incorporating NAPA,
LAPA and CAPA issues
500000/year
DDC, others
500000
500000
500000
500000
500000
Climate change/vulnerability
assessment for VDCs
Monitoring and evaluation of DCEP
implementation activities at
prioritized areas
Developing knowledge management
centre as well as operational for RETs
and climate change at least at DDC
level
Prepared by: NEEDS
1000000
-
Page 128
500000
500000
Final Report
Table 84: Summary of financial planning for MAS (in NPR)
Activities
Biogas
Support
Total (in NPR)
Total investment share for MAS
Summary of financial planning for MAS (in NPR)

Year
2015
2016
2017
14525000
20162500
25800000
31995000
34984400
35065000
60941708.6 132644267 47818481.62
1000000
600000
600000
2500000
1200000
1700000
110961709 189591167 110983482
2018
2019
35450000
48310000
36600000
38135000
65024994.96 88409695.39
600000
600000
1200000
1700000
138874995 177154695
Total
5 Years
144247500
176779400
394839147.6
3400000
8300000
727566048

DDC- 10%
VDC- 5%
46938900
11096171
5548085
11096171
80872935
18959117
9479558
18959117
47063085
11098348
5549174
11098348
58693125
13887499
6943750
13887499
74140185
17715470
8857735
17715470
307708230
72756605
36378302
72756605
5548085
9479558
5549174
6943750
8857735
36378302
11096171
18959117
11098348
13887499
17715470
72756605
19638125
110961709
32881765
189591167
19527004
110983482
24631872
138874995
32152632
177154695
128831399
727566048
Total (in NPR)
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 129
Final Report
6.3.2 Financing Requirement for CRS

Table 85: Financing Requirement for CRS
RETs
Solar Home
System (SHS)
Activities
Unit cost (NPR)
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Installation of SHS
15000/20 Wp
Users, DDC/VDCs and

others

from AEPC/NRREP
6000/20Wp
AEPC/NRREP
9900000
14070000
20040000
28530000
40560000
Additional subsidy
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per

promotion of SHS
AEPC/NRREP, DDC,
VDC and others
1237500
1758750
2505000
3566250
5070000

promotion on safe disposal of lead
acid battery and solar panel
5% of total cost
AEPC/NRREP, DDC,
VDC and others
1237500
1758750
2505000
3566250
5070000
As per
SHS companies
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per

of SHS
As per
Users
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
DDC
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000

Improved
Cooking Stove
Budget (NPR)
Financial responsibility
24750000
35175000
50100000
71325000
101400000
ICS installation- Rice husk stove

(50%)
11000/piece
Users, DDC/VDCs and

others
25300000
25850000
26455000
26950000
27500000

from AEPC/NRREP
5500/piece
AEPC/NRREP
12650000
12925000
13227500
13475000
13750000
Additional subsidy
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
ICS installation- wood stove (50%)
4000/piece
Users, DDC/VDCs and

others
9200000
9400000
9620000
9800000
10000000

2000/piece
AEPC/NRREP
4600000
4700000
4810000
4900000
5000000
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 130
Final Report
Additional subsidy
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per

promotion of ICS- Rice husk stove
AEPC/NRREP, DDC,
VDC and others
1265000
1292500
1322750
1347500
1375000

promotion of ICS- Wood stove
AEPC/NRREP, DDC,
VDC and others
460000
470000
481000
490000
500000
As per
ICS companies
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per

of ICS
As per
Users
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per
DDC
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
100000
100000
100000
100000
100000

Biogas
100000/training
DDC/AEPC
10868.9/CUM
Users, DDC/VDCs and

others
88760111
113884334
146121492
187466787
240528757

4650/CUM
AEPC/NRREP
37973900
48722700
62514600
80203200
102904500

promotion of Biogas
5% of total cost
4438006
5694217
7306075
9373339
12026438
Increasing Biogas sales service
As per
AEPC/NRREP, DDC,
VDC and others
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per

of Biogas
As per
Biogas companies
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per

Wind power and

solar power
hybrid
Users
Installation of wind and solar power

hybrid
7473815/hybrid KW
Users, DDC/VDCs and

others

from AEPC/NRREP
125000/KW
AEPC/NRREP
Prepared by: NEEDS
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
20177600
29892740
38860562
337500
500000
650000
Page 131
Final Report

promotion of wind and solar power
hybrid
AEPC/NRREP, DDC,
VDC and others
Increasing wind and solar power

hybrid sales service
As per
Wind/Solar companies
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per

of wind and solar power hybrid
As per
Users
As per
As per
As per
As per
As per

Capacity building
training
Support
1008880
DDC
1494637
80000
1943028
100000
120000
140000
160000
200000
200000
200000
200000
Training about financial access and

utilization for RETs
200000/once
DDC, VDCs,
AEPC/NRREP, and
others
200000
Training to RETs implementing

stakeholders, DDC, VDCs on climate
change issues and management
200000/year
DDC, VDCs,
AEPC/NRREP, and
others
200000
Training to RETs companies, NGOs,

CBOs, private firm, cooperative,
development and promotion
200000/once
DDC, VDCs,
AEPC/NRREP, and
others
200000
Training on energy resource

conservation
200000/year
DDC, VDCs,
AEPC/NRREP, and
others
200000
200000
200000
200000
200000
Training on operation, maintenance

and management of RETs to the VDCs
representative
200000/year
DDC, VDCs,
AEPC/NRREP, and
others
200000
200000
200000
200000
200000
1000000/once
DDC, others
500000 (2 times)
DDC, others
1st year 500000 and then

onwards 200000/year
DDC, others
Climate change/vulnerability
assessment for VDCs
Monitoring and evaluation of DCEP
implementation activities at
prioritized areas
Developing knowledge management
centre as well as operational for RETs
and climate change at least at DDC
level
Prepared by: NEEDS
1000000
-
500000
Page 132
500000
200000
200000
500000
200000
200000
Final Report
Data/information collection based on

renewable energy, climate change
considering GESI issues, research and
development
500000/year
DDC, others
500000
500000
500000
500000
500000
preparedness program for GESI
groups and incorporating NAPA, LAPA
and CAPA issues
500000/year
DDC, others
500000
500000
500000
500000
500000
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 133
Final Report
Table 86: Summary of financial planning for CRS (in NPR)

Summary of financial planning for CRS ( in NPR)
Year
Activities
Total
2015
2016
2017
2018
30575000
58281250
26361750
37937750
55452250
208608000
60931500
76253000
82787500
98109000
122217500
440298500
68864234.6 140555815.4 56281104.98 78790891.57 110277052.7
454769099.2
Biogas
2019 5 Years
1000000
600000
600000
600000
600000
3400000
Support
2500000
1200000
1700000
1200000
1700000
8300000
163870735
276890065
167730355
216637642
70619805
118904190
74482770
95904225
127697985
487608975
DDC- 10%
16387073
27689007
16773035
21663764
29024680
111537560
8193537
13844503
8386518
10831882
14512340
55768780

16387073
8193537
27689007
13844503
16773035
8386518
21663764
10831882
29024680
14512340
111537560
55768780
16387073
27689007
16773035
21663764
29024680
111537560
27702636
47229849
26155443
34078360
46450097
181616385
163870735
276890065
167730355
216637642
290246803
1115375599
Total (in NPR)
290246803 1115375599
Total investment share for CRS
VDC- 5%
Total (in NPR)
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 134
Final Report
6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Plan

Monitoring and evaluation plan is necessary to check the progress of activities and quality during the
DCEP implementation phase. The main coordinating/facilitating agencies for monitoring and
evaluation would be DEECCC of Morang district. Moreover, AEPC/NRREP also has the responsibility
for monitoring and evaluation as an external source. The monitoring and evaluation should be based
on yearly basis. DEECCC can hire the consultant who has sufficient knowledge and expertise in this
field. For monitoring and evaluation, a separate funding has been arranged (refer in the financial
section).
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 135
Final Report
Table 87: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan (MAS/CRS)
Monitoring and evaluation plan (MAS and CRS)

RETs
Target Year
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Proposed activity
Verifiable indicators
Means of
verification
Information
collection
frequency
Verification
responsibility
Support
Installation of SHS
Total SHS installed each

Yearly wise
monitoring and
DEECC/AEPC
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
SHS
companies
Subsidy document
from AEPC
Any time
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
SHS
companies
DDC progress annual

report
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
SHS
companies
DDC progress annual

report
Yearly
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
private firms,
NGOs

service
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, SHS users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
SHS
companies

operation of SHS

DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, SHS users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
SHS
companies
MAS
30
KW
30
KW
30
KW
31
KW
32
KW
CRS
33
KW
46.9
KW
Solar
Home
System
(SHS)
units
66.8
KW
95.1
KW
135.2
KW

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC
SHS
Prepared by: NEEDS

with prequalified
provision/policy
area of DDC.
Brochures/pamphlets,
posters/magazines, etc. At
least one battery recycling
and disposal centre
established in Biratnagar.
Page 136
Final Report
of SHS
Field based
and study

on SHS
Monitoring and
SHS
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant,
AEPC/NRREP
SHS
companies
Installation of ICS
Total ICS installed each

Yearly wise
monitoring and
DEECC/AEPC
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
ICS
companies
ICS
area of DDC.
DDC progress annual

report
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
ICS
companies

service
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, ICS users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
ICS
companies
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, ICS users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
ICS
companies
Monitoring and
ICS
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant,
AEPC/NRREP
ICS
companies
Yearly wise
monitoring and
DEECC/AEPC
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
Biogas
companies
MAS
1200
1503
ICS (Rice
husk
gasifier,
wood,
charcoal,
briquette)
2000
2300
2600
CRS
4600
4700
4809
4900
5000

operation of ICS
Field based
and study
Biogas
Prepared by: NEEDS
MAS

of ICS
on ICS
Total Biogas installed each
Page 137
Final Report
4077
CUM
4425
CUM
4800
CUM
5200
CUM
5650
CUM
10478
CUM
13444
CUM
17248
CUM
22130
CUM
MAS
Wind
Power
0
Prepared by: NEEDS
Subsidy document
from AEPC
Any time
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
Biogas
companies
DDC progress annual

report
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
Biogas
companies

service

service
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
Biogas
companies

operation of Biogas

of Biogas
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
Biogas
companies
Field based
and study

on Biogas
Monitoring and
Biogas
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant,
AEPC/NRREP
Biogas
companies
Installation of Wind Power

(WP)
Total WP installed each

Yearly wise
monitoring and
DEECC/AEPC
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
WP
companies

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC
The total WP installed each

year are in the line with
prequalified companies
and whether installer get
the subsidy according to
the subsidy
provision/policy
Subsidy document
from AEPC
Any time
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
WP
companies
Biogas
CRS
8166
CUM

provision from
AEPC/NRREP, DDC and
VDC

with prequalified
provision/policy
area of DDC.
Page 138
Final Report
area of DDC.
DDC progress annual

report
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
WP
companies
Increasing WP sales service
DDC are satisfied from the

sales service
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, WP users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
WP
companies

operation of WP
Technical staffs of DDC

of WP
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, WP users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
WP
companies
Field based
and study

on SHS
Monitoring and
SHS
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant,
AEPC/NRREP
SHS
companies
A district wide
training is held
through which at
least 75
persons from 30
organisations
are imparted
knowledge on
climate change
issues.
Yearly
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
private firms,
NGOs
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
RETs
companies,
NGOs, CBOs,
private firm,
cooperatives,
banks, clubs,
etc.
WP
CRS
2.7 KW
4 KW
5.2 KW
Capacity
building
training
(MAS/CRS)
Prepared by: NEEDS
Training to RETs
change issues and
management
Training to RETs
development and
promotion
At least each VDC

representative, one
participant from all related
institutions and technical
staff of DEECC receive
capacity building training
on climate change
adaptation/mitigation
At least 100 persons
representing RETs
banks, clubs, and all other
related firm receive
training on RETs
development and
promotion
Page 139
DDC progress annual

report, training
report
Once
Final Report
Training on energy
conservation and
management
Climate
assessment for VDCs
Support
(MAS/CRS)
Prepared by: NEEDS
maintenance and
VDCs representative

areas
least at DDC level
development
CAPA
At least each VDC

representative, 5
municipality
representative, 5 DDC
representative, 25 main
commercial agency, 25
main institutional agencies,
25 main industrial
agencies, 25
transportation agencies,
etc. receive capacity
building training on energy
conservation and
management
of RETs
DDC progress annual

report, training
report
Yearly
DEECCC
AEPC/NRREP,
RETs
companies,
NGOs, CBOs,
private firm,
cooperatives,
banks, clubs,
etc.
DDC progress annual

report/monitoring
and evaluation
report, RETs users
survey
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
Consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
RETs
companies
Climate
assessment report
published by DEECCC/DDC
DDC report of
climate
assessment
Once
DEECCC,
AEPC/NRREP
Hired
consultant
A monitoring and
and quality of intervention
M and E report
published by DDC
Two times
DEECCC,
AEPC/NRREP
Hired
consultant
At least one district climate

and energy knowledge
management centre
developed at DDC level.
M and E report
published by DDC
Yearly
DEECCC,
AEPC/NRREP
AEPC/NRREP
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
AEPC/NRREP
Yearly
DEECCC, Hired
consultant
AEPC/NRREP,
Hired
consultant
Once after the

implementation of the plan
At least one program to be
conducted during the
implementation level
Page 140
Once after the

implementation of
the plan
DDC report of
climate change
Final Report
Chapter 7
Recommendation
7.1 Climate Change
Since all data is very old, data base management is mandatorily required at the district level. Also
new data on climate change is important so, DDC should form a knowledge management centre on
climate change.
The district needs to build the institutional capabilities on climate change related disaster
management, coping mechanism, emergency preparedness.
Mixing cropping pattern including the capacity building is needed in the DDC to cope against the
climate change
Forest management/afforestation is extremely needed as a climatic adaptation.
No any practices/provision is adopted by the government to cope against the climate change;
therefore, RETs adoption would be the best option.
Need of the Climate Change Strategy (CCS) is realized for the DCEP implementation phase;
therefore, CCS should be developed at the ministerial level.
It is strongly recommended that DCEP implementation also considers the capacity building
program, emergency preparedness program, climate change coping training, knowledge sharing
program and many more. The high priority should be given to the GESI that is highlighted in the
DCEP.
7.2 Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs)
Awareness and promotion of RETs is extremely recommended for the climate change mitigation
ad adaptation.
There is a huge potential of CDM for RETs, therefore, DDC along with AEPC/NRREP should develop
a system of revenue generation/collection and distribute equally among the end users.
For increasing efficiency, appropriate capacity building training is required for the technical
operators as well as end users.
The subsidy provision on improved cooking stove (ICS) is strongly recommended for the terai
district as well. Launch of Rice Husk Gasifier stove is also required for this district because of
highly abundant agricultural residues and to conserve the forest.
The government should provide a higher efficiency metallic stove especially of gasifier model
along with the proper subsidy as well.
Human behaviour change and general awareness program on RETs promotion are very essential
in the district. This will ensure to reduce the fossil fuel based energy.
Encourage private firms, banks, donors, and cooperatives to invest on energy sectors in the form of
loan in less interest rate.
More research and development on RETs should be conducted time to time.
The DCEP should also be incorporated in the climate change policy-2011 as well as renewable
energy policy-2006.
The subsidy policy has to be revised, and upgraded. The subsidy should be increased as well in
order to benefit maximum at the grass root level communities of different ethnic background and
those are below the poverty line.
7.3 Gender and Social Inclusion

Till date very less efforts are made to incorporate the GESI issues in the development works
especially in the climate change and energy sectors. Therefore, GESI issues should be equally
prioritized and high concern are needed for all level of DCEP implementation phase.
Prepared by: NEEDS
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Final Report
The data base system for national and local level for GESI is very weak. Therefore, DDC should
develop a gender equity and social inclusion disaggregated data system to check the progress of
GESI issues considering energy ownership and management.
Both men and women should be equally encouraged to participate in the DCEP implantation
phase, ensure that their specific needs are satisfied, that they benefit from the project and that the
project impacts positively on their lives.
AEPC/NRREP should also maintain the data base on RETs incorporating GESI issues at the VDC
level. Moreover, the chosen technologies are really affordable or not by GESI/poor,
vulnerable/marginalized/DAGs groups, this information should be generated and maintained by
AEPC/DDC/VDCs.
The subsidy provision of RETs for poor and marginalized groups should be reviewed considering
the income generation and the family size.
Women, poor and marginalized communities should be trained for resource conservation,
technology operation, and management. Also central level funding is required for income
generation activities for them.
Women employment should be increased and opportunities/resources should be shared with
women for at least 50% in climate and energy development works.
It should be ensured that women, poor and marginalized groups have high access to knowledge
and information, and skill development activities.
Moreover, women, poor and marginalized groups should also be involved in the policy framing and
decision making process.
Not only women, men should also participate equally in the fuel wood collection, fodder collection
as well as water collection and domestic care.
There is a need to establish strong GESI focal unit with adequate resources and power delegation
at all levels in the DDC. Monitoring and evaluation system should be formed to check the status of
GESI/women, poor and marginalized groups and how they are treated in the outcome related
development activities.
7.4 Institutional
The DEECCC should be extended the service delivery capacity. More number of well experienced
staffs in the DEECCC are needed prior to the DCEP implementation.
Data collection and management centre, research, and monitoring and evaluation system is
extremely needed at DDC level to update the progress of RETs in the communities.
All the renewable energy development activities should be carried out in proper coordination with
government, non-government and public organizations.
7.5 Strategic Management
It is highly recommended to incorporate DCEP into NAPA, LAPA, CAPA, Local Development Plan or
District Periodic Plan (DPP) as well.
While developing the local plan or DPP by the DDC with the reference of DCEP, it should be
ensured that the responsibilities and ownership of all the stakeholders including the GESI are
clearly defined.
While DCEP implementation, the DDC including the ministerial level body should check the
progress/monitor whether the bottom level communities are really benefitting through the
services of actual allocated funding resource or not. The monitoring and evaluation system of the
DCEP implementation is already developed which are in the main text.
Prepared by: NEEDS
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Final Report
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Annex 1: Morang District Caste wise discrimination

Morang District Caste wise discrimination
SN
Cast
Total
Male
Male %
Female
Female %
Brahman - Hill
126,195
59,115
6.12
67,080
6.95
Chhetree
116,015
53,769
5.57
62,246
6.45
Tharu
60,566
29,072
3.01
31,494
3.26
Rai
47,957
21,992
2.28
25,965
2.69
Musalman
45,750
23,342
2.42
22,408
2.32
Limbu
40,771
18,421
1.91
22,350
2.32
Rajbansi
37,148
18,364
1.90
18,784
1.95
Newar
30,646
14,493
1.50
16,153
1.67
Musahar
28,863
14,641
1.52
14,222
1.47
10
Gangai
26,730
13,346
1.38
13,384
1.39
11
Kewat
25,464
12,788
1.32
12,676
1.31
12
Magar
25,126
11,554
1.20
13,572
1.41
13
Tamang
23,736
10,921
1.13
12,815
1.33
14
Bantar/Sardar
22,536
11,263
1.17
11,273
1.17
15
Yadav
21,367
11,409
1.18
9,958
1.03
16
Kami
19,706
9,148
0.95
10,558
1.09
17
Satar/Santhal
19,322
9,533
0.99
9,789
1.01
18
Teli
15,698
8,176
0.85
7,522
0.78
19
Khawas
12,739
6,068
0.63
6,671
0.69
20
Mallaha
12,528
6,458
0.67
6,070
0.63
21
Damai/Dholi
12,200
5,593
0.58
6,607
0.68
22
Dhanuk
11,863
6,217
0.64
5,646
0.58
23
Dhimal
11,458
5,132
0.53
6,326
0.66
24
Marwadi
9,201
4,755
0.49
4,446
0.46
25
Gurung
8,559
3,922
0.41
4,637
0.48
26
Dusadh/Pasawan/Pasi
7,425
3,770
0.39
3,655
0.38
27
Haluwai
7,394
3,789
0.39
3,605
0.37
28
Nuniya
7,256
3,674
0.38
3,582
0.37
29
Dashnami/Sanyasi
7,119
3,311
0.34
3,808
0.39
30
Majhi
6,720
3,240
0.34
3,480
0.36
31
Jhangad/Dhagar
6,694
3,268
0.34
3,426
0.35
32
Tajpuriya
6,541
3,162
0.33
3,379
0.35
33
Sudhi
6,460
3,325
0.34
3,135
0.32
34
Kathbaniyan
6,075
3,195
0.33
2,880
0.30
35
Hajam/Thakur
6,046
3,141
0.33
2,905
0.30
36
Sarki
4,909
2,295
0.24
2,614
0.27
37
Koiri/Kushwaha
4,530
2,430
0.25
2,100
0.22
38
Kayastha
4,039
2,031
0.21
2,008
0.21
39
Gharti/Bhujel
3,979
1,885
0.20
2,094
0.22
40
Chamar/Harijan/Ram
3,783
1,923
0.20
1,860
0.19
41
Bangali
3,483
1,871
0.19
1,612
0.17
42
Rajput
3,074
1,636
0.17
1,438
0.15
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43
Kalwar
2,572
1,361
0.14
1,211
0.13
44
Sonar
2,563
1,291
0.13
1,272
0.13
45
Tatma/Tatwa
2,270
1,132
0.12
1,138
0.12
46
Danuwar
2,122
1,037
0.11
1,085
0.11
47
Sunuwar
2,011
1,041
0.11
970
0.10
48
Brahman - Tarai
1,944
1,009
0.10
935
0.10
49
Khatwe
1,847
918
0.10
929
0.10
50
Kurmi
1,733
899
0.09
834
0.09
51
Badhaee
1,702
882
0.09
820
0.08
52
Thakuri
1,603
739
0.08
864
0.09
53
Sarbaria
1,572
798
0.08
774
0.08
54
Bin
1,478
745
0.08
733
0.08
55
Kumal
1,302
640
0.07
662
0.07
56
Dhobi
1197
615
0.06
582
0.06
57
Dom
1191
588
0.06
603
0.06
58
Rajbhar
1167
597
0.06
570
0.06
59
Yakkha
1137
517
0.05
620
0.06
60
Baraee
1121
568
0.06
553
0.06
61
Badi
963
504
0.05
459
0.05
62
Kahar
962
499
0.05
463
0.05
63
Amat
882
457
0.05
425
0.04
64
Munda
823
410
0.04
413
0.04
65
Yamphu
800
355
0.04
445
0.05
66
Punjabi/Shikh
798
411
0.04
387
0.04
67
Bantaba
713
332
0.03
381
0.04
68
Kumhar
646
344
0.04
302
0.03
69
Lohar
625
325
0.03
300
0.03
70
Sherpa
604
313
0.03
291
0.03
71
Kulung
595
269
0.03
326
0.03
72
Chamling
499
227
0.02
272
0.03
73
Gaderi/Bhedhar
423
226
0.02
197
0.02
74
Dev
396
216
0.02
180
0.02
75
Kamar
298
156
0.02
142
0.01
76
Pattharkatta/Kushwadiya
271
120
0.01
151
0.02
77
Chepang/Praja
234
121
0.01
113
0.01
78
Mali
225
110
0.01
115
0.01
79
Thami
178
83
0.01
95
0.01
80
Bhote
177
83
0.01
94
0.01
81
Sampang
157
72
0.01
85
0.01
82
Brahmu/Baramo
149
76
0.01
73
0.01
83
Halkhor
147
72
0.01
75
0.01
84
Thakali
136
46
0.00
90
0.01
85
Rajdhob
132
83
0.01
49
0.01
86
Thulung
128
62
0.01
66
0.01
87
Koche
118
65
0.01
53
0.01
88
Nurang
108
52
0.01
56
0.01
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 147
Final Report
89
Ghale
102
48
0.00
54
0.01
90
Dhunia
90
39
0.00
51
0.01
91
Kanu
85
47
0.00
38
0.00
92
Aathpariya
78
33
0.00
45
0.00
93
Byasi/Sauka
76
39
0.00
37
0.00
94
Khaling
72
34
0.00
38
0.00
95
Mewahang
55
25
0.00
30
0.00
96
Meche
54
32
0.00
22
0.00
97
Bahing
49
26
0.00
23
0.00
98
Kusunda
41
21
0.00
20
0.00
99
Loharung
34
15
0.00
19
0.00
100
Hyolmo
33
10
0.00
23
0.00
101
Natuwa
31
12
0.00
19
0.00
102
Lhomi
26
12
0.00
14
0.00
103
Lodh
22
0.00
13
0.00
104
Darai
22
12
0.00
10
0.00
105
Pahari
22
0.00
13
0.00
106
Kalar
21
12
0.00
0.00
107
Lepcha
14
0.00
0.00
108
Raji
12
0.00
0.00
109
Dhandi
11
0.00
0.00
110
Dalit Others
1442
778
0.08
664
0.07
111
Janajati Others
85
44
0.00
41
0.00
112
Tarai Others
10048
5304
0.55
4744
0.49
113
Undefined Others
2192
1086
0.11
1106
0.11
114
Foreigner
263
142
0.01
121
0.01
All Caste
965,370
466,712
48.35
498,658
51.65
Source: Extracted from CBS, 2011
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 148
Final Report
Annex-2: Dis-advantage Group (DAG) Selection

SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Cast
Tharu
Rajbansi
Musahar
Gangai
Kewat
Magar
Tamang
Bantar/Sardar
Yadav
Kami
Satar/Santhal
Teli
Khawas
Damai/Dholi
Dhanuk
Hajam/Thakur
Sarki
Koiri/Kushwaha
Chamar/Harijan/Ram
Sonar
Tatma/Tatwa
Danuwar
Sunuwar
Khatwe
Kurmi
Badhaee
Sarbaria
Bin
Kumal
Dhobi
Dom
Rajbhar
Baraee
Badi
Kahar
Amat
Munda
Yamphu
Kumhar
Lohar
Gaderi/Bhedhar
Kamar
Pattharkatta/Kushwadiya
Chepang/Praja
Prepared by: NEEDS
Total
60,566
37,148
28,863
26,730
25,464
25,126
23,736
22,536
21,367
19,706
19,322
15,698
12,739
12,200
11,863
6,046
4,909
4,530
3,783
2,563
2,270
2,122
2,011
1,847
1,733
1,702
1,572
1,478
1,302
1197
1191
1167
1121
963
962
882
823
800
646
625
423
298
271
234
Male
29,072
18,364
14,641
13,346
12,788
11,554
10,921
11,263
11,409
9,148
9,533
8,176
6,068
5,593
6,217
3,141
2,295
2,430
1,923
1,291
1,132
1,037
1,041
918
899
882
798
745
640
615
588
597
568
504
499
457
410
355
344
325
226
156
120
121
Male %
Female
Female %
3.01
1.90
1.52
1.38
1.32
1.20
1.13
1.17
1.18
0.95
0.99
0.85
0.63
0.58
0.64
0.33
0.24
0.25
0.20
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
31,494
18,784
14,222
13,384
12,676
13,572
12,815
11,273
9,958
10,558
9,789
7,522
6,671
6,607
5,646
2,905
2,614
2,100
1,860
1,272
1,138
1,085
970
929
834
820
774
733
662
582
603
570
553
459
463
425
413
445
302
300
197
142
151
113
3.26
1.95
1.47
1.39
1.31
1.41
1.33
1.17
1.03
1.09
1.01
0.78
0.69
0.68
0.58
0.30
0.27
0.22
0.19
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
Page 149
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45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Mali
Thami
Bhote
Brahmu/Baramo
Halkhor
Rajdhob
Thulung
Koche
Nurang
Ghale
Dhunia
Kanu
Meche
Bahing
Kusunda
Loharung
Hyolmo
Natuwa
Lhomi
Lodh
Darai
Pahari
Kalar
Lepcha
Raji
Dhandi
Dalit Others
Total
225
178
177
149
147
132
128
118
108
102
90
85
54
49
41
34
33
31
26
22
22
22
21
14
12
11
1442
416,008
110
83
83
76
72
83
62
65
52
48
39
47
32
26
21
15
10
12
12
9
12
9
12
7
6
6
778
204,937
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
21.23
115
95
94
73
75
49
66
53
56
54
51
38
22
23
20
19
23
19
14
13
10
13
9
7
6
5
664
211,071
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
21.86
Source: CBS, 2011
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 150
Final Report
Annex 3: VDC/ Municipality wise Details

SN
VDC/Municipality
HH
Projection data
2011
Census
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Amahibariyati
1,432
6,329
6678
6768
6859
6952
7046
Amardaha
3,116
14,003
14775
14974
15176
15381
15589
Amgachhi
1,179
5,203
5490
5564
5639
5715
5792
Babiya Birta
3,262
14,626
15432
15640
15851
16065
16282
Bahuni
2,810
12,180
12851
13025
13200
13379
13559
Baijanathpur
1,220
5,640
5951
6031
6113
6195
6279
Banigama
2,121
8,733
9214
9339
9465
9592
9722
Baradanga
2,230
11,305
11928
12089
12252
12418
12585
Bayarban
4,636
20,486
21615
21907
22202
22502
22806
10
Belbari
5,724
24,076
25403
25746
26093
26445
26802
11
Bhaudaha
1,401
6,976
7360
7460
7560
7663
7766
12
1,113
5,355
5650
5726
5804
5882
5961
13
Bhogateni
Biratnagar SubMetropolitan City
45,131
201,125
212208
215072
217976
220919
223901
14
Budhanagar
2,699
14,166
14947
15148
15353
15560
15770
15
Dadarbairiya
1,702
8,682
9160
9284
9409
9536
9665
16
Dainiya
2,914
14,388
15181
15386
15593
15804
16017
17
Dangihat
5,013
22,065
23281
23595
23914
24237
24564
18
Dangraha
1,313
5,450
5750
5828
5907
5986
6067
19
Drabesh
3,639
16,652
17570
17807
18047
18291
18538
20
Dulari
3,196
14,030
14803
15003
15205
15411
15619
21
Govindapur
3,375
15,586
16445
16667
16892
17120
17351
22
Haraicha
1,482
6,484
6841
6934
7027
7122
7218
23
Hasandaha
2,530
11,324
11948
12109
12273
12438
12606
24
Hathimudha
2,206
10,250
10815
10961
11109
11259
11411
25
Hoklabari
1,121
4,830
5096
5165
5235
5305
5377
26
Indrapur
6,343
27,122
28617
29003
29394
29791
30193
27
Itahara
3,572
15,404
16253
16472
16695
16920
17148
28
Jante
1,865
8,079
8524
8639
8756
8874
8994
29
Jhorahat
1,254
5,387
5684
5761
5838
5917
5997
30
Jhurkiya
2,605
11,405
12033
12196
12361
12527
12697
31
Kaseni
1,791
7,571
7988
8096
8205
8316
8428
32
Katahari
4,895
24,395
25739
26087
26439
26796
27158
33
Kadmaha
1,517
8,165
8615
8731
8849
8969
9090
34
Kerabari
4,167
17,660
18633
18885
19140
19398
19660
35
Keroun
2,926
12,717
13418
13599
13782
13969
14157
36
Lakhantari
963
4,393
4635
4698
4761
4825
4890
37
Letang
4,359
18,552
19574
19839
20106
20378
20653
38
Madhumalla
4,927
21,482
22666
22972
23282
23596
23915
39
Mahadewa
1,135
5,187
5473
5547
5622
5697
5774
40
Majhare
2,052
10,258
10823
10969
11117
11268
11420
41
Matigachha
2,603
13,748
14506
14701
14900
15101
15305
42
Motipur
1,209
4,792
5056
5124
5193
5264
5335
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 151
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43
Mrigauliya
3,277
14,117
14895
15096
15300
15506
15716
44
Necha
832
4,160
4389
4448
4509
4569
4631
45
Pathari
5,724
25,171
26558
26917
27280
27648
28021
46
Patigaun
478
2,183
2303
2334
2366
2398
2430
47
Pokhariya
682
3,312
3495
3542
3589
3638
3687
48
Rajghat
2,803
12,535
13226
13404
13585
13769
13955
49
Ramite Khola
618
3,369
3555
3603
3651
3701
3751
50
Rangeli
3,169
15,532
16388
16609
16833
17061
17291
51
Sanischare
5,702
24,637
25995
26346
26701
27062
27427
52
Sidharaha
934
3,609
3808
3859
3911
3964
4018
53
2,559
11,079
11689
11847
12007
12169
12334
54
Sijuwa
Sinhadevi
Sombare
566
2,478
2615
2650
2686
2722
2759
55
Sisabanibadahara
1,197
4,918
5189
5259
5330
5402
5475
56
Sisawanijahada
1,586
8,233
8687
8804
8923
9043
9165
57
Sorabhag
2,474
12,058
12722
12894
13068
13245
13423
58
Sundarpur
4,312
18,765
19799
20066
20337
20612
20890
59
Takuwa
1,771
7,781
8210
8321
8433
8547
8662
60
Tandi
2,086
9,408
9926
10060
10196
10334
10473
61
Tankisinuwari
4,905
20,968
22123
22422
22725
23032
23342
62
Tetariya
1,439
5,803
6123
6205
6289
6374
6460
63
Thalaha
1,713
8,404
8867
8987
9108
9231
9356
64
Urlabari
8,165
35,166
37104
37605
38112
38627
39148
65
Warangi
66
Yangshila
Total
679
3,149
3323
3367
3413
3459
3506
1,451
6,472
6829
6921
7014
7109
7205
213,997
965,370
1,018,565 1,032,316 1,046,252
1,060,376 1,074,692
Source: CBS, 2011
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 152
Final Report
Annex-4: Education status in Morang

Morang
Total
771,879
Illiterate
235,537
31
63,769
Can't read and write
225,610
29
60,674
9,927
3,095
536,027
69
163,046
1,410
428
Primary(1-5)
151,275
20
41,816
Lower secondary(6-8)
128,803
17
33,317
Secondary(9-10)
85,043
11
26,497
SLC & equiv.
79,688
10
24,485
Intermediate & equiv.
38,139
12,572
Graduate & equiv.
18,180
9,232
5,547
3,548
168
64
Non-formal edu.
26,330
10,521
Level not stated
1,443
565
315
64
Can read only

Literate
Beginner
Post graduate, equiv. & above

Others
Literacy not stated
226,879
140,132
28
70,364
50
27
67,772
48
2,592
72
69,687
50
306
18
18,528
13
15
14,374
10
12
11,545
11
10,745
4,574
1,702
631
6,946
331
81
Source: CBS, 2011
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 153
Final Report
Annex-5: Rainfall Status of Morang District

Latitude(deg/min): 2629
Longitude(deg/min): 8716
Elevation(m): 72
Rainfall for Biratnagar Airport (mm) (Morang)
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
1998
1.3
4.1
29
71.2
47.6
260.5
1225.2
733.4
276.7
22.2
5.3
1999
29.5
176.8
317.9
534.9
501.1
202
272.9
2000
8.9
0.2
102.5
307.4
569.2
558
342.8
382.4
21
2001
2.4
1.4
76.9
228.5
296.4
206.1
383.6
509.6
560.8
13.8
2002
38.4
3.2
90.8
168.8
216.6
1000.1
306.7
87.2
6.7
2003
20
30.8
30.6
140.8
141.6
324.1
787.2
168.1
317.7
138.6
0.4
8.3
2004
39.6
1.4
4.3
133.5
211.9
224
876.1
249.2
365.5
38.4
2005
38.5
13.5
25.3
23.5
112
381.1
276.9
572.7
94.4
57.6
2006
5.5
45.2
221.5
149.2
356.8
132.6
280
105.5
1.1
2.6
2007
55
2.8
24.9
240
309.7
392.2
672.6
417.7
1.6
0.9
2008
0.1
2.6
35.6
44.6
142.3
372.5
369.4
434.2
248.8
49.9
2009
4.4
17
460.3
296.4
280.1
455.8
58
117.1
0.6
2010
33.3
136.2
409
564
443.7
254.7
29.2
2011
5.8
9.1
8.1
107.7
242.3
377.6
467.3
430.1
250.1
12.3
9.2
2012
8.5
64.3
113.3
227.2
353
92.5
159.1
40.1
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 154
Final Report
Annex-6: Maximum Temperature Status of Morang District

Temp
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
19.8
23.2
22.6
23.6
23.8
18.8
20.9
23.1
23.1
22.3
24.1
23.3
20.2
20.8
22
26.3
28.8
25
27.7
26.9
24.9
26.6
26.4
28.6
24.5
25.3
27.6
26.7
26.9
26.5
28.5
33
30.8
32.7
31.4
28.9
31.7
31.4
32.1
30.1
31.3
32.2
33.1
31.4
31.3
32.6
35.5
33.9
35
31.7
32.5
31.8
34
34
33.6
34.3
35.4
35.6
33.1
34.5
35.2
33.3
33
33
32.8
32.8
32.9
33.5
33.4
35.2
33.6
33.3
33.6
32.7
36.7
34.6
33.3
32.9
33.1
32.9
32.2
32.8
34.1
33.2
32.9
32.6
33.5
33.1
33
33.8
31.3
31.8
33
33.7
32
32.4
31.3
32.8
33.2
31.8
33
32.9
32.5
32.7
33.3
31.5
31.4
33.2
33.8
32.8
33.7
33.5
32.9
34
33.1
31.6
32.3
32.8
33.1
34.3
32.5
31.8
31.9
32.4
32.7
32.3
32.5
34.1
32.1
32.1
32.8
33.8
32.4
32.5
34.3
32.5
31
33.2
31.2
31.8
31
31
31.3
32.8
32.6
31.9
32
31.9
32.7
32.6
30.1
29.6
29.9
29.4
30.1
28.6
29.5
29
28.1
30.9
29.7
28.8
29.7
29
30.2
26.4
26.7
27.1
24.5
24.8
25.6
26
27
25.7
26.1
24.8
24.6
25.8
24.3
23.8
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 155
Final Report
Annex-7: Minimum Temperature Status of Morang District

Temp
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
9.3
8.9
9.2
8.1
9.9
8.5
8.5
9.7
9.3
8.2
9.7
11.1
9.3
8.8
8.9
11.4
12.7
8.9
11.1
12
12.6
10.4
12.6
14.6
12.7
9.6
12
10.8
11.5
10.4
14.9
15.2
14.3
14.5
16.1
16.3
17.2
18
15.3
15.2
17.4
15.6
18.2
15.8
14
20.4
23.3
19.9
20.4
20.5
21.1
21.3
21
20.7
21.6
21.7
22.6
23.2
20.8
20.1
24.6
23.7
23.8
23
23.5
22.6
23.6
23.2
23.7
24.2
22.9
23.1
24.2
23.3
23.5
26.7
25.2
25.1
25.3
25
24.8
24.9
25.3
25.5
25.2
25.1
25.5
25.6
25
25.6
25.9
25.2
25.7
26.3
25.2
25.8
25.1
25.9
26.3
26.1
25.7
26.3
26
25.3
26
25.9
25
25.9
26.1
25.9
26.4
26
25.6
26.3
25.9
25.4
25.9
26.3
25.8
26.3
25.1
24.3
24.4
24.8
24.7
25.2
24.7
25.7
24.8
24.5
24.7
25.4
25.2
24.8
25
23.4
21.7
21.8
21.4
21.4
22
20.3
21.7
21.2
22.4
21.1
21.1
22.3
21.7
20.1
18.2
15.7
17.1
16.3
15.8
15.4
14.4
14.9
16
16.4
15.7
15.2
17.1
15.4
13.4
11.3
11.2
9.6
10.8
11.6
9.7
11.3
10.6
11
10
13.6
11
10
11.7
11
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 156
Final Report
Annex-8: Relative Humidity Status of Morang District

Time
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
08:45
1998
94.6
87.6
74.5
71.5
72.8
84.1
93
92.8
88.8
87.5
88.3
95.1
08:45
1999
95.9
91.5
62.9
68.6
78.9
83.5
88
89
84.6
88.9
92
94.7
08:45
2000
95.7
90.6
67.8
68.7
80.8
86.7
87.8
88.1
87.9
81.8
89.8
97.4
08:45
2001
96.6
92.6
68.6
63.6
77.9
83.9
84.5
86.4
87.5
82
84.9
92.7
08:45
2002
90
88.5
70
71.1
73.4
83.9
91.4
83.7
81.3
80.5
77.2
89.6
08:45
2003
98.8
88.3
89.3
72.2
72.4
86.3
87.2
84.2
87.8
86.9
89.1
89.9
08:45
2004
97.2
89.8
76.1
70.8
75.9
83.2
88.9
84.4
87.1
81.9
80.6
90.3
08:45
2005
94.6
88
74.6
64.1
73.2
81.3
86
88.5
86.9
89.8
89.7
90.9
08:45
2006
97.4
93.2
68.7
66.5
75
86.7
87.2
84.1
88
82.5
90.2
93.7
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 157
08:45
2007
95.6
91.3
77.7
74.5
73.6
86.7
90.7
88.3
89.3
86.2
84.2
94.2
08:45
2008
94.5
87.9
79.4
70.4
76.1
85.8
88.6
90.5
87.6
83.4
84.4
95.8
08:45
2009
98.1
90
72.6
69.3
78.1
86.2
87.7
89.1
84
83.3
84.6
95.4
08:45
2010
96.7
90.6
75.7
72.4
76.4
85.6
89.3
87.4
88.7
82.2
81.5
84.8
08:45
2011
94.4
88.5
68.5
67.2
78.8
84.2
90.1
85.8
85.6
85.6
84.7
91.8
08:45
2012
94
90.2
71
72.7
73.7
84.8
88.7
87.3
88.2
84.4
83.6
95.3
Final Report
Annex-9: Cereal Crops Status of Morang District

AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF CEREAL CROPS IN MORANG DISTRICT
[Area in Ha., Prod. In Mt. And Yield in Kg/Ha.]
PADDY
MAIZE
MILLET
BUCKWHEAT
MORANG
AREA
PROD.
YIELD
AREA
PROD.
YIELD
AREA
PROD.
YIELD
2003/2004
94790
311250
3283.574
14100
25520
1810
1300
1500
2004/2005
98000
321832
3284
14925
29830
1999
1395
1500
2005/2006
98070
305740.4
3117.573
15500
34940
2254
1310
2006/2007
81360
242476
2980.285
15000
31500
2100
2007/2008
88290
273699
3100
15100
34175
2008/2009
88200
279912
3173.605
15170
35200
2009/2010
77120
244500
3170.384
19220
2010/2011
78200
258060
3300
2011/2012
78200
277610
3550
AREA
WHEAT
PROD.
AREA
PROD.
YIELD
AREA
PROD.
YIELD
1154
17057
36716
2153
27
41
1518.519
1075
17157
38710
2256
1637
1250
17150
37745
2201
1325
1335
1008
18500
42550
2300
2263
1345
1604
1193
20690
49656
2400
2320
1415
1698
1200
20275
44690
2204
42130
2192
1455
1746
1200
22200
50500
2275
16100
45300
2814
1430
1716
1200
22200
52500
2365
15100
45300
3000
1510
1812
1200
16875
40438
2396
65
62
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 158
YIELD
BARLEY
954
Final Report
Annex-10: Cash Crops Status of Morang District

AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF CASH CROPS in Morang District, 2003-2012
[Area in Ha., Prod. in Mt. and Yield in Kg/ Ha.]
Morang
Year
Potato
Sugarcane
AREA
PROD.
YIELD
AREA
PROD.
YIELD
2003/2004
5101
60701
11900
1610
67620
42000
2004/2005
5100
63750
12500
1615
67830
42000
2005/2006
5310
75092
14142
1630
69275
42500
2006/2007
5300
59890
11300
1840
77280
42000
2007/2008
5300
59890
11300
1855
83880
45218
2008/2009
5406
5670
62310
62205
11526
1855
83880
45218
5670
68700
10971
1855
83880
45218
5670
68700
12116
2030
133980
66000
12116
2030
133980
66000
2009/2010
2010/2011
2011/2012
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 159
Final Report
Annex-11: Livestock Status of Morang District

LIVESTOCK POPULATION AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN MORANG DISTRICT (2003-2012)
Unit: Number
MORANG
CATTLE
BUFFALOES
SHEEP
GOAT
PIGS
FOWL
DUCK
2003/2004
2004/2005
2005/2006
2006/2007
2007/2008
2008/2009
2009/2010
235388
95356
216213
35077
708872
62258
238895
96361
219600
35050
708872
62000
238996
96462
219702
35150
708972
62100
240010
104670
222480
36900
663632
62200
244570
119670
225400
38900
687102
62200
251500
123421
243450
41250
651180
60500
282057
106981
245778
49276
584500
55784
2010/2011
274080
144330
240500
46618
1142700
54918
2011/2012
273329
148588
240335
44104
1308981
54065
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 160
Final Report
Annex 12: Electricity

S.N.
VDC Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Prepared by: NEEDS
Aamgachhi
Amahibariyati
Amardaha
Babiyabirta
Bahuni
Baijanathpur
Banigama
Baradanga
Bayarban
Belbari
Bhathigachha
Bhaudaha
Bhogateni
Biratnagar N.P.
Budhanagar
Dadarbairiya
Dainiya
Dangihat
Dangraha
Darbesha
Dulari
Govindapur
Haraicha
Hasandaha
Hatimudha
Hoklabari
Indrapur
Itahara
Jante
Jhorahat
Jhurkiya
Kadamaha
Kaseni
Katahari
Kerabari
Keroun
Lakhantari
Fully Electrified*
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Electrified Ward
5, 6, 9, 2, 4
Not Electrified Ward

Some HH
1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8
Some HH
8,9
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
2, 3, 6, 7, 8 ,1
8, 7.2,4.
Some HH
1, 4, 5, 9
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
Some Tole
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
1, 2, 3, 4, 9,,5.8
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
5, 6, 7, 8
9, 6, 3
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
Some Tole of all Ward
Page 161
Final Report

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46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
Prepared by: NEEDS
Letang
Madhumalla
Mahadewa
Majhare
Motipur
Mrigauliya
Nocha
Pathari
Pati
Pokhariya
Rajghat
Ramitekhola
Rangeli
Sanishchare
Sidhraha
Sijuwa
Singhadevi
Sisabanibadahara
Siswani Jahada
Sorabhag
Sundarpur
Takuwa
Tandi
Tankisinuwari
Tetariya
Thalaha
Urlabari
Warangi
Yangsila
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
5, 7, 8, 9
2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Some Tole
Some Tole
1, 2, 3, 4, 6
Some Tole
1
Some HH
Some Tole
Some HH
4.3. 6
Some HH
Some HH
All
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
All
7
4,6,7
Some HH
Some HH
Some HH
1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9
5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Some HH
Some HH
All
1, 2, 3, 4
1,2,3,5,8,9
Page 162
Final Report
Annex 13: Solar Home system in Morang

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Prepared by: NEEDS
Owner's Name
VDC
Ramesh Kumar Karki

Narayan Bhandari
Shantimaya Rai
Akal Bdr. Rai
Him Bdr. Karki
Binod Kumar Khwash
Padam Bdr. Gurung
Lal Bdr Gurung
Pramila Devi Thapa
Pad Maya Limbu Bega
Dambar B Tamang
Mandira Thapa
Sarswoti Giri
Amrit Bdr. Tamang
Dal Bahadur Gurung
Ram Bahadur Majhi
Man Harkha Rai
Ganga Rai
Dev Raj Rai
Man B Gurung
Surjaser Rai
Dilli Ser Rai
Mani Raj Rai
Chandra Maya Thapliya
Kul Bahadur Sarki
Kapuri Singh Dhimal
Devi Koirala
Shyam B Rai
Ram Prasad Rai
Dil B Syangdan
Bir Bahadur BamjanTamang
Gopi Lal Tamang
Sumitra Rai
Chandra Devi Rai
Dhan Maya Limbu
Jit Bahadur Rai
Dharma Prasad Rai
Amardaha
Amardaha
Babiyabirta
Babiyabirta
Bahuni
Bahuni
Bahuni
Bahuni
Bahuni
Bahuni
Bahuni
Bahuni
Bahuni
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Bairban
Baranghi
Ward No.
Capacity
5
5
9
8
9
2
9
9
8
9
8
8
4
9
6
6
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
4
6
9
5
8
9
9
6
9
6
9
8
8
1
Page 163
Instalation date
40
40
35
35
40
40
36
40
40
40
40
40
40
36
35
35
36
36
36
36
36
36
75
30
40
36
35
36
50
36
40
36
40
36
36
50
43
07/15/04
06/10/03
01/09/03
12/29/02
12/12/02
10/11/02
04/03/01
11/08/02
12/16/02
12/15/02
12/14/02
11/02/02
11/19/02
08/04/03
05/22/02
02/15/02
03/20/02
04/11/02
03/18/02
03/18/02
03/19/02
04/10/02
05/16/02
01/04/02
12/29/01
05/18/02
02/10/02
04/12/02
04/09/02
03/17/02
02/15/02
03/19/02
05/24/02
03/20/02
04/11/02
05/17/02
08/21/07
Final Report

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51
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53
54
55
56
57
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59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
Prepared by: NEEDS
Atal Kumar Tamang

Laxmi Psd Pulami Magar
Chandra Bdr.Magar
Thekka Jit Rai
San Maya Rai
Dilmaya Karki
Prem Adhikari
Lal Bdr. Bhandari
Rup B Karki
Parshuram Karki
Lal Bahadur Shrestha
Padam Kumar Rai
Durga Bdr Rai
Siman Rai
Dilli Kumar Rai
Bajir maan Rai
Tek Bahadur Thapalia
Pundari Subedi
Raj Kumar Nepal
Nanda Lal Basnet
Tulasi Thapa
Manoj Kumar Mandal
Lal Bahadur Basnet
Dambar Bahadur Dhakal
Hari Bdr. Basnet
Mukesh Kalikot
Bir Bdr Dewan
Akal Katuwal
Tej Kumari Magar
Dipa Kumari Shrestha
Bir Bahadur Limbu
Jai Kumari Rai
Rajendra Ghimire
Manorath Niraula
Binda Kumari Shrestha
Ganesh Bdr. Magar
Tulasa Giri
Tika Kumari Magar
Hut Maya Baral
Shiva Prasad Subedi
Baranghi
Bogteni
Bogteni
Bogteni
Bogteni
Hoklabari
Hoklabari
Hoklabari
Hoklabari
Hoklabari
Jante
Jante
Jante
Jante
Jante
Kaseni
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
3
6
2
6
8
1
8
1
2
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
2
6
2
9
2
1
6
5
2
2
1
1
6
3
2
8
2
8
4
1
6
4
1
6
Page 164
32
40
21
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
64
40
35
35
40
50
36
45
36
50
45
50
30
50
65
40
50
45
45
45
30
36
50
45
65
36
45
45
36
09/23/06
11/29/06
03/15/07
11/30/06
08/31/07
12/11/02
11/04/02
12/09/02
11/18/02
12/11/02
03/26/08
09/26/07
06/13/01
04/14/02
01/22/03
12/09/02
04/17/01
04/18/01
04/19/01
04/20/01
04/21/01
04/22/01
04/23/01
04/24/01
04/25/01
04/26/01
04/27/01
04/28/01
04/29/01
04/30/01
05/01/01
05/02/01
05/03/01
05/04/01
05/05/01
05/06/01
05/07/01
05/08/01
05/09/01
05/10/01
Final Report

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91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
Prepared by: NEEDS
Lal Bdr. Thegim Limbu

Bhakta Bahadur Shrestha
Hari Maya Shrestha
Harka Singh Limbu
Youb Raj Kalikot
Bal Krishna Ghimire
Rudra Bahadur Dahal
Shyam Nanda Mandal
Bangali THaru
Tirtha Gurung
Bishnu Kumari rai
Yam Bdr. Karki
Himala Devi Nepal
Kamla Karki
Alesh Choudhari
Puran Raj Shrestha
Indra Kumari Limbu
Bhim B Limbu
Khadak Bahadur Magar
Nir B Limbu
Bir Pd. Rai
Kamal Parsad Rai
Chiranjivi Chudhal
Bimala Devi Tamang
Padam B Tamang
Chandra Kumar Shrestha
Man Kumari Shrestha
Gyan Bahadur Shrestha
Chaturman Tamang
Tilak Bahdur Rai
San B Podel
Kumar Shrestha
Ram B Tamang
Bhim Kumar Rai
Shree Birendra Kumar Pandey
Bishnu Kumar Rai
Nirmal Limbu
Kalkatu Dhami Tharu
Dil Maya Magar
Ram Dal Limbu
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Kerabari
Keron
Keron
Keron
Keron
Keron
Keron
Keron
Keron
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Madhumalla
Motipur
Patigaun
Patigaun
8
4
2
4
4
6
8
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
6
5
1
7
5
1
5
5
7
5
5
4
4
7
5
4
5
5
5
5
3
5
1
4
6
4
Page 165
40
45
65
36
65
36
36
40
35
40
50
40
40
40
35
50
65
50
45
120
45
50
36
65
40
72
21
45
45
65
40
65
50
45
42
50
45
25
36
36
05/11/01
05/12/01
05/13/01
05/14/01
05/15/01
05/16/01
05/17/01
05/22/02
11/04/02
03/14/03
03/13/03
12/13/02
12/10/02
12/09/02
01/04/02
10/25/01
06/12/02
02/17/02
05/14/02
05/26/02
01/29/02
01/23/06
06/18/01
06/13/04
01/30/02
04/26/05
03/30/08
03/23/02
01/23/06
03/26/08
03/03/02
02/01/02
01/31/02
06/12/04
09/01/03
01/30/02
04/02/02
02/01/02
01/21/03
01/19/03
Final Report

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
Prepared by: NEEDS
Sher Bdr. Rai

Sukra Bdr. Basnet
Padam Kumari Sijali Magar
Purna Bdr. Limbu
Bhakta Bdr . Basnet
Man Bdr. Basnet
Lok Bdr.Magar
Hari Bdr. Basnet
Ganga Magar
Magh Maya Limbu
Ranamaya Thapamagar
Santa Bdr. Magar
Jagat Bdr.Ale Magar
Tika Ram Magar
Rishi Bdr. Basnet
Boli Maya Aala
Pushpa Man Rai
Dharmaraj Rai
Jas bd rai
Shanti Rai
Kamal Rai
Prem Raj Shahi Thakuri
Bhadra Kumari Malla Thakuri
Hem Kumar Thakuri
Udhav Bdr. Sahi
Basant Kumar Khan Thakuri
Raj Kumar Gautam
Krishna Maya Limbu
Ganesh Pd Regmi
Ran Bdr Shrestha
AitmatiRai
Birendra Kumar Shrestha
Man bd capachaki
Tanka Prasad Dahal
Raj Kumar Shrestha
Hari Maya Shrestha
Kamala Devi Sapkota
Bhim bd magar
Man B Gurung
Subha Raj Rai
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Patigaun
Ramitekhola
Ramitekhola
Ramitekhola
Ramitekhola
Ramitekhola
Singhadevi
Singhadevi
Singhadevi
Singhadevi
Singhadevi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
5
6
6
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
2
6
6
6
6
2
6
6
2
6
4
9
9
7
9
9
5
8
8
5
5
7
4
1
9
4
8
8
3
5
Page 166
36
36
20
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
20
36
36
20
20
42
64
45
42
40
36
36
36
36
36
72
45
36
65
45
65
36
14
45
65
40
40
45
32
03/02/03
01/10/03
09/16/03
03/01/03
03/06/03
01/21/03
01/20/03
01/11/03
11/06/03
11/09/04
02/28/03
02/07/03
05/04/04
01/19/03
01/22/03
02/28/03
05/06/03
05/30/03
04/07/02
03/05/03
04/21/07
09/28/03
11/06/03
04/27/03
04/26/03
09/13/03
08/05/05
03/29/02
04/25/01
09/07/06
08/05/05
05/12/01
11/25/01
06/30/04
08/10/02
07/31/06
04/24/06
04/02/02
05/16/02
06/09/03
Final Report

158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
Prepared by: NEEDS
Kamal Bahadur Dahal

Hari maya basnet
Seti Rai
Dilli Pd Regmi
Parbata Khanal (Gajurel)
Bhim Bahadur Limbu
Sher Bdr Limbu
Harkha Bahadur Basnet
Sita Devi Fuel
Lachhi B Morang
Keshav Pd. Poudel
Kumar Biswakarma
Kiran Kumar Rai
Bam Maya Bishwokarma
Dhan Maya Magar
Bhupal Magar
Til Bahadur Tamang
Dil Kumari Lawati
Khila Devi Shrestha
Indira Acharya
Dhan Bhadur Limbu
Harkha Bahadur Rai
Chandra Kumar Limbu
Phul Maya Regmi
Sher B Limbu
Khem Raj Dahal
Ambika Acharya
Phurwa Sherpa
Jaya Mangal Neupane
Laxmi Maya Magar
Fhiouraj Rai
Rita Shrestha
Ambika Prashad Acharay
Tek Bdr. Khadka
Chandra Kumari Rai
Ganesh bd acharya
Jt Bahadur Rai
Durga Sarma
Netra pd Ghimire
Dikam bd limbu
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
1
8
9
8
5
5
8
7
1
8
8
9
7
9
8
5
5
4
6
8
5
2
8
8
2
9
5
7
9
8
9
8
8
1
9
2
1
7
8
2
Page 167
45
65
60
42
50
40
64
36
20
45
42
40
65
42
60
75
60
42
65
40
40
36
65
42
45
65
60
30
40
40
65
65
50
45
65
45
21
36
45
50
04/03/02
03/31/02
04/15/06
05/28/03
04/14/02
04/19/06
06/02/03
04/20/01
07/16/04
04/10/02
05/29/03
06/17/06
03/23/02
09/03/03
04/23/06
10/13/07
04/18/06
03/06/03
03/29/08
04/22/06
09/24/04
04/25/01
04/07/02
05/28/03
03/28/02
03/23/02
11/11/04
04/26/02
05/18/06
05/22/06
05/28/02
04/01/02
04/02/02
11/04/02
08/12/02
03/25/02
04/14/08
04/14/01
05/24/02
11/30/01
Final Report

198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
Prepared by: NEEDS
Tika Pd Limbu
Man Maya Limbu
Dalanath Luitel
Laxhmi Pd. Poudel
Sher Bahadur Darji
Ganga Bdr Ranamagar
Manju Devi Parajuli
Aas Kumari Rai
Bhesh Kumari Shrestha
Nirmala Rai
Nar Bdr. Limbu
Bal Bhadur Gurung
Ram Pd. Rai
Nanda Kumar Shrestha
Kumar Pokhrel
Dilmaya Shrestha
Pabitra Devi Magar
Man Rani Limbu
Budi Parshad Aacherya
Deg Nath Luitel
Kamal Kumari Rai
Ganesh Bdr. Tamang
Anita Chamling
Man Bahadur Rai
Hem Karn Karki
Khil Kumari Shrestha
Gorakhaman Limbu
Buddhi Man Pradhan
Lok Bdr. Gurung
Shyam Kumar Rai
Bishnu Kumar Rai
Singh Bir Tamang
Bhakta Maan Rai
Krishna prasad paudel
Bishnu Maya Limbu
Bhakta Bdr. Rai
Bal Man Rai
Yam Prasad Adhikari
Tilake Bahadur Khadka
Mani Kumari Rai
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
Tandi
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
6
4
5
5
1
3
4
9
8
9
9
5
9
6
5
5
1
8
8
8
6
1
2
6
4
1
6
6
8
6
9
1
6
Page 168
65
65
60
42
40
42
40
75
45
40
50
42
42
65
50
45
40
60
20
65
80
64
60
21
45
40
65
75
42
32
60
64
65
50
60
64
50
21
50
32
03/28/02
03/30/02
04/17/06
05/29/03
05/23/06
04/12/03
05/22/06
03/10/08
02/07/05
03/31/02
04/09/02
10/02/04
11/24/03
04/14/06
06/07/02
03/31/02
03/29/02
12/12/04
10/14/07
06/26/01
11/10/04
06/06/03
09/22/04
04/03/08
04/18/02
05/16/06
07/15/02
09/25/04
08/30/03
10/03/04
10/06/04
05/16/03
12/05/02
08/21/01
09/23/04
06/13/03
01/18/02
02/14/08
01/09/02
04/07/03
Final Report

238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
Prepared by: NEEDS
Khadag B Rai
Dik bd balampakhi magar
Nar Bdr. Rai
Amrit B Rai
Ashual Kumar Rai
Bishnu kumari limbu
Ganesh Bahadur Magar
Pancha Kumari Limbu
Tek Bdr. Tamang
Durga Lal Tamang
Rakam Kumar Mager (Thapa)
Nain kumari magar
Nanda Kumar Limbu
Tara Kumar Shahi Thakuri
Narayan Pd. mahat
Jit BdrTamang
Bhuwan Kumari Rana
Sher Bdr. Tamang
Prem Bahadur Tamang
Bajra Bdr Tamang
Tilak Bhd. Rai
Prashad Singh Tamang
Purna Maya Rai
Manmaya Rai
Lakh Maya Deban
Hasta Bdr. Tamang
Ambar Bdr Tamang
Laxmi Pd. Tamang
Jan Bdr Rai
Bhakt Bdr. Rana Magar
Ram B Mahat Chhetri
Bir Bdr. Tamang
Phulmaya Tamang
Manmaya Thapa Chetri
Prem bd rai
Dhan Bdr. Limbu
Dhan Rani limbu
Tularam Tamang
Purna Bahadur Limbu
Shree Hang Limbu
Tandi
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
Yangsila
5
5
5
5
8
9
9
9
4
3
9
9
9
9
6
2
2
4
5
4
1
4
7
5
5
4
3
3
8
5
6
3
4
9
9
5
9
3
9
9
Page 169
65
50
36
42
40
50
50
36
64
64
75
42
75
42
36
42
20
64
64
64
40
42
36
40
36
64
64
64
40
36
42
42
42
42
42
20
50
64
50
75
04/13/02
04/20/02
12/20/03
02/06/02
02/24/02
03/26/02
03/29/02
03/30/02
05/29/03
07/28/03
05/27/02
03/31/02
12/10/02
02/18/02
01/21/03
09/11/03
12/19/02
05/17/03
04/15/03
08/22/03
01/24/02
09/09/03
02/28/03
04/07/02
03/12/03
05/26/03
12/24/03
10/02/03
06/01/02
04/02/05
04/07/02
08/24/03
08/25/03
04/09/02
03/21/02
03/26/03
04/19/02
12/24/03
03/28/02
03/27/02
Final Report

278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Prepared by: NEEDS
Laxhmi Rai
Yangsila
Maan Maya Magaarni
Yangsila
Bhim kumar shrestha
Yangsila
Tika Ram Sharma
Yangsila
Harka Bdr. Tamang
Yangsila
Prithibi Raj Khand Thakuri
Yangsila
Khadak Maya Limbu
Yangsila
Karnamaya Rai
Yangsila
Jagat Bdr. Rai
Yangsila
Dil Kumari Rai
Yangsila
Mina Kumari Rai
Yangsila
Amrita Kumari Limbu
Yangsila
total Capacity,wp
Solar Tuki 2069
Name of owner
Santosh Kr. Shah.
Kulkit Mahto.
Mikhari Shah.
Nehru Mahto.
Chamru Mahto.
Agu Mahto Nuniya.
Dhanmajit Kr.Nuniya
Shiva Tharu Mahto.
Parvati Devi Nuniya.
Jare Devi Nuniya.
Anurudh Mahto.
Rani Devi Mahto.
Dev Narayan Mahto.
Upendra Mahto Nuniya
Tatri Devi Mahto.
Sanena Lal Nuniya.
Jay Prakash Mahto.
Gyan-Chandra Mahto
Ratna Lal Mahto.
Sodar Mahto.
9
3
9
6
3
9
9
7
7
5
2
9
V.D.C.
Ward no
Majhare
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
40
36
42
20
64
42
50
36
20
36
40
40
13004
Capacity
5 watt
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 170
04/04/02
12/14/02
02/01/02
09/25/03
01/03/04
02/02/02
04/18/02
03/29/03
02/04/04
03/12/03
03/06/02
04/05/02
Recommended Date
8/5/2066
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Prepared by: NEEDS
Ganesh Mahto.
Jageswor Mahto.
Pawan Lal Nuniya.
Rayakant Kamat.
Prem-Chandra Shah.
Jeevan Mahto.
Shivajee Mahto.
Anita Devi Podaar.
Siyanandra Kamat.
Kastlal Mahto.
Ramanan Mahto.
Kiran Mahto.
Atimlal Nuniya
Shambhu Kr.Podra.
Sushil Kr. Nuniya.
Manilal Mahto.
Kari Mahto.
Ram Kishan Nuniya.
Mangli Devi Nuniya.
"
Dhaneswar Mahto.
"
Ravi Lal Mahto.

Ashok Kr. Mahto.
Devi payal Shah.
Birbal Mahto.
Harak Chandra Mahto
Vikari Mahto.
Raj Kumar Mahto
Rajesh Mahto.
Ashok Kr. Mahto.
angli Mahto.
Shanichar Thakur.
Dhanlal Nuniya.
Devkant Nuniya.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 171
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Prepared by: NEEDS
Rajnath Mahto.
Dhanraj Mahto.
Dhaneswar Nuniya.
Murahar Mahto Nuniya
Gapadhar Mahto.
Kishyam Mahto.
Dhanpat Mahto Nuniya
Tatri Devi Nuniya.
Koraf Mahto.
Ramnandu Mahto.
Mangli Devi Mahto.
Dhorkun Mahto.
Kul Kumari Nuniya.
Tirta Nuniya.
Sudharsan Mahto.
Pindeswor Mahto.
Aanpali Mahto.
"
Dhaneswor Mahto Nuniya.
"
Lali Paso Mahto.

Suraj Mahto.
Alankhi Devi.
Rapni Kant Kamat.
Khilo Devi Nuniya.
Meyamsuyatra Devi.
"
Rajendra Mahto Nuniya
"
Harikant Kamat.
Shanmbhu Kr. Shah.
Lisman Limbu.
Sita Rai.
Mimwa Rai.
Arjun Limbu.
Mohan Singh Charlin.
Manwa Rai.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Ramete
"
"
"
"
"
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
9
6
6
6
6
6
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 172
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
22/12/2067
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
Prepared by: NEEDS
Hari Pd. Dahal.

Jeevan Khanal.
Rupan Adhikari.
Kalyana Karki.
Lalimaya Khadka.
Vidya Devi Subedi.
Ramkumar Limbu.
Sunita Niraulla.
Sukmaya Karki.
Manorath Ludkhel.
Ganesh Pd. Bhattrai.
Chaklal Ludhkhel.
Deepk Khanal.
Ramesh Kr. Pande.
Degraj Bhattrai.
Ramkishan Magar.
Hima Devi Poudel.
Lokmaya Limbu.
Vedrej Dahal.
Nar Prasad Surastra.
Durma Devi Niraulla.
Shanti Limbu.
Rita Pd. Dahal.
Sita Limbu.
Raj Kumar Shrestha.
Chandra Lal Magar.
Paindra Kumar Limbu
Ram Kr. Magar.
Somnal Poudel.
Ganesh Kr. Magar.
Budh Maya Limbu.
Mahesh Warili
Vadhnidhi Bhattrai.
Tandi
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9
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
6
8
2
8
2
8
8
8
8
2
9
8
9
4
5
8
8
6
8
8
8
9
8
5
9
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Final Report
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
Prepared by: NEEDS
Birendra Kr. Mahto.

Nar Maya Bhatrrai.
Nirmala Niraulla.
Madan Kr. Sherstha.
Savita Tamang.
Binan Javti Pokhrel.
Hasta Maya Limbu.
Harka Kr. Limbu.
Ganga Lingdeni.
Puspha Kala Dhungel
Narmada Dahal.
Manoj Shrestha.
Jeevan Lal Limbu.
Rahendra Kr. Limbu.
Manu Kr. Limbu.
Harkman Magar.
Ratna Kr. Limbu.
Rahan Singh Limbu.
Bal Kumar Tamang.
Gangamaya Tamang.
Kupilal Magar.
Rudra Limbu.
Dhanlakshmi Limbu.
Tulsi Kr. Limbu.
Harka Maya Limbu.
Aain Kr. Magar.
Ratna Kr. Maharjan.
Vishnu Kr. Limbu.
Mimkumari Limbu
Aanand Kr. Limbu.
Rakesh Magar.
Vishnu Kr. Limbu.
Dhankumar Limbu.
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Bhogteni
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2
8
8
8
4
9
8
2
9
2
2
9
3
4
4
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
5
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Page 174
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21/3/2068
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Final Report
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
Prepared by: NEEDS
Tekendra Limbu.
Kageman Limbu.
Ganga Pd. Limbu.
Khang Limbu.
Mankumar Limbu.
Karn Singh Limbu.
Man Kr. Limbu.
Lalkumar Tamang
Kageman Limbu.
Maan Kr. Magar.
Bal Kumar Magar.
Nayandra Kr. Magar.
Akalies Magar.
Magh Kr. Magar.
Virsh Kr. Tamang.
Parta Kr. Tamang.
Kesar B.Magar.
Asad Singh Limbu.
Pravya Pd. Limbu.
Vishnu Kr. Limbu.
Padam Kr. Limbu.
Pavitra Limbu.
Mimkumari Limbu
Ashmita Magar.
Aaut Kr. Magar
Dhanvarsha Limbu.
Khang Kr. Magar.
Sah Kr. Magar.
Jeet Kr. Limbu.
Prasad Singh Limbu.
Maan Kr. Limbu.
Bal Kr. Magar.
Kageman Limbu.
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4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
"
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Page 175
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Final Report
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
Prepared by: NEEDS
Dhankumari Limbu.
Harta Kr. Magar.
Deviram Magar.
Tank Pd. Magar.
Ramkumar Magar.
Lakshman Magar.
Tulsi Limbu.
Sant Kr. Tamang.
Kubersin Limbu.
Panch Kr. Limbu.
Dhankumar Magar.
Ringha Magar.
Danhan Thapa.
Din Kumar Magar.
Chandra Pd. Limbu.
Tej B. Limbu.
Tikaram Limbu.
Kamal B. Limbu.
Sukh B. Limbu.
Kul Pd. Limbu.
Aashnand Vagi.
Bhakta B. Limbu.
Megmaya Kirati.
Jegram Limbu.
Chandra B. Limbu.
Sher B. Limbu.
Sukhrani Limbu.
Mangalmaya Limbu.
Brikhdwaj Limbu.
Pavitra Maya Limbu.
Sukham Laoti Limbu.
Nar B. Limbu.
Abir B. Limbu.
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Singhdevi
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3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
8
8
1
1
1
4
2
2
7
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Page 176
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31/3/2068
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Final Report
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
Prepared by: NEEDS
Dayaswori Limbu.
Neelam Kr. Limbu.
Man B. Limbu.
Meghnath Chamugedh.
Muna Limbu.
Tirnath Limbu.
Yogendra Kr. Limbu
Dharmaninda Limbu
Gangaram Limbu.
Karja B. Limbu.
Bhakta B. Limbu.
Shiva Pd. Limbu.
Aas B. Tumvayo.
Karja B. Limbu.
Bir B. Limbu.
Vishnu B. Limbu.
Arjun Mimak Limbu.
"
Dilmaya Limbu Tumwayo
"
Li Pd. Limbu.
Bhagya Raj Limbu.
Lakshmi Maya Limbu
Baghvir Limbu.
Lila Maya Limbu.
Kamal Pd. Limbu.
Pal Singh Limbu.
Dal B. Vishkarma.
Raju Rai.
Goth B. Vishkarma.
Sant Kr. Rai.
Ganesh B. Rai.
Jahar Singh Rai.
Bir B. Gurung.
Dambar B. Rai.
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Ramete
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2
3
1
6
8
3
6
6
3
2
6
3
6
6
8
6
6
6
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
6
6
7
7
7
3
3
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Page 177
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17/4/2068
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Final Report
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
Prepared by: NEEDS
Aas Kr. Rai.

Savita Rai.
Nirmala Chamilang.
Sanu Rai.
Aaiet Kr. Rai.
Kham Maya Rai.
Umesh Rai.
Bir B. Rai.
Singh B. Vishkarma.
Ram B. Rai.
Ravte Rai.
Dhan B. Shrestha.
Satita Rai.
Sami Rai.
Deviram Rai.
Man Kr. Rai.
Tulsi Devi Vishkarma.
Dilli B. Vishkarma.
Nir Maya Rai.
Maan B. Vishkarma.
Ran B. Rai.
Til B. Vishkarma.
Lokmaya Rai.
Kul B. Rai.
Tirtha Jeet Rai.
Dik B. Shrestha.
Shivmaya Vishkarma.
Bal B. Gurung.
Sandeep Rai.
Sant B. Tamang.
Damber Vishkarma.
Dhanraj Rai.
Pavitra Rai.
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4
5
5
5
5
7
6
2
1
5
5
5
6
4
4
5
6
9
2
3
6
9
2
5
1
3
6
9
1
1
8
5
2
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Page 178
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Final Report
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
Prepared by: NEEDS
Maan B. Vishkarma.
Ramesh Kr. Shrestha
Ratna B. Tamang.
Ganesh B. Rai.
Prem B. Vishkarma.
Maan B. Tamang.
Vishnu Pd. Tamang.
San Man Tamang.
Ches B. Vishkarma
Punsh Pd. Senchsty
Maan B. Chamilang.
Jagat Man Rai.
Rajkumar Rai.
Hem Kamari Rai.
Som mati Rai.
Sunil B.K.
Tek B. Shrestha.
Dul B. Rai.
Bhawani Rai.
Birjan Rai.
Mahaljeet Rai.
Rasmaya Rai.
Farshman Rai.
Dipraj Rai.
Phulmaya Vishkarma
Budhiman Vishkarma.
Railmaya Rai.
Jeet Man Rai
Maan B. Rai.
Sahmati Rai.
Kubir Man Rai.
Ratna B. Vishkarma.
Havindra Shresths.
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9
5
1
7
3
1
1
1
1
1
6
2
5
2
6
3
3
2
8
2
7
2
9
4
8
8
3
2
5
9
5
4
8
"
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Page 179
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"
"
Final Report
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
Prepared by: NEEDS
Gita Rai
Shremila Rai.
Ram B. Rai.
Vishnu Kr. Rai.
Sant Maya Rai.
Birbal Rai.
Bhawani Rai.
Gopal Rai
Hati Bhakta Rai.
Hark Raj Rai.
Abidal Vishkarma.
Bhatrika Gurumg.
Pratap Singh Rai.
Mahakali Rai.
Prem B. Vishkarma.
Rajkumar Rai.
Kul B. Shrestha
Sant Kr. Sherstha
Raj Kr. Rai
Dhanbahadur Rai
Vidya Rai
Tul Maya Rai
Prem Rai
Bartaman Rai
Durga Shrestha
Bhakta B. Rai
Jun B. Rai.
Kul B. Shrestha
Makali Maya Shrestha
Manuni Rai
Suk B. Rai
Purna Maya Rai
Sant Man Rai
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Tandi
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2
2
2
4
1
2
5
5
3
5
6
6
6
6
6
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
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Page 180
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"
"
Final Report
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
Prepared by: NEEDS
Lalit Rai.
Mani Pd. Rai.
Bhakta B. Rai
Man Maya Rai.
Sita Devi Shrestha.
Mina Rai.
Som B. Shrestha.
Adal B. Rai.
Suman Rai
Goma Rai
Pavitra Rai.
Lila Shrestha
Bir B. Rai.
Nirmala Shrestha.
Vimla Shrestha
Indra B. Khaling.
Arjun Rai.
Shyam Kr. Rai.
Jabbir Rai
Parvati Rai
Durga Pd. Shrestha.
Ikcha B. Rai
Hark B. Rai.
Sen B. Rai
Tup Narayan Shrestha
Mani Kr. Rai.
Sher Maya Rai.
Sanmaya Rai.
Kongru B. Rai.
Tek B. Shrestha.
Suman Rai
Phulmaya Rai
Bhakta B. Rai.
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7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
"
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Page 181
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"
25/4/2068
"
"
Final Report
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
Prepared by: NEEDS
Dinesh Rai.
Padam Rai.
Purna Pd. Magar.
Ches Kr. Rai.
Dal B. Magar.
Suk Maya Tamang.
Aas B. Limbu.
Ganga Magar
Sachdal Magar
Jeet B. Magar.
Ganesh B. Magar
Padam B. Magar
Dal B. Magar.
Bhakta B. Magar
Than B. Limbu
Kirta B. Magar
Dhan Shi Rai
Vishnu B. Limbu.
Sarimaya Magar
Bir B. Magar
Yam Pd. Rai
Jeet B. Magar.
Pamlal Magar
Man B. Magar
Dambar B. Magar.
Govind Pd. Limbu.
Hark B. Magar.
Aaiet Raj Magar
Khang B. Limbu
Subhraj Magar
Bhadra B. Magar
Dil B. Magar
Main Maya Limbu.
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"
Bhogteni
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"
7
7
7
7
7
7
9
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
7
7
6
1
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
"
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Page 182
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"
"
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"
"
Final Report
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
Prepared by: NEEDS
Bhim B. Rai
Dhan B. Magar
Kirti B. Limbu
Man B. Rai
Bhakta B. Magar
Akkal B. Magar
Bir B. Magar
Khang B. Magar
Nand Ku. Pulane Magar
Jag B. Magar
Bam B. Magar
Bharat B. Magar
Birilal Magar.
Bal B. Magar
Budhiman Rai
Nar Bahadur Magar.
Bhim Pd. Limbu
Khabar Singh Magar
Khadak B. Magar
Man B. Magar
Khuru Magar
Putra Kanma Rai
Jasmata Rai
Purna Kumari Laote
Sagar Shrestha
Phul Maya Rai.
Ghanshyam Pokhrel
Ravi Lal Dahal.
Nabin Kr. Shrestha
Srala Rai
Panch Narayan Lingden
Bennu Maya Gatulla
Krinam Rai
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Tandi
"
'
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
6
6
6
6
8
1
8
4
6
8
4
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 183
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
25/9/2068
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
Prepared by: NEEDS
Ravat B. Rai
Dev Pukas Rai
Kul B. Rai
Yam B. Vishkarma
Wauud Jeet Rai
Vehan Pradhan
Sant Kr. Rai.
Sanju Rai.
Goma Devi Mautam
Khanga Rai
Yog Maya Shrestha
Khagendra B. Rai
Som Nath Gazurel
Pole Maya Limbu.
Devendra Rai
Raj Kr. Rai
Tirtha Jeet Rai.
Tara Devi Rai
Jay Veer Rai
Virmaan Tamang
Himal Sagar Rai
Lal B. Bik.
Lal B. Bik.
Pavitra Bik
Dhan B. Bik
Man Maya Bik
Kuma Devi Bik
Vahi Maya Bik.
Ganga B. Darjee
Ran B. Bik
Pit B. Tamang
Mar Kr. Darjee
Dhan B. Bik
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Warengi
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
7
6
4
8
4
8
7
4
8
4
8
4
8
1
9
4
4
4
4
3
3
1
1
9
1
4
4
2
2
4
3
1
5
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 184
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
11/9/2068
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
Prepared by: NEEDS
Manju Patiyar
Chandra B. Bik
Pindo Ram Chamar
Arjun Chamar
Gazur Chamar
Sapn Kr. Chamar
"
"
Budhnagar
"
"
"
Vashudev Marik Chamar
"
Layke Raj
Sahadev Marik Dom
Sahanand Chamar
Shankar Mochi
Kharhar Mochi
Lahurav Mochi
Chamali Devi Mochi
Sahanand Mochi
Vavita Magar
Manta Vishkarma
Mir B. Limbu
Bavita Bhandari
Narayan B. Limbu
Amat B. Bhandari
Hare B. Limbu
Kul Pd. Limbu.
Sher B. Limbu.
Veer B. Budhchoki
Prakash B. Saki
Posh Kr. Sarki
Pushpa Kr. Sarki
Sarem Sarki
Bavita Magar
Padam Kr. Tamang
Krishna Kr. Limbu
Padam Kr. Rai
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Singhdevi
Warengi
Singhdevi
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Bhogteni
"
"
"
"
"
Warengi
"
2
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
3
4
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
4
1
1
2
1
4
1
7
1
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 185
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
20/3/2069
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
Prepared by: NEEDS
Sher B. Limbu.
Chandra B. Limbu.
Dharma Pd. Rai
Utar Man Limbu
Man Maya Limbu
Khari Maya Limbu
Budhiman Limbu
Kanchi Maya Limbu
Ganga B. Limbu
Chandra Rani Limbu
Sanfari Limbu
Jisi Limbu
Dambar B. Karki
Karn B. Vishkarma
Chandra B. Bik
Sanmaya Karki
Malmi B. Vishkarma
Lok B. Vishkarma
Tej B. Dorje
Survir Vishkarma
Dilliswor Vishkarma
Dal B. Vishkarma.
Hom B. Vishkarma
Saharmay Sarveli
Ram B. Vishkarma
Bhim B. Rai
Tari B. Karki
Phanind Samle
Bharat Vishkarma
Than B. Bhibuli
Bimal Vishkarma
Ratna B. Karki
Amrit Vishkarma
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Yangsila
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
7
6
1
5
6
6
5
5
7
9
4
7
5
6
8
5
6
6
7
3
4
6
4
3
6
9
5
8
8
6
6
5
6
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 186
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
Prepared by: NEEDS
Hast B. Dmai
Maan B. Darjee
Kalpana Parisan
Lila B. Karki
Ladmana Vishkarma
Tirya B. Karki
Athikalal Das
Ramlala Dev
"
"
"
"
"
"
Budhnagar
5
7
8
4
8
5
6
6
"
Davya Chandra Pasman
"
Aviklal Baidha
Jagdev Pasman
Dilraj Kadhel
Prakash Khanal
Indra Kr. Shrestha
Mithila Shrestha
Mam B. Limbu
Hast B. Limbu
Bam B. Limbu
Kirtiman Magar
Sukvir Magar
Aamt B. Magar
Budhiman Magar
Malu Maya Magar
Saraswati Limbu
Bhadra B. Magar
Dambar B. Limbu
Jas Maya Magar
Kapan B. Limbu
Lalit B. Magar
Man B. Magar
Jeet B. Magar.
Bhim B. Limbu
Panch B. Limbu
"
"
Warengi
"
"
"
Bhogteni
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
6
6
6
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
1
Page 187
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
22/3/2069
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
10/5/2069
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
Prepared by: NEEDS
Budhimaya Limbu
Budhiman Tamang
Aasmaya Rai
Veer B. Magar
Tara Limbu
Raja B. Limbu
Singha B. Limbu
Icha Maya Limbu
Veer Jhamjhor Limbu
Santosh Limbu
Uttar Kr. Limbu
Narayan Pd. Limbu
Karn B. Limbu
Durga B. Limbu
Tara Limbu
Indra Maya Limbu
Umar Singh Limbu
Balveer Limbu
Kisama Singh Limbu
Jitendra Limbu
Hark B. Limbu
Hark B. Limbu
Depman Limbu
Jagveer Rai
Purajeet Magar
Saveta Chasmegan
Kul B. Magar
Manmaya Limbu
Purna B. Limbu
Narayan B. Limbu
Lila B. Limbu
Ganesh B. Limbu
Bal Maya Limbu
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Warengi
"
"
1
9
9
9
8
9
1
9
9
9
9
1
1
1
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
1
8
9
9
1
1
1
1
9
9
9
9
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 188
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
19/6/2069
"
"
Final Report
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
Prepared by: NEEDS
Bam B. Limbu
Ashmita Limbu
Man B. Limbu.
Ram B. Limbu
Jyoti Maya Limbu
Sunmaya Limbu
Manset Limbu
Om Pd. Limbu
Chandra Rani Limbu
Kore Maya Limbu
Himal Singh Limbu
Shant Maya Limbu
Min B. Limbu
Narmaya Limbu
Ambika Limbu
Bhim B. Limbu
Salman Limbu
Devilal Limbu
Shan Maya Limbu
Prem B. Limbu
Mohan Lal Limbu
GhimRaj Limbu
Chandra Veer Limbu
Bhakta B. Limbu.
Manroti Limbu.
Dil Pd. Limbu
Nar B. Limbu.
Hem Chandra Limbu
Chit Raj Limbu
Tauk B. Limbu
Minarani Musang
Sukmati Limbu
Brikh B. Limbu
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 189
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
Prepared by: NEEDS
Sanch Maya Limbu

Brikh B. Limbu
Hari Shankar Limbu
Diya B. Limbu
Ratna Kumari Rai
Mam B. Magar
Tulraj Walamoari
Amber B. Limbu
Tekman Magar
Basanti Limbu
Ganga Singh Magar
Ghanshyam Magar
Bhiv Kumari Magar
Gyan Kr. Magar
Lal B. Ranamay
Yash Kr. Rai
Dhan B. Magar
Mir Kumari Maya
Amber B. Manmaya
Gyan Maya Magar
Bal B. Suck Maya
Shatomaya Rai
Dayadevi Karwal
"
"
"
"
Yangsila
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Padam Kumari Basnet
"
Sher B. Magar
Budhimaya Magar
Vishnu Kr. Rai.
Him Kumari Rai
Hiramaya Magar
Bhakta B. Magar
Kamal Vishkarma
Narmaya Rana Magar
Tek B. Karki
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
9
9
9
9
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 190
"
"
"
"
21/6/2069
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
Prepared by: NEEDS
Sommaya Karki
Narayan Pd. Mahat
Dil Maya Mahat
Keshav B. Basnet
Sher B. Magar
Mina Karki
"
Chandra Kr. Singh Rai
"
Bhumika Sharma
Vishnu Maya Balmpaki
Sukmaya Rana Magar
"
Aas B. Rai
"
Indra Maya Rai
"
Krishna Kr. Rai
"
Ganga Maya Magar

Padam B. Magar
Ratna Kr. Magar
Tilak B. Magar
Janak Kr. Magar
Bimal Rana Magar
Lakhmi Devi Magar
Bal B. Magar
Kul B. Karki
Tek B. Karki
Tika Maya Rai
Kr. B. Vishkarma
Pushpa Lal Parajuli
Gajendra B. Limbu
Lakshmi Dahal
Bishna B. Rai
Barta Maya Karma
Man B. Magar
Sita Devi Karki
Dil B. Rai
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 191
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
Prepared by: NEEDS
Ramnath Mushar
Sukuna Mushar
Tilka Mushar
Duliya Mushar
Rudai Mushar
Sundarpur
"
"
"
"
Mamta Kumari Mukhiya
"
Sanuwati Mukhiya
Lalghar Mushar
Kirtan Risidev
Man Kr. Risidev
Paltan Muskhiya
Mani Risidev
Gamman Risidev
Budhi Mushar
Bulun Risidev
Esura Urau
Anoj Mushar
Om B. Vishkarma
Halsan Mushar
Sakilan Mushar
Lahri Risidev
Phulvati Mushar
Nandlal Mushar
Sariwan Risidev
Domi Mushar
Dinesh Risidev
Phagu Mushar
Sambai Udav
Kaladan Risidev
Inravati Mushar
Dherna Mushar
Bir B. Rai.
Baka Rishidev
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 192
24/6/2069
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
Prepared by: NEEDS
Goralali Mushar
Era Rishi Den
Charo Udau
Lal Ghar Mushar
Puni Mushar
Gal Mamti
Ramnath Mushar
Sahid Shah
Nagerudin Nuniya
Khutti Mushar
Anoj Mushar
Jeevan Kr. Rai
Dal B. Darjee
Man B. Magar
Aaot Singh Limbu
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Bhogteni
"
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
3
4
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page 193
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Final Report
Annex 14: VDC Wise RETs Users, Household 2068/069
VDC wise Biogas plant

Constructed
S.N.
VDC
Institutional
Biogas
source:
NBPA,
Itahari,
2069
source :DDC
Morang
Record
Institutional
Solar
ICS
Constructed
source :DDC
Morang Record
source DDC
Morang
Record
source DDC
Morang
Record
source DDC
Morang
Record
source
DDC
Morang
Record
5ha.
Solar Constructed
Aamgachhi
17
Amahibariyati
Amardaha
321
Babiyabirta
282
Bahuni
333
Baijanathpur
18
Banigama
247
Baradanga
32
Bayarban
481
10
Belbari
389
11
Bhathigachha
12
Bhaudaha
17
13
Bhogateni
13
14
Biratnagar N.P.
529
15
Budhanagar
16
Dadarbairiya
13
17
Dainiya
13
18
Dangihat
375
19
Dangraha
97
20
Darbesha
427
Prepared by: NEEDS
23
10 ha.
194
17
100 wp,Bridha
Aashram
85m3
Jotrorpha
Plantation
10
60
Page 194
Wind
Irrigation
Final Report
21
Dulari
362
22
Govindapur
284
23
Haraicha
273
24
Hasandaha
330
25
Hatimudha
90
26
Hoklabari
162
27
Indrapur
542
28
Itahara
587
29
Jante
92
30
Jhorahat
50
31
Jhurkiya
25
32
Kadamaha
33
Kaseni
215
34
Katahari
31
35
Kerabari
284
36
Keroun
286
37
Lakhantari
11
38
Letang
308
39
Madhumalla
306
40
Mahadewa
41
Majhare
42
Motipur
41
43
Mrigauliya
459
44
Nocha
45
Pathari
322
46
Pati
47
Pokhariya
48
Rajghat
49
Ramitekhola
50
Rangeli
80
Prepared by: NEEDS
20m3
55
35m3
30
9
15
12
22
12
81
1
18
2
457
96
Page 195
Final Report
51
Sanishchare
52
Sidhraha
53
Sijuwa
54
Singhadevi
55
Sisabanibadahara
41
56
Siswani Jahada
57
Sorabhag
26
58
Sundarpur
456
59
Takuwa
18
60
Tandi
52
61
Tankisinuwari
221
62
Tetariya
125
63
Thalaha
64
64
Urlabari
422
65
Warangi
66
Yangsila
26
67
Unknown
216
Total
Prepared by: NEEDS
437
6
234
11831
68
10
50
50
233
25m3
1
20 ha.
99
94
165m3
1114
100wp
Page 196
171
30 ha.
Final Report
Annex 15: NEPAL OIL CORPORATION LTD.

LOCATION WISE IMPORT AND SALES FIGURE FOR LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG), EASTERN REGION BIRATNAGAR
Fiscal
year
SHRAWAN
BHADRA
ASHOJ
KARTIK
MANGSIR
POUSH
MAGH
FALGUN
CHAITRA
BAISHAK
JESTHA
ASHAD
TOTAL
2063/64
691
787
794
817
839
835
444
710
1,037
1,189
717
984
9,845
2064/65
904
58
376
488
1,083
995
730
844
966
1,058
661
707
8,871
2065/66
561
1,114
1,068
750
859
720
1,098
1,078
1,235
823
1,290
1,465
12,060
2066/67
1,065
1,209
1,435
1,157
949
1,379
1,646
1,221
1,649
1,519
1,799
1,502
16,531
2067/68
1,480
1,758
1,557
1,558
1,130
2,134
1,252
1,977
1,833
1,677
2,372
1,811
20,540
2068/69
1,219
1,797
2,405
1,893
1,892
1,651
1,992
2,314
2,193
2,635
1,663
2,580
24,235
2069/70
2,409
1,815
2,197
2,323
2,546
2,302
2,695
1,603
2,637
2,768
1,765
3,066
28,125
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 197
Final Report
Annex 16: District Wise Petroleum Sales Reports 2069/070 (In Litre)
S.N.
District
Bhojpur
Dhankuta
HSD
MS
SKO
9000.00
0.00
0.00
3215934.00
312000.00
167904.00
Ilam
107896.00
96000.00
8995.00
Jhapa
775456.00
865691.00
362753.00
Morang
37251581.00
10200373.00
497558.00
Solukhumbu
0.00
0.00
251973.00
Panchthar
21000.00
0.00
0.00
Sankhuwasabha
1334661.00
0.00
0.00
Saptari
6732107.00
2384262.00
446747.00
10
Siraha
12075835.00
3621072.00
215970.00
11
Sunsari
29825017.00
3451423.00
1103173.00
12
Taplejung
209928.00
0.00
26996.00
13
Terhathum
0.00
0.00
21000.00
14
Udaypur
5139142.00
753778.00
122966.00
96697557.00
21684599.00
3226035.00
Total
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 198
Final Report
Annex 17: District Wise Petroleum Sales Reports 2070/71 (In Liitre)
S.N.
District
Bhojpur
Dhankuta
HSD
MS
SKO
63000.00
0.00
0.00
3257939.00
576997.00
143981.00
Ilam
173990.00
51000.00
5996.00
Jhapa
1562124.00
337439.00
290895.00
Morang
38803416.00
10852524.00
401914.00
Okhaldhunga
923826.00
45000.00
0.00
Panchthar
9000.00
0.00
0.00
Sankhuwasabha
1631977.00
0.00
0.00
Saptari
7060198.00
2712025.00
260961.00
10
Siraha
13677289.00
4050026.00
398957.00
11
Sunsari
30833974.00
8798881.00
911378.00
12
Taplejung
242982.00
0.00
0.00
13
Terhathum
64951.00
0.00
18000.00
14
Udaypur
4766730.00
853521.00
74993.00
103071396.00
28277413.00
2507075.00
Total
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 199
Final Report
Annex 18: Biomaas and Fossil fuel used for cooking- Morang
Biomass and fossil fuel used for Cooking
VDC/ Municipality
Amahibariyati
Amardaha
Amgachhi
Babiya Birta
Bahuni
Baijanathpur
Banigama
Baradanga
Bayarban
Belbari
Bhaudaha
Bhogateni
Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan
City
Budhanagar
Dadarbairiya
Dainiya
Dangihat
Dangraha
Drabesh
Dulari
Govindapur
Haraicha
Hasandaha
Hathimudha
Hoklabari
Indrapur
Itahara
Jante
Jhorahat
Jhurkiya
Kaseni
Katahari
Kadmaha
Kerabari
Keroun
Lakhantari
Letang
Madhumalla
Mahadewa
Majhare
Prepared by: NEEDS
Wood /
firewood
(KG)- Daily
Kerosene
(Lit)Monthly
LP gas
(No.)Monthly
Santhi/
guitha (cow
dung) (Kg)Daily
Others
(Agricultural
residue)
(Kg)- Daily
1071
5412
181
3551
10101
1552
4927
476
17374
18807
181
5184
68
98
36
124
117
49
140
101
108
65
59
16
5
225
7
127
245
177
218
20
536
1847
34
5
5773
6887
4062
10585
1045
3037
3377
9949
828
212
5753
15
0
573
1925
13
7
706
240
200
73
40
899
0
54202
124
129
2442
19335
2375
5555
8554
3684
4793
7645
2428
2661
15532
12019
8154
1090
1614
5250
9215
885
17898
10253
109
16203
19554
257
495
3022
121
88
62
59
52
147
59
179
20
62
114
88
388
55
16
78
55
55
186
117
49
39
33
52
121
36
130
38384
24
8
46
816
34
362
1265
176
265
122
366
84
3294
437
125
248
23
113
1034
15
296
213
23
981
722
3
20
16170
11724
7188
11033
54
3392
8327
582
10560
113
2618
5709
1430
370
1178
5
3500
10915
1987
9727
6291
15
1592
4417
10
25
5221
7553
1632
1439
1092
633
67
53
93
87
406
67
7
932
80
127
20
0
353
40
60
872
0
7
519
20
27
47
0
2358
Page 200
Final Report
Matigachha
Motipur
Mrigauliya
Necha
Pathari
Patigaun
Pokhariya
Rajghat
Ramite Khola
Rangeli
Sanischare
Sidharaha
Sijuwa
Sinhadevi Sombare
Sisabanibadahara
Sisawanijahada
Sorabhag
Sundarpur
Takuwa
Tandi
Tankisinuwari
Tetariya
Thalaha
Urlabari
Warangi
Yangshila
Prepared by: NEEDS
2313
3261
10391
119
18426
2266
33
9358
2889
4755
21748
2247
7721
2651
1580
1809
1818
14161
695
9629
5431
2061
514
20016
3170
6802
228
91
134
36
143
0
95
72
13
199
82
16
91
10
55
176
147
150
49
46
466
68
55
231
23
7
5
15
701
4
2065
1
3
523
0
389
921
17
245
3
43
24
163
1252
1
51
2365
90
13
4843
1
9
9525
2209
695
3599
256
5
2889
143
5
7153
39
2145
2455
15
3801
5270
9313
69
7868
25
7331
4062
7380
104
0
25
606
0
53
400
13
0
380
53
0
1885
140
0
220
0
53
406
100
7
13
0
872
0
100
73
0
13
Page 201
Final Report
Annex 19: Qunatity of SKO/Kerosene used for Lighting- Morang

Quantity of kerosene used for lighting
VDC/ Municipality
Amahibariyati
Amardaha
Amgachhi
Babiya Birta
Bahuni
Baijanathpur
Banigama
Baradanga
Bayarban
Belbari
Bhaudaha
Bhogateni
Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City
Budhanagar
Dadarbairiya
Dainiya
Dangihat
Dangraha
Drabesh
Dulari
Govindapur
Haraicha
Hasandaha
Hathimudha
Hoklabari
Indrapur
Itahara
Jante
Jhorahat
Jhurkiya
Kaseni
Katahari
Kadmaha
Kerabari
Keroun
Lakhantari
Letang
Madhumalla
Mahadewa
Majhare
Matigachha
Motipur
Mrigauliya
Prepared by: NEEDS
Kerosene (Lit)- Monthly

2364
3335
1581
4551
1604
1575
1614
4424
3309
1428
1995
1839
9858
4763
2745
3886
1441
1014
4111
1183
4316
786
1861
1474
1255
1848
1242
1183
1614
3788
1138
4170
2549
1542
2024
1359
903
2882
1972
5659
5881
2174
2223
Page 202
Final Report
Necha
Pathari
Patigaun
Pokhariya
Rajghat
Ramite Khola
Rangeli
Sanischare
Sidharaha
Sijuwa
Sinhadevi Sombare
Sisabanibadahara
Sisawanijahada
Sorabhag
Sundarpur
Takuwa
Tandi
Tankisinuwari
Tetariya
Thalaha
Urlabari
Warangi
Yangshila
Prepared by: NEEDS
867
1343
463
1542
1050
1245
2478
2370
1685
1734
926
1441
3045
3821
1708
2302
2458
2579
981
2905
2024
1790
1134
Page 203
Final Report
ANNEX 20: Quotation for the Fiscal Year 2069/70 (2012/2013)- Biogas
Alternative Energy Promotion Centre

Quotation for the Fiscal Year 2069/70 (2012/2013)
Quotation for Different Plant S izes & Geographical Region, in NRs.
S . No.
Parti cu l ars
Un i t
Bill of Quantity
2
Unit Rate in NRs
Terai
St one/Brick*
PC
900
1,200
1,400
1,700
Sand
Bag
44
60
70
80
Gravel
Bag
18
30
35
40
Iron rods
Kg
10
15
15
16
Cement (Brick Masonry)
Bag
9
11
13
16
Cement (St one Masonry)
Bag
10
12
14
18
* brick is cons ide re d in te rai and s tone is cons ide re d for othe r re gions
11
33
50
84
728
Hill
Mountain
1
2
3
4
5
6
Unskilled Labour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
1
2
3
4
5
Hill
4 cu m
Mountain
Terai
Hill
6 cu m
Mountain
Terai
Hill
8 cu m
Mountain
Terai
Hill
Mountain
Day
19,644
21,748
31,214
25,948
29,265
41,022
30,184
33,910
47,484
36,332
41,048
58,138
1,621
9,900
1,452
900
840
6,552
-
6,300
2,508
3,510
930
8,500
7,200
2,596
3,708
1,500
16,210
13,200
1,980
1,500
1,260
8,008
-
8,400
3,420
5,850
1,395
10,200
9,600
3,540
6,180
2,250
19,452
15,400
2,310
1,750
1,260
9,464
-
9,800
3,990
6,825
1,395
11,900
11,200
4,130
7,210
2,250
22,694
18,700
2,640
2,000
1,344
11,648
-
11,900
4,560
7,800
1,488
15,300
13,600
4,720
8,240
2,400
29,178
7
57
195
93
8
59
206
150
850
12
15
20
23
316
351
372
3,792
4,212
4,464
4,740
5,265
5,580
6,320
7,020
7,440
7,268
8,073
8,556
1
1
2
12
1
1
1
1
1
2
12
1
1
1
1
1
2
12
1
1
1
1
1
2
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
116
139
42
103
126
291
67
132
46
16
201
201
117
143
43
104
127
293
68
133
47
16
201
201
117
146
43
104
127
293
68
135
47
16
202
202
2,523
116
139
84
1,236
126
291
67
46
16
201
201
2,547
117
143
86
1,248
127
293
68
47
16
201
201
2,552
117
146
86
1,248
127
293
68
47
16
202
202
2,523
116
139
84
1,236
126
291
67
46
16
201
201
2,547
117
143
86
1,248
127
293
68
47
16
201
201
2,552
117
146
86
1,248
127
293
68
47
16
202
202
2,523
116
139
84
1,236
126
291
67
46
16
201
201
2,547
117
143
86
1,248
127
293
68
47
16
201
201
2,552
117
146
86
1,248
127
293
68
47
16
202
202
2,588
116
139
84
1,236
126
291
132
46
16
201
201
2,612
117
143
86
1,248
127
293
133
47
16
201
201
2,619
117
146
86
1,248
127
293
135
47
16
202
202
4,916
4,930
5,111
5,088
5,102
5,304
6,826
6,854
7,238
8,309
8,344
8,755
1,752
172
221
1,020
557
243
407
34
442
1,049
1,934
193
243
1,069
564
249
407
41
442
1,069
516
221
1,013
557
243
814
68
442
1,042
516
221
1,020
557
243
814
68
442
1,049
579
243
1,069
564
249
814
82
442
1,069
688
221
1,013
557
243
814
68
442
1,042
688
221
1,020
557
243
814
68
442
1,049
772
243
1,069
564
249
814
82
442
1,069
1,738
688
221
1,013
557
243
814
68
442
1,042
1,752
688
221
1,020
557
243
814
68
442
1,049
1,934
772
243
1,069
564
249
814
82
442
1,069
1,738
688
221
1,013
557
243
1,221
102
442
2,084
1,752
688
221
1,020
557
243
1,221
102
442
2,098
1,934
772
243
1,069
564
249
1,221
123
442
2,138
11,505
Multi Layer Pipe & Fittings
Terai
Materials to be Managed/Purchased by User

Construction Material
2 cu m
GI Nipple (6 or 15 cm long)
PC
GI Pipe (20" or 50 cm long)
PC
GI Elbow
PC
1216-Yellow Colour (C1216) (max. length) Met re
Male Straight Union (Brass)
PC
Female Tee F5-T1216*1/2F*1216A
PC
GI Tee
PC
Four-w ay Tee (Cross Tee)
PC
GI Nipple (2 or 5 cm long)
PC
Tef lon Tape
PC
Female Elbow L1216x1/2F
PC
1/2" Wall Plated Female Elbow (WPL1216x1/2F)P C
1
1
1
1
1
Appliances & Accessories Provided through Company

Mixt ure
Inlet pipe
Emulsion paint
Dome gas pipe
Main gas valve
Wat er drain
Gas t ap (for st ove and pressure met er)
Nylon hose pipe (for st ove and pressure met er)
P ressure met er
St ove (Angle frame or CI frame)
Set
Met re
Lit re
PC
PC
PC
PC
Met re
PC
PC
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
2
1,738
172
221
1,013
557
243
407
34
442
1,042
Other Direct Costs

Minimum Wages of Trained & Registered Mason
After Sale Service (Paid to Company Once After Sale Service is Carried out)
Slurry pit Construction
Slurry Pit Utilization
Direct Costs on Sales & Quality Assurance, incl. Documentation, Warranty, etc.
TOTAL DIRECT COST (TOTAL OF 1, 2 & 3)
Indirect Costs (Salary, Rent, Communication, Utilities, Cost of

Grand Total of Plant (with Multi Laye r Pipe & Fittings )
5,611
6,604
9,935
6,134
7,128
10,459
6,657
7,651
10,982
7,181
8,174
2,616
3,008
3,531
3,139
3,532
4,055
3,662
4,055
4,578
4,186
4,578
5,101
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,200
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1,295
1,896
4,704
1,295
1,896
4,704
1,295
1,896
4,704
1,295
1,896
4,704
36,486
40,041
53,276
44,433
49,307
64,917
52,510
57,982
75,696
61,678
68,251
89,573
3,649
4,004
5,328
4,443
4,931
6,492
5,251
5,798
7,570
6,168
6,825
8,957
40,135
44,045
58,604
48,876
54,238
71,409
57,761
63,780
83,266
67,846
75,076
98,530
GI Pipe & Fittings (Option)
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
Parti cu l ars
1/2" GI Nipple (6" long)
1/2" GI Socket (max. number 2)
1/2" GI Elbow (max. number 5)
1/2" GI P ipe (max. lengt h 12 met res)
1/2" GI T ee (for wat er drain, st ove & p/met er)
T eflon T ape
Un i t
PC
PC
PC
Met re
PC
PC
Terai
1
2
5
12
2
3
1
2
5
12
2
3
1
2
5
12
2
3
1
2
5
12
3
3
116
43
47
215
73
16
Hill
117
44
48
228
75
16
Remote
117
46
52
262
78
16
Total for GI Pipe & Fittings

Grand Total of Plant (with GI Pipe & Fittings )
Re gular Subs idy
Additional Subs idy
Notes:
1
2
3
4
5
Terai
116
86
235
2,580
146
48
Hill
117
88
240
2,736
150
48
Remote
117
92
260
3,144
156
48
Terai
116
86
235
2,580
146
48
Hill
117
88
240
2,736
150
48
Remote
117
92
260
3,144
156
48
Terai
116
86
235
2,580
146
48
Hill
117
88
240
2,736
150
48
Remote
117
92
260
3,144
156
48
Terai
116
86
235
2,580
219
48
Hill
117
88
240
2,736
225
48
117
92
260
3,144
234
48
3,211
3,379
3,817
3,211
3,379
3,817
3,211
3,379
3,817
3,284
3,454
3,895
40,823
44,877
59,869
49,564
55,070
72,674
58,449
64,612
84,531
68,542
75,918
99,806
16,000
20,000
25,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
24,000
30,000
35,000
25,000
35,000
40,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,500
2,500
3,500
3,000
3,000
3,500
40%
45%
43%
41%
46%
42%
42%
47%
42%
37%
47%
Customer has to manage the construction materials mentioned in Part 1.A and 1.B and Customer may purchase the pipes & f ittings mentioned in Part 1.C as per BSP standard and as advised by the company.
If a customer w ants to purchase more stove he/she has to pay additional amount as per the rate. If a customer w ants to purchase the lamp he/she has to pay additional cost of lamp, pipe and other materials and labour charge.
Additional Subsidy f or the single w omen, backw ard group, disaster victim, poor, conf lict victims and the GoN idenf ied extinct (disappearing) Janajait w ill be provided under one category only.
Prices of Appliances & Accessories mentioned under 2 above have been re-adjusted based on an appropriate pricing and they do not include the f itting charge of companies w hen the items need to be replaced af ter 1 year w arranty period is over.
All above mentioned prices are Maximum Retail Price (MRP) except those Materials and unskilled labour that need to be managed/purchased by user her/himself .
Prepared by: NEEDS
Remote
Page 204
41%
Final Report
Annex-21: Heat Content Ranges for Various Biomass Fuels (dry weight basisa) with English and Metric Units
Heat Content Ranges for Various Biomass Fuels (dry weight basisa) with English and Metric Units
Fuel type & source
English
Higher Heating Value
Metric
Higher Heating Value
Btu/lbc
Btu/lb
MBtu/ton
kJ/kg
Corn stalks/stover (1,2,6)
7,487
7,587 - 7,967
15.2 - 15.9
17,636 - 18,519
Sugarcane bagasse (1,2,6)
7,031
7,450 - 8,349
14.9 - 16.7
17,317 - 19,407
6,964 - 8,148
13.9 - 16.3
16,188 - 18,940
6,811 - 8,838
8,950 - 10,000
13.6 - 17.7
17.9 - 20.0
15,831 - 20,543
MJ/kg
Lower Heating Value

kJ/kg
Agricultural Residues
Wheat straw (1,2,6)

Hulls, shells, prunings (2,3)
Fruit pits (2-3)
Herbaceous Crops
7,791
18,100 - 19,580
Miscanthus (6)
switchgrass (1,3,6)
7,754 - 8,233
15.5 - 16.5
18,185 - 18,570
Other grasses (6)

Bamboo (6)
Woody Crops
18,024 - 19,137
19,000 - 19,750
17.6 18.5
17.3 19.4
16.1 18.9
15.8 20.5
18.1 19.6
18.0 19.1
18.2 18.6
19.0 19.8
8,409 - 8,582
16.8 - 17.2
19,546 - 19,948
Eucalyptus (1,2,6)
8,174 - 8,432
16.3 - 16.9
19,000 - 19,599
Hybrid poplar (1,3,6)
8,183 - 8,491
16.4 - 17.0
19,022 - 19,737
7,983 - 8,497
16.0 - 17.0
18,556 - 19,750
19.5 19.9
19.0 19.6
19.0 19.7
18.6 19.7
8,017 - 8,920
16.0 - 17.5
18,635 - 20,734
18.6 20.7
Hardwood wood (2,6)
Prepared by: NEEDS
17,713 - 17,860
15,082 - 17,659
16.8 18.1
17.7 17.9
15.1 17.7
16,909 - 17,348
17.8 18.1
16.8 18.6
16.9 17.3
18,464
18.5
17,963
18.0
17,700
17.7
16.7 18.4
17,818 - 18,097
16,767 - 17,294
8,852
Black locust (1,6)
Willow (2,3,6)
Forest Residues
16,849 - 17,690
MJ/kg
7,082
Page 205
16,734 - 18,419
Final Report
8,000 - 9,120
16.0 18.24
18,595 - 21,119
MSW (2,6)
5,644 - 8,542
11.2 - 17.0
13,119 - 19,855
RDF (2,6)
6,683 - 8,563
13.4 - 17.1
15,535 - 19,904
Newspaper (2,6)
8,477 - 9,550
17 - 19.1
19,704 - 22,199
7,428 -7,939
11,727 - 11,736
14.9 - 15.9
23.5 - 23.5
17,265 - 18,453
27,258 - 27,280
Softwood wood (1,2,3,4,5,6)

Urban Residues
Corrugated paper (2,6)

Waxed cartons (2)
18.6 21.1
13.1 19.9
15.5 19.9
19.7 22.2
17.3 18.5
27.3
17,514 - 20,768
11,990 - 18,561
14,274 - 18,609
18,389 - 20,702
17.5 20.8
12.0 18.6
14.3 18.6
18.4 20.7
17,012
25,261
Sources:
1 http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/feedstock_databases.html
2 Jenkins, B., Properties of Biomass, Appendix to Biomass Energy Fundamentals, EPRI Report TR-102107, January, 1993.
3
Jenkins, B., Baxter, L., Miles, T. Jr., and Miles, T., Combustion Properties of Biomass, Fuel Processing Technology 54, pg. 17-46, 1998.
4
5
Tillman, David, Wood as an Energy Resource, Academic Press, New York, 1978
Bushnell, D., Biomass Fuel Characterization: Testing and Evaluating the Combustion Characteristics of Selected Biomass Fuels, BPA report,
1989
http://www.ecn.nl/phyllis
Original references are provided in the Phyllis database for biomass and waste of the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands.
This table attempts to capture the variation in reported heat content values (on a dry weight basis) in the US and European literature
based on values in the Phyllis database, the US DOE/EERE feedstock database, and selected literature sources. Table A.3 of this document
provides information on heat contents of materials "as received" with varying moisture contents.
a
b
c
Metric values include both HHV and LHV since Europeans normally report the LHV (or net calorific values) of biomass fuels.
HHV assumed by GREET model given in Table A.1 of this document
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 206
Final Report
Annex- 22: Overall Enery Demand summary sheet- Morang (2013/14)
Energy Demand summary sheet- Morang (2013/2014)

1. Energy Demand- Residential
1.1 Cooking/Heating
OthersAgricultural
Fuelwood (MT) residue (MT)
Quantity (yearly wise
consumption in the
district)
166937.48
7699.90
Cattle dung
(MT)
SKO/Kerosene (KL)
94751.86
109.66
LPG (MT)
Biogas (CUM)
11370.47
NEEDS survey-2014, AEPC- 2013, District Environment Profile- 2014, Morang

1.2 Lighting
Electricity
(Total unit
(kWh)
consumption in the
district)
Solar PV (KW)
95306834.05
Solar Tuki (KW)
13.00
SKO/Kerosene (KL)
3.80
1853.46
NEEDS survey-2014, AEPC- 2013, CBS 2011, NEA 2071

2. Energy Demand- Commercial/Institutional
2.1 Cooking/Heating
SKO/Kerosene
Fuelwood (MT) (KL)
consumption in the
district)
9450.56
4821.30
LPG (MT)
2764.97
Coal (MT)
7009.71
Biogas (CUM)
165.00
NEEDS survey-2014, CBS 2011

2.2 Lighting
Electricity
(kWh)
consumption in the
district)
Prepared by: NEEDS
22664567.16
Solar (KW)
2.10
Page 207
23238.00
Electricity (Total unit (kWh)
174651.51
Final Report
NEA Morang, 2014; AEPC, 2013

3. Energy Demand- Industrial
3.1 Machine operating and lighting/heating
Electricity
(kWh)
consumption in the
district)
Fuel wood (MT)
86886064.67
Coal (MT)
9304.20
SKO/Kerosene (KL)
24839.13
5611.25
LPG (MT)
1572.35
NEA Morang, 2014; NEEDS survey- 2014

4. Energy Demand- Transportation/power generation
4.1 Vehicles/power operation and maintenance
HSD (KL)
consumption in the
district)
MS (KL)
38803416.00
10852524.00
NOC, 2014
Annex- 23: GESI Enery Demand summary sheet- Morang (2013/14)

GESI Energy Demand summary sheet- Morang (2013/2014)
Fuel wood consumed

daily in Kg
544.91
4.1
1.50
Total Sum
Average
Consumption in year (MT/KL/kWh)
Consumption in year (MT/KL/kWh)
Prepared by: NEEDS
1.5 MT
Agri. Residue
consumed daily in Kg Market price (Rs/kg)
Market price (Rs/kg)
1163
8.74
555.52
4.788965517
1.75
520.34
4.485689655
1.75 MT
Page 208
Cattle dung
consumed
daily in Kg
205.5
5.27
1.92
1.92 MT
SKO
consumed
Market price monthly in
(Rs/kg)
Litre
263
6.74
164
2.45
0.03
0.03 KL
Market
price
(Rs/Lt)
7398
110.42
No. of LPG
gas
cylinder
consumed
per year
Market
price
(Rs/cylinde
r)
102 51420
2.91 1469.14
0.04
0.04 MT
Final Report
Annex 24: Household Questionnaire for Climate Change and Energy
Question-1
Question Number
Age
Ward
Total Male
GROUP-A: DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
DISTRICT
Name of respondent
VDC
Total family members
Total Female
SECTION B: CLIMATE CHANGE
Question-2
Has FLOOD been increasing since last past 2/4/6/8/10 years (round the unit/s as they respond)?
Yes
No
Question-3
Changes have been observed regarding the month of FLOODING occurrence? (Please tick it)
Yes
No
Do not know yfxf5}g
Question-4
Which crops have the highest impact due to FLOODING EVENTS? (Please rank it)
Rice
Buckwheat
Wheat
Barley
Maize
Vegetable
Millet
Others
Question-5
Has DROUGHT been increasing since last past 2/4/6/8/10 years (round the unit/s as they respond)?
Yes
No
Question-6
Changes have been observed regarding the month of DROUGHT occurrence? (Please tick it)
Yes
No
Do not know
Question-7
Which crops have the highest impact due to DROUGHT EVENTS? (Please rank it)
Rice
Buckwheat
Wheat
Barley
Maize
Vegetable
Millet
Others
Question-8
Has HAILSTORM been increasing since last past 2/4/6/8/10 years (round the unit/s as they respond)?
Yes
No
Question-9
Changes have been observed regarding the month of hailstorm occurrence? (Please tick it)
Yes
No
Do not know
Question-10
Which crops have the highest impact due to HAILSTORM? (Please rank it)
Rice
Buckwheat
Wheat
Barley
Maize
Vegetable
Millet
Others
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 209
Final Report
Question-11
Has LANDSLIDE been increasing since last past 2/4/6/8/10 years (round the unit/s as they respond)?
Yes
No
Question-12
Changes have been observed regarding the month of LANDSLIDE occurrence? (Please tick it)
Yes
No
Do not know
Question-13
Which crops have the highest impact due to LANDSLIDE EVENTS? (Please rank it)
Rice
Buckwheat
Wheat
Barley
Maize
Vegetable
Millet
Others
Question-14
Is agricultural production declining?
Yes
Question-15
If yes, reason behind that: (please tick it.)
Flooding
Drought
No availability of chemical fertilizer
No availability of Bio- fertilizer
Not willing to do (less interest)]
More expensive to cope against climate change
No
Nut much business

Educated family
Less land availability
No productivity land
No irrigation
Others
Question-16
Is the flowering/harvesting season of the crops altered? (please tick below)
Yes
No
If yes, how much?
2/4/6/8/10 years before (in month)
Flowering season/month
Maturation period/month
Harvest time/month
Now (in month)
Question-17
Changes have been observed regarding the month of GLACIER/SNOW MELTING occurrence? (Please tick it)
Yes
No
Do not know
Question-18
As compared to very past, do the frequency and intensity of SNOW MELTING have increased or decreased?
Increased
Decreased
Question-19
Are sources of energy resources sensitive to climate change and variability? (Please tick below)
Yes
No
Question-20
Does the intensity of fog formation have increased or decreased? (Please tick below)
Increased
Decreased
Question-21
Does the intensity of cold wave have increased or decreased? (Please tick below)
Increased
Decreased
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 210
Final Report
Question-22
Does the intensity of hot wave have increased or decreased? (Please tick below)
Increased
Decreased
Question-23
Please provide the details of the following resources use pattern and time needed.
Activities
Round trip time (2/4/6/8/10 years back)
Drinking water sources collection
(tap/well/spring/river)
Firewood collection
NTFP collection
Fodder collection
Cattle grazing
Round trip time (now-a-days)
Question-24
Who is affected the most due to climate change (age wise)? (please tick below)
Early age
Adult
Old age
Question-25
Who is affected the most due to climate change (gender wise wise)? (please tick below)
Male
Female
Children
Question-26
Who is affected the most due to climate change (Caste wise)? (Please rank it)
Brahmin/Chettri
Janjati
Madhesi
Dalit
Socially excluded groups/DAG
Question-27
Level of knowledge on climate change adaptation/mitigation (gender wise)
Male
Female
Unknown
Little/insufficient
Sufficient
Children
Question-28
Level of knowledge on climate change adaptation/mitigation (Caste wise)
Brahmin/Chettri Janjati
Madhesi
Dalit
Other socially excluded groups/DAG
Unknown
Little/insufficient
Sufficient
Question-29
Who, in the family, was most affected by this natural disaster in the past? (Please tick it)
Male
Female
Children
All
Question-30
What was done by the male and female during and immediately after the natural disaster?
Activities by the female
Activities by male
Question-31
Do you plan to migrate in order to observe reduced impacts of future natural disaster?
Yes
No
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 211
Final Report
Question-32
What practices have you adopted to cope with the CLIMATE CHANGE? (Please keep ticking it)
1 Mixed cropping
9
Construction of cemented barrier against flooding
2 Change in cropping pattern
10 Boat facilities against flooding
3 Change in site of farmland
11 Air Condition/fan
4 More irrigation facility
12 Less time spend outside house/home
5 Use of more chemical fertilizer
13 Extending greenery/garden around residential area
6 Use of more Bio-fertilizer
14 Seasonal migration
7 Use of flood/drought resistance varieties
15 Others
8 Use of more insecticide/pesticide
Question-33
Agriculture land holding
Private forest land
SECTION C: ENERGY
(
(
Question-34
Consumption of fuel resources (Cooking/Heating)
SN
Fuel Type
Quantity (Please round/tick
the unit either Kg or Mt)
1
Fuel wood
.. Kg/MT
2
Agri. Residue
Kg/MT
) Ropani/HC
) Ropani/HC /
Please tick the unit any one
Market
Price, Rs
Daily /Weekly / Monthly /Annually

Cattle dung
Kg/MT
SKO
...... Lt
LPG
Coal
Electricity Grid/ Off grid
8
9
Biogas,
Other
Cylinder
... Kg
.. KWH
m3

Question-35
Consumption of fuel resources (Lighting)
SN
Device
Please tick any one unit below
1
Incandescent lamp
KWH/Monthly/Annually
2
Florescent lamp
3
CFL
4
WLED
5
Other
Question-36
Cooking/heating device
Device
No.
TCS
ICS(Mud)
ICS(Metallic)
Electric heater
Rice cooker
LPG stove
Biogas stove
Microwave
Prepared by: NEEDS
Use Hrs
Capacity, Wp
Type
Number
Use hours
Model
Page 212
Final Report
Question-37
Unit cost of fuel resources:
Type
Please round/tick the unit below
Fuel wood
Agri-residue
Dung cake
SKO
LPG
Coal
Electricity Grid
Off Grid
Other
Cost, Rs
Specific HH generation
(please tick it)
Market purchase
(Please tick it)
Kg/MT
Kg/MT
Kg/MT
Ltr
cylinder
Kg/MT
Kwh
Kwh/unit
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 213
Final Report
Annex 25: Household Questionnaire for GESI
DISTRICT
HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE FOR GESI
Question Number
Age
Ward
Total Male
Name of respondent
VDC
Total family members
Total Female
Question-1
Which caste do you belong? (Please tick below)
(1) Brahman/Chetri
(3) Dalits
(2) Terrai Middle Caste
(4) Newar
(5) Hill Janajaties

(6) TeraiJanajatis
(7) Muslim
(8) Other Minorities
Question-2
Household status
Education Level:
Economic activity:
Question-3
Do you have land? (Please tick it
Yes
No
If Yes, what area of land is owned or cropped?

( Mention the following types of land use status:
Types of Land used
Size / Unit
Ropani/Bigah
Manage by
female
Manage
by male
Name of
crops
Production in year
1. Own cultivated land
2. From others
(Rent, lease)
Total area
Question-4
Is your land having Irrigation facility?
Yes
No
If YES, How many % (parts) have irrigating?
Question-5
Which crops do you planted last year? Write down on the priority order (such as 1, 2, 3,
Paddy
Maize
Millet
Wheat
Mustard
others
Buckwheat
Question-6
How much your family income can support your Household expenditure? (Please tick below)
1-3 months
4-6 months
7-9 months
10-12 months
More than 12 months
Question-7
What is the main income source of your house? (Please round it)
1) Wage labour (Agriculture)
2) Livestock
3) Fruits & vegetables
4)Wage
labour
5) Small Business
6) Services
7) Foreign services
8) Others (Specify)
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 214
Final Report
Question-8
How many months do you have sufficient food by their own production? (Please round/fill it)
1) Consume yearly and saving
2) Consume yearly only, not saving
3) Only for .. months sufficient
4) No production
Question-9
How can you manage HHs expenditure when production becomes low? (Please round it)
1) Wage labour within the village
2) Wage labour outside the village
3) Selling Livestock
Selling asset 5)Services (Salary/Daily allowances)
6) Pension and Remittances
7) Business
8) Borrowing 9) Others (Specify)
4)
Question-10
Household income (in year) Rs
Question-11 Household expenditure (in year) Rs.
Question-12
Information on livestock =
Total numbers
Animals
Does the woman

privately owned? (tick it)
Does the woman lease

owned? (tick it) =
Buffalo
Oxen/cow
Yak
Sheep/Goat
Horses, donkey, mule
Any other
Question-13
Do you have following goods in yours houses? (Please indicate the numbers as well)
[ ] Toilet
[ ] Radio
[ ] T.V.
[ ] Computer
[ ] Frieze
[ ] Camera
[ ] Telephone/Mobile [ ] Solar
plant
[ ] Bull/Buffalo cart [ ] Any other technology ..
[ ] Sewing machine
[ ] Vehicles
Question-14
Gender roles and responsibilities (Please tick only those that are existing in below)
SN
Areas
Male
1
Collection and management of fuel wood =
Acquisition and use of fossil fuel=
Ownership of animal husbandry =
Maintaining of biogas and use of produces =

Agricultural practice and use and control of produce
5
6
7
Ownership of Solar PV=

Ownership of Solar Thermal
Ownership of Bio-briquette
Ownership of ICS
10
Medical treatment and purchasing of medicine
11
Use of MHP and IWM for agro-processing
12
Others
Prepared by: NEEDS
[ ] Bio-gas
Female
Both
Page 215
Final Report
Annex 26: Institutional/Commercial Questionnaire

DISTRICT:
A. RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY (INSTITUTIONAL/COMMERCIAL UNIT)
Question-1
Agriculture land holding
.. Ropani/HC
Private forest land
.. Ropani/HC
Question-2
Consumption of fuel resources (Cooking/Heating)
SN
Fuel Type
Quantity (Please round/tick
the unit either Kg or Mt)
1
Fuel wood
.. Kg/MT
2
Agri. Residue
Kg/MT
3
Cattle dung
Kg/MT
4
SKO
...... Lt
5
LPG
Cylinder
6
Coal
... Kg
7
Electricity Grid/ Off grid
.. KWH
8
Biogas,
m3
9
Other
Please tick the unit

any one
Daily /Weekly /
Monthly /Annually
Daily /Weekly /
Monthly /Annually
Daily /Weekly /
Monthly /Annually
Daily /Weekly /
Monthly /Annually
Daily /Weekly /
Monthly /Annually
Daily /Weekly /
Monthly /Annually
Daily /Weekly /
Monthly /Annually
Daily /Weekly /
Monthly /Annually
Daily /Weekly /
Monthly /Annually
Question-3
Consumption of fuel resources (Lighting)
SN
Device
Please tick any one unit below
1
Incandescent lamp
Florescent lamp
CFL
WLED
Other
Question-4
Cooking/heating device
Device
No.
TCS
ICS (Mud)
ICS (Metallic)
Electric heater
Rice cooker
LPG stove
Biogas stove
Microwave
Prepared by: NEEDS
Use Hrs
Capacity, Wp
Type
Market Price, Rs
Number
Use hours
Model
Page 216
Final Report
Question-5
Unit cost of fuel resources:
Type
Please round/tick
the unit below
Fuel wood
Kg/MT
Agri-residue
Kg/MT
Dung cake
Kg/MT
SKO
Ltr
LPG
Ltr
Coal
Kg/MT
Electricity Grid
Kwh
Off Grid
Kwh/unit
other
Prepared by: NEEDS
Cost, Rs
Specific HH generation
Market
purchase
Page 217
Final Report
Annex 27: Industrial Questionnaire
INDUSTRIAL SURVEY CHECKLIST/QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ENERGY

District: ...
Question-1
Industrial Name:
Address:
Major Raw material consumed:
Total power installation:
Total work force/labour:
Administrations/Management:
Technical staff:
Question-2
Annual electricity consumption: (Please round either in KWH or MWH)
___________________KWH/MWH
Question-3
Annual consumptions
SN
Fuel Type
Quantity Consumed
Fuel wood
) MT
Agriculture residue
) MT
Dung,
) MT
Coal
) MT
SKO, KL (Kerosene)
) KL
LPG, Cylinder
LDO/HSD/FO KL (petroleum products type)
) KL
Other
Number (
) Cylinder
Note: 1000kg= 1 MT
Question-4
Major end use device
A) Engine
B) Oven
C)
Blower
D) Motor
E) Cutting/Fitting
F) Boiler
G) Other
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 218
Final Report
Annex 28: List of participants of DCEP workshop, Morang
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 219
Final Report
Prepared by: NEEDS
Page 220

District Climate and Energy Plan - Morang

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District Climate and Energy Plan - Morang

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District Development Committee

Prepared by: NEEDS

Not have significant impact

Low or no potential for wind

Prepared by: NEEDS

Biogas production may

Solar potential may

Not have significant impact

Prepared by: NEEDS

Units: Thousand Metric Tonnes

2014 2015 2016

Residential ,000 GJ Commercial ,000GJ Industrial ,000 GJ Transportation ,000 GJ Total

Residential ,000 GJ Commercial ,000GJ Industrial ,000 GJ Transportation ,000 GJ Total

Prepared by: NEEDS

District Climate and Energy Plan- Morang, 2014

Prepared by: NEEDS

Receiving financial support

All over districts;

AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs,

All over the district

Urban and Solar

Capacity building training

Hiring consulting services, and

All over the VDCs

AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs, etc.

All over the DDC

Subsidy provision from

Increased number of solar

Providing access to subsidy

Repairing, maintenance and

Increasing SHS sales service

How to deliver service

Increased number of ICS

District Climate and Energy Plan- Morang, 2014

Providing access to subsidy

Subsidy provision from

Receiving financial support

Targets VDCs are

All over DDC

AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs,

Urban and ICS

Repairing, maintenance and

Capacity building training

Hiring consulting services, and

All over the VDCs

AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs, etc.

Training to ICS promoters

Hiring consulting services, by

AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs, etc.

All over DDC

Prepared by: NEEDS

Increased number of Biogas

Targets VDCs are in

Subsidy provision from

District Climate and Energy Plan- Morang, 2014

All over DDC

AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs,

Urban and Biogas

Capacity building training

Hiring consulting services, and

All over VDCs

AEPC/NRREP, DDC, VDCs, etc