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fecal material. It is useful for staining glycogen and making nuclei visible in protozoan cysts. Protozoan cysts correctly
stained with iodine contain yellow-gold cytoplasm, brown glycogen material, and paler refractile nuclei.
Flagella Stain - Hardy Catalog Number: Z87
Hardy Diagnostics Flagella Stain is a simple, rapid, qualitative method for detecting bacterial flagella and their shape,
length, curvature, arrangement and number on the cell.(2,4) This method was developed by Ryu in 1937, and also later
described by Kodaka, et al. in 1982.(3,5) This test has been found especially useful in providing taxonomic and identifying
information about motile bacteria, and more recently, anaerobic bacteria.(2,3,4) The Flagella Stain provides a method for
viewing bacterial flagella by employing crystal violet in an alcoholic solution as the primary stain.The Flagella Stain also
contains tannic acid and aluminum potassium phosphate as mordants, and phenol as an antifungal agent.
Giemsa Stain - Hardy Catalog Number: 591A16
Giemsa Stain, like Wright Stain, is a modification of the Romanowsky Stain, which combines methylene blue and eosin.
Both stains are typically used by hematology laboratories for demonstrating the differences of nuclei and cytoplasmic
features of the blood cell components. Both stains are also used for detection of blood parasites (e.g., Plasmodium,
Babesia, and Leishmania spp.), fungi (e.g., Histoplasma spp., yeast cells, Pneumocystis spp.), rickettsiae, chlamydiae,
and viral inclusions. A protozoan trophozoite has a red nucleus and a gray-blue cytoplasm; intracellular yeasts and
inclusions typically stain blue (basophilic); and rickettsiae, chlamydial elementary bodies, and Pneumocystis spp. stain
purple.
Gram Stain Kit - Hardy Catalog Number: GK400
Gram Stain is the most commonly used stain in clinical microbiology laboratories. It is used to separate bacteria into
gram-positive (blue) and gram-negative (red) groups as well as to detect fungi and many parasites. The stain also provides
information about the state of infection and quality of a specimen by allowing differentiation of epithelial and
inflammatory cells. Variations in the performance of this stain are commonplace, but the staining principle is constant.
After fixation of the specimen to a glass slide (by heating or treatment with 95% methanol), the specimen is exposed to
the basic dye, crystal violet. Iodine is added, and the iodine forms a complex with the primary dye. During the
decolorization step, this complex is retained in gram-positive organisms but lost in gram-negative organisms. The
gram-negative organisms are detected with a counterstain (e.g. safranin). The degree to which an organism retains the
stain is a function of the species, culture conditions, and staining skills of the microbiologist. Older cultures tend to
decolorize readily.
Gram Stain Kit Advanced - Hardy Catalog Number: GK400A
Hardy Diagnostics Gram Stain Kit Advanced is comprised of Advanced Crystal Violet, Stabilized Iodine, Fast
Decolorizer and Advanced Counterstain. Advanced Crystal Violet has been shown to provide superior, consistent
and brighter staining of gram-positive organisms, especially those which decolorize easily. Advanced Counterstain, a
stronger counterstain than Safranin, will stain the gram-negative organisms a very deep red. Contrast between
gram-positive organisms and gram-negative organisms in a mixed field is greatly enhanced. The advanced system helps to
guard against accidental over-decolorization, thus reducing the possibility of mistaking a gram-positive organism for a
gram-negative one.
India Ink Stain (Nigrosin) - Hardy Catalog Number: Z64
The use of India Ink is not technically a staining method. The polysaccharide capsule of encapsulated organisms (e.g.,
Cryptococcus neoformans) excludes the ink particles. Organisms are detected by the appearance of a distinctive halo
surrounding the encapsulated fungi. Care in interpretation is required because artifacts (e.g., leukocytes, erythrocytes,
powder, bubbles) may be confused with yeast cells. The morphologic characteristics of the yeast cells must be recognized
before the preparation can be interpreted.
Iron Hematoxylin Stain
Iron Hematoxylin Stain is used for the detection and identification of fecal protozoa. Helminth eggs and larvae generally
retain too much stain and are more easily identified with wet-mount preparations. Iron Hematoxylin Stain can be applied
to either fresh stool specimens or ones preserved with polyvinyl alcohol or a similar preservative. Formalin-fixed
specimens cannot be used. Background material and organisms stain gray-blue to black, with cellular inclusions and
nuclei appearing darker than the cytoplasm.
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malabsorbtion occurs, and high quantities of fat are detected in the stool. This procedure, when performed carefully and
consistently, is a simple method of detecting this condition in the patient. Sudan Black IV Stain, also known as scarlet red,
was introduced by Michaelis in 1901 as a fat stain.(6) It is a dimethyl derivative of Sudan III, which makes it a deeper and
more intense stain, yet it has similar physical properties and is fat soluble.(6) This stain has been widely used as a screening
method because it is easy to use, and correlates well with quantitative methods.(7)
Trichrome Stain - Hardy Catalog Number: T016
Trichrome Stain, like Iron Hematoxylin Stain, is used for the detection and identification of protozoa. Trichrome Stain
produces well-stained smears from both fresh and PVA-preserved material. When staining is done properly, the specimen
background is green and the protozoa have blue-green to purple cytoplasms with red or purple-red nuclei and inclusions.
Uristain - Hardy Catalog Number: Z74
The stain contains various dyes that aid in differentiating the abnormal and normal cellular elements found in urine.
UriStain is a one solution modification of the Sternheimer and Malvin procedure. This combination stain includes:
Ammonium Oxalate, Safranin, Crystal Violet, and Ethanol.
Wright Stain - Hardy Catalog Number: 926A32
Wright Stain is used in the differential staining of basophilic and acidophilic material. It is a polychromatic stain that
contains a mixture of methylene blue, azure B (from the oxidation of methylene blue), and eosin Y dissolved in methanol.
The eosin ions are negatively charged and stain the basic components of the cells orange to pink, while the other dyes stain
the acidic cell structures various shades of blue to purple. Like Giemsa Stain, it is primarily used for the differentiation of
intracellular and extracellular circulating blood parasites (e.g., Plasmodium, Babesia, and Leishmania spp.), fungi (e.g.,
Histoplasma spp., yeast cells, Pneumocystis spp.), rickettsiae, chlamydiae, and viral inclusions.
Wrights Stain, One Step - Hardy Catalog Number: SS016 or SS032
One Step Wrights Stain is a hematology stain that is used for differential staining of blood smears, bone marrow and
blood parasites. The traditional Wrights stain is diluted 1:1 with giordano buffer before use. One Step Wrights Stain
contains the buffer already dissolved in the stain. The slides are stained in the undiluted stain and differentiated by
decolorizing in purified water.
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain for AFB - Hardy Catalog Number: 484K
Ziehl-Neelsen, an acid-fast stain, requires that the specimen be heated during staining so that the basic carbol fuchsin can
penetrate into the organisms. Once the dye is forced into the cell, decolorization and counterstaining are the same as with
the Kinyoun method. The sensitivity and specificity of this stain are essentially the same as those of the Kinyoun method.
The Kinyoun Stain procedure, however, is less time-consuming and easier to perform.
REFERENCES
1. Forbes, B.A., et al. 2007. Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, 12th ed. C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO.
2. Murray, P.R., et al. 2003. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington,
D.C.
3. Kodaka, H., et al. 1982. Practical procedure for demonstrating bacterial flagella. J. Clin. Microbiol.; 16:948-952.
4. Koneman, E.W., et al. 2005. Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 6th ed. J.B. Lippincott Company,
Philadelphia, PA.
5. Ryu, E. 1937. A simple methos of staining bacterial flagella. Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med.; 14:218-219.
6. Lillie, R.D. 1977. H. J. Conn's Biological Stains, 9th ed. Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD. Reprint by
Sigma Chemical Company, 1991.
7. Henry, J.B., ed. 1979. Clinical Diagnosis and Management, 16th ed. Vol. I. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia,
PA.
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8. Isenberg, H.D. Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, Vol. I, II & III. American Society for Microbiology,
Washington, D.C.
060309nm
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