<**

^T.

PL

M792
B8
1872
C.I

ROBA

*LM
-

'

Presented to the

LIBRARY of the
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
by

PROF. A. GLEASON

OF THE

BY

REV.

J.

BBIGEL

B. M. S.

MANGALORE
PUBLISHED BY

C.

STOLZ

BASEL MISSION BOOK & TRACT DEPOSITORY

1872

PREFATORY NOTE.
In

offering to the public this first

attempt at treating the Tulu Langu-

age grammatically, the Author and Publisher trust that

come

to all

who take an

interest in the

they are well aware that a

first

it

will

be wel-

South Indian Languages, although

work

of this kind, written as this

is,

under a pressure of professional duties, cannot claim perfection.

Tulu

is

one of the Dravidian Languages, spoken only in the Col-

lectorate of

South Canara by about

exactly confined

500,000

between 12-30 and 13-30

tending eastward to the foot of the Ghats.

people,

degrees N.
It

till

nearly

latitude, ex-

a character of

its

In writing, a modification of the Malayalam alphabet was used,

the Basel Mission Press employed Canarese characters in printing.

This precedent has

The

now been almost

generally followed.

book ever printed in Tulu,

first

is

the Gospel of St.

1847

lithographed and published in

1842.

New

and a new typographical

was

is

cannot boast of any

literature in the proper sense of the word, nor has it

own.

and

Testament was
issued in

Mangalore:

finished,

1859.

Besides

The Psalms,

this,

Liturgy,

Within

the

following

Hymn-Book,

Matthew

the whole of the

edition of it

was published at
First

and Second

IV
Catechisms, Old

and New Testament Bible

Prayer-Book, Flattich's Household-Rules,

Stories,

Short Bible Stories,

Congregation-Rules, Selection

of Scripture Passages.
Special

only took
it

by a

acknowledgment

much

is

due to A. Burnell Esq. M.

interest in the publication of this book,

liberal donation

towards the cost of printing.

Mangalore, \kth September 1872.

c. s.,

but

who

not

facilitated

GRAMMAR OF THE TULU LANGUAGE

I.

1.

PHONOLOGY.

PART:

Chapter: Of the Alphabet.

1. The Tulu
language has no alphabet of its own.
Those who formerly wrote in Tulu used to employ Malayalain characters; but more recently the Canarese alpha-

bet has been adopted both in writing and printing; so the

latter

may now

2.

this

Iii

be considered as the modern Tulu alphabet.

alphabet there are 15 Vowels, two Medials

and 34 Consonants.
Of Vowels.

A.

Vowels are

3.

either short or long, or diphthongal or

indefinite.

Short:

S5 a,

Long:

t? a,

-3?

Diphthongal:
Indefinite:
e

in

it

je.

i,

i,

soei(ai),

(as

in

eni n,

srio

yxra u,

sx$J3

n,

to 6.

e,

25 on,

sounded nearly as the French

Standard Alphabet represents

u.

by

OHl (-dials.

There are two Medials, viz:

or n according to position, and 8

4.
n,

2*0.

>e,

),

Dr. Lepsius in his

B.

m,

n,

C.

5.

There are 25

nants, viz:

o,

which

is

sounded

ah.

Of Consonants.

classified

and 9

unclassified Conso-

2
Classified Consonants.

3
7.

with

a.

59
inherent

the
Consonants

vowel

B.

Consonants.

e?a

ka

53 ka

sokha

50D

Xga

ACga

?sgi

na

ni

85^ ca

elci

$3t> cha

e3 chi

e^ja

83 ji

na

&fja

ta

63

83D

fcrata,

dha

kha

a)

khi

?^gi

ni

26

sookhu

sojs>khu

so^khri

X^gu

Xoagu

X^gri

nu

s^> nu

8?^ nri

2?

sf^ci

&3ocu

Scpjhi

5cppjhi

cCpojhu c(pjs>jhu

&3ti

K^ti

W^tu

63jstu

ft^dhi

^odhu

^jsdhu

^d'hri

flni

f^^ni

raonu

fojanu

rs^nri

&

3? ti

^ tu

qi^ thi

<Sxsthu

tha

5 thi

da

di

dhi

zp dha

Dkhi

ti

^tM

so^khri

8?^

nn

da

CD da

^ di

ni

^^ ni

^ nu

TJ

pa

ebu

*:

pi

ob^pi

^jpu

^ppu

20

ba

aroba

83 bi

83^ bl

ai^bu

eojabu

^jjbri

20^,

ep^bha

83bni

^^bhi

^fcbhu

^jabhu

e^^bhri

B^rrgbhri

ma

Siomi

o^ysmi

o^J-mu

^-jsmu

mri
0^3^

ttSo-rgmrl

ya

cOo yi

0353 yi

cdoo

odojs

odo>, yri

ri

sp rl

^J ru

>vi

S)^vi

^/vu

?>^ si

^o su

& si

&^si

Tvosu

rojssu

Sshi

So phi

5oohu

Sojshu

rf

8^

bha

irfj

ma

~z$

pa

js

odi ya

cdjai

d ra

CD ra

sDva
'sD

sa

To

sa

KTS sa

Cc

ha

ess

ha

si

>

di

rfj

du

yu

jl

nu

yu

^vu

^^ nri

bn

5
06

2o o

so ei

J ou

am

ah

<y

sSkhe s^kbe

?<>khei s5jskho

xUi^kho s^Dkhou
?f3 gou
<do

^che

AO gam
jjjo

A gah

gham 3p-ghah

i^ne

"$l nei

^cj^no

^cjs^no

sJ'Snou

ajonam

sssiiah

>?ce

??? cei

'S5j)co

tSjspco

E^SCOU

s^-ocam

E^O

cpj>cho

^.ra^cho

<^?7)chou

^ccham

^=chah

^jpHhei ^jsjho

<5jk^s^jho

o^p^jhou cCpojham

B/
o

65jpto

&^tou

&3otam

^'Sthou

Gotham

^thah
^odhah

^'j?che

jhe

63 te

* ghou

kham soskhah

soo

3ote

a
$( chei

tei

S^sto

10

cah

'

93

dho rif^^dho

tj'Sdhou

Rodham

J^ ne

fs^ ne

ri/ nei

J^jsno

f2J?>pno

ps'Snou

rso

&

SP

i}

^-isto

^jspto

s'Stou

^otam

te

te

zf/dhei

rf js

"

tei

(p^ thei

^J^tho vJ>jth6 ^^thou

do

<5/

dei

<3j3

~Q}

dhei

oj3 dho

oJ3^ do
^Jw3

n'S dou

dho ^p^ dhou

pou

-j

reSnah

H;tah

Z^otham

Zj5sthah

DO dam

QJ dah

Tj^o

c^o

vpte

nam

dham

nam

zlopam

dhah

<3

nah

^pah
^phah

vpbe

y^phei

^ppho

^^pho

'^'Sphou

^5? be

eS; bei

^Sos bo

sSjspbo

e^Sbou

ptam
200 bam

^jjs^bho

ep'Sbhou

^Sobham

^o'Smou ^oomam

^osmah
odes

3fi

eo^bah

$bhe

^S/bhei

^5-^bho

^jsmo

^Sjspmo

o5js^y6

odo^ you

^-^ro

tfjz^io

o'Srou

"do

odooyam
ram

"dSrah

vei

'^/svo

^^vo

n'Svou

rfovam

^58

sei

'fjsso

^JSOSQ

^^sou

"^c

MT^BOQ

tic sam

^J?me

6:/ mei

o5j ye

o5u^ye

oSo^yei o3^,yo

$ re

^3? re

^ ( r ei

^ve

is/

"?

se

&

"f^

sei

fie

^?1

SA-^SO

r\js^so

^v sei

^
ojjs so

>-x'js)o

5cy hei

oo^sho

^(Isi

"^jslo

sam

p=

bhah

yah

vah

^8sah

oj^sou

rdosam

ToSsah

Scjs^ho

ss'Shou

55oham

ScShah

fja^lS

^^lou

^/olam

so

The following

fourteen Consonants are pronounced like

the English letters by which they are represented: 3 ka, rt ga,

e3 <$a, fci ja, 3J pa, 20 ba, do ma, o3o ya, d ra, o la, d va,
nearly ^
CQ ha.

sa, ?o sa,

8.

letters

The remaining Consonants do not correspond to the

of the English alphabet.
The following are dental
they must be pronounced with the

letters;

between the front

9.

teeth: ^

ta,

q$ tha,

da,

of the tongue
dha, ^ na.

tip
q$

The following are cerebral letters:

y ta, d tha, d da, ^ dha, re na; ^

sa,

la,

(Tables showing the alphabet with the combinations of the Vowels and Consonants).
c.

10.

The

plete form

short vowel
of every

Syllables.

is

inherent in the initial or com-

consonant;

so that every letter

capable of being a complete syllable. Thus: ^odoz3

shepherd; sss&rid a-ma-sa-ra, haste; Wdtg ka-du, forest.

is

ku-ru-be

When

a syllable is formed of two or more consonants and one vowel, the vowel is always joined to the
11.

first

or uppermost consonant, but sounded after the last or

lowest one; thus:

kli,

tyu,

h^

stri.

^_
3

W;
o

12.

The

rf
<a

half letter r

is

pronounced before the

or syllable which in writing precedes

class; ^^rsS kartave,

Lord; 3oJ3^Foc3
d.

13.

cation,

it;

liortande,

letter

thus: ^rtr varga,

except.

Double Consonants.

Most of the consonants are capable of reduplias with unchanged form of under-written consonants:

&;'

sj'

With

<sp'

c
c<3'

partially

ti*

changed form of under-written conso-

nants:
d-

o\'

?;$; H;
v ^ v w

^,; ri: cdv,

2.

nJ'

oo'

5>; t&',
<*

^9 ^
*,

<p

rf; si;
o^x; sd .:
**

52!;

si:
'

%*"

With entirely changed form of under-written consonants:

_o'

^o).'

o}'

(i,'

Euphony

mutation of

ro"

Chapter: Of Euphony.

3.

14.

o'

occasions the elision, insertion, and per-

letters.
a.

15.

When

followed by an

Elision.

word ending
affix

in

a,

commencing with

i,

ew

u,

a vowel,

or

u is

euphony

requires elision as follows:

etc.

b.

16.

Sometimes c^n

is

c.

Insertion.

inserted; as,

Permutation.

compound words sometimes

changed; as, ^-srlr^sS instead of SD^r^d;
17. In

the consonant
srart oc^

for sra

Remark: In the declensions of nouns and pronouns hard and

consonants are, for the sake of euphony, frequently exchanged;
for ?ro5d; c3)3 for

pad;

O&T? for tfosF^ eS3jaUj for

cJe

is

as,

soft

II.

PART: ETYMOLOGY.

Chapters Of the Formation of Words.

1.

DISTINCTION OF

WORDS ACCORDING TO THEIR

ORIGIN.

The Tuluvas have adopted many words from

languages, they have come in contact with; here we

18.

the

find in their vocabulary

c.,

/.,

corrupted Sanscrit,
foreign words.

a.,

pure Tulu,

Canarese,

d.,

illu,

tice;

rtado guru,

Sanscrit:

o;

(slSe^prasna); roJSc^sonne,

Examples of

Examples

padike,

bad;

etc.

niti,

jus-

love; $53

priti,

banji,

master.

Examples of corrupted

ment; 3J3^,--^
w
2^"

&^3

house; woz3

&=

belly; saDiid patera, word; oiiei yedde, good;

Examples of pure

Hindustany and

e.,

6
Examples of pure Tulu words: ^o

pure Sanscrit,

6.,

$6do^

envy; 3^0^$=$

of Hindustany: ^>

HJSrO (SJdro) khasi (khasa),

prasne,

question

z3Je>$$ (23J5$cSe>) bodhane, advice.

(pure) Canarese:

hottekichchi,

&&

Sanscrit:

=^o<^

own;

seremane,

tiluvalike,

kali

(jus)

(SJoS, SJO^)

confine-

knowledge.

(khali)

kusi

empty;

(khusi, khasi),

(will) glad.

Examples of foreign words:

" court; ^ej^iio*

cortu,

DISTINCTION OF
19.

rierso

(rosrs^oo) salam (salamu ;

kallakataru, collector.

WORDS ACCORDING TO THEIR FORM.

There are Primitive, Derivative and Compound

Words.
a.

1.
2.

Verbs:

(&>200

Primitive Words.

nambu, believe;

^eJj. kattu,

Nouns: dodmara, tree; ^^kallu, stone;

3.

Pronouns:

4.

Numerals: ^otS wonji, one;

nudu,

oJJSc^ yanu,

hundred,

etc.

I;

a,

that;

fS

build.

w nela, ground, etc.

^^

inci,

hither.

sis^pattu, ten; sis^ paka,

some;

_
b.
1.

Derivative Words.

Verbal derivatives:

as, c3o)r{ nambige, trust

3U katta and

believe); sa^tajme, patience (from satfo);

katte,

bundle (from 3klx

kattu).

2.

Other derivatives:

a]

Ending

in

3$.

tva, ^tana,
^
oJ

tfgesas, tooaSo^^kuddhihinatva,
oJ

si) era

stupidity; ofozS^yoJdetana, goodness;

afimalladige, great-

ness.

Ending

b)

as, s3j^?3rra3 mosagare,

vyabMcari,
d?3 vyaparasthe,

c)

in rra^gare, ^oJvante,

i,

'R&iite,

?3

sthe,

deceiver; wjadoibuddH^ante, wise man;

an adulterer;

a sinner;

S5e)^j^,papiste,

a merchant, a seller; eSj^q^bodhake, a teacher.

Ending

in

s?*

h,

di:

rfrrada mosagaredi, a deceitful

C.

as,

^ori^ magalu, a daughter;

woman.

Compound Words.

Compound words may be formed by the union of two

20.

nouns or by affixing pronouns to the genitive case of nouns

and to participles, as will be seen from the following examples.
a)

Union of two nouns: 006=5%^

Mrekuta, presbytery;

^D*

^o^nirukutta, dropsy; S3D3J!03o3dpapaparihara, forgiveness of sin.

21. b) Affixing pronouns to the genitive case of nouns:

2^3z3>o3j
pntidaju (
S^o

pritidaye

(^3rf+oi>

+ aye),

lover;

^Bd+^ ^ pritida+alu); ^^vlcra^o^J pritidakulu

pntida+akulu), lovers;

aye,-w^

pritida

alu,-S3^)

3JkJ cjaoSj

patnadaye (3Jyrf patnada+ tJo3o

avu,-W^o^o akulu,_S3^j^o

eikulu), citizen.

Affixing pronouns to participles which, for the sake

of euphony, requires the insertion of the letter c^ nij: sk^cra
c)

o3j malpunaye

(dj^malpu+^ nu+wo3j aye,- ws* alu,

e5S^)

avu)

maker

or one that makes;

s&^cJs^o^o malpunakalu (do^malpu+c^ nn+
w^o^o akulu,-SD^j^o eikulu) makers or things that make; w^cra
oi> battinaye

(W^batti+c^ nu+wo3j aye,-W^

alu,-S3^) avu),

one that

10
came; to^^s^o^obattinakulu (zo^
eikulu),

batti+c^ ira+e^otfo

persons or things that came.

Chapter: Of Parts of Speech.

2.

There are

22.

five principal parts of

speech

viz:

Nouns,

Pronouns, Numerals, Verbs and Particles.

FIRST SECTION: NOUNS.
23.

Nouns are of three kinds,

viz:

Substantive, Adjective,

and Adverbial.

OF SUBSTANTIVES.

1.

a.

Substantives

24.

Gender of Substantives.

are

of three Genders:

Masculine,

Feminine, and Neuter.

25. The names of men and gods are Masculine, those
of women and goddesses Feminine, animals and inanimate
objects are generally Neuter.

show the male

often prefixed to

male infant; tJD^&S)

The word

26.

anupili,

ponnupili,

a child,

is

yc^WD^

male,

is

anubale,

a tiger.

^cxarasS

is

often prefixed to

ponnubale,

a female child;

some exceptions to the above rule; thus:

generally and t^jana, a person or people,

bale puttundu, a child

s^^-oc^
5
so^ocs jana battundu, the people have come.

frequently Neuter;
fcsi-j

tJr^ ana,

a tigress.

27. There are

erss3 bale,

sex; as,

s^rso ponnu, female

sho\v the female sex; as,

^>rw &>

The word

as, &ras3

b.

Number of

is

born;

Substantives.

have two numbers: Singular and Plural.

29. The Plural is formed by
addingV
O o* ru' or "**o lu'
28. Substantives

or '^o^o

kulu' to

kartavera,

lords;

kuri,

the singular; as, =^^rs5

si^Zo

sheep, ^oO^o^o

meji,

kurikulu,

table,

sheep.

kartave, lord,

s^So^o

mejilu,

^rsSa 5

tables;

=5*00

11
Substantives of relationship terminate in

30. Plural

lu; as, S3 d-3>Jpo,

ammadlu, fathers; ri^JS^ofosc^sahodriyadlu,

sisters.

When

31.

the cardinal numbers are used in reference

to persons, the

one,

and

thus:

dood

word w^

be added to ^oto

either &<$ or si>od mande to all the other

oo2o fci^ wonji jana,

raddu mande,

one person; ds*

numbers;

raddii jana

or

dra*

Declension of Substantives.

have 8 Cases

32. Substantives

Nominative, Ge-

viz:

Accusative, Locative,

Dative,

fc^

wonji,

two persons.
c.

nitive,

may

jana

Ablative or Instru-

mental, Communicative and Vocative. Of these the Nominative singular is the same as the crude form of the word;
the formation of the Nominative plural has been explained
in the preceding paragraph, the remaining cases are formed
affixes to the

by adding

Nominative.

Cases.

Affixes.

Singular.
1.

Nominative

S3 a, S^)u,

ooe

2.

Genitive

S3 a,

dda

3.

Dative

r^g, x^ku, riogu, =^oka

6ns regu

4.

Accusative

c^nu, ^ona

6 re,

5.

Locative

^ du,

6.

Ablative or Instru.

C3

7.

Communicative

S?d leda

8.

Vocative

6? re,

5
,~.

33.

^ta,

fa

dudu,
o
o'
.

tu,

etc.

O*ru,

6 re,

do du, ib tu

_.u

do/->">
dudu

O ie4udu

There are 5 declensions or modes of forming the

by adding the above-mentioned affixes,

cases of substantives

varying principally according to the termination of words

in their crude form.
They are therefore conveniently

termed

a.,

declension in e

sion in srou;

<

a;

&.,

declension in

declension in ^i;

<ze,

and

e.,

c.,

declen-

declension in

n.

12
I.

Declension:

Personal noun

Crude form:

34.

EXAMPLE.

IST

1.

Norn.

2.

Genit.

3.

Dat.

4.

Accus.

5.

Local.

ammadu,

6.

Ablat.

ammadudu, from, by or through a mistress,

7.

Comm.

8.

Focctf.

amma, a
,

mistress.

of a mistress,
to a mistress.

ammagu,
(

ammanu, a

ammada,

35.
2.

in a mistress,

to a mistress.

mistress!

e-

mistress,

2ND

EXAMPLE.

Impersonal nouns

.,

Crude form:

Singular.
1.

.ZVonj.

tS^jiva,

2.

(ren.

^^Cojivada,

3.

Dat.

4.

^ccu5.

to^^c^ jivonu,

5.

Local.

t3^5^>^0 jivodu, in

6.

Ablat.

t3^o^)^o jivodudu, from, by or through

7.

Comm.

s^^d

8.

Vocat.

^S3e)jiva,

3^>rta

life.

of

life.

jivogu, to

life-

life.

jivada, to

life.

life.

life!

life.

life

13

Substantive ending in

esa.

wdo, amma, a mistress.

Plural.

mistresses.

u,

of mistresses.

siic^^o^rf ammanakulegu,

to mistresses.

mistresses.
S&jjratfo^ctf ammanakulenu,

aminanakuledu, in mistresses.

&x$e>tfoc
dOj.cSeJTfos?^

ammanakuledudu, from, by or through mistresses.

XcSD^OS?^ ammanakuleda, to mistresses.

le,

mistresses!

(with the soft consonants).

Plural
lu, lives.

jivole, of lives.

jivolegu, to lives.

jivolenu, lives.

3f

jlvoledu, in lives.

W jlvoledudui from, by
t3^53^c^

jivoleda, to lives.

le,

lives!

or through lives.

I486.

EXAMPLE.

3RD

Crude form: dod

&.,

mara,

a tree

Singular.
1.

Norn.

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

4.

Accus.

maronu, a

5.

Local.

marotu, in a tree.

6.

Allot.

marodudu, from, by or through a

7.

Comm.

marata, to a tree,

8.

Vocat.

mara,

mara, a tree.
marata, of a tree.

S^o maroku,

to

a tree,
tree,

tree,

tree!

37.
IST

i.

II.

Declension:

Personal nouns

Crude form:

EXAMPLE.

Singular.
1.

Norn.

2.

Gen

pravadi, a prophet,
a

pravadi, of a prophet,

3.

>#.

4.

Accus.

pravadinu, a prophet;

5.

Local.

pravadidu, in a prophet.

6.

Ablat.

7.

Comm.

ida, to

8.

Focctf.

pravadiye,

pravadigu, to a prophet,

f pravadidudu, from, by or through a prophet.

a prophet,
prophet!

15

(with the hard consonants).

Plural
marokulu, trees.
marokule, of trees.

marokulegu, to trees.
marokulenu, trees.
in trees.

marokuledu,
*

marokuledudu, from, by or through

trees.

marokuleda, to trees.
marokule,

trees!

Substantive ending in a

pra^adi,

e.

a prophet.
Plural.

pravadilu, prophets.
pravadile, of prophets.
pravadilegij, to prophets.
c

pravadilenu, prophets.
pravadiledu, in prophets.

pravadiledudu,

f,-

m, by or through prophets.

pravadileda, to prophets.
pravadile,

prophets!

16

Crude form:

naramani,

1.

Nora.

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

naramanyagu, to a man.

4.

Accus.

naramanyami, a man.

a man.

naramani, a man.
>

naramanya, of a man.

5. Locat.

5*

naramanyadu,

6.

^Wai.

tf

naramanyadudu, from, by or through a man.

7.

Comm.

8.

Vocat.

man.

naramanyada, to a man.

naramanya

38. 2ND

2.

in a

man!

EXAMPLE.

Impersonal nouns

a.,

Crude form:

Singular.

meji, a table,

1.

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

4. Accus.

mejida, of a table,

mejigu, to a table,
mejinu, a table,

5.

Locat.

mejida, in a table.

G.

,4Wa*.

mejidudu, from, through or by a table,

7.

Comm.

8.

Focatf.

mejida, to a table,
mejiye,

table!

Plural

naramanyeru, men.
naramanyere, of men.

f naramanyeregu,
5

to

men.

naramanyerenu, men.
naramanyeredu, in men.

naramanyeredudu, from, by or through men.

naramanyereda, to men.

naramanyere,

meji,

men!

a table (with soft consonants).

Plural,

mejilu, tables,
mejile, of tables,

mejilegu, to tables,
mejilenu, tables,
mejiledii, in tables.

mejiledudu, from, through or

mejileda, to tables,
mejile,

tables!

by

tables,

18
39. SRD

.,

1.

Nom.

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

EXAMPLE.
Crude form:

tfoo torn,

kuri, a sheep,

knrita, of a sheep,

kuriku, to a sheep,

4. Accus.

kurinu, a sheep,

5. Local.

kuritu, in a sheep.

6.

^Za.

kuridudu, from,

7.

Comm.

kurita, to a sheep,

8.

Focaf.

by

or through a sheep,

sheep!

kuriye,

40.

IST

HI.

Declension:

Personal noun

Crude form:

EXAMPLE.
i.

Singular.
rfodo guru, a priest,

guru, of a priest,

2.

a sheep

3.

guruku, to a priest,

4. Accus.

gurunu,

a priest,

5.

Local.

gurutu, in a priest.

6.

^Wa.

gurududu, from, by or through a priest,

7.

Comm.

guruta, to a priest,

8.

Focatf.

guro,

rtadosS^ guruve,

priest!

19

(with hard consonants).

Plural.
kurikulu, sheep.

^oO^OS? kurikule, of sheep.

kurikulegu, to sheep.
kurikulenu, sheep.
kurikuledu, in sheep.
S*

kurikuledudu, from, by or through sheep.

kurikuleda, to sheep.
e,

sheep!

Substantive ending in

guru,

en) u,

a priest.
Plural.
gurukulu, priests.

rtado^OS? gurukule, of priests.

gurukulegu, to priests,
gurukulenu, priests,
gurukuledu, in priests.
y-aO^CS* gurukuledudu, from,

by or through

gurukuleda, to priests,
gurukule,

priests!

priests,

20
41.

2.

1.

Norn.

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

4.

Accus.

5.

Locat.

6. Ablat.

1.

Comm.

8.

Vocat.

SND

EXAMPLE.

Impersonal nouns

a.,

Crude form:

21

bolpu,

light (with soft consonants).

Plural.

bolpulu, lights,
bolpule, of lights,

bolpulegu, to lights,
bolpulenu, lights,

bolpuledu, in lights.

bolpuledudu, from, by or through lights,

bolpuleda, to lights,
bolpuje,

lights!

(with hard consonants).

Plural.

u, flowers,

pukule, of flowers.
*

i*

pukulegu, to flowers.
pukulenu, flowers.
pukuledu, in flowers.

pukuledudu, from, by or through flowers,

pukuleda, to flowers,

pukule,

flowers!

22
43.

IV. Declension:

EXAMPLE-

IST

i.

Personal noun

Crude form:

1.

Norn.

kartave, a lord.

2.

Gen.

kartava, of a lord.

3.

Dat.

kartavagu, to a lord.

4.

Accus.

kartavanii, a lord.

5.

Locat.

kartavadu, in a lord.

6.

ABlat.

kartavadudu, from, by or through a lord.

7.

Comm,

8.

Vocat.

kartavada, to a lord.

^FS3e)

lord!

kartava,

44. 2ND
2.

EXAMPLE.

Impersonal nouns

a.,

Crude form:

Singular.
1.

bele,

work,

beleda, of

2.

work,

belegu, to work.

3.
*

belenu, work,

4.

Accus.

5.

Locat.

beledu, in work,

6.

^Wa^.

beledudu, from, by or through work.

7.

Comm.

8.

Focaf.

a,

bele,

to

work,

work!

23

Substantive ending in

kartave,

AQ.

a lord.

Plural
*

kartaveru, lords,
kartavere, of lords,

kartaveregu, to lords,
kartaverenu, lords,
kartaveredu, in lords.
*

kartaveredudu, from, by or through lords,

kartavereda, to lords,
lords!

kartavere,

bele,

work.
Plural

belelu,

e,

works.
of works,

belelegu, to works,
belelenu, works,
beleledu, in works.

beleledudu, from,
beleleda, to

belele,

works,

works!

by or through works,

24
SRD

EXAMPLE.

&.,

1.

1.

2.

Gen.

3.

4.
5.

Locat.

6.

JWa.

7.

Comm.

8.

Focaf.

Crude form: =5^=$

kudike,

a fox.

(with a peculiar plural form "<OF rju)

Plural.
kudikerlu, foxes,
kudikerle, of foxes,

kudikerlegu, to foxes,
kudikerlenu, foxes,
kudikerledu, in foxes.
S?

kudikerledudu, from,

by or through

kudikerleda, to foxes,
kudikerle,

foxes!

(with the hard consonants).

Plural.

tarelu, heads,
tarele,

of heads,

tarelegu, to heads,
tarelenu, heads,
tareledu, in heads.

tareledudu, from,
tareleda, to heads,

tarele,

heads!

by or through heads,

foxes,

26

Most of the Masculine Proper Names are declined

according to the 4th Declension.
46.
IST

i.

V. Declension:

EXAMPLE,

Personal nouns

a.,

Crude form:

27

Substantive ending in

anu,

u.

a boy.

Plural
anulu, boys,
anule, of boys,
anulegii, to boys,

anulenu, boys,

anuledu, in boys,
Cw

anuledudu, from, by or through boys.

anuleda, to boys,
anule,

dgveru,

boys!

God.

o deveruln,

gods,

deverule, of gods,

deverulegu, to gods,
deverulenu, gods.

dveruledu, in gods.
deveruledudu, from, by or through gods.

d^s3do$<3 deveruleda,
deveruls,

to gods,

gods!

28

Remark: Though
48.

deveru is

SRD

2.

a plural form, a second

EXAMPLE.

Impersonal noun

Crude form:

29 -

plural

is

formed by affixing

march,

<&

Ju,

a medicine.

Plural.

mardulu, medicines.
mardule, of medicines.
inardulegu, to medicines.

mardulenu, medicines.
marduledu, in medicines.

marduledudu, from, by or through medicines.

marduleda, to medicines.
mardule,

medicines!

RELATIONSHIP.
w^o,

adlu, (cra^o, naklu)

nouns of the

sssSi

in the plural.

1st Declension,

and those ending

amme, a father.
Plural.

ammadlu. fathers.
ammadle, of fathers.

rf ammadlegu,
&c-

to fathers.

&c.

In other respects the

in

a, or

<a

30

Crude form:

.,

ess

a mother.

appe,

Plural.

Singular.
1.

Norn.

appe, a mother.

2.

Gen.

appe, of a mother.

3.

Dat.

S3c&W^o, appeadlu, mothers,

^^W^appeadle,

rf appegu, to a mother.
SSSy^zlrs* appead}egu, to mothers.
&c.

c.,

&c.

&c.

Norn.

&c.

Crude form: Primage, a

son.

Plural.

Singular.
1.

of mothers.

mage, a son.

magadlu, sons.
5

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

maga, of a son.

magaku,

magadle, of sons,

to a son.

magadlegu, to sons.
TJ

&c

&c-

&c.

&c.

VERBAL NOUNS.
50. Verbal

Nouns ending

in

S3^) (as,

doing or the act of doing) have no

s^^^s^ malpunavu,

plural.

Singular.

malpunavu, doing, or the act of doing,

1.

Norn.

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

malpuneku,

4.

Accus.

malpunenu, the act of doing,

5.

Locat.

6.

Ablat.

7.

Comm.

malpuneta, of the act of doing,

to the act of doing,

malpunetu, in the act of doing,

C9

malpunedudu, from, by or through the act of doing.

Ipuneta, to the act of doing.

31

OF ADJECTIVES.

'J.

There are very few Simple Adjectives

51.

in the Tulu

supplied by turning Substantives

into Adjectives by affixing to them the participles of the

This defect

language.

&>

Auxiliary Verbs
to

be

danti,

to

become, and wcks^i

aduppuni,

have become) and the negative participle

who, which, and that, have not.

Examples of Simple Adjectives:

posa kun^u,

anew cloth;

a fine child;

bale,

apini,

(to

52.
tfoofcJo

is

s^?oposa,

^^xirporlu, fine

oi>zi yedde,

ol>ci

good

new

^<^OF

crao-B

^j3^

We>e3 porlu

sirartr yedde marga,

a good way.

Examples of Periphrastic Adjectives:

53.

^^bene

z3^j3

itti,

bene uppu sankada,

^^6
s3

Q&S

*a^

kattale

a painful sickness;
itti

=^J3^cl kattale

^$3 kattale,

^^ ?jo^d
darkness

dark (possessing darkness); =5^

(or uppu) kone, a dark room.

(or uppu)
itti

54. Negative Adjectives: ri3 cj3o

mani,

zS^bene, pain

bene uppa, painful; tS^jS

zS^fS
OX>3^>

^d^Js)?) gati danti nara-

a helpless man.

55.

The

adjective -S-^kinni,

signifying a young;

elephant;

^j^Od

as:

y^d

is

also used

^-^aneda

-S-^korida kinni,

kinni,

substantively

the

young of an

a chicken.

Comparison of Adjectives.

56.

There

is

nothing in Tulu corresponding to the

English terminations er and est (more and most} by which

Adjectives could be compared.
Comparison is generally
expressed by construing the Adjective with a noun in the
Ablative Case; as: &
^ j3dsi5>> ^j^raoSo ! naramanya-

^d^j^c^^

man

bigger than this man;

^023 dJS^dc^ 2Jja^o^ imbe materedudu buddliivante, he is the
a
9

dudu a naramani mallaye, that

wisest of

all.

is

32
57.

also

Comparison may

and Locative Cases.

Thus: o3o^ ^oci^rf ^^ tfock6

=CTOC$o6

horse your horse

my

kuduregu nina kudure malle, to

one, or your horse

be expressed by the Dative

(is)

a large

larger than mine; sira^ =5brfo6to

is

5i>s3 mata kudureledu nina kudure malle, of,

horses your horse

largest of all.

s3oe> yena-

(is)

a large one,

3.

^^
all

among

your horse

e.

i.

or

the

is

OF ADVERBS.

Adverbs, like adjectives, are of two kinds: Simple

58.

and Periphrastic.

Examples of Simple Adverbs;

a.
r

day;

.a$ini,

today;

evening;

sSjOk baiya,

for a time;
sarta,

^>^6

b.

ss&sSo^

^rsozt kande,

tomorrow;

adu,

santosa,
,

crookedly;

wore,

adimelu,

sajja,

^o^cldodo^cl kankane

?&

straight

peace

?O^F

wc^ sama

^o^JS^

gladness

secret

rlol^ guttu,

59.

morning;

turned upside down, &c.

past gerund (of

beauty

samadhana,

lar

yester-

immediately; ^o^kuda, again; ?o^r

(a negative particle) to Substantives

?odo

kode,

Periphrastic Adverbs are very freely formed

affixing vrf

c^

$&?$

in vain; ?ow
oja^ri pokkade, vainly,

sSUfi pettige,

straightly;

marankane,

oi>e3yelle,

as:

ez^

adu,

aP ini

and Adjectives;

WS35 santosa adu,

o^soor wzs porlu

properly;

Some Adverbs

guttu adu,

straightly;

as:

gladly;

beautifully; ?osirar^>

peacefully;

wzo

sarta adu,

adu,

zsrf samadhana adu,

ridjsspal?)
rio^o,

by

an<^ nrsoJ dante

secretly;
?odo sama,

tivF sarta,

proper

ri3 crsoi gati dante, helplessly.

are declined like nouns in the singu-

number.
SECOND SECTION: PRONOUNS.
60.

Pronouns, like nouns, are of three kinds,

Substantive, Adjective and Adverbial.

viz:

1.

SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS.

61. Substantive

Pronouns are either Personal, Reflexive,

Demonstrative, Interrogative or Indefinite.

62.

Person.

A,

Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns.

34
Remark:
or

Pronoun
2.

The

This Pronoun

is

used with reference to some other Noun

of the third person preceding

plural

is

it.

used honorifically in the second person singular in

the sense of "your honor", "your lordship", etc.

when speaking

to a

person

of rank.
.

64.

yeru,

Interrogative Pronouns.

who?
D.

65. toOwori, one

one thing,

etc.

2.

oS^os

crs^ dane,

what?

dadavu,

what?

Indefinite Pronouns.

man; ^Br worti, one woman;

yerla,

c&eosorieja yerandala,

tootS wonji,

any one.

OF ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

66. Adjective

Pronouns are either Demonstrative, In-

terrogative or Indefinite.

67.

PROXIMATE.

A.

Demonstrative.

35

3.

ADVERBIAL PRONOUNS.

70. Adverbial

Pronouns are either Demonstrative,

terrogative or Indefinite.

71.

PLACE.

A.

Demonstrative.

In-

36

73.

Indefinite.

C.

PLACE.

MODE.

TIME.

wherever.
wolandala

always.
yencala

yepala

>

a
whenever. yencandala

everywhere.

worme

.anyhow.
OcH

yepandala
together.
before, in

dumbu

front.

wora,

once.

wottugu

soon

bega,

behind.
pira,

kuda,

again.

piravu

sSoo mella,
near, at
keitalu,

mutta

hand.

slowly.

late.

kadesa
.

...

straightly.

mittu

up.

nidupa

tembuda
not yet.

?o^F

sarta,

straight-

way.
down.
tirtu

tembudla

to 6 wore,

crookedly.
&c.

in, inside.

ulayi

out, outside.

pidayi

around.
sutta

roundabout.

suttumuttu

37
1

38

T3

*fc

-5

13
o

IP

TP

">

13

13

13

13

13

t
2

"TO

TP

13

&0

13

13

13

PI

25

H
H
5 S
!Zi

o
02

>-5

II

^d

Ap

'2

-^

I'

>

r-

<3

ox

-to

O
Tt3

ca

CO

>

ro

*-<

0?

<P

1
1
W"~

a c

<

tz,

^*
'

1
TS

S)

CLX

C2

-G
of

(3

CO

a
Tf

'|
H

Tt>

e^

Q>

EE

TS

<3^

-=

.
tz-

Plura

<j

3'

c t

13

ex

a
q

39

525

o
(X|

Q
IN*

CO

40
Remark: that the remaining Pronouns are inflected according to the
above declensions. Thus: ss^ tanu, like orfjs^ yanu; ^o?5 meru, c3o?5 yeru,
e?5aru, like ^s5 Tru;
undu;

o^d^

rr,

dadavu, like

G 80^ imbalu, like

5^

avu

&e$

molu; osjodo indu, like CADodo

THIRD

Numerals

76.

SECTION

too are, like

NUMERALS.

Nouns and Pronouns,

of

three kinds, viz: Substantive, Adjective and Adverbial.

1.

77.
wonji,

08 wori,

one

one (man); 2wBr

worti,

one (woman);

aooz3

(thing).

irverii,
*

SUBSTANTIVE NUMERALS.

yelveru, seven (persons).

two (persons).

muverg, three (persons).

)CS

yenma mande, eight persons.

o^Oo^ wormba mande, nine persons,

nalveru, four

pattu mande, ten

eiveru, five

&c.

&c.

ajveru, six

Remark: From seven upwards

GW mande, people"

is

added

to the

number.

ADJECTIVE NUMERALS.

2.

78.

a.,

Cardinal Numbers.

wonji

raddu

.9

2
3

muji

nalu

einu

aji

yelu

8
wormba
si

3^

3J

J^otS

10

pattu
pattonji

paduradu
padumuji
padunalu

11

12
13

14

42
paduneinu

15

padunaji

16

padunelu
23* c3re>

O.L

18

padunenma
padunormba

17

n<r

19

20

rva
irvatonji

21

irvaturaddu

22
23

irvatumuji

24

irvatunalu

25

irvatueinu, etc.

muppa,
nalpa

ao

30

vo

40
50

eiva
i ajipa

(LO

60

yelpa

2.0

70

yenpa

CO

80

TO

90

noo

100

non

101

sonpa

nudu
3

nutavonji

102

nutaraddu
nutamuji, etc.

nutapattu, etc.

no a

103

nno

110

nutaeiva, etc.

irnudu

munnudu
alunudu (^3 e>^ JSrfo nanudu)
einudu

300
a.oo

voo
asoo

<LOO
yelunudu

yenmanfldu

wormbanudu

2.00

coo
TOO

150
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900

43
0,000

sara
saratavonji

sarataraddu. etc.
saratapattu
saratairva

saratamuppa,

etc.

saratanudu
saratairnudu, etc.

pattusara
..

pattonjisara, etc.

laksa

44

The Causative

82.

formed by affixing

is

t?

(some-

times z& du) to the stem of the present tense of the Active

form, as: "^os?^

cause to make" from "s&s^ malpu, to

cause to walk" from "cSdo^) nadapu, to

malpa,

"^dsa) nadapa,

make";

walk"; "fd^^r^o cause to walk or to lead" from

to walk";

Crisis kadapa,

and "^ds^o

to stride through"

two
or

different affixes

^FZ& tarpudu,
The

83.
&o?s>o

imply

kadapudu, to

nadapu,

send" (here the

different meanings); ^STOF

tarpa,

cause to bring.

Reflexive or middle form

is

formed by adding

stem of the imperfect tense of the Active

wonn, to the

or Causative; as: do^^rao maltonu, to

see

^srao tuvonu, to

"^3^

cause to cross (a river) or cause

for

make

tjofo

oneself;

for

^^

oneself; ^J5
3o5>&&ozi

3e><

he beat himself; dos^S^prso malpavonu,

for oneself; wo3j ^^tf oo^ isJS^JSfli
si)^

aye tananu tane hakonde,

cause to

make

s^jorl aye tanuku wonji totonu malpavonde,

den for himself,

the passive sense
?o5o 55ST?as3sccfo

is

one

who was
84.

hakudinaye aye, he

number

one who has been beaten,

mugiyu, to cease.
pariyu, to tear.
uriyu, to burn.

woriyu, to remain.
nudiyu, to sound.

aye,

he

is

was despised.

of Intransitive Verbs

by changing the terminating

85.

is

G?c5o $caoJac33o3j Ci'oSo aye nindisudinaye

despised, or he

2.

gar-

no passive form for verbs in Tulu

whenever
to be expressed it is done in the following way:

is

?o3j aye

or he has been beaten

make a

to

he had a garden made for himself.

e.

i.

Remark: There

he caused

become

letter DJJJ yu, into

^ooh^) mugipu,

^ pu;

as:

to finish,

3JO^) paripu, to tear, to

VOO^)

transitive

make it

tear.

uripu, to blow,

2^.0^) woripu, to keep, to preserve.

fii^^) nudipu, to give sound,

to speak.

TENSES OF THE VERB.

There are three principal Tenses,

viz: the Present,

45
Past and Future.

Each

of the Past and Future Tenses

has two forms, Imperfect and Perfect, 1st and 2nd Future.
3.

MOODS OF THE VERB.

86. There are six Moods, viz: Indicative, Imperative,

Conditional, Infinitive, Potential and Subjunctive, each of

which has a positive and negative form.
4.

87.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.

There are two principal conjugations,

viz: those in

which the participle of the present tense terminates in CAJU,

and those in which it terminates in & pi. Each of these two
classes has three sub-divisions, the characteristic differences

of which appear in the present, past

and future tenses

of the Indicative, from which all remaining forms may

be said to be derived. Accordingly there are 6 conjugations.

88.

ss

Compare

the following table:

46

J*
cd

PH

47

to
'O
H3

a
a
o

<o

1 1

!-a

*,

12

*
.

co

^P

S.

S.

S-

)o

9?

SM
OJ

to

^j

S.

<&>
2?
cJ

in
cJ

s
|
-^ :&
H^
"^
i

T)

TJ

73

73

73

73

73

73

<

rS

*"3*

CO

s
:

c3
*"5"

TO

GV?

syj

-(
-i

a
I

f
T5

^1 O
O

^1
O

73

73

73

73

,
-

o .-

*
.2

T3

S
S

4S

ba

cj

a
S

T3
So ^3

.12

ce

a
a
o
CD

o,

"
",

"*^-

"*~^

Cd
CH

*~I3

ro

*""2

73

T!

73

T!

co

c5

Ts>

t)

(^J

7!

T!

bo

Q
|

bJO

EH
rt

S
CQ
1-1

(M

CO

73

48

p.

jrj

49

50

51

52

<s

c3

"O

-*-=

o
C
a

Ja

I
<D

f
o?

TS
E3

13

a
c3

ta

fe

a
PLI

-a-

13
T2

ns

T&
ft

jd
c3

c8

60

PH
a-

a
fe

PM

C
<N

CO

v-

CK\

a
fe

53

1a
a

2
o

2
"a

2
"3

OS
c3

"*

~*

Ia

S
t,

t>

O
T3

<0

Tl

Tl

T3

^d

^d
e]

-"^-103

c3

g
o

g 1
H

fa

T!

T3

C3

a
\*

T!

T3

,-H*

CS

a
K>

Tl

\t)

~
r

&H

Oo
-a
EH

^
^
cl

cS
*j

T3

T3

GO
i-l

<M

CO

54

aj

18

o
~o

'G
>

^
&

3
1
1
a,

$
o
W

o
"'
CO

72

re
t-^

*.

55

56

do
ha

S3
?5i

4J
ic3

{3-<

"oS*

PH

o3

pS

cG

cO

"17

W H

02

C1

iy

H I
S
fe
S
s
<<
V*

hH

IS>

|
CO

PERFECT.

Singular

^
1=1

a
T

[1
(O

57
.2
CD

to

fi

<u

^
1
"c

CD

O
O
o
h

-t-j

58

3
a
-M
c6

S
73
f

O
**

'

"S

cS

3
a

73
23

73

73

b b
23

T3

23

7l

C3

I
^.

'I
g

73

73

73

eyy

o?

73

t-J

C-J

23

23

ft

ft

T3

53

CO

^
c3

PJ

P*

c3

ci

3'

73

"VO

"^>

T?
tl

ft

b b b
73

ft

"ft

a
73
73

73

73

73

73

t)

VI VI
-ft

O-i

*j
CD

l-<

T-I

<M

CO

-ft

59
-s

r
S

-8

o^4
4->

*->

00
03

P-l

-^

B-

&

^O.

vo

n3

3'

cj

72

-5

I
o

'^

-^

ia

TS

-2

S^

*-

2'
!=l

S3-

60

tb

.5
ce

a
"o

03

a
23

73

II

1 1
"

-w

p-l

c!

61

1
kenuj

-S

03

^
8

s
a

&
02

w
H
^

be

!1-

tfl

>

>

103

|'O

ES

&

103

Jd
t)

*T3

T2

ox
-1)3

ox
!

a-

T3

03

ri

(N

62

e
?

-r

_o3

*"C3

j3

103

105

23

fe

t8

(O
kt*

ICD

^>

i-al

23

23

"8

23

<G

(O

Ts

Tg

^
^

09

-O
SH

s
~

"

2
03

O
J3
53.

cS
ITS'

a103

a-

D
TS

53.

a103

63

-~
-pi

o3

-p?

Si
Ipo

H
03
55

d3
v>
IG>
1C;

TS

1
103

23

23

to

(O

to'
<G

ICj

1C?
Ico

ICP
'Co

^
To

<O

W
E"

EH

c3

^3
<a

&

+a

o?

|
p.

po

fl-

fl-

ml

Tsfl

.-e

13

X5

d3

(Q

(Q

<O

Tg
Q^
TP

Tg

Tg
ax

Tg
ax

Tg

Tg

<1S
<ti>

IP

O
CO

D^
03

^C

as

rH

(M

rH

50

**

64

J
^

o
P!

O
C

^,

""

c3

o?

o?
^
&
P
t*

s?
PI-

kenaya

13

so
P5

OX

ox

ox

ox

IP

IP

IP

IP

^
H^

i-C3

H
r^

a
P
5
&
-

03
**

'eS

M
105

OX
ox

IP

a
o

CD

PH
P03

1 *

C3

T3

&

uduppa

Pi-

ij

rW

o
Ts
ax

Ts

-3

Ts
OX

Tg

IP

IP

IP

P-l

PL|

Q^-

WJ

&O

IP

IP

t5

ox

ox

PH

ns

PI

PM

2
<D

13

QX

T3

13
o

13

T3

8
QX

8
QX

8
QX

QX

IP

IP

IP

IP

'

-^"

2
a-

JS

<D

03

,'
s-j

I
Te

;u-\

3Ex

^
pj.

M
,

.M

'Q

fe

IP

c
(M

GG

TJ
OS

P!

&

A3

<D

T3
rt
PI-

TJ
ps.
Pl-

,1^

MOOD

>NDITIONAL

n3

n=!

-30
Pl-

>^

g:

PI-

o
s

r^

67

fcO

o
W)
tfl

CO

PI-

cu

13

(O

<o

6
M
H
03

K
M
oi

fcO

8
IP

ti

Q
cc

Q
ss

01

SB

H
60

fcO

-S

oQ

E3
pi-

ts

fe

9*

68

a
o
T3

o
CS

4i

T3

TS

23
o o
8
8
ox ox

83

g'

CO

T3

t>

23

23

gra
ox ox
Cj

> H
H g
D H
^ S
B *

i
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f
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cs

r^

e-

c5
r^*
o3

&
T3

T3
T3

T3
t3
T3

8
8
ox ox
1f>

03

fe

P-l

70

I 4
o

CS
O>

-C

'o
'

c
^

<T3

i~
'/?

3
-5
3
O

^
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t3

T3

>*

J3

rc3

:s>
Hj'

!'

03

?^
p|.

M
Id)

13

13

**>

_S

TS

ex

is

13
13

13

ex

ex

t)

**>

oa
i-l

C
(M

71

be

PI

S3

I
5

pr

&
g

pi-

&
S3

pQ
GJ
18

ox

Q
W
O
Z

ti)

O
O
C!

&

72

c
nd-

rfl

Ig

1
E
ex
H
CO

FO

S5

H
H
H
cc
^
CH

O2
525

.s

S
"S
If

H
H
s

73

~3

O
C

'TS

T3

O
O

?3
(D

23
O

rrt

4
5S

IP!

S
o

PI

O
-_>

Pi

PH

(M

!M
10

74

3
o

*~^

05

e o3

3S

"o

o
c3

,3
cd

'5?

id

^2

23

*8
33

-3

23

23

03

<G

EH

a
s

.I
CQ

23

75

a
rf

!3

i
3

?
i

^3

*3

t>

73

8
JH

=8

76

77

<

TJ
i

3
O

3
O
c3

Tj

13

Q
-3

"O

M
H
S
o

*
3

<D
r-j

,9

.S
uar

fcJO

^a
T:

19

-3

-S

c3

|3

"**

78

o
TO

79

os

^ce

eS

o
108

&C

JSf

^ ^5
>=l

c3

fl

IS

I
iS

IS

IS

^2
<G

X)

o
X)

(O

X)

a
a

a
25
P
F
b
a
Q

(O

(Q

(Q

X)

X)

X)

=3

to

OJ

.=

fcO

t>

*>
rt

1
S

I
<D

j>

"

S
s

'I

IS

I
IS

S
H
IS

3
o

>=

6 d

3 3

T3>

-3

J=

80

S.
.6
rs
'

^d

P.

J2
rS

<D

~rZl

TV

(O

<O

X)

TO

ci

^
^3
rfl

i
1
18

(O

&

[5

si

81

* J^

*
^

T3

^Q

TS

23

^
<
&
o
14
H
HQ
O
O
t

S
^
^

TS
T3
-3

13

a
t-t

<M

82

83

to

to

03

bO
e3

EH

Q
H
D
S5

EH
to

vo

QQ

O
o

EM
c3

to

p!
<-a

OF

^2

13

cS

fcO

a,

J-H

bJD

84 -r

85

P-.

IS
-<-"

t>
23

23

^o

23

83

<O

(O

23

o?

GE?

G?

^^

"|S)

"jiS)

1Q

PI-

IS

c3

PH
IS

5o

D
5

TO

TO

co

86

o
T3

t)

23

23

***

i
^

fe
83

s
TO

TO

c3

<n

r-r

(^^

"?3

23

83

23

tftf)

6$)

tftf)

tftf)

<

f-^

O
-

5"
IP

% %
TO

S
^
r
k,

D-i

^
85

S
PL,

iS

ts

87

-3

&

r^

-S
r^

10

10

10

10

n?
OJ

)!

*)">

t>

T>
CJ

cJ

c-J

*s*

(Q

(O

(O

cO

(O

-r-H

t>

t>

CT}?

<T??

c>J

cJ

10
+^
y,

-I-!

rQ
10

97
-J

<5

f
10

g~

ifi

!3

cG

cQ

n3

-4-3

n?

!g
T>)

|jj

-[wj

|y

"TO

(Q

<s

?,

9,

TS)

"TO

I
BH
PH

c
CO

C]

CO

J
fe;

K
if

89

s
^

~
c3

PH

<S"
r^
I

&

PH
p!

PH

'il

c3

o3

c3

c3

IP!

10

id

c3

t>

t)

% % %

t3

t>

13

13

IP

13

>

,13

PH
PH

PH
PH

t>

t>

*a

Pi

n3

s
13

PH

p!

r
of

P!

>#

ig

13

-8
"TO

PH

<M

CO

CO
12

90

r-4

PH

1^

g*
CD

~
cS

c3

c3

PH

PH

PH
PH

_2

U3

c3

!!=!

r&

>>

,5

t>

t>

'B

'B

-3

c|-

T# >#

7-2

"6

t!

"S

o
O
*
O

73
73

13

73

T3

13

r-S

^
03

&=

hH
PH
PH

PH
PH

3
O

PH
PH

fe

7.^

a 5

73

- B
9

73

TO

TO

r&j

13

(<>

TO

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:-

cS

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CO

P-i

CO

07

91

JS

SS
<s>

<a

73

72

T3

UTURE

co

'H
.s

E-i

5
2

g
~

S
2
a
o

a
-=

IS)

T3

93
or

not,
seen.

has

been,

that

not

seen,

has
not

seen.

being

not

or

Negative.

having

having

S.

94

&D
*

m
a
O
B
a
h-

^
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"S
PH

&
J"

O
fa

Q
W
tD
25
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EH
jz;

O
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95

GO

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00

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OT

3
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rs

<=>

r
3
I Q^
p-|

23

96

97

a"

PH

003

PH

8
s

pi-

PH

98

<D

r-J

GO

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r>

<^<<

1-2

fl

c
r-

-a
f

I
t

a
k
H
H
<j
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s
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99

u
12

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>

P.

t,

12

12

<O

12

12

a
o
<u

PU

13*

100

"

'E

101

102

103

104

105

b
y

-=

.t:

23

"23

+3
-

rt

t,

23

85

^-

^
^
M
B

."S

3S
^s)

g5

+5

_-j

is)!

n^l ifl to

[5

Jp

^
p-l

.2
^3

.-5

isfl

g
<s

O-i

P^

106

to

^a

(O

.a

QJ

ji

!Z

"*

i_j

r^

*'.

i
a

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<D

O,
Pn

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^
05

III

T-f

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CO

107

,0
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108

Ja

g)
.5

S
f
PH

oaijjyandi

I
"13

=13

ts

A3

09
23
3

109

o
CD
to

110

so

T3

04

I"
."t;

.,-r

=!=,

;2

E3

rrl

"8

&o

-"

'"

.j
:p

F 8
S

<C

-I-

-J f
:

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C?

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o
c

p
a

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eg

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&

&o

P
a
to

5.

S
h
o

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^
f?

S
t,

(C

H
c

Ill
FIFTH SECTION: INDECLINABLE.

POSTPOSITIONS.

1.

Governing one case, viz:

Genitive case of nouns and pronouns:

98.

i.

a.,

with, along with;

en)^oS:> ulayi,

cerning;
mukhantra,
&.,

inside;

hand;

g^Dd*
case:

3^,{3

about, con-

prakara, like, as;

through; sj^^rf pagategu, instead

The Communicative

<s3=lekka,

[oi>do visayodu,

>^oi> visaya,

lekkane, like, as;

at

$^& keitalu, near,

&olb,rfo ottugu,

dooajso^

of.

e^ oppa, agreeing with, to-

gether; as: eofczlo^ayadoppa (^cdj^ayada+a^oppa), with him.

Remark:

2j~\" is never used separately,

but always in connection

with the Communicative case.

2.

Governing two

cases, viz:

The Genitive and Dative

Tfo^

of;

3.

round;

sutta,

^O^^^B

Governing three

The

suttumutta,

roundabout.

cases, viz:

Genitive, Dative and Ablative cases;

in front, before, formerly;

hortande, 3oJ5^jF hortu,

any

cases; oiiz^tf yedura, in front

case);

e3js=

bokka,

cjoosoo

afterwards; 3J3^roc3

except, besides, without (&c.

3^rtirtg, below; Oo^,

dumbu,

mittu,

above;

may follow
^d^ piravu,

behind.

CONJUNCTIONS.

2.

99.

V&ji

attuda, or, but, besides.

tS^od

attande, besides.

hortande, besides.

andunda, namely, that

andanda,

* As
3

i;St;tf

sJiSstf

prakara

prakara, this

is

if it

be

a noun,

way;

is,

viz.

so.

it is

often used without the case;

Sj^tid a prakara, that

prakara malpula, do in this way.

way;

&

33|5

as:

112
an6ayineddavara, therefore, because.
a, that.

anda, but,

supposing

if,

it

be

so.

andala, but, at least, though.

avadu, either, or.

lekka, like.

od
CO
P

j
*

ijjida, or,

od

but, besides.

ijjyande, without.

bokka, and, after, afterwards.

nanala, more, yet,

o3joJSod57S
273

la,

still.

yencandala, however, notwithstanding.

and, also, even.

o la

ijji,

57S 653^ la attu, neither, nor.

eikadu, therefore.

bodadu, for the sake

of.

saha, also.

3.

100.

INTERJECTIONS.

ayyo
ur5
si ulappa

Expressions of sorrow and pain.

-^

ayyappa

oppa

vappa

ah
aha

Expressions of surprise, pleasure, admioho

ration, jest or reproach.

S^ hehe

appa

danappa)

113
anda

S3 o Cos

0! oh!

S inda
lie

O* is

cici

6hichi

101.
oi e

Remark

if (see

3 011 page 57).

do^;=ra? maltana, didst

wxjodo ^3od3e>? undu nltiya, is this

c5e>?

uudu

totana, is

cra^danna

monly placed
as:

this

after the

viodo Jjs^y

righteousness?

a garden?

eo6jsrl^,

do^Os)?

thou make?

shall I

(^"3^ dane+c3e> na), denotes doubt,

SAioCta o3os>^e)

pinaye, I

yon make?

did

particle denoting affirmation.

denote question or interrogation as

e? a, era na, ia e,

maltara,

an emphatic

(-gsoi) lye)

dda,

PARTICLES.

4.

come?

and

is

com-

word with the interrogative particle;

C3"3^"S>

tijdsf ^)^o3j undu yeddena danna yanu

do not know whether

it is

right or not.

and, also, even.

a,

III.
1.

Chapter:

PART: SYNTAX.

On the

Structure of Sentences.

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.

102.

sentence

is

a complete thought expressed in

words.
103.

Every sentence

cate; as: t9d?oj w^osS, the

sea

is

consists of a Subject

king rules; ^de/

and a Predi-

si>3 ydoo^o, the

large.

The

104.
,

Predicate asserts what the Subject does; as:

the king rules;

or

what it

is; as:
15

114

Rama

is

or

king;

how it

is; as:

^zizf rfod ^doodo, the sea is

large.

The verb must agree with

105.

number and person;

as:

1st Person

2nd

Singular.

made.

them sawest

3rd
,

1st

the

3rd

55

Exceptions

The

hand
,

2nd

106.

the girl plays.

Person

Plural.

1.

subject in gender,

its

turns.

we made.

you speak.
s
,

the boys do.

the cows feed.

to this rule are the following:

honorific pronoun of the

third person

is

fre-

quently construed with the predicate in the second person;

as: ^=3^0 doejso"", o3j^^ doSjskb ^^^)doo3, you are a great

man,

treat

me

When

2.

kindly.

the subject expresses a

number

of inanimate

regularly put in the singular number

even though the subject has the plural form; as: ud ^oo^o

things, the verb

s^Oo^
3.

s^osi}, a great

When

are followed
a..

is

When

many

houses were burnt.

a sentence contains several nominatives which

by one verb only, the

rule

is

as follows:

there are several nominatives in the singular

number, the verb must be put in the plural form;

as doriejs 20 la^', father and son came.
&.,

When

as:

wd^

there are several nominatives of different gen-

ders the verb must agree with the last one; as: e^ejs

e3d?3oejs>

W^D*, the elephant, the king, and the queen came.

115

two or more personal pronouns, the first person has the precedence of the second and
third, and the second has the precedence of the third, whereIf the subject consists of

c.,

as the verb

is

and he came;

put in the plural;

oiJSc^ae)

When

as:

-^as wa^,

and thou came.

the nominative

soi>a) zo^tf, thou

-gssjs

a personal pronoun, it
is often omitted, the person being implied by the form of
the verb; as: ^^33, (I) go; sdo^ou, do it (thou).
107.

is

In the same way, in certain sentences the verb is

omitted; as: ^dsira^^ w^(enio^o), man has a soul; sJ&tfrf do
108.

3tfo (enio^o),

ed

men

birds have wings; rfosldrf

(w^jodo), the wick-

will receive punishment.

USES OF THE INFLECTED VERBAL FORMS.

A.

109.

i.

Present Tense.

The present

tense chiefly denotes an action,

passing at the time in which

s3,

it is

mentioned;

as:

aira^ kck

1 read; otosesf eorfo^osS, I live.

It is

2.

used to express determination with regard to a

future action; as:

tjo3o

eo^d

3.

o&e)c3*

eosSr, I (shall

*$

s^sS,

if

he come(s)

In vivid narration

the past tense; as:

sSrc^, wrlrt cdrac3

ff

surely)

it

is

?o^ooi>ci>

come tomorrow;

I (shall) go.

frequently used instead of

s

&>rirloz33 &tfo s>or(^J3rforb

!

w^)^o ero^, at that time the Coorgs

came

w
to

si

Mangalore, then

was

there.

B.

110.
rally; as:

Past Tense.

The Imperfect describes

enicsptf do^, we took our meal;
i.

he went to church.

Sometimes

it

past events genee^srsoaSjsrb s^o3o,

expresses certainty with

15*

116
regard to an action that
ejtfosk

take place immediately;

is to

as:

so^oS they (have come=) do come immediately.

The

Perfect represents an action as

entirely comor as
pleted; as: 'aeg^ &w^ (zoodo^), I have left the house;
2.

prior to a former action; as:

when
3.

came

to the house,

rf

wo3o o^^J,

3ookfo,?3ri

he was gone.

The Pluperfect expresses

already completed;

<&&

o3Js)^5*

priority to a former action

as: ^jsodor dojsdo^ri

oira^

o^a^, when

the sun rose, I had risen.

111.

i.

The simple

Future Tense.

in future; as: ^s3o siraJtrs

<r>
it

Sometimes

will rain.

^JS^cfcs* ero^o*,

what

future denotes

it

3^, we

to

is

shall all die:

happen

eo^r

>

expresses probability; as:

they are likely in the room;

jo3o todosS,

he

will probably come.

2.

The

future perfect sometimes expresses priority of an

action with regard to a future action, sometimes doubt with

regard to a past action;

he comes,
I

I shall

as:

53 cd)

have done

tOe|prl

c&rs^ dosp^d^,
s

it;

o3ys$

it

Iq^ckA,

when

may be

have laughed.
3.

The

negative form of the future tense

is

often used to

express resolution or emphasis; as: o&s)^ do^o3o,I shall never

do it; wo3j 3JS>oi>, he will never say it; ZO^F zodosf it will not
,

rain.

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.

person of the Imperative mood is
to an action; as: c&rscS*
used to express
intent with regard
O
X
112.

i.

The

first

'

r,

let

me

see (I will see); j$5&

oq^q$F?>

sktfo^rl,

let

us pray.

117

The second person

2.

as:

mandments;

The

a.

-ds

third person
(do^c^,
it is

erodes*,

come yon.

eos3,

^fcrfcsf, sodc^, etc.) is

rather

also used imperatively; as:

shall or
sk^cs*, they

23$s3

used to order, or give com-

sj^y, go thou; ^o^o

an optative, though

is

may do

that work;

they be (or do) well.

may

The form

urgency or
necessity of an action; as: ^o^o ^6jsdo, you must come;
o, do give us a present.
4.

sjo&^ci),

^o^do,

etc.

signifies

USES OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS.

113.

w&$,

to

become,

The

to be.

(neuter) of the future tense (ws,

very generally used in answer

third person singular

become or be)

will

it

is

a command, or to the expression of a wish; as: s^okSrf s^rfo S3D ^JSoci) 200, go to the

bazar and bring some

well!

The

rice;

to

w^

(it

will take place=), very

third person of the Imperative

assent; as: esozi^ y^cs*, be

it so,

or

may

is
it

used to express

become

so.

(Its

use as a Conjunction will be treated hereafter.)

114.

voo&>,

to be.

presses continuancy
as: Ldjsrao

Added to

an action;

as:

action; as:

the past gerund,

s^o^c/

115.

^^6

the present gerund,

en^,, I

ero^,

oJ

it

cannot do

(it).
v
'

ex-

an action;

in the habit

Added

to the in-

or readiness with regard to

am

about

to go.

&<D (the negative of the affix

w>co' he

it

denotes completion

have done.

denotes inability; as: oira^ ^^s36

$.3

to,

am reading, or I am

finitive, it signifies intention

an

to

or habit with regard

I
en>o^d (or ew^,),

of reading.
of

of,

Added

ao

to

in do&J^O, etc.)

cannot go.

118
SUPPLEMENTAL VERBS.

To

express a continued action, a final verb

added to the gerund of the reflexive verb; as:
116.

is

socf^JSrso W)o3) o^o, the fish is living iiithe water;

rao

s^sS,

go reading; wo3o

o^ri

do&%es)j

he comes

tJsSr,

singing.

117.

used

to

Frequently the past gerund with a final verb is

represent an action in its successive steps of com-

and put
it
away; tso3o ^s^cs* (or 3^} spo3o, he lost the way and went
on, or he went astray; e^o^o titft? ^loO*, they came drunk;
pletion; as:

esoh(5*

cS^cs* srocs*^, take off the coat,

he died.

THE VERBAL FORMS.

(VOICES.)

In the active form the subject appears as

acting; as: esd?oo w^osS, the king rules.
118.

The causative form represents the

9.

ing another to act; as:

isSs^aoSj),

the father

The

120.

used

when

vantage;

had

reflexive

the subject

as:

$55^^

o&e)^

fcooto

is

subject as caus-

t&ritf sjs-^osodod sSsj^oi^or

his son called

form

itself

(or

by

his servant.

middle voice)

doing something

is

generally
own ad-

for its

Wr^c^ rfo&olfcozi, I acquired property

for myself.
2.

Chapter: Of the Complemental Parts of Speech.

121.

When

the verb

by

itself

does not suffice to

convey the entire meaning of some action, it requires

be completed in one or more of the following ways:
i.

By an

object; as: ssdrfo

the empire; agaJradtf

feated the French.

Oe>sBJ3oci)

^jo^Era^o^

w^osS, the

zli^sraoi),

to

king rules

William de-

119

By words

2.

etc.; as:

manner, cause,

Time

a.,

wo3j ^JS^zS w4,,he

wck#, he is

TsW
erofj,

came yesterday;

t?c&>

W3o^

ri

since a long time; a^js^o dojsz3

ill

he eats thrice a day.

Place

6.,

that express circumstances of time, place,

live at

oiracs* s&orttfjscfczk S3)?o s&tf^sS, I

lore; tf^o* &oWe>c&>rs* ^js^o^o, the ship sails for

ws* do&^eo^o

she

2o^n ^,
-r

Bombay;

came from Mercara.

c.,

Manner

d.,

Instrumentor cause

^og^

Manga-

saDdood), the horse runs swiftly.

fi)??o

ycrfj^ ^j^Ttf ^Oo3o

him with a sword; oira^ zod^do

I die of

?3^,

s
,

they killed

hunger;

3tn>

^, the eye has been made for seeing;

he acted from anger; & rUi^zi ^oco5 ^
,

the wall

is

made

mud.

of

USES OF THE COMPLEMENTAL CASES.

Nominative Case.

122.

i.

The nominative

case

commonly

and precedes the verb; as: jS^sStf

>7#oa*, the army was victorious.

subject

2.

It

is

also used to express the

5

D
,

they

esoc^c^

srsJooi),

God spoke;

factative object; as:

made him Hng;

God makes

represents the

c^sStf

sjs^^6^

sinners righteous people;

^^DDS^O^^, the queen adopted her

as her daughter.
Dative Case.

123.
to

dative case

which the action

the poor;
rf

The

p^o

^^okrf
fear

God.

is

is

used:

i.

directed; as:

tooa 3Jra,
CO
O

To express the
w^d^rf

admonish the

object

JS^F, give to

evil-doer:

120

To denote

2.

man

),

possession or authority; as:

has a soul;

ts^^d

e3d?oort>

eniodo,

the king has

God is almighty.
ridrs^ra eworio,
denote intention or purpose; as:
oi> tp^rf
s

c^s36r\

power;

To

3.

he was

sitting for alms;

3\><Joi>,

went for milk.

fytfrf s^odi**, she

<?*

With words

that signify pleasure or displeasure; as:

soditf ?ooiJ3^, singing is pleasant to him; ^odrs

4.

death

ossj,

is

a grief to many.

To express

5.

>,

price or worth; as: Ojjjsd o3^?fo?

Judas sold Jesus for

,

thirty rupees;

that

bungalow may be sold

as:

Scltevo

for

thousand rupees.

To denote measure;

6.

comes

To

signify time; as: zjod^n* SOSJF,

evening; dc^ ^okSrv* ljc3e)^odD

To

8.

he went

to

oi>^o)

2030^

my

come this

they will start at 2 o'clock.

t?o3o

dov^dorio s^ol>,

difference, likeness, or distance; as: WrSrfeTs

5^

^d^o, there

is

a great difference between

.

an elephant and a mouse;

is far from Madras.

To

shall

sea.

Jcr

10.

we

Mysore; ^ocS^o^o ^ds^rf ^a^ozii, the rivers flow

To show

9.

express motion to a place; as:

towards the

is

W^F, he

?i3r

thrice a day.

7.

he

^ojsz3

sSort^JSdj

skcra^Tf-rfJSd, Bangalore

signify relationship; as:

yc&> oSjo^

sSoz

soJSdosS,

younger brother.
ACCUSATIVE CASE.

124.

The

accusative case

to express the direct object; as:

,

is

used with transitive verbs

O&D^* wodocS

Cain killed Abel.

^J333, 1

see

him;

121

Many

2.

verbs govern two accusatives; as:

kac&>6 sks^sS,
es36533Tj^t&
the children read the Bible.

the schoolmaster

Remark: The crude form of the noun

is

God

accusative case; as: i3?^5 s2?3 ^jssSr,

makes

often used instead of the

gives

life;

S^rsre,

&s?3dso, Lord, show mercy on us.

Locative Case.

The

125.
,

2.

it is

locative case signifies:

situation; as:

in the house.

expresses time; as:

It

i.

a<3jslb e?o3o

&&

^>!^oi>,

he

died on that day.

3.

It

denotes cause; as:

she died of that

4.

It

is

e*

d^rU>do ^^0*2^

^s^odo^*,

illness.

used to

adjectives; as:

yp5

&$

the

express

sira^

superlative

degree of

the elephant
do^rLoto Sjoe;^

is

the

largest of all the beasts.

Ablative Case.

126.
i.

To
o

The

ablative case

is

used:

express the cause or instrument of an action; as:

,

we speak with

we understand with

the mouth:

900

the mind.

To

express the passive voice; as: wodoz^ sSkf,

I was beaten by him; w^o^o
^oz^ ^ja^rf SJ^^O^D*, they
2.

were deceived by that fellow.

3.

To denote the

material of which a thing

as: (3dsira> dJS^odo eroocssoi),

O
4.

man was made

To express motion from;

the fruit falls from the tree.

as:

=cfsc>o

is

composed;

of dust.

122

To

5.

express beginning or origin; as:

from the beginning,

through

is

come

sin.

To show comparison;

6.

<r

sjs^js^o dodra eos^o^, death has

bigger than the

as:

=5*0^

doe3, the horse

^cs*

ass.

Communicative Case.

The communicative case is

With verbs like sir^a; as: tsojod

127.
i.

O-J

i;

you.

beseech God.
d>^6d ^&,re
So f
,

as:

To show

2.

^raosS, I ask'

$tfori

as:

told him.

siozl. I

tj^o^d os^idjd, I speak to them.

as:

as:

'

used:

sSjs^otfri ^)t5DD?jo^,

relation

good terms with him;

;
7

as:

0^0=0*

inquire of them.

wcdod <^d wodo, I

<a

tsoJo^ <0o^ CJ^STS 'Sto, I

am on

have nothing

against him.
Vocative Case.

128.

The

zS^sSd?,

o^o^

father,

come!

vocative usually

commences

do^o, O God,

roooaol)

help me!

sentences; as:
essij^, 200,

USES OF THE POSTPOSITIONS.

129.

Postpositions are used to express

more

definitely

the relation implied by the simple cases.

The relations expressed by them are chiefly the fol-

lowing.
1.

^0=5'

Concern (>^oi>,
>2^35[

rU>o3fcj,
Ca

not

know much;

>^);

as:

T^oogrf

rtoo&rf

DsstoSjsdo

concerning the bottom of the sea we do

-d>

s^Dldrf

^^

wd^^<3

sii^sS,

I will

think about this matter.

2.

Locality (03^, ^s?*, ^sSa^S, wsSa^V); as: riodrf

on the mountain there is a temple;
,

123

that

book

(will be)

must be with

him.
Direction

3.

he went

f350&,

to you; erusd)

ddi^j
^ Q

eos3,
00 '

come

after

me, follow me.

Sos^,

(z3J3^,

^&

he ran as far as the village;

sroOoi),

riooeoo);

as:

come

in the afternoon; <fc^tf d

set out after

midnight; ^odclo^o doozoo

I shall

came

I
to the riverside; $tfos?
sj^zSrf zo^,,

s&^

Time

4.

^odsradrf
(wzSn^^zSn'jrfoo^, &b;3)ck);as:

they

repent

before death.

Measure (skoU);

s.

must forgive up

?o^

seventy times seven.

to

Intention, purpose (eSj^cSe)^); as:

e.

labour for the kingdom of God;

j,

7.

s3,

as:

Agreement

came on account of

(g'Sfsd,

^s:

^^);

^^a

he will judge with righteousness;

make
8.

this matter.

t?

according to that pattern.

Communion (fc^with construed and always conit

tracted with the communicative case

;

as:

,sBj3^rod, without,

e^cjcljs^(or tjodo ^yo,r1o) ^p^aSo, I

? CTSSTS

went with him; o3

^^6 w, without me

you cannot do

any thing; wodo &ok3o,rio ^o^d w^oc/, you should not

him (or near him).
9.

Instrument

(sijoujso^d, 5&is3j3&>); as: zS^sStf

d ^ooia^oj vuodo rfj^,

553^
His word.
^c^

10.

Interchange

20^; the son

God

^>

sit

with

ds^JBjii

created the world

by

(sjrfjA*, wcte/nf, instead); as: wrf^sJrtJn*

came

instead of his father;

instead of love, he

showed enmity.
16*

124
*

USES OF THE ADVERBS.

Adverbs are used

130.

manner

or cause of actions.

Bombay

here

is

that direction):
''

!3Vo, *aot,etc.); as:

zlfSowsoSo 'sxo^

Madras

(in this direction),

s3o x

is

there (in

5
>doodo, Sos'Lcso

o>

3>&r&f
Q

2o?oFrf =5^s3j5ci>

ei

the rainy season mist is rising

and rain are falling from above.

20rjFQ) zojsdoo^o, in

3J><$je>

from below, and dew

2. Adverbs
signifying time (^^ today,

o3o ooe3

<od

&&& afterwards, etc.);

this

moment,
o^sS, he who was

'a^ now,

^Ij, eo?oF tSj^^, dJ3o20o,

tomorrow,

as:

(here) today will start

now

there

^ ^^^s
tomorrow;

rain, afterwards there

is

be heat.

will

Remark:

1.

To show

frequently the adverb

is

or\ #js?zSfto8a

/fid

To express

2.

commencement

the

of an action or condition,

construed with the instrumental case; as:

3tf

de^

today that
skoi^;

as:

until there;

work

the point of time at which any thing ends or

<i

will be done;

skol^,

or

to the last; r$

osjd rfjou,

it

is

skoUj,

CQ$J\

&

until here (till

^^j^, he did not come

God

will

walk slowly; ^os^s-scj*

S^OOF &zf

Oe>ri

sli^o

go'doocij,

now);

keep us

>d crookedly, etc.); as: sS^ri too,

finished,

eszS

now;

till

Adverbs of mode or manner (e^ri quickly,

is

tSjeS

construed with the postposition

shall I wait so long? c3?>5 Fido^ ^zS

^OJ^, 5^33,
3.

(TW&

since yesterday I have headache.

en^orij,

the adverb takes the form of the dative case; as:

ly;

time

denote the place,

Adverbs denoting place (to^o,

o^o yvio^o, where is Bombay?

1.

to

=^J50o3o,

to the end.

dot) slowly,

come

quickly;

he gave

it

glad-

they sang nicely.

USES OP THE INFINITIVE, PARTICIPLE AND GERUND.

131.

The

first infinitive

(rfotf^

to

make, &&&$

to see

frequently used for the inflected verbal forms;

o4>, who has come? oSoo^o^o eo^^, we have come.

etc.) is

as:

125
132.

The second

infinitive

used as the

is

(supine)

object to a transitive verb: as: W^O^TS* 200^053-3^6 wodo

essS^T?,

*J

his desire is to deliver

for drink

(lit.

frequently added to the supine without alter-

is

we came

sometimes added

to it; as:

?5 20^

^pcOoSoTS

ing the moaning; as:

also the dative affix K

do

uO^

she asked

^oc^,

sdDo3j6

drinking).

Remark: The gerund

to

them; w

is

to receive
si)s?j3

something;
I

^peoSj,

went

it.

133.

The

participle has frequently the

meaning of an

adjective or a relative sentence; as: yo3o do^0kt5?3, his work,

the

work he
134.

is

^^o

doing;:
O

The gerund

is

^iscfto

used

succession: as: oO^d) vBosfc^,

rose and

JOJjarso 2oJ0"
05

tJoSo

To

=3^0^
L>

'
,

Seises

Sjjseoi),

Esau

ate,

performed; as:
be came laughing;
O
01 ts^o^o io
action

is

lie.

express the reason or cause of actions; as:

3iloi>, this

boy was ruined by not learning;

SJOC^'F eoJSD^ocs5 ,

3^0*

s
o^,n
J7

seen.

express actions in their

to

mode how an

the

they willingly told a

3.

i.

'

went away.

To denote

2.

we have

dod, the tree

the fruits fell

down through
O

the blow-

ing of the wind.

4.
it is

To express

time; as:

six years since I

135.

Participial

came

-d?

snodorta

^^ wdood), abusing
abusing

is

said about their doings?

is

a sin;

shame;

they are afraid of dying; ej^os&

what may be

tJoc^,

to this place.

3d>3jv$, the fruit of

i,

d^F

and verbal nouns are treated

other nouns; as: (S&F?^

>,

203^^ wt3

?3v

like

126
3.

Chapter: Of the Attributive Parts of Speech.

Pronominal

136.
1.

attributes.

as:

Interrogative;

S3i>

^dd:ra>,

which man? oio^^ =&

what kind of horse?

2.

Demonstrative;

an umbrella; &

'

Numeral

137.

way; 8o&<| &&$, Such

a<sf such a house.
)

that cow: S3ot&&n r

7

LJ

'

/)

wz3

attributes; as:

six persons;

5&oz3,

the third chapter; sis^ dosraoSo, some rupees;

?ooa,

=&J^O, another fowl.

2o

138.

Qualitative attributes; as:

dod, a small tree:

Tors
co

as: -^ Troa, this

139.

oizi

^ooUo, a nice cloth;

$?&, clean water.

starf

Participial attributes; as:

l^>^

the

w^c^,

young man who killed the tiger; &^o ^Q Sj, the tiger
which was killed by the young man; esdTfo t?o5o naO^n 5 the
,

king David

(or

David who had become king);

God

e5s3o^

eo5o d^sSo*,

the father: woa s^oa w?^, the boy who had no underM
9
an intelligent boy; atoe^Je^ a?i j
eooa
wc^,
standing;
f

^^

man named

the

c^dsjsra^i,

Jacob;

2oo3o

^^

^ri,

the animal

called lion.

The

140.
partiples,

and the compound

,

so

is

particle ws?,

as

many men

so

is

come

^oSo^s

jc&>

4.

141.

i.

The

rfjsd,

nouns and

then used attributively; as:

many minds;

much gold as stone; eo^^Ds5

5

often affixed to

doocS, so

many men

as

have

the distance he went.

Chapter: Construction.
ORDER OF WORDS.
subject always precedes the predicate; as:

the king rules;

do^

doo^, the world

is

large.

127

Words which form

2.

precede the verb; as:

objects, adverbs, etc.

,

the completion of the verb as

the king rules the kingdom; ed?oo

esd?oo

OetfBj^i-S}
s

kingdom with wisdom; <>3|,o

^ S3D =5s)dc|jsdoO ^ozoo^oS f r what reason do the wicked not
r^ srseSc^ sJO^A6 s3^sj>
believe in God? 2^0^ a&flkJo too3
,

cs*

the king rules the

2oz3 'surfed zodofo, one

quill for
3.

day a boy wrote a

letter

with a

examination at school.

In the same way, attributes, or words necessary to

complete the subject or object, must precede these; as: <^d

c3drfjs>, a good man; tosd^ doo =5\>do6, a -very big horse;
wra

esrio^

iJS^rf riosS^d

boy's father's well

is

>etf

^c|

eruoci),

the water of the

good; oiis^ ^z3 ^>^or 3$ff Lao3o,

I read a nice story.

CONNECTION OF CO-ORDINATE WORDS.

142.

When several co-ordinate words are used

tence in the same case, the affix by which the case

ed

is

e3e>,
'
oo

erusdo,

e5a^0^o w&o"", there are

rra-^U)^
CJ
V

towns and

Sometimes

villages.

different co-ordinate

together by a demonstrative pronoun

form-

the last one, and this has the plural

officers in districts,

143.

is

to

only added

form: as:

in a sen-

Noah,

words are joined

as:

his wife, his three sons,

and

then-

wives, these eight persons were spared in the deluge.

Remark: Repetition
1.

cdj

To

t^cSas? SJJSSTJ

2o5 8oS

of

words

is

employed:

represent a collective notion in

33 33

its

constituent parts; as: O'ojja

f&ssSr, he gives to every one according to his deeds;

o3.ac3o

a^eoonstf, every one

is

responsible for himself;

e33

=5^

the

123
beggar

is

from country to country, roving from village

travelling

village, going from house

2.

ci>,

To

denote intensity; as:

dri

deti

?2eOo

fSeqo
tf^ootfo
arc
vessels
very large
sailing to a very far country;

S, I told

him

until I

to

house.

to

became

3rfc

tired.

USES OF CONJUNCTIONS.
144.

Copulative conjunctions
jsdo, I

come you

going,

too;

love and grace are God's nature;

7^6

(<275,

am

we gave him milk and

sjsc^ =&J30odo,

sugar;

of any thing that

is

is

in the earth beneath or that

earth tliou shalt not

&3&

make an

^8* ^F,

zSjpfcg

in

is

heaven above or that

I shall

under the

in the water

idol nor

come

bow

in the

before

it;

=s^od

morning or

in

the evening.

145.

Disjunctive conjunctions

3^odand
wo,
cv

^eSd,
Zi

bring;

me

(ss^^o

'atraorf);
/
co

as:

=$00^4

a red one or a white one:

rioe3

gruel or rice; gqra^i 553^, esd^o cdowdjs^, not the

minister but the king is master; sra^^6n* &$ ss^od ^dz&ft
,

w^jodo, sinners

<2T)

dp>6 53^0 ^JS^OF

of

w ill
r

e3^i ?^^o
"u

God we have no

shame besides punishment;

sra?o
^o^ ^t3, besides the word

get

>=9

other sacred scripture.

USES OF SOME PARTICLES.

146.

Emphatic particle (,

used after a final vuor

was

a lie:
"

is

^6ro e

r; as:

dorftfois*

o3j?, sS?, cS^) "^)" is

t?o3oo&c34

generally

^^, what he told

even the house tumbled down.

generally used after a final a or

oi,

sometimes

129
after

as:

s/x>;

what God delights

c&>^,

<0;

gave

me was

"s3d"

is

righteousness that

it is

"c^is generally used after a

exalts a nation.

times after

in is love,

woi> oSoo^

as:

^JSQ^

s^^c^

^ot3

a book; woi>c^ wdc3% he himself

generally used after a final

eru;

final

is

as:

to

55,

some-

what he
come.

rbdosS^ soj^,

the priest has come.

147.
cS^,

Interrogative particles (w, i, ora,

particles, explained in the previous

love?

w6oi3e), is it

With regard
have you done it?

when

a wall?

paragraph;

is it
7fove>,.
oJ *

to their signification

in simple questions; as:

used

533,

and &

Euphonically these are treated like the emphatic

s3^).

is it

^,

as:

^3o&e>,

a lie? &c.
oi\"cra

are used

come? ^O^DD,
and ">" or "c3^

vti-vff 2o6j3ci), shall. I

^J3oi>cS"3,

the answer

have you seen

it?

expected to be a negation of
what has been asked; as: o&s)^ zodod^, shall I come? EO&O&
iff

is

is

do not come.

5.

Chapter: Connexion of Sentences.

CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES.

Co-ordinate sentences are sometimes put together

without formal connexion; as:
148.

the sun

from

is

its

shining,

its^

beams are

falling

on the earth, (and)

heat the rocks are heated.

'

149.

More

frequently, however, they are joined to-

gether by the use of conjunctions; as:

dj^sS, when man is born he is not able to sit,

afterwards he learns to walk, and after some time begins to
rfodo

17

130
speak; vfattrf
c&>6

w^o^nf

A}33s>o> rU)o^oodo,

ofozS
i

TrasfcqSgF

az3,

many

know

people

good

(have)

means, but they are not able to employ them; ^dsira&tf

sro^pri)

so^

toJ3Qoi>o*,

have fallen into

t3j3$Se>ztf

ws*

Sjzi^raodo*,

=5^,

therefore they are suffering so

sin,

^1,

eruodo, creofortotfod wo3o djsd

he

men

much;

is tired,

for he has come from a great distance.

SUBORDINATE SENTENCES.
150.

Incomplete subordinate sentences (which are

formed by the use of the uninflected verbal forms) are

either adjectival or adverbial.
1.

Adjectival sentences qualify

,

the tree which I see

Jj>cS*
Q

work displayed much

2.

is

!^237)o3j, the

as:

otos^

high;

man

that did this

sense.

Adverbial sentences, like adverbs, qualify verbs and

express time, place,

a.,

nouns;

Time:

manner

qSsJortre^

or cause; as:

w&orao eros^^rt g^^o

7dos3j3li5

s^

oC3*,

Dharmaraja was ruling, the people lived happily;

ZO&FC^ rfootoo wo3o ^^oSo, before I came he went

as long as
otoScS*

away;

sSkf.

oa Sos^

became wise;

wtfotfo

he was punished he
woSo LcSjs^io ^4?
-' ne was
o

sooa ws^oc^, after

WOOF

dooeJ,
ej

came; yoi> so^ori w^o^o ^"slD^jthey were

waiting until he arrived.

reading until they

=3^ awso^sk ^^, wo^, where the stone struck

there a hole was made.
6.,

Place:

c.,

Mode: ^^

^^

sidd^^jsdo

w5j

d^

^JS^orf

3o^ w^

thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven.

d., Cause: ^dto^tf sje)^ ^o^fSc^ ^^> e5G*o$O^>tf, because men have sinned (therefore) they suffer.
cs*,

131

Complete subordinate sentences are either

151.

re-

lative, conditional, or direct.

1.

Relative sentences are connected with their principal

sentence by the use of the relative and demonstrative pronouns and the particle "ts" or "^ "; as: >tf sissj s&tf^sSora oofo
ff

so^ 3Jo
?3

3^023, he

who commits

sin will eat the fruit of

it;

sssS^

as parents are, so
s3^ oio^^ora^o^a) yios&^cra^o^o tTssS^o,

will be their children; s^rs to^o STOCKS) ess^o ^do^o^o, the

eagles will be gathered where the carcass

2.

is.

Conditional sentences are joined to their principal

.^F ws^od

sentences by the affix "d"; as:

cdre^ ^js^oSo,

there be rain, I shall not go; ^sirac^ ^exjjdd

,

if

&oo

>^*

will get a present; t?o3o

you learn well, you

he had been here,

if

if

1J

this mis-

fortune would not have befallen me.

3.

a.,

Direct sentences are either adjectival or substantival.

Adjectival direct sentences are joined to their principal

sentences

by the use of the verbal form

djsosl

^oa o^o^

a^

to hear that
ft..

20^0^ dossj

^JS^ro^o,

he has committed

am much

grieved

theft.

by

the use of the verbal nouns

or, in the case of quotations,

but they do not admit that He

they did

all

^o

Substantival direct sentences are joined to their prin-

cipal sentences

if

c&>

'"s^"; as;

so,

say that

by

all

is

"^^^4"

the gerund "esotf^"; as:

know

that

God

is

almighy,

holy, because they know that,

they would judge themselves;

God

is

seeing, but

few only believe

it.

17*

132

APPENDIX.
A.

Specimens of the dialect of the Tulu Brahmins.

1.

a.

Examples

Common

of different expressions for the

Tulu.

Brahmins' Dialect.

I.

^JSra mani, boy.

ami,

*2J3o$ jovu,

ponnu,

ro

lyavu,

33>5J) papu,

girl.

enough.

srasj^ papanu, not enough.

lyandu,

bokka,

bettu, afterwards.

eSs^

&c.

&c.
2.

Words with changed Consonants:

SADo^) umpu, meal.

nnpu,
dane,

t^cSjane, what?

dala,

^"S^jala, any thing.

^oi>ri jeyegu, why?

dayegu,

botri. not
tSJS^vl,
~>

bodci,

wanted.

^D

20^=^6 battekere (or

20^7^ battege,

533^^

same thing:

^ps5^^

leppuni,

kera),

said he came.

(to) call.

voleppuna,

ti'^Qfi dappuni,

&z5^<fj adappuna,

(to)

plough.

sii^^i malpuni,

sJoo^)^ mampuna,

(to)

make.

malpuve,

doo^)d mompuve,

make.

malte,

sl)o J mante, I made.

malpe,

^OosS mampe,

I shall

make.

hrudayogu,

SoNdoSJSo^O hrudayoiiku,

hrudayodu,

3o\rfo5J5oi]o hrudayontu, in the heart.

to the heart.

unasugij,

^^7^0=5^

nnasudu,

ZKFSrfofcf unasuntii, at dinner.

is also

plural

it is

unasunku,

to dinner.

used for child in general by the Holeyas, and the

dU>e#o#o, children"

is

common

to

all.

133
Tulu Poetry

B.
1.

According

to metrical rules.

(Tula Brahmin's Dialect.)

o
2.

Folksong.

(Common

rirtd

s^orra

Tulu.)

134

Tula Proverbs.

Of a

Literal Translation:
throat, the

mouth can

it

mouth may be

vessel the

be tied

tied up, of the

up?

Meaning: The mouth of a vessel may be

tied up,

but can a man's

tongue be kept quiet?

2.

e5osroc&> srai&orta ?3oc3i>ak Qtf.

Cd

Tr.

Lit.

Mean.
3.

True being

to a

right answer turns

away

free.

all obstacles..

Tr.

The grandmother brought up

will not

Mean.

is not.

Truth makes

S32

Lit.

word reply

be

son, for the performing obsequies

fit.

son brought up by the grandmother will become

unfit for

anything.

4.

v^tf so^cs-sc&rf
Lit.

Tr.

oisSorrf

gcd) JSDC&H*?

For buttermilk, he that came, of the cow, the

price

why?

Mean. What business has he who came for buttermilk, to ask the price
of the cow?
Engl. prov. Meddle not with that you have nothing to do withal!
5.

eros^ Boac3>o3o
Lit.

Tr. Salt, he

Mean. He who

^o*

who

^sSr.

ate,

water will drink.

ate salt will drink water.

Wer den Teufel

Germ. prov. Wer A sagt muss auch B sagen.
Boot geladen hat, muss ihn auch iiber's Meer fahren.

in's

135
6.
Lit.

Tr.

What ho

expected dust

it

Mean. His expectations were not

Germ. prov. Seine Hoffnung
und gebaren Mause.

became, what was born a

what was born,

fulfilled,

ist in's

Wasser

gefallen; or:

girl it
is

was.

girl.

Berge kreisen

7.

Lit.

Tr.

The

Bant, what he has done, for fine; the Brahmin, what he

has done, for ceremonial balls; the Holeya, what he does, for drinking.

Mean. The Bant's earning is spent on law-suits, the Brahmin's earning

on ceremonies, the Holeya's on drink.

^otooF

8.

Lit.

^33 ?3oztfz3

SO

f\

Tr. Sugarcane sweet, having said, the root until do not eat.

Mean. Because the sugarcane

Man muss

Germ. prov.

^kJ train? 20^0

9.

s&jfcl esh o&ri.

23^o

Lit. Tr.

sweet, you must not eat

its

root also.

3s)3.

To draught

Mean. Draught

is

des Guten nicht zu viel thun.

cattle, the beating stick.

want beating.

cattle

10.

Z/zY.

The

Tr.

village,

forest

where

it is

Mean. Where the

is

where
fat

the

let go,

the

you must put the goat, where a village

the Konkanas go in.

forest is fat

prospering you must

11.

is fat the goat you must

Konkanas you must let go.

it

let

>

Lit.

Tr.

For

the time suitable the

language, for the

Mean. According

drum

game,

for the

country suitable the

suitable the dancing.

to the time

according to the country

must be the dance.

must be the
is its

feast (or

game)

of the

demon;

language; according to the music

12.
Lit.

Tr.

To

his forehead his hand.

Mean. He has no help but his own.

Engl. prov. God gives us hands, but

does not build bridges for us.

136
ff

13.

3e>c3

Tr.

Zzi.

Mean.

He

himself a

he himself

If

thief, if (he) is

the village a thief be.

a thief, he think the whole village to be full

is

of thieves.

Engl. prov. Every one measures other people's corn by his

Germ. prov. Der Dieb meint

own bushel

sie stehlen alle.

14.

He

2V.

jLzY.

himself what he did, the best, the son what he did,

what he

middling, the cooly

Mean. What one does himself

did, bad.

well done, what the son does

is

so well done, but what the servant does

Engl. prov. If a

man

have

will

is

is

not

done badly.

his business well done,

he must do

it

himself.

Germ. prov. Selbst thuts ganz, heissen zur Halft, und Bitten gar

nicht.

15.
Lit.

To

Tr.

dance, to

him

that does not

know, the

floor is

uneven

they say.

Mean. He who does not know

16.

c?z>03od
Lit.

SS 3 ?

>t

^^

Of the dog the

Tr.

to

dance says the floor

5J3C3*od ?jSi>

tail

is

uneven.

WTO?

in a tube if

you put, straight

will

it

become?

Mean. Will a dog's

Engl. prov.

Germ. prov.

become

tail

bargain

Was man

is

straight

it

by putting

into a tube?

a bargain.

nicht kann meiden, soil

man

williglich leiden.

,17.
Lit. Tr.

The mat,

Mean. According
Germ. prov.

18.

or^

as far as
to the

Man muss

Mean.

die Ftisse nach der

having

Sitting in the pit,

the feet one

must

stretch.

mat you must stretch your

=&tfo,ck sjdofo*

Lit. Tr. In the pit

it is,

Decke

feet.

strecken.

^oSo.
sat,

young frogs he caught.

he caught young frogs.

137
Germ. prov. Sie schlagen

Sclmcckcn auf

die

Schwantze damit

die

sie

nicht shreien.

&

19.

For the

Lit. Tr.

ants

why

work?

iron

Mean. What business has the ant with the blacksmith's work?
fcTSofco 5

20.

sfcrt,

In the mouth, darling, darling! in the belly envy, envy!

Lit. Tr.

Mean. The words are sweet, but the mind

230^

21.

20JSO

On

2V.

LzY.

323j3Ffio "&30

33fcjf.0e>

the

back

fallen

is bitter.

^tfOe) &d

to the iron put

blows,

20&S3S)?

water will

it

return?

Mean. The blows given on the back, and the water put on hot iron
in order to

harden

it

can never be taken back.

Germ. prov. Diese niramt ihm kein Jude mehr ab-

22.

The Bants, where they come>

Lit. Tr.
fish

where

it

comes

silt

will not

Mean. Where Bants are there

is

quarrel will not

madenji

fail,

fail.

quarrel, where the madenji fish

is,

there

is silt.

23.

Z(zY.

Tr.

The

rich

man reproach

to tell

is

not allowed, the poor hope

to tell is not allowed.

Mean. Do not blame the

rich,

and make not the poor hope.

Germ. prov. Bei grossen Herren muss man

24.

siraari
Lit. Tr.

^^^

fiinf

gerad sein lassen.

eroretf

Of the cobbler,

in the house,

a dinner

if

there

is,

to the

Brah-

min what?
Mean. What
25.

zhv
CO
Mean.

profit has a

Brahmin

of a dinner in a cobbler's

house?

o)c3 sSos;
t3e)dpdo.
CO

heavy load you must put down slowly.

18

138
26.
fcj

The

vessel broken

27.

by the mother-in-law did cost nothing.

It is as if

you gave a ruby

to a

monkey.

,,,

28.

Does the crow understand, or

Having eaten

As

feel,

the pain of the buffalo?

the yeri fish, he sold the bullock.

children of seven years are foolish, so are people of seventy years.

c&^

31.
If

I shall tease

you tease me,

you.

Will the dog which took away bread ask

Having washed

34.

d/e^ftn*

The

ghee?

the bread, he drinks the water.

oats

In daylight he

35.

for

fell into

the well which he

saw

s^o^^ ?^o^^, 'ao^cre^o^A*

at night.

&OOEOF

sick one has only one sickness, but the inmates of his house have

nine.

?U>rto dossj

36.

-323

SJ

&.

&3,.

*J

64

TT

In clearing up the account there

is

no

grief.

37.

The

tuft of the

38.
For money no

tenant

is in

.
.

a'

the hand of his landlord.

-*

interest, for the

cow no

rent.

39.

A tree fit
a bolt.

for a boat

he scratched so much that

it

cannot be used even for

139
40.

Cd

What
41.

one ear heard

tr

what two ears heard

is secret,

is

public.

-D-

After ruin one gets understanding, after death grief.

42.

rifej.
w woa^*? co
Where the headman is,

3li

43.

nS%&
Truth

44.

is

there

is

the town.

qjrfor^ ^odo.

ri3,

support, virtue

is

victory.

t&Gf ^^FOC3* ^JSlb ^3^0^.

7^

Truth cannot be drowned nor burnt.

45.

rjs&rs* ojs^vB sdos)0c5* ^fi

^^o

The plague which was wandering on

sj'sd^o^.

the road he took

upon himself.

46.

The dead cow had given much

?rad

47.

For a thousand crows one bow

So

48.

To
49.

enough to drive them away).

fyStir? ^js| a^3j.

ddCo

^ocra,crfjorf

>

It is as if

(is

the village-god live-coals must represent the lamp.

aS^a

50.

milk.

3^s
XT

^^,
"CT"

you gave the discus to a coward.

s>lic^
W

fool will not

*a33, t3s)rl
td

eoD^^4

be ruined, a wise

man

*sz3.
ti

will not prosper.

18*

INDEX.
*

I.

PART: PHONOLOGY.
Page

1.

2.

CHAPTER:
a.,

Of Vowels

b.,

Of Mediate

c.,

Of Consonants

CHAPTER:
a.,

3.

Consonants

3
6

Double Consonants

CHAPTER:

Of Euphony

Elision

b.,

Insertion

c.,

Permutation

CHAPTER-

PART: ETYMOLOGY.

Of the Formation of Words

Distinction of

Distinction of

Words according
Words according
Words
Words

a.,

Primitive

b.,

Derivative

c.,

2.

2
2

Syllables

II.
1.

Of Pronunciation

c.,

a.,

.1

Vowels

b.j

d.j

.1

Of the Alphabet

1.

Verbal Derivatives

2.

Other Derivatives

Compound Words

CHAPTER:

Of Parts of Speech

First Section:

Nouns

....

to their

Origin

to their

Form

...
...

8
8

8
8
9
9
9
9

10
10

II

Page

10

Of Substantives

1.

Gender of Substantives

a.,
b.,

Number

C.,

Declension of Substantives

Nouns

of Substantives
.

of Relationship

30

Verbal Nouns

Of Adjectives

2.

Comparison

32

Second Section: Pronouns

33

Substantive Pronouns

1.

b.,

33

C.,

Interrogative Pronouns

^4

a.)

Indefinite

^4

Pronouns

Demonstrative

b.,

Interrogative

C.,

Indefinite

34
34
35

Adverbial Pronouns

Demonstrative

a.,
b,,

Interrogative

C.,

Indefinite

35
36

Declension of Pronouns

Third Section: Numerals

37

....

1.

Substantive Numerals

2.

Adjective Numerals

3.

33

Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

Adjective Pronouns

3.

....

a.,

d.,

2.

31

32

Of Adverbs

3.

of Adjectives

a.,

Cardinal numbers

b.,

Ordinal numbers

41

4o

Adverbial Numerals

Fourth Section: Verbs

1

Forms

of the

Verb

2.

Tenses of the Verb

44

3.

Moods

45

4.

Conjugation of the Verb

of the

Verb

Fifth Section: Indeclinables

45

H*

Ill

Page
1.

Postpositions

Ill

2.

Conjunctions

Ill

3. Interjections

112

Particles

113

4.

III.
1.

CHAPTER:

PART: SYNTAX.

On the Structure

of Sentences

113

Subject and Predicate

Uses of the Inflected Verbal Forms
a.,

Present Tense

6.,

Past Tense

c.,

Future Tense

113
115

115

115

116

The Imperative Mood

Uses of the Auxiliary Verbs

116
117

Supplemental Verbs

The Verbal Forms

2.

CHAPTER:

118

'.

118

(Voices)

Of the Complental Parts of Speech

118

119

Uses of the Complemental Cases

Nominative Case
Dative Case
Accusative Case

119
119

....

120

Locative Case

121

Ablative Case

Communicative Case

121

122

Vocative Case

122
122

Uses of the Postpositions

Uses of the Adverbs

Uses of the
3.

Infinitive, Participle

CHAPTER:

124
and Gerund

Of the Attributive Parts of Speech

Pronominal Attributes

...
;

126

.126

Numeral Attributes

4.

124

126

Qualitative Attributes

126

Participial Attributes

126

CHAPTER:

Construction

Order

of

Words

...

126
126

Connexion of Co-ordinate Words

127

Uses of Conjunctions
Uses of some Particles

128
128

VI
Page
5.

CHAPTER:

129

Connexion of Sentences

Co-ordinate Sentences

129

Subordinate Sentences

130

APPENDIX
a.,
b.,
c.,

Specimens of the Dialect of the Tulu Brahmins

Tula Poetry
Tulu Proverbs

132
132
133

134

CORRIGENDA.
(The

Page

6,

lines are

counted from the top to the bottom.)

Line 11: Put "Table showing the alphabet with the combinations of vowels and consonants" at the head of
tbe 4th page.

8,

L.

14: Put a

P.

9,

L.

21: "21"

to

P.

11,

P.

(*95^)"

behind

be omitted.

L.

21: Put

$K" behind

P.

L.

23:

35

P.

L.

24:

*%

P.

L.

25:

"33"

P.

33,

L.

11:

P.

40,

L.

1:

"tbat" after remark to be omitted.

P.

81,

L.

5:

Put "Subjunctive Mood" instead

Form".

P.

Ill,

L.

113,

L.

4-7: Behind tbese words put "Expressions of disgust''.

L.

20: Read

P.
P.

avu, "that" instead of "this".

4: Put, "The" before "Genitive case".

<e"

instead of

w".

P.

120,

L.

27: Put "1" behind "124".

P.

124,

L.

19: Read

P.

125,

L.

7:

136,

L.

3:

P.

of "Conditional

Add
Add

rsiaP' instead of "<

fr

to

3o<fy5"

s" to "think".

x.