Analysis of Performance and Energy Consumption Routing Protocol AODV and

DSDV in RAW Mechanism for IEEE 802.11ah Standard

Muhammad Hanan Baasir

Doan Perdana

Ridha Muldina Negara

Telecommunication Engineering,
School of Electrical Engineering
Telkom University
Bandung City, Indonesia
e-mail:
mhanan@students.telkomuniversity.ac.id

Telecommunication Engineering,
School of Electrical Engineering
Telkom University
Bandung City, Indonesia
e-mail:
doanperdana@telkomuniversity.ac.id

Telecommunication Engineering,
School of Electrical Engineering
Telkom University
Bandung City, Indonesia
e-mail:
ridhanegara@telkomuniversity.ac.id

Abstract Limited area coverage, power consumption and the error rate is quite high, as well as bandwidth limitations,
capacity of link, causes some of the performance of a system is not functioning optimally. IEEE 802.11ah designed to work at sub
1 GHz frequency band, coverage area up to 1 Km, low energy consumption, and can handle a large of device connected to the
access point. This research has compared AODV and DSDV routing protocol on IEEE 802.11ah standard using NS3. The
parameter comparison is throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption. Based on the result, overall
performance of the network using AODV routing protocol is much better than the routing protocol DSDV applied to the IEEE
standard 802.11ah. In the changing scenario the number of RAW accompanied by changes the nodes and the duration of RAW, the
routing protocol AODV gain average value packet delivery ratio is about 8.49%
Keywords IEEE 802.11ah, Ad hoc Routing, QoS, Energy Consumption

I.

INTRODUCTION

Wireless communication between mobile user becomes

very popular at the moment. This is because the technology
has existed between computers / laptops and wireless data
communication devices such as wireless modems and
wireless LAN [1]. As the times and increasing the economic
growth and development of wireless based networks into an
effective and efficient solution to meet the needs of the
service demand increasingly diverse. Wireless network
experiencing rapid growth due to its superiority can be used
regardless of the network infrastructure already exists and is
always moving or mobile so that they can exchange
information in real-time, reliable and flexible [2].
IEEE 802.11 standard for Wireless Local Area Network,
operates at a frequency of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, into the
indoor wireless technology with high data rate, the
development of an easy and low cost. however, with the high
frequency has a certain limitation on the range of
transmission systems 802.11 [3]. Task group on the new
IEEE 802 standards that make standard Wireless LAN PHY
and MAC to operate at frequencies below 1 GHz. standard
for WLAN systems below 1 GHz IEEE group also called
802.11ah [4].
The contribution of this study is to evaluate the routing
protocols AODV and DSDV on IEEE standard 802.11ah
using NS 3. This study analyzed in terms of network
performance is throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio and
energy consumption. In this study using RAW change
scenarios. After that, the routing protocol AODV and DSDV

will be compared based on network performance and energy

consumption.
This research journal is divided into six parts: The first
part is an introduction. The second part introduces IEEE
802.11ah standard. The third section displays ad hoc routing
protocols. Scenarios and system design shown in the fourth
part. The simulation results and performance analysis shown
in the fifth part. And the last is a conclusion that will be
presented at the sixth.
II.

IEEE 802.11AH

IEEE 802.11ah an enhancement of IEEE 802.11 to meet

the needs of wireless sensor networks and machine to
machine (M2M) [4]. IEEE 802.11ah can be applied to the
solution for smart metering, automation plan, eHealth, and
also intelligent transport system. IEEE 802.11ah using
frequency sub - 1 GHz to serve additional network coverage
Wi - Fi. Changes at the MAC layer frame is needed as a
smaller format, priority traffic sensors, and beaconless
paging mode to make the energy consumption will be lower
[4].
IEEE 802.11ah designed to operate at a frequency of 1
GHz sub [6], with a transmission range up to 1 Km [3] [7],
has a data rate of over 100 Kbps, energy consumption is
small, and can serve up to 8191 STA [6] [7]. The need for
sufficiently large transmission range is also compared with
the previous low-energy technologies such as ultra wide
band (UWB), Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc. [8] [9] [10]. IEEE
802.11ah have one-hop network topology and also has short
data transmission (~ 100 bytes of data packets) [4]. The
design of the IEEE 802.11ah improve the link budget when

compared with Wi-Fi technology of 2.4 GHz. IEEE

802.11ah supports 1 and 2 MHz bandwidth and bandwidth
supports 4, 8, and 16 MHz for use with high data rate [5].
I

TRANSMISSION RANGE OF LOW-ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES [11]

System
ZiggBee
Bluetooth
UWB
IEEE 802.11ah

Range
10 100 m
1 10 m
10 m
> 1000 m

IEEE 802.11ah protocol is one of the most different

protocols from other LAN models, mainly related to media
access contention on her. A striking difference in the IEEE
STA 802.11ah is a grouping mechanism to reduce the
occurrence of contention in the medium, use a relay to
extend its reach, using mechanisms period of wake / sleep to
reduce power requirements, can send data at high speeds on
different conditions, and using the sector antenna. IEEE
802.11ah using the specification 802.11a / g to provide 26
channels, where each channel can provide throughput
around 100 Kbps.
A. Physical Layer (PHY)
For IEEE 802.11ah canalization works at a frequency
sub-1 GHz which is 10x downclock version of 802.11ac [7].
IEEE 802.11ah standard has a channel bandwidth of 1 MHz,
2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz. Channels that are
usually used in 802.11ah is 1 MHz and 2 MHz. Therefore,
the physical layer can be classified into two categories,
namely the transmission mode with channel bandwidth 2
MHz and transmission mode with a bandwidth of 1 MHz
channels [7]. The transmission is based on OFDM
modulation used is 16-256 QAM, QPSK, and BPSK [6].
Table 2 [12] shows the modulation and coding scheme
(MCS) for a bandwidth of 1 MHz and 2 MHz.
II

MODULATION AND CODING SCHEME 802.11AH [12]

MCS
Index

Modulation

Coding

Data Rate (kbps)

Rate

1 MHz

2 MHz

Valid

B. MAC Layer
IEEE 802.11ah grouping on STA using AID (association
identifier) [13] to manage the large number of STA
associated to the AP with four sections as shown in Figure 1
[14]. When STA association with the AP, AID will be
allocated to each STA by the AP. Each STA has a different
AID and has a length of 13 bits [13]. AID classified into
pages, blocks, sub-blocks, and the sub-index STA blocks.
Number of pages and blocks can be configured according to
the needs of the network. AID will be reallocated when the
STA to change characteristics.

Figure 1. Hierarchy AID [14]

TaskGroup ah (TGah) has made a new mechanism,

namely the Restricted Access Window (RAW) to reduce the
possibility of collisions in the network due to the large
number of STA and to reduce energy consumption [13].
RAW mechanism makes STA divided into groups and divide
into multiple channels access time slots where each slot is
given to one group. Thus, the RAW mechanism causing STA
will have limited access to the canal and is divided into
several periods of time to access the channel. In other words,
the STA only can make deliveries on a slot that has been
given [13]. RAW allocated by the AP to broadcast the beacon
RAW parameter set (RPS). Medium will only be accessible
during RAW for any group that has been given STA AID
[15]. During the period of RAW, channels can not be
accessed by the STA if it is not in the slot parts.
Beacon structure

BPSK

1/2

300

650

QPSK

1/2

600

1300

QPSK

3/4

900

1950

16 QAM

1/2

1200

2600

16 QAM

3/4

1800

3900

64 QAM

2/3

2400

5200

64 QAM

3/4

2700

5850

64 QAM

5/6

3000

6500

256 QAM

3/4

3600

7800

Station Type

256 QAM

5/6

4000

Not
Valid

10

BPSK

1/4

150

Not

MAC-layer is designed to create a network supporting a

large number of STA. IEEE 802.11ah STA classifies three
types which have different mechanisms to access channels,

Beacon on 802.11ah has two types of signaling, namely

DTIM and TIM [7]. Delivery traffic indication map (DTIM)
informs the AP about the STA group that has pending data
and also about the broadcast and multicast messages. Traffic
Indication Map (TIM) to inform the AP about the
specifications layout STA that has pending data on STA
group. By using the page segmentation, each STA lets have a
power-saving state during the period of RAW when not have
the data packets to be sent.

i.e. traffic indication map (TIM), non - TIM, and

unscheduled station [16].
-

TIM station: STA should pay attention to the type

TIM and DTIM beacons to transmit and receive
data. Transmission only be carried out within a
period of RAW. This procedure is suitable for STA
with high traffic load.
Non - TIM station: STA type does not need to pay
attention to the beacon or just need to pay attention
DTIM beacons to send and receive data [7]. STA
will negotiate directly with the AP to obtain the
transmission time is allocated on a periodic restricted
access window (PRAW) during association.
Although non-TIM station can send data regularly
but it is highly recommended to use the type TIM
station for use with a high traffic load.

Unscheduled station: STA type of beacon is no need to

pay attention. Even in RAW, STA can request access the
channel directly by sending the frame to the AP poll. The
response of the frame indicates an interval where
unscheduled station can access the channel. This procedure is
for STA that wants to enter into the network sporadically.
III.

AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOL

Ad hoc routing protocols are generally divided into two

types: proactive and reactive. However, some of the
concepts have defined protocol by combining two protocols
namely hybrid routing protocol. The following discussion is
limited only pad two routing protocols, ie AODV and
DSDV.
A. Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
AODV routing protocol is a routing protocol reactive
species, namely perutingan making changes only when
needed these alone [17]. AODV has the primary goal is to
maintain a timer-based state on each node according debgab
use routing tables. The routing table will be expired if rarely
used. AODV has Route Discovery and Route Maintenance.
Route Discovery in the form of Route Request (RREQ) and
a Route Reply (RREP) .sedangkan Route Maintenance in
the form of data, Update Route and Route Error (RERR)
[17].

Save As command, and use the naming convention

prescribed by your conference for the name of your paper. In
this newly created file, highlight all of the contents and
import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style
your paper; use the scroll down window on the left of the MS
Word Formatting toolbar.
Simulations were performed using the Network Simulator
3 (NS 3) to compare routing protocols AODV and DSDV.
Restrictions simulation will be explained as follows:
- Simulation run on NS 3 release 3.23
- Scenario simulations used are changes in RAW.
Modifications for modeling 802.11ah used by reference
[12]. Configuring the simulation will be made using an AP
and several STA placed randomly around the AP with
communications made only from the STA to the AP only.
The analysis will be performed for the entire device. Test
parameters used are throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio
and energy consumption.
A. Parameter Analysis
Parameters that are measured and analyzed in this thesis
is as follows:

Throughput measured after the transmission of data in

bytes per second (Bps) as the packet received in bits
successfully in a given amount of time through a system
[1]. The results obtained will be obtained through
wireshark
Throughput =

(1)

Average End to End Delay is the average time needed

for the delivery of end-node packages ranging from the
sender to the recipient's end node. In the formation of
the package, shipping, track search and so will take
time, it is called the Delay. However in this case is the
Average End to End Delay, the time required will be
divided by the number of packets received. the notation:
Delay =

B. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)

DSDV is based on a conventional routing protocol
routing information protocol (RIP) for use in an ad hoc
network [18]. DSDV add new attributes such as sequenced
number for any information entered into the routing table. In
DSDV, each mobile node in ad hoc networks have to store
and maintain a routing table that contains all the destination
address, metric, next hop, and the sequence number [18].
Each mobile node will update the contents of the routing
table with periodic broadcasts.
IV.

SCENARIO AND SYSTEM DESIGN

After the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready
for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the

Total Data Received Packages

Total Length delivery

(2)

Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) which is the ratio between

the number of packets successfully received and the
number of packets sent to the scale of a maximum of
100%. In this study the package to be inspected only
limited data plan. The notation [7]:
PDR =

T (receive packet )T (delivery packet )

Total Packets received

Total Packet Received

100
Total Packet Transmitted

(3)

Energy Consumption is the amount of energy required

needs a node to perform packet transmission and

receiving packets. The results will be obtained through

the modules contained in NS-3. the notation:
Energy

Consumption

Energy initial Energy final

(4)
III

SIMULATION PARAMETERS

Parameters

Value

Routing
Protocol
Physical
Layer
Transport
Layer
Payload Size
Bandwidth
Max Queue
Max
Generated
Packet
Rho
Total Node
Total AP
RAW Group
RAW Slot
Frequency
Beacon
Interval
Transmit
Current
Receive
Current
Idle Current
Sleep Current

AODV / DSDV
WLAN/ IEEE 802.11
UDP
100 Bytes
1 MHz / 2 MHz
4 packets
100
100 m
100 - 300
1
5
25
900 MHz
200 ms

number of RAW RAW is done by adding the number of 10

to 50. Accompanied by the amendment to the nodes 100,
200, and 300 with a duration of RAW different slot. RAW
Slot starting from 0018, 0024, and 0:03 will determine the
parameter N RAW Slot Count at the time of the simulation
will be run. Which is determined by looking at the following
equation [12]:
Slot Duration= 500 + (120 * NRAWSlotCount)

(5)

Besides that, the maximum number of queues will be

limited to four packages by adjusting to the device
simulation.
V.

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

A. Evaluation of performance RAW

The resulting graph computation throughput, delay,
packet delivery ratio and energy consumption for
comparison AODV routing protocol and DSDV based
simulations for changes in RAW can be seen in figure 2 figure 5.

Throughput (Byte/s)

0,280 A
0,204 A
0,178 A
0,014 A

Delay (s)

B. Scenario RAW Changes

This scenario is a scenario that aims to analyze the
performance of the network by network conditions change
with the addition of RAW. Then parameter obtained based
on performance routing protocol AODV and DSDV with
other simulation parameters to be analyzed. Changes in the

I
Figure 2. Throughput for RAW changes
n
Figure 2 can be seen AODV routing protocol performance is
much better than the routing protocol DSDV as seen by the
results of its RAW throughput to changes in node 100. Also
visible difference in duration between the 0.018 s RAW,
0.024 s, and 0.03 s. AODV has the highest throughput value
at node 100 on RAW 10 with a RAW duration of 0.018 is
about 16509,558 Byte / s, and the lowest in the node 100 at
RAW 40 and 50 with the RAW duration 0.03 is about
7425,407 Byte / s. Thus the overall throughput AODV
routing protocol tends to fall with changes in the RAW
duration on each RAW of its.
In Figure 3 shows the performance of AODV routing
protocol is much better than the routing protocol DSDV
when seen by his delay value to changes in its RAW at node
100. Also seen RAW difference in duration between 0.018 s,
0.024 s and s 0.03. AODV has the highest delay value at
node 100 on RAW 30 with a duration 0.03 is about
0.0757692 s and the lowest in the node 100 at RAW 40 and

Figure 3. Delay for RAW changes

50 with RAW duration 0.024 is about 0.0164566 s. Overall,

therefore, the value of delay AODV routing protocol tends to
rise with changes RAW RAW on each of its duration.

Konsumsi Energi (Joule)

PDR (%)

Figure 5. Energy consumption for RAW changes

Figure 4. PDR for RAW changes

In Figure 4 can be seen AODV routing protocol

performance is much better than the routing protocol DSDV
when viewed based on the results of its RAW PDR to
changes in node 100. Also seen RAW difference in duration
between the 0.018 s, 0.024 s and 0.03 s. AODV has the
highest PDR value in node 100 on RAW 10 with a RAW
duration 0.018 that is about 19.41 % and the lowest in the
node 100 on RAW 30 with a RAW duration of 0.018 that is
about 8.05%. Overall, therefore, the value of PDR routing
protocol AODV tends to fall with changes in the duration of
RAW RAW on each of its.

In Figure 5 energy consumption for AODV and DSDV is

almost the same when compared to the energy consumption
changes RAW. Energy consumption in the image above in
the range of the average - average 13.5 - 14 Joule. However,
the overall energy consumption of AODV still slightly larger
than DSDV. To change scenarios RAW AODV has a value average 13.80858841 Joule while DSDV have value average energy consumption of 13.78389869 Joule. This
suggests that the mechanism of energy efficiency in
802.11ah worked very well. Because when the speed
increased mobility, value - average energy consumption rose
only slightly.
B. Analysis Features IEEE 802.11ah
RAW mechanism is very influential on network
performance, so set the number of groups of RAW and RAW
slot used will affect the results obtained. The number of
groups RAW and RAW slot that is too big or too little will
impact the current STA traffic will access the channel [19].
So it takes a number of groups setting RAW and RAW slot in
accordance with the necessary conditions. In addition, the
allocation duration for each RAW will also have an impact
on network performance [20].
The use of sub 1 GHz frequency can be seen the effect
on the simulation results. We also see that the calculation of
energy consumption changes are few and tend to be stable.
MCS type settings used are also influential, where the

higher the MCS type usage will result in throughput and

energy consumption is good [19]. But the use of this type of
higher MCS causes a shorter transmission range [20].
VI.

[6]

[7]

CONCLUSION

This study has conducted simulations and comparisons

on AODV routing protocols and standards IEEE DSDV on
802.11ah. In this study was to evaluate the performance
metric is throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio and energy
consumption. With the change in the number of RAW
condition. Based on simulation results, based on the results
obtained, the overall performance of the network using
AODV routing protocol is much better than the routing
protocol DSDV applied to the IEEE standard 802.11ah. In
the changing scenario the number of RAW accompanied by
changes in the nodes and the duration of RAW, the routing
protocol AODV gain value - average throughput amounted
to 12800.76 Byte / s, value - average delay of 0.091036
seconds, value - average packet delivery ratio of 8:49%, and
value - average energy consumption of 13.80859 J. for
future research, using the results of this performance we can
design the appropriate protocol, and can result in better
network performance on the standard IEEE 802.11ah.

[8]
[9]
[10]

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[12]

[13]

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