LTE Essentials Award Solutions PDF

LTE Essentials
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Instructor Led Training

Technology for Business
Cloud Computing for Google Apps..................................... 1 day
The M2M Ecosystem.......................................................... 1 day
Unified Communications and IMS...................................... 1 day
IP Convergence for Sales and Marketing.......................... 1 day
LTE Services for Enterprise Customers (EVDO)................. 1 day
LTE Services for Enterprise Customers (UMTS)................ 1 day
Emerging Trends
OFDM and MIMO Fundamentals........................................ 1 day
LTE
The Road to LTE................................................................... 1 day
LTE Essentials..................................................................... 1 day
Mastering LTE.....................................................................2 days
Exploring IPv6 for LTE Networks........................................2 days
Voice and IMS in LTE-EPC Networks.................................3 days
Exploring TD-LTE.................................................................2 days
Mastering LTE Air Interface...............................................2 days
* Mastering TD-LTE Air Interface..........................................2 days
LTE Protocols and Signaling..............................................3 days
LTE and 1x/1xEV-DO (eHRPD) Interworking.....................2 days
LTE and GSM/UMTS Interworking.....................................2 days
LTE-EPC Networks and Signaling......................................3 days
* LTE-Advanced (R10) Technical Overview..........................2 days
LTE RF Planning and Design Certification Workshop......5 days
* TD-LTE RF Planning and Design Certification Workshop.5 days
LTE-EPC Planning and Design Certification Workshop....4 days
IP Convergence & IMS
UMTS (WCDMA)/HSPA/HSPA+
Exploring UMTS (WCDMA).................................................2 days
Exploring HSPA+ (R7, R8 & R9)........................................2 days
Mastering UMTS Core Networks (R99 to R7)...................3 days
Mastering UMTS Radio Protocols and Signaling..............4 days
Mastering HSPA Protocols and Signaling.........................3 days
HSPA+ Protocols and Signaling.........................................2 days
Multi-Carrier HSPA+ (R8 & R9)........................................... 1 day
IMS in UMTS (R8) Networks..............................................3 days
3GPP Packet Core Networks (R99 to R8).........................3 days
3GPP Packet Switched Core Networks and Backhaul.....4 days
UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+ Air Interface.....................................3 days
UMTS Transport Network Planning...................................4 days
UMTS/HSPA (WCDMA) RF Design Mentoring...................5 days
UMTS (WCDMA) RF Optimization Mentoring................. 10 days
UMTS/HSPA+ RF Optimization Workshop........................4 days
WiMAX
Exploring WiMAX................................................................2 days
1x & 1xEV-DO
1x and 1xEV-DO Fundamentals........................................2 days
GSM and GPRS/EDGE

GSM Performance Workshop............................................3 days
GPRS and EDGE Performance Workshop........................3 days
Wireless Fundamentals
IP Convergence Essentials................................................. 1 day

Ethernet Backhaul Essentials............................................ 1 day
IP Convergence for Sales and Marketing.........................3 days
Exploring IPv6...................................................................... 1 day
Exploring MPLS..................................................................2 days
Exploring IMS (R8).............................................................3 days
Exploring SIP, VoIP and IP Convergence...........................4 days
Exploring Ethernet Backhaul.............................................2 days
Voice and Video over IP Protocols and Technologies.......2 days
* Exploring IP Routing and Ethernet Bridging.....................2 days
Ethernet Backhaul Planning..............................................3 days
SIP Signaling.......................................................................2 days
* IPv6 Networking Workshop for LTE Networks..................3 days
IP Networking Workshop for 1xEV-DO/LTE.......................4 days
IP Networking Workshop for HSPA/LTE............................4 days
IP Networking Workshop for 4G Backhaul.......................4 days
Wireless and 3G Basics...................................................... 1 day

Exploring GSM/EGPRS/UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+...................5 days
3G Comparative Overview.................................................. 1 day
Exploring Wireless Landscape and IP Convergence..............2 days
Exploring Wireless Technologies and Networks...............5 days

Fundamentals of RF Engineering......................................2 days
* New Course
Self-paced eLearning
UMTS (WCDMA)/HSPA/HSPA+
Emerging Trends
Overview of OFDM (e)......................................................2 hours

Multiple Antenna Techniques (e)....................................3 hours
LTE
Welcome to LTE (e).............................................................1 hour
LTE Overview (e)...............................................................3 hours
LTE SAE Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Overview (e)..........3 hours
LTE Air Interface Signaling Overview (e).........................3 hours
* Overview of IPv6 for LTE Networks..................................3 hours
* VoLTE Overview................................................................3 hours
Welcome to UMTS (e).................................................. 1.5 hours

Overview of UMTS (e).......................................................2 hours
UMTS/WCDMA Air Interface Fundamentals (e).............3 hours
UMTS Signaling (e)...........................................................1 hours
UMTS Mobility (e).............................................................1 hours
HSDPA (R5) (e).................................................................3 hours
HSUPA (R6) (e)............................................................. 2.5 hours
HSPA+ Overview (R7) (e).................................................4 hours
1x & 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Networks (Rev 0) (e).........................................3 hours

1xEV-DO Networks (Rev A) (e).........................................3 hours
WiMAX
Overview of WiMAX (e).....................................................3 hours
GSM and GPRS/EDGE
Welcome to GSM/GPRS (e)......................................... 1.5 hours
IP Convergence & IMS
Welcome to IP Networking (e).........................................3 hours

IP Convergence Overview (e)...........................................4 hours
Overview of MPLS (e)................................................... 3.5 hours
Overview of IMS (e)...................................................... 2.5 hours
Voice and Video over IP (VoIP) Overview (e)...................3 hours
IP Quality of Service (QoS) (e).........................................3 hours
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (e).................................2 hours
Ethernet Backhaul Overview (e)......................................3 hours
* IP Basics (e)........................................................................1 hour
* IP Routing (e)......................................................................1 hour
* QoS in IP Networks (e).......................................................1 hour
* TCP and Transport Layer Protocols (e)..............................1 hour
* Ethernet Basics (e).............................................................1 hour
* Ethernet VLANs (e).............................................................1 hour
* Ethernet Bridging (e)..........................................................1 hour
* Interconnecting IP Networks (e)........................................1 hour
* Welcome to IPv6 (e)...........................................................1 hour
Wireless Fundamentals
Wi-Fi Overview (e).............................................................3 hours

Welcome to Wireless Networks (e)...................................1 hour
Overview of 3G Wireless Networks (e)........................ 1.5 hours
(e) eLearning Course
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
LTE Overview .......................................................................................................................................................1
Trends in the Wireless Industry ...................................................................................................................... 3
4G Wireless Systems ....................................................................................................................................... 8
LTE - Long Term Evolution............................................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 2
LTE-EPC Networks ........................................................................................................................................... 19
LTE System Architecture ............................................................................................................................... 21
E-UTRAN Architecture .................................................................................................................................... 24
EPC Architecture ............................................................................................................................................ 29
Chapter 3
LTE Air Interface .............................................................................................................................................. 39
Principles of OFDM ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Air Interface Features .................................................................................................................................... 48
OFDMA in LTE................................................................................................................................................. 50
Multiple-Antenna Techniques in LTE ............................................................................................................ 55
Chapter 4
LTE Services ..................................................................................................................................................... 63
Drivers of 4G Services ................................................................................................................................... 65
Services in LTE ............................................................................................................................................... 68
Security in LTE................................................................................................................................................ 72
LTE_101 Version 1.9
Table of Contents
Chapter 5
Life of an LTE Mobile ....................................................................................................................................... 77
LTE Call Setup ................................................................................................................................................ 79
Traffic Operations .......................................................................................................................................... 87
Handovers ...................................................................................................................................................... 90
Chapter 6
LTE Deployment ............................................................................................................................................... 97
Device Capabilities ........................................................................................................................................ 99
Planning for LTE ........................................................................................................................................... 101
Appendix A
Additional Topics ........................................................................................................................................... 109
LTE and WiMAX: Similarities and Differences ............................................................................................ 111
Interworking with 3GPP ............................................................................................................................... 117
Interworking with 1x/1xEV-DO .................................................................................................................... 119
LTE Performance.......................................................................................................................................... 121
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................ 125
References ..................................................................................................................................................... 129
ii
1 | LTE Overview
Chapter 1:
LTE Overview
Award Solutions Confidential and Proprietary
1 | LTE Overview
Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able
to:
Describe the trends in the wireless industry
Identify the limitations of 3G technologies
List the goals and requirements of 4G networks
List the high-level characteristics of LTE networks
1 | LTE Overview
Trends in the Wireless

Industry
1 | LTE Overview
% Growth
Shifts in the Wireless Business

2G
Higher voice
capacity, Lowspeed data
1G
Circuitswitched
voice
4G
High-speed
packet data,
Voice over IP
Data
3G
Voice and highspeed data, valueadded services
Voice
Time
The wireless business is undergoing a major shift from

voice-centric to data-centric applications. Studies indicate
that data revenue has grown by more than 30 percent per
year, whereas the voice revenue grew by just more than 4
percent.
The original wireless communications systems (now called

1G or first generation systems) initially focused solely on
voice services. The arrival of the Internet led to the
addition of data services; however, the primary demand
was still focused on voice services. Second-generation
(2G) cellular systems provided both voice and low-speed
circuit-switched data services, including Global System for
Mobile communications (GSM), IS-136 (TDMA) and IS-95
(CDMA).
The next generation of networks (so-called 4G) is now

being defined to meet the requirements arising from this
fundamental shift from circuit voice to packet data. The
key 4G candidate technologies for mobile wireless
network include the Mobile Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX) based on IEEE 802.16e, and
the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) program.
To reduce the cost per data bit, 3G cellular systems

started using packet technology in their core networks,
and provided much higher data rates than 2G cellular
systems. Examples of 3G systems include UMTS and
CDMA2000.
1 | LTE Overview
3G Wireless Technologies
3G
CDMA2000 (1x)
UMTS
WCDMA
1xEV-DO
(Rev 0/A/B)
TD-CDMA
HSDPA/HSUPA
Although GSM remains the most widely deployed cellular

technology in the world, 3G systems have been growing
rapidly. Today, there are two separate but comparable
technology streams for 3G networks.
CDMA2000 provides an evolution path for 2G CDMA

systems (IS-95). CDMA2000 (also called 1x, since
each call uses a single 1.25 MHz radio channel)
supports data rates up to about 150 kbps, while its
enhanced standard, 1x Evolution - Data Optimized
(1xEV-DO) provides data rates up to 3 Mbps or more.
UMTS provides an evolution path for GSM/GPRS/

EDGE systems. There are two options defined for
UMTS networks: Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) uses
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) to allow the
mobile device and the network to talk simultaneously,
while Time Division CDMA (TD-CDMA) uses Time
Division Duplexing (TDD) to reduce the amount of
radio spectrum required by the network.
(HSUPA), which dramatically increase the data rates

available over the radio interface, as high as 14 Mbps
in a 5 MHz radio channel.
Recent enhancements to the 3GPP standards

introduced High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access
1 | LTE Overview
3G Challenges
Data rates are too low for highbandwidth services like video
Delays and latencies are too high for

real-time services like voice
3G networks are not optimized for IPbased multimedia services
Despite the success and performance of these 3G

networks, the demands of the marketplace continue to
evolve, and wireless technology must continue to evolve
with it.
This consolidation into a single packet-based

infrastructure requires the networks to be optimized for IP
and multimedia services, rather than circuit-oriented
services.
New value-added services (particularly video) require data

rates far beyond what 3G networks can provide. Rates
greater than 100 Mbps are now expected, more than an
order of magnitude greater than what 3G can deliver.
In addition, there is a desire to migrate the circuit voice
services onto the packet data infrastructure in order to
reduce the costs associated with maintaining two very
different core networks. This means that the wireless
networks must be able to handle Voice over IP (VoIP)
services efficiently, with minimal delay and latency. 3G
radio technologies were not designed with these
requirements in mind.
Finally, the migration of services into call servers and IPbased interfaces will allow applications to be integrated
and provide a richer experience for the end user.
1 | LTE Overview
4G Solutions
Advanced radio technologies (OFDM,
multiple antenna techniques)
All-IP core networks for seamless

mobility and VoIP
Advanced services and mobile

broadband wireless
In order to overcome the limitations of current 3G

technologies, a number of new approaches have been
defined to create the next generation of wireless solutions.
New radio technologies, such as Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and multipleantenna techniques, enable more information to be
transmitted over the air to more users than ever
before.
The transition from circuit-oriented networks to

packet-oriented systems based on IP allow operators
to deploy cost-effective networks that support
seamless mobility across access technologies. Voice
can now be packetized (VoIP), providing high-quality
voice conversations over the same infrastructure as
data services.
New integrated, multimedia services are now

possible, combining voice, video, email, gaming and
other applications in ways never before imagined.
1 | LTE Overview
4G Wireless Systems
1 | LTE Overview
Wish List for 4G Networks

A. Peak data rates
1. > 100 Mbps (downlink)

2. > 50 Mbps (uplink)
B. Latency
1. < 10 ms (radio network)
2. < 50 ms (end-to-end)
C. General goals
1. Better spectral efficiency

2. Lower costs
3. Interworking with 3G and
other 4G systems
Fourth generation (4G) systems do not yet have a formal

definition. Nonetheless, industry players have agreed on a
number of requirements and goals to guide their efforts.
Higher Data Rates: 4G systems are expected to

provide at least an order of magnitude improvement
in peak data rates, greater than 100 Mbps on the
downlink and 50 Mbps on the uplink. In contrast,
UMTS HSPA networks have peak rates of 14 Mbps
and 5.76 Mbps, respectively.
Shorter Delay (Latency): Latency is also a concern,

especially with the move toward packetized voice
(VoIP). The design of 4G networks is expected to
introduce delays of no more than 10 ms across the
radio access and 50 ms across the entire network.
Better Efficiency: Radio spectrum is costly, so 4G

systems must be able to deliver more bits of data
over a given amount of spectrum. At the same time,
network expenses must come down, both in terms of
equipment costs (CAPEX) and ongoing operational
costs (OPEX). In addition, in order to make the
transition to 4G easier for existing 3G operators, 4G
systems must provide solutions to interwork 3G and
4G networks.
1 | LTE Overview
Radio Technology Evolution

1G
2G
TDMA, some CDMA
Digital radio
Low speed packet
data
FDMA
Analog radio
Voice services
4G
3G
OFDMA
Very high speed
packet data
Multiple antennas
VoIP
CDMA
High speed packet
data
Broadcast/
multicast
Not surprisingly, the radio interface technology has a

significant impact on the capabilities of the network, since
it is the weakest link in the chain.
The original mobile wireless technologies used Frequency
Division Multiple Access (FDMA) to support multiple users.
These systems were very similar to commercial FM radio
stations and supported only analog voice calls.
Toward the end of the 1980s and into the early 1990s,
digital air interfaces were introduced as part of second
generation of networks. These digital air interfaces were
generally based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA),
where the available narrowband frequencies were further
divided into time slots, each of which could support one
voice call and low-rate packet data services. TDMA-based
technologies included IS-136, GSM, GPRS and EDGE. The
2G era also saw the introduction of the first Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA) system, IS-95.
speed packet data (greater than 2 Mbps), as well as

broadcast/multicast
capabilities.
Additional
enhancements to these air interfaces provided further
improvements to the data rates, to 3 Mbps for 1xEV-DO
and 14 Mbps for HSPA.
All 4G systems currently underway use Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), a variation
of the original FDMA technique that allows for significantly
greater spectral efficiency and data rates. OFDMA
systems lend themselves to advanced multiple-antenna
techniques that can boost data rates even higher and are
inherently packet-oriented, leading to the use of VoIP to
deliver voice services.
All 3G systems are based on CDMA technology, which

provides superior voice performance in a mobile
environment. The two major 3G systems are CDMA2000
and UMTS. 3G networks offer voice services and higher-
10
1 | LTE Overview
1G/2G
Network Architecture Evolution
2.5G/3G
RAN
Circuit
Core
PSTN
Circuit
Core
PSTN
Packet
Core
Internet
RAN
4G
PSTN
RAN
Evolved BS
Packet
Core
Internet
The capabilities of the radio interface dictate the design of

the access and core networks. 1G and 2G networks were
circuit-oriented to handle voice services, using centralized
controllers within the Radio Access Networks (RANs) to
manage the radio resources and switches in the core
network to provide services and connectivity to the outside
world.
With the introduction of packet data to some 2G systems
(sometimes called 2.5G), a parallel packet-oriented
network was added to manage data services and Internet
access; 3G networks also used this architecture. This
second network increased the cost and complexity of the
operators network.
In 4G, the goal is to simplify. Radio control has been
decentralized and moved into the base stations
(sometimes called evolved base stations, or eBSs), while
the circuit core network has been eliminated entirely. All
services are now provided through the packet core
network.
11
1 | LTE Overview
4G Networks
Spectrally efficient
air interface
OFDM
Multiple antenna
techniques
Air Interface
Distributed, IP-based
access network
Scalable
Reduced latency
Access Network
IP-oriented, IMS-based
core network
Scalable
Low cost
Rapid service
deployment
Core Network
Service Network
The 4G evolution programs, then, focus on three key

areas: the air interface, the radio access network and the
core network.
On the air interface, the use of Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-antenna
techniques significantly increase the spectral efficiency.
OFDM is a scalable solution, which allows operators to
deploy the same technology in any available bandwidth
from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz. The greater the bandwidth,
the faster the data rates and the higher the capacity of the
system.
Similarly, the transition to an all-IP packet core network

enables the deployment and delivery of packet-oriented
multimedia services, through the use of IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS) servers. This results in lower costs for
network operators.
In the access network, elimination of the centralized Radio

Network Controller (RNC) allows decisions to be made
locally at the base station. Thus reducing the overall
latency of the network. The use of IP technology
throughout simplifies network design and engineering, this
allows the network to easily scale with traffic growth and
reduces the costs of the network components and links.
12
1 | LTE Overview
3GPP
UMTS
3GPP2
1x
WiMAX
802.16
Fixed
WLAN
Wireless Network Evolution
802.11
HSDPA/
HSUPA
1xEV-DO
Rev 0/A/B
LTE
UMB
802.16e
Mobile
802.11 b/g
802.11n
The expected evolutionary paths for each of the current

high-speed wireless data solutions are illustrated here.
Every operator will make their own decision as to the
correct option for their network, based on the capabilities
of the technologies and the associated costs, timing and
other factors.
UMTS operators will most likely proceed to Long Term
Evolution (LTE) as their 4G solution, since the technology
is explicitly designed to provide an easy transition for
them.
1x and 1xEV-DO operators were expected to move to Ultra
Mobile Broadband (UMB), another OFDM-based
technology. However, most operators appear to be moving
to LTE as their preferred solution.
Some operators may choose to deploy 802.16e, Mobile
WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX is an OFDM-based Broadband
Wireless Access (BWA) solution that is similar in many
respects to LTE, despite its very different origins.
Wireless LAN providers are beginning to deploy 802.11n
solutions, which can offer 100+ Mbps in a wireless hot
spot.
13
1 | LTE Overview
LTE Long Term

Evolution
14
1 | LTE Overview
3GPP Roadmap
HSPA+, Higher-order
modulation, MIMO
Bearer-independent
circuit-switched
architecture
Circuit voice,
2 Mbps
packet data
HSUPA,
MBMS
LTE
R10
R9
R8
HSDPA,
IMS
R7
R6
LTE Advanced
R5
R4
LTE
Enhancements
R99
For LTE, the evolutionary process has been a while in the

making, and is not likely to end anytime soon. Each 3GPP
standards release since the original UMTS specification
has continued to add to and expand the capabilities of the
network:
Release 99 (R99) defined the original UMTS system,

supporting circuit voice services as well as theoretical
peak data rates of up to 2 Mbps. Commercial
systems delivered packet data services of up to 384
kbps.
R4 defined a bearer-independent circuit-switched

architecture, separating switches into gateways and
controllers, and laying the groundwork for the IP
Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).
R5 defined High Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA), which boosted packet data rates to 14
Mbps on the downlink. R5 also completed the design
of the IMS.
R6 increased data rates to more than 5 Mbps on the

uplink with High Speed Uplink Packet Access
(HSUPA), and introduced support for multimedia
broadcast/multicast services (MBMS).
R7 provided further enhancements to HSDPA and

HSUPA, called HSPA+. Support for higher-order
modulation
and
Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output
(MIMO) antenna systems offered a significant
increase in data rates, potentially up to 42 Mbps.
R8 defined the Long Term Evolution (LTE) system,

starting the transition to 4G technology.
Even as vendors and operators are working to roll out the

first R8-based LTE systems, work is underway on defining
additional improvements to LTE. R9 is looking at further
LTE enhancements, including support for MBMS and the
definition of Home eNBs for improved residential and inbuilding coverage. R10 includes the definition of LTE
Advanced, offering support for 8x8 MIMO, channel
aggregation up to 100 MHz, and relay repeaters. It has
been a long road, but the journey has just begun.
15
1 | LTE Overview
Summary
The wireless industry is rapidly evolving toward an
IP-centric, data-oriented architecture.
Voice is still the primary application, but packet data is
driving significant growth.
All-IP, packet-based networks offer more advanced,
integrated services.
Current 3G technologies do not provide the

capacity, quality and throughput needed to support
future applications.
New radio technologies and network architectures are
needed.
LTE is one of the 4G wireless systems.

16
1 | LTE Overview
Review Questions
1. What types of services and applications are
driving the transition to 4G?
2. What are the key characteristics of a 4G system?
3. What are the advantages of an all-IP network?
4. Which of the following components and networks
will be unchanged in the transition to LTE?
The mobile device.

The radio interface.
The access network.
The core network.
17
18
2 | LTE-EPC Networks
Chapter 2:
LTE-EPC Networks
19
Objectives
to:
Explain the architectural goals of LTE

Describe the E-UTRAN, its components and its
interfaces
Describe the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), its
components and its interfaces
References:
[1] 3GPP TS 23.402; Architecture Enhancements for
non-3GPP accesses
[2] 3GPP TS 23.401; GPRS enhancements for LTE
access
[3] 3GPP TS 36.300; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
[4] 3GPP TR
Evolution
20
23.882;
3GPP
System
Architecture
LTE System
Architecture
21
LTE Architecture Goals

High Data Rates
100 Mbps (DL)
50 Mbps (UL)
Low Latency
< 100 ms (signaling)
< 5 ms (data)
Flexible Rollout
Spectrum, bandwidth and
duplexing flexibility
Low Cost
High capacity
All-IP architecture
Enhanced Services
Support for VoIP and realtime applications
Service differentiation and
rapid service deployment
Enhanced Network
Interworking with 3GPP and
non-3GPP systems
(seamless mobility)
Load sharing and
redundancy
Reduced Complexity
Streamlined network
architecture
The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) program has its own
set of goals and requirements, beyond the basic targets of
4G.
High Data Rates: The desired peak data rate for LTE
in a 20 MHz radio channel is 100 Mbps on the
downlink and 50 Mbps on the uplink.
Low Latency: Latency for signaling messages must be

less than 100 ms, while data should be delivered
over the air within 5 ms.
Low Cost: The network architecture will be IP-based

end-to-end, and must be capable of supporting high
data rates for a large number of users.
Flexible Roll-out: The system must have the flexibility

to be deployed in a wide variety of radio bands, taking
advantage of whatever bandwidth is available and
using whichever duplexing scheme is most
appropriate.
Enhanced Services: The network must support VoIP

and other real-time services with the appropriate
Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics. Also, new IP-
22
based services should be able to be developed and

deployed quickly and cost-effectively.
Reduced Complexity: The E-UTRAN is expected to be

significantly less complex, reducing the number of
different nodes and interfaces, and streamlining the
air interface channels.
Enhanced Network: The LTE network must be capable

of interworking seamlessly with other 3GPP (GSM or
UMTS) and non-3GPP (1x and 1xEV-DO and WiMAX)
networks. The design of the network must permit
traffic to be distributed across many different nodes,
with sufficient redundancy to ensure no single point
of failure in the network.
LTE System Architecture

E-UTRA
Downlink: 300 Mbps
Uplink: 75 Mbps
OFDM and MIMO
EPC
(Evolved Packet Core)
Simplified architecture
IP-based services
E-UTRAN
Simplified architecture
Evolved Node B
eNB
UE
E-UTRAN
eNB
EPC
MME
eNB
S-GW
PDN-GW
The LTE system is an all-IP system that can reap the

benefits of IP, such as scalability and low cost.
In order to meet the required goals, the 3G Partnership
Project (3GPP) is responsible for defining the appropriate
LTE standards. 3GPP focuses on three key areas:
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA):

This air interface is based on an OFDM physical layer
and uses MIMO techniques to further increase data
rates. LTE supports more than 300 Mbps in the
downlink to the User Equipment (UE) and more than
75 Mbps in the uplink, using a scalable channel
bandwidth of up to 20 MHz.
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

(E-UTRAN): Unlike the UMTS access network, the EUTRAN has only one node - the evolved Node B, or
eNodeB (eNB). The eNB is responsible for the
physical layer operations of OFDM and MIMO, as well
as the scheduling of downlink and uplink resources,
handovers and Radio Resource Management (RRM).
Evolved Packet Core (EPC): In LTE, the network is a

greatly simplified IP-based network, replacing 3G
network components with Mobility Management
Entities (MMEs) and Serving Gateways (S-GWs) and
Packet Data Network Gateways (P-GWs). The EPC is
connected to both the E-UTRAN and the Internet, and
any IP services network. The UE has a logical link with
the Evolved Packet Core network (EPC) that provides
IP connectivity to the UE. The EPC represents a
migration from the traditional hierarchical system
architecture to a flattened architecture.
23
E-UTRAN Architecture
24
LTE Radio Network (E-UTRAN)

E-UTRAN
No centralized controller
(RNC)
eNBs communicate
directly via X2 interface
S1-MME
MME
eNB
E-UTRAN
X2
Uu
S1-U
UE
eNB
S-GW
Lets take a look inside the Evolved Universal Terrestrial

Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). The primary difference
between the E-UTRAN and any other 3G radio network is
the absence of a Radio Network Controller (RNC). The EUTRAN eNodeB is the only node in the E-UTRAN. The
traditional functionality of the RNC has been moved into
the eNBs.
An eNB is able to communicate with multiple gateways, in

order to enable load sharing and redundancy. eNBs are
interconnected by the X2 interface, to coordinate
handovers and data transfers.
The E-UTRAN is a pure IP-based network where all kinds of

information exchange is done using IP packets for
transport. The eNBs are connected to the EPC via the S1
interface. The IP network is used to provide a distributed
fully meshed connectivity between eNBs and multiple
gateways within the EPC. This allows for load sharing and
redundancy. The eNBs are interconnected by the X2
interface, to coordinate handovers and data transfers.
The primary difference between a UTRAN and an E-UTRAN

is the absence of an RNC. The functionality of the RNC has
now been moved into the eNBs. The eNBs are connected
to the MME and S-GWs via the S1 interface.
25
eNodeB
Functions
Radio resource
S- GW
MME
management
Header Compression
Encryption
S1
BCCH information transfer

Paging transfer
Mobility in Active State
X2
MME selection
X2
X2
eNB
eNB
eNB
The traditional functionalities of the RNCs have been

moved to the eNB. An eNB performs the following
functions:
Radio Resource Management (RRM) functionalities

like radio bearer control and radio admission control;
IP header compression and encryption of the user

data stream;
Uplink/downlink radio resource allocation in both the

uplink and downlink;
Transfer of paging messages over the air;
Transfer of broadcast information over the air;
Selection of the MME when a UE attaches to the

network; and
Handover management.
The eNBs communicate over the X2 interface. The eNBs

are connected to the MME and the S-GW by the S1
interface. The eNBs and the MME/S-GW have a many-tomany relationship to support load sharing and redundancy
among the MME/S-GW.
26
X2 Interface
Supports Intra-LTE
Mobility
X2 Interfaces (All-IP)
eNB
eNB
X2 Interface Functions
Multi-cell RRM
Handover functions
Load management
Tunneling of user packets
eNB
The X2 interface is the interface between the eNBs. X2

functionalities are split into control-plane and user-plane
functionalities.
S1-UP and X2-UP use the same U-plane protocol to

minimize protocol processing for the eNB at the time
of data forwarding.
The X2 Control Plane:
Intra-LTE access-system mobility support for the UE.
Context transfer from the source eNB to the target

eNB.
Control of user plane tunnels between the source

eNB and the target eNB.
Handover cancellation.
Uplink load management.
SCTP as the transport layer protocol.
The X2 User Plane:
Tunnels end-user packets between the eNBs.
Identifies packets with tunnels and packet-loss

management.
GTP-U over UDP/IP as the transport layer protocol.
27
S1 Interface
Supports Many-to-Many
Relationships
eNB
(All-IP)
MME
S1 Interfaces
eNB
S1-MME and S1-U
S-GW
eNB
The S1 interface is the interface between the E-UTRAN

and evolved packet core. S1 functionalities are split into
C-plane and U-plane functionalities.
The S1 Control Plane:
Delivering a signaling protocol between the eNB and

the MME.
Consists of SCTP over IP, and provides guaranteed

data delivery.
The application signaling protocol is an S1-AP

(Application Protocol).
EPS bearer set up and release procedures.
Handover signaling procedure.
Paging procedure.
NAS transport procedure.
guaranteed data delivery.
One GTP tunnel per radio bearer carries user traffic.
IP Differentiated Service Code Point (DSCP) marking

is supported for QoS per radio bearer.
The S1 User Plane:
Responsible for delivering user data between the eNB

and the S-GW.
Consists of GTP-U over UDP/IP and provides non-
28
EPC Architecture
29
Inside the EPC

UE
UE
UE
MME
HSS
Wi-Fi
AAA/AuC
GERAN
UTRAN
P-GW
SGSN
EPC
ePDG
Non-Trusted
Non-3GPP
Network
UE
S-GW
1xEV-DO
E-UTRAN
Internet
UE
Trusted
Non-3GPP
Network
Operator
IP Services
(IMS)
PSTN
Lets take a look inside the Evolved Packet Core (EPC).

The entities in the EPC include the Mobility Management
Entity (MME), the Serving Gateway (S-GW), the Packet
Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) and the Evolved
Packet Data Gateway (ePDG). A primary difference
between other 3G core networks and the EPC is that the
EPC is only for packet data services, and there is no
dedicated core network for voice services. Voice is treated
as another service running on a packet data connection.
The EPC is a pure, IP-based network where all kinds of
information exchange is done using IP packets for
transport. The MME/S-GW are nodes/functions that
provide connectivity to the E-UTRAN via the S1 interface.
30
Mobility Management Entity (MME)

P-GW
MME Functions
Manage UE Contexts
Mobility Control
Security
Authentication
Bearer Path Control
S-GW
MME
S1
X2
X2
X2
eNB
eNB
eNB
The functions of the MME are listed below:
Managing and storing UE contexts,
Generating temporary identifiers for the Ues,
Idle-state mobility control,
Distributing paging messages to eNBs,
Security control,
Roaming,
Authentication, and
Bearer control.
31
Serving Gateway (S-GW)

P-GW
S- GW
MME
S-GW Functions
Anchor User Plane
Packet Routing and
Forwarding
Similar to SGSN
Similar to FA
S1
X2
X2
X2
eNB
eNB
eNB
There are two gateways in the EPC, one facing toward the
E-UTRAN (the S-GW) and one facing toward the external
packet data network (the P-GW). A UE may connect to only
one S-GW, but it may use multiple P-GWs. The functions of
the S-GW are listed below:
Anchoring the user plane for inter-eNB handover,
Anchoring the user plane for inter-3GPP mobility,
Similar to an SGSN in a pre-LTE 3GPP Network,

anchoring like a GGSN,
Acting similar to a Foreign Agent (FA) in MIP in a preLTE 3GPP2 network, and
Packet routing and forwarding.
32
Packet Data Network Gateway

PDN-GW
Functions
MME
Similar to GGSN and HA
S-GW
Provide PDN Connectivity

Packet Routing
IP Address Assignment
S1
Accounting and QoS

Anchor the User Plane
X2
During Inter-MME/S-GW
Handover and During 3GPP-
X2
X2
to-Non-3GPP Handovers
eNB
eNB
eNB
The PDN Gateway (P-GW) is similar to the GGSN in UMTS,

or the HA in MIP. It hosts the following functions:
Provide connectivity to the PDN and packet routing

for the UE;
Allocates IP addresses to the UE;
Accounting and QoS, such as per-user-based packet

filtering, transport-level packet marking based on QoS
parameters, rate enforcement, and charging; and
Anchoring the user plane for mobility during interMME/S-GW handovers, LTE and Prel-8 3GPP
handovers, and 3GPP and non-3GPP handovers.
33
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

Master Database:
Stores user subscription information,
identification, service profile, and location
Generates security-related information
Authentication
Evolved Packet
Core (EPC)
S6a
HSS
Operators
IP Services
(e.g., IMS)
MME
Serving
Gateway (S-GW)
PDN
Gateway (PDN-GW)
HSS (Home Subscriber Server): The HSS is a user

database that stores subscription-related information to
support other call-control and session-management
entities. It is a storehouse for user identification,
numbering and service profiles. It is mainly involved in
user authentication and authorization. During registration,
the MME talks to the HSS via the S6a interface for user
authentication and ciphering. The HSS generates security
information for mutual authentication and integrity check,
ciphering, and can also provide information about the
user's physical location. We can have one or more than
one HSS in a home network, depending on the number of
mobile subscribers and the equipment capacity.
34
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

ISUP
PSTN
SGW
AS
IMS
UE
E-UTRAN
MGW
CSCF
(SIP
Server)
HSS
MGCF
EPC
MME/S-GW
P-GW
IP
Network
This architecture gives a feel for the IP Multimedia

Subsystem (IMS). It is the IP-based core/services network
of 3GPP. The IMS allows mobiles operating in packet
mode to establish voice calls using SIP to communicate
the request to the Call Session Control Function (CSCF).
In this case, the voice data is transmitted as packets
throughout the LTE network. The HSS in this case is
simply an IP-based Home Location Register (HLR).
35
Summary
The LTE network architecture is designed to:
Simplify the network,
Enable enhanced services, and
Provide seamless mobility.
The E-UTRAN contains only one node, the eNodeB

Radio Network Controller (RNC) functions have been distributed to
the eNodeBs.
eNodeBs communicate and collaborate over the X2 interface.
The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is an all-IP network.

The Mobility Management Entity (MME) provides signaling and
control functions, while the Serving Gateway (S-GW) handles user
traffic.
The PDN Gateway (P-GW) provides an interface to services and
external networks.
36
Review Questions
1. How do a users packets flow through the EUTRAN and EPC?
2. Why is the X2 interface needed?
3. Which node is responsible for:
Tracking the mobiles location?

Assigning IP addresses?
Allocating radio resources?
4. What is the advantage of allowing an eNodeB to

connect to multiple MMEs?
37
38
3 | LTE Air Interface
Chapter 3:
LTE Air Interface
39
Objectives
to:
Identify and describe the basic concepts of

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
Identify the key features of the LTE air interface
Illustrate how Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access (OFDMA) is defined in LTE
List the multiple-antenna techniques (MIMO)
used in LTE
References:
[1] 3GPP TS 36.300; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
40
Principles of OFDM
41
Why OFDM?
Scalable Design Up to 20 MHz
Higher Data
Rates
Time and
Frequency
Domain
Scheduling
Support for Smart

Antennas
Reduced
Interference
OFDM has many attractive characteristics.
Scalable Design: Scalability allows the radio

technology to utilize a variable bandwidth (up to 20
MHz) using the same radio access technology. In
effect, scalability creates more channels as the
spectrum grows, without requiring modifications in
the device capability. So, in areas where a lot of
capacity is needed, the operator can allocate more
bandwidth and use less bandwidth in areas where the
spectrum is not available or the capacity not needed.
Time and Frequency Scheduling: Radio resources can

be allocated across multiple channels (supporting
bursts of high data rates), or across multiple
transmission symbols (efficiently supporting longer
sessions for VoIP or other real-time services), or both,
depending on the capabilities of the device and the
requirements of the application.
Reduced Interference: By design, OFDM channels do

not interfere with one another within a cell; therefore,
a user using one set of channels cannot interfere with
another user using a different set.
42
Higher Data Rates: The more channels a user is

assigned, the more data bits can be sent in a given
amount of time. OFDM has hundreds of channels
available for transmission due to the narrowband
nature of each channel. When assigned in large
numbers, and in parallel, these channels can achieve
very high data rates.
Support for Smart Antennas: OFDM systems lend

themselves to the use of multiple-antenna techniques
(smart antennas) to further improve performance,
capacity and throughput. In certain situations, the
energy from the radio beams can be focused toward
the user, thus increasing performance. In other
situations, the multiple antennas can be used to send
more bits per second by transmitting differently from
each antenna.
Multicarrier Principle
Subcarrier
0
1
Guard Band
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
Slow
Data
Serial-to-Parallel
Converter
01110011101011110100
Fast
Data
As data rates increase over a single radio channel, the

symbol modulation rates eventually become too great to
handle effectively. Synchronization becomes difficult, and
inter-symbol interference (ISI) completely overwhelms the
system. Sometimes, slower is better.
coaxial cable with a multi-conductor cable. However, since

MCM is not a very efficient user of bandwidth, it is rarely
used in radio.
Consider a high-speed data stream of 100 Mbps. If the

data is split into 10 substreams, each substream runs at
1 Mbps, one-tenth of the original data rate. If each one of
these slower data streams modulates its own radio
carrier, the result is 10 narrowband signals instead of one
wideband radio signal. This is called Multicarrier
Modulation (MCM). Each of the narrowband channels is
called a subcarrier.
The fast data stream is converted into a number of
parallel, slower data streams. These slower data streams
are then sent on different subcarriers. In general, guard
bands are required between different subcarriers to
reduce inter-carrier interference (ICI).
MCM is used in many broadband-cable and fiber-optic
transmission schemes. It is a broadband transmission
technique, and is similar to replacing a single high-speed
43
OFDM
FDM
The OFDM Advantage
Saved Bandwidth
No interference between
subcarriers
The same number of

subcarriers require less
RF bandwidth
OFDM employs a similar multicarrier technique, where

data is sent over a large number of channels called
subcarriers. However, OFDM also implements some tricks
to completely remove the guard bands normally required
in MCM. Without guard bands, less bandwidth is needed
to support the same number of subcarriers.
OFDM allows guard bands to be omitted by (a) separating

the subcarriers making up the OFDM signal by exactly the
inverse of the modulation rate, (b) ensuring the
modulation rate is the same on all subcarriers, or (c)
ensuring there is exactly an integer number of radio
carrier cycles during a modulation symbol time.
Guard bands are used to ensure that subcarriers do not

interfere with one another. OFDM eliminates the need for
guard bands by exploiting a property called orthogonality.
Signals are said to be orthogonal if they do not interfere
with each other.
Signals can be orthogonal in several domains, including
time, space and frequency. Signals are orthogonal in the
time domain if they occur on the same frequency, but not
at the same time. For example, high-frequency (3 to 30
MHz) short-wave broadcasters can maintain orthogonality
if they adhere to a worldwide transmission schedule. Two
signals can be sent on the same frequency at the same
time, but remain orthogonal if they are transmitted from
places far away from each other (for example, Los Angeles
and New York).
44
Simplified View of OFDM

10
Mbps
Large flow of
water
High-speed
data flow
OFDMA
100 kbps
100 kbps
100 kbps
100 kbps
100 kbps
Many small
streams
Many lowspeed data

streams
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can

be explained using a shower-head analogy. A shower head
receives a large amount of water through a relatively thick
pipeline. It divides the water into numerous parallel
streams. Each stream carries only a small amount of
water, but all of the streams together together carry a
large amount of water.
Similarly, in an OFDM system, a large amount of data is
distributed among multiple narrowband channels, with
each narrowband channel carrying only a small amount of
data. For example, 10 Mbps of data can be delivered to a
user over 100 narrowband channels, with each channel
carrying just 100 kbps.
45
What is OFDMA?
900 subcarriers
@ 10 kbps each =
9 Mbps
f1000
f999
f998
User 3
f102
99 subcarriers @
10 kbps each =
990 kbps
f101
f100
eNB
User 2
f3
f2
f1
User 1
1000 10 kbps subcarriers

= 10 Mbps total bandwidth
available
1 subcarrier =
10 kbps
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

allows multiple users to communicate simultaneously over
an OFDM radio channel. In this example, the eNB has
1000 subcarriers, each capable of carrying 10 kbps of
data. The total peak rate of the eNB is therefore 1000 x
10 kbps = 10 Mbps. However, the eNB does not have to
give that entire bandwidth to one user. Instead, subsets
can be allocated, depending on the needs and capabilities
of each user.
User 1 is using a VoIP application, which only requires a
single subcarrier (10 kbps). User 2 is browsing a Web site,
and is assigned 99 subcarriers (990 kbps). User 3 is
viewing a streaming video application and receives the
remaining 900 subcarriers (9 Mbps). All of the users send
and receive data at the same time, without interfering with
one another.
As users come and go, or as their data requirements
change, the eNB can adjust their subcarrier allocations
accordingly, making the maximum use of the available
resources.
46
Scalable OFDMA
Same subcarrier
spacing regardless
of bandwidth
10 MHz = 1024 subcarriers
Same channel
characteristics
(symbol duration)
5 MHz = 512 subcarriers
Same sensitivity to
time and frequency
errors and multipath
Scalable OFDMA ensures that the definition of a

subcarrier (its frequency spacing, symbol time, etc.)
remains the same regardless of how much radio spectrum
is used by the system. All that changes is the number of
subcarriers available, not the subcarriers themselves.
Scalability simplifies the design of OFDMA systems, by
choosing a particular set of OFDM parameters that
applies to all networks using that system. In this way, the
subcarriers will have the same sensitivity to time,
frequency errors and multipath effects, whether they are
used in a 1.4 MHz system or a 20 MHz system. The signal
processing requirements are therefore identical, allowing
the same chipsets to be used everywhere, which reduces
costs and simplifies design and development.
47
Air Interface Features
48
LTE Air Interface Features

Flexibility to support different
deployment scenarios
Spectrum
Bandwidth
Duplexing
Multiple-Antenna Technologies
to increase coverage, capacity
and throughput
Transmit Diversity for better
coverage
MIMO for higher throughput
and capacity
Beamforming for better
coverage and capacity
Radio Access Technologies to

support high-speed packet services
OFDMA in the DL for high data rate
and simpler mobile design
SC-FDMA in the UL for reduced
power consumption and lower
PAPR
Although all 4G systems use OFDM/OFDMA as their basic

RF technology, LTEs implementation provides a number
of unique capabilities.
Flexibility: LTE is designed to be as flexible as

possible, to allow operators around the world the
ability to deploy the technology in whatever spectrum
they have available.
Radio Access Technology: Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can provide higher data
rates and spectral efficiency over the air interface.
LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access (OFDMA) in the downlink, but uses a variation
of OFDMA, called Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in the uplink to improve
performance by reducing the Peak-to-Average Power
Ratio (PAPR).
Multiple-Antenna
Technology:
Multiple-antenna
techniques have been around for a long time, but
have not yet seen wide-scale deployment. LTE will
include a wide variety of advanced antenna
techniques, including diversity, Single-User MIMO (SUMIMO), Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), Spatial Division
Multiple Access (SDMA) and beamforming.
49
OFDMA in LTE
50
LTE Transmission Parameters

Parameters
Bandwidth (MHz)
Values
1.4
Subcarrier spacing
10
15
20
15 kHz
FFT size
128
256
512
1024
1536
2048
Usable Sub-carriers
72
180
300
600
900
1200
Resource Blocks
15
25
50
75
100
OFDM symbols per

slot
7 or 6
Modulation
schemes
BPSK, QPSK (Signaling)

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Data)
Some key OFDMA/SC-FDMA transmission parameters are

provided in this table. LTE is a scalable system, so the
subcarrier spacing (15 kHz) is the same, regardless of the
amount of spectrum. A 10 MHz system, for example, has
a total of 1024 subcarriers, out of which 50 resource
blocks (50*12 = 600 subcarriers) are for assignment to
users.
51
Generic Frame Structure

Frame n-1
Frame n
Frame n+1
Frame n+2
UE
eNB
10 ms
Subframe 0
Subframe 1
Subframe 2
Subframe 9
1 ms
slot 0
slot 1
0.5 ms
The duration of one LTE radio frame is 10 ms. One frame

is divided into 10 subframes of 1 ms each, and each
subframe is divided into two slots of 0.5 ms each.
52
Physical Resource Blocks

slot 0
slot 1
12 Subcarriers
PRB
7 Symbols
In LTE, radio resources are allocated in units of Physical

Resource Blocks (PRBs). Normally, a PRB will contain 12
subcarriers over 7 symbols, for a total of 84 modulation
symbols. If the system is configured to use the longer
Cyclic Prefix in order to protect against excessive
multipath, then the PRB will contain only six symbols.
53
LTE Channels and Signals

Broadcast Channel
Paging Channel
Control Channel
Traffic Channel
Reference Signals
UE
eNB
Random Access Channel
Control Channel
Traffic Channel
Reference Signals
LTE defines a number of channels and signals used to

convey specific information in the uplink and downlink.
Broadcast Channel: Contains system configuration

and overhead information.
Paging Channel: Carries paging indications to idle

mobiles.
Control Channel: Used by the eNB to assign resources

to the UE, control uplink power, request channel
quality reports, and so on.
Traffic Channel: Carries the actual

messages and user data to the mobiles.
Reference Signals: Provides known signals that can

be easily detected for system access and
synchronization, and measured for channel
estimation.
Random Access: Used for initial system access.
54
signaling
Multiple-Antenna
Techniques in LTE
55
Multiple-Antenna Benefits
Reduced power
consumption
Better overall
signal quality
Lower
interference
Improved spectral
efficiency
Higher capacity or
throughput
Greater range or
improved coverage
Multiple-antenna techniques make optimal use of the

available spectrum, improving the quality of the signal
received by the UE (on the downlink) and the eNB (on the
uplink). This improved radio link results in higher
throughput, lower interference, lower power levels and
better coverage.
56
Multiple-Antenna Techniques
Multiple-Antenna Techniques
Receive Diversity
Diversity
Transmit Diversity
Single-User MIMO
(SU-MIMO)
MIMO/
Spatial Multiplexing
Multi-User MIMO
(MU-MIMO)
Space Division Multiple
Access (SDMA)
Beamforming
Simple Beamforming
(Single TX Layer SU-MIMO)
LTE is designed to support a number of different antenna

techniques to improve quality, capacity, coverage and
throughput.
Diversity: Diversity techniques exploit variations in the

signals sent and received from different antennas to
improve the robustness and quality of the radio link.
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO): Also known as

spatial multiplexing, MIMO techniques send different
data streams over different antennas simultaneously.
In SU-MIMO (Single-User MIMO), the streams are
destined for the same user, increasing the net data
rate. In MU-MIMO (Multi-User MIMO), the streams are
intended for different users, which can be used to
increase the overall capacity of the cell.
Beamforming: Beamforming directs the energy of the

radio signal at the specific user, improving the
strength and range of the signal. Spatial Division
Multiple Access (SDMA) is the most complex
beamforming technique, and is the theoretical
foundation of MU-MIMO. Simple beamforming can be
implemented as a special case of SU-MIMO, where a
single transmission layer is sent on each antenna.
57
Diversity
Transmit Diversity
Multiple transmit antennas
Use space and time to obtain
multiple copies of the signal
Receive Diversity
Multiple receive antennas
Combine multiple copies of the
signal
The two basic forms of diversity are receive diversity and

transmit diversity. In receive diversity, the receiver uses
multiple antennas to retrieve different copies of the same
transmitted signal. These copies are combined together to
produce a better signal than would be possible with a
single antenna. The odds that all copies are faded or
impaired at the same time is quite low. Although receive
diversity requires additional antennas and processing in
the handset, the performance improvement has proven to
be worth the cost.
In transmit diversity, multiple copies of the same signal
are sent from separate transmit antennas and are
received at the other end. Again, the likelihood of all
copies being poor is greatly reduced. The advantage of
this approach, especially for mobile devices, is that the
transmitter bears the burden of the cost of
implementation.
58
Single User MIMO

Transmit diversity provides a
robust radio path
Parallel data streams

to a single user
abcd
efgh
abcd
abcdefgh
abcdefgh
efgh
Higher data rates

Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) antenna techniques use

multiple transmit antennas to send separate streams of
data in parallel to the mobile device; the same radio
frequencies and slots are used for both streams.
Significant coding and processing is needed on the
receiving side to extract the different streams, but the
result is a significantly higher net data rate. Two transmit
antennas can send twice as much data as one.
59
Multi-User MIMO/SDMA
Users reuse the same radio
resources (frequencies and
slots)
Parallel data streams

to multiple users
abcd
abcd
1234
1234
Higher capacity and

spectral efficiency
Multiple-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems (also known as

Space Division Multiple Access, or SDMA) allow multiple
users separated in space to use the same frequencies
and slots simultaneously. Each user, in effect, has access
to all of the cells resources independently of what the
other users are doing, resulting in a significant increase in
spectral efficiency and system capacity. However, MUMIMO/SDMA systems are extremely complex and costly to
implement, especially on mobile devices.
60
Summary
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the
fundamental radio technology in all 4G systems. It has:
Very high spectral efficiency,
Scalable bandwidth, and
Support for multiple-antenna techniques.
The LTE air interface is designed for flexibility in:

Spectrum,
Bandwidth, and
Duplexing schemes.
LTE supports a wide variety of antenna techniques to improve

performance, including:
Diversity,
Single-User MIMO,
Multiple-User MIMO,
Beamforming.
61
Review Questions
1. What does it mean to be orthogonal in a radio
channel?
2. What is the value of being flexible in:
Spectrum
Bandwidth
3. What is the maximum number of data subcarriers

available in LTE?
4. What are the benefits of multiple-antenna
techniques? What are the drawbacks?
62
4 | LTE Services
Chapter 4:
LTE Services
63
4 | LTE Services
Objectives
to:
Illustrate the trends in wireless services
Identify the drivers behind 4G technologies
List the QoS classes supported in LTE
Identify the security features provided in LTE
64
4 | LTE Services
Drivers of 4G Services
65
4 | LTE Services
Services Evolution
1980s
Voice
1990s
2000s
Voice +
low-speed data
(e.g., SMS)
Voice +
high-speed data
(Internet, video,
gaming, etc.)
2010+
Data Revenue
presenting combined requirements for predictable

throughput, latency and jitter.
The diagram depicts the direction of wireless services

from the following perspectives:
66
Applications: Initial wireless systems provided voicecentric services, such as the ability to make and
receive phone calls. After a while, voice and lowspeed data services became popular. For example,
Short Message Service (SMS) is a low-speed data
service where just a few bytes of data are transferred
over the air. Emerging wireless applications now
include a wide variety of services, many of which
require high data rates over the air. For instance,
when a user downloads a streaming video, a news
clip or a movie, only a high-speed radio connection
results in a satisfying user experience. Low data rates
are inadequate for a satisfying quality of experience
in such scenarios. Another important consideration is
maintaining
the
ability
to
handle
voice
communications. In IP-based wireless systems, voice
is no longer carried in a circuit. It is transported in an
IP packet using Voice over IP (VoIP). This necessitates
strict
performance
control.
To
summarize,
contemporary applications are multimedia in nature,
Revenue: Voice is still the king - the dominant

application. Voice continues to generate most of the
revenue for a wireless service provider. However,
revenue growth from voice is quite low due to
increased competition and declining price-perminute. On the other hand, revenue growth from data
is very strong and becomes a new growth point.
Based on these two perspectives, the need for a wireless

system that can support a wide range of services is
apparent.
4 | LTE Services
Drivers of 4G Networks
Services
Enable
Quad-play (voice,
video, data, mobility)
Increased usage at
lower prices
Infrastructure Vendors
High-speed 4G
networks
Drive
Users
Encourage
Chipset and Device

Vendors
Increasing device
capabilities
Network Operators
Demand
Higher capacity, lower

CAPEX/OPEX
Challenge
This slide shows the drivers of 4G networks - better user

experiences and low cost.
With the advance of DSP technology, device processing
capabilities become more and more powerful, which can
support high-speed, real-time applications, such as 3D
multi-player online games, and high-resolution online
movies. At the same time, users are getting used to
mobile content anywhere, anytime, and wish to have the
same experience with fixed high-speed Internet.
The increasing amount of mobile usage is welcomed by
wireless operators, but also brings challenges to the
operators profitability. Users are expecting much better
services for the same price. Operators need to increase
network capacity and/or throughput to support higherspeed traffic and lower costs at the same time.
The solution to improve user experience and lower cost is
evolving the current 3G systems into 4G networks. The
building blocks of a 4G network include OFDM, multipleantenna techniques, all-IP architecture and the IMS.
67
4 | LTE Services
Services in LTE
68
4 | LTE Services
QoS Classes in LTE

QCI
Priority
Application
Guaranteed
Bit Rate
Packet
Delay
Packet
Loss
IMS signaling
No
100 ms
10-6
Conversational VoIP
Yes
100 ms
10-2
Real-time gaming
Yes
50 ms
10-3
Conversational video
(live streaming)
Yes
150 ms
10-3
Non-conversational
video (buffered)
Yes
300 ms
10-6
Video (buffered)
No
300 ms
10-6
Voice, video,
interactive games
No
100 ms
10-3
TCP applications
(Web, e-mail, FTP)
No
300 ms
10-6
Platinum vs. gold users
No
300 ms
10-6
LTE defines nine Quality of Service (QoS) classes, each

associated with a priority, specific delay, and packet-loss
values, and whether the service has a guaranteed bit rate.
These characteristics will be used by the Evolved Packet
System (EPS) nodes (the eNB, S-GW, and P-GW) as a
guide in deciding how a particular service data flow is to
be processed.
69
4 | LTE Services
Better User Experience with LTE

Large-scale streaming, downloading and sharing of
video, music and rich multimedia content
Example
Services
Rich voice
Current support
Real-time audio
LTE support
VoIP, high quality video conferencing,
video calls
Web browsing Access to online services
Super-fast browsing / uploading
Messaging
SMS, MMS
Photo messaging, video messaging
Games
Downloadable and online

games
Consistent online gaming experience

across both fixed and mobile
networks
TV/video on
demand
Streamed and downloadable Broadcast television services, true

video content
on-demand television, high quality
video streaming
Although many services are available in 3G networks, LTE

will provide a better user experience, and thus push data
usage in the mobile environment. For example, access to
online services is available in 3G networks now, but LTE
will support super-fast browsing and uploading, and give
users the same experience as in the fixed network. The
same mobile and fixed experience enables the ultimate
seamless mobility.
Reference: Toward Global Mobile Broadband, UMTS
Forum, February 2008.
70
4 | LTE Services
How Will LTE Deliver?

Low latency
5 ms: User plane RAN
High data rates

at high mobility
DL: > 100 Mbps
UL: > 50 Mbps
100 ms: control plane

dormant to active
transmission
Characteristics
of LTE
Guaranteed
QoS
Low cost
All-IP
Wide coverage
Security
OFDM + multiple
antenna solutions
Spectrum scalability
Better user experience + low cost

LTE is one of the candidates capable of delivering a

variety of delay-sensitive and bandwidth-intensive
services. The main strengths of LTE are (a) a high data
rate and high-capacity network, (b) low latency, (c) low
cost, (d) QoS guarantees, and (e) wide coverage and
security.
High Data Rate and High-Capacity Network: LTE is

designed to support a high data rate at high mobility
and high capacity. In the 20 MHz bandwidth, the DL
data rate is more than 100 Mbps and the UL data
rate is more than 50 Mbps. The advanced technology
in air interface and higher capacity in backhaul
enables high capacity for LTE.
Low Latency: Low latency enables the better support

for real-time applications.
Low Cost: New air interface technology enables high

spectral efficiency. All-IP based, flat network
architecture enables simplicity and scalability, and
thus lowers the cost for operators. The machine-tomachine application will bring the terminal scalability
up while lowering the cost for users.
Enhanced QoS: Enhanced QoS will enable operators

to differentiate services and support more business
models. Enhanced QoS also enables users who are
willing to pay more to get premium services.
Wide Coverage and Security: These are other

characteristics contributing to the competency of LTE.
71
4 | LTE Services
Security in LTE
72
4 | LTE Services
LTE Security Features

User Identity and
device
confidentiality
Mutual Authentication
and key agreement
LTE
Security
Encryption
Integrity
Network Domain
Security
When we talk about security in LTE networks, we limit

ourselves to the protection of LTE network resources and
the protection of user identity and information. Protection
in this case means protection against unauthorized
access to the system, protection against snooping, and
manipulation of data. In LTE, this relates to the following
security services:
Encryption is the property of communicating such

that the intended recipient knows what is being sent,
but unauthorized parties do not. This service takes
care of the threat of an eavesdropper snooping for
critical data. Anonymity is a subset of this, and
conceals the origin and destination of a piece of
information while in transit. Anonymity takes care of
the threat of eavesdropping used to analyze traffic
patterns for unauthorized uses.
Authentication is the property of knowing that the

sender of data is indeed the person he says he is.
When a user first starts a session with an Internet
server, he must first log in. It is important at this
critical time that the user and the server authenticate
each other. In addition, for an ongoing session, the
sender and receiver might need to authenticate each

other for every message to protect themselves
against a man-in-the-middle attack. Authentication
takes care of the threat of impersonation.
73
4 | LTE Services
LTE Security Features (continued)

User Identity and
device
confidentiality
and key agreement
LTE
Security
Encryption
Integrity
Network Domain
Security
74
Integrity Checking is a service that ensures that data

in transit from a source to a destination cannot be
altered without detection. Integrity of the message
can be checked by sending a checksum of the
message and comparing it with a recalculated
checksum at the receiving end. Integrity checking
guards against the threat of man-in-the-middle
attacks. An integrity service can also guard against
message replay by including a sequence number in
the message. Then, if the message is replayed at a
later time, the receiver will detect that it is stale this
is often referred to as replay protection.
(Globally Unique Temporary Identity) , etc.
Network Domain Security ensures security over the

wireline connection between any two nodes like the
eNB and the MME. This includes authentication,
encryption and integrity protection.
User Identity and Device Confidentiality ensures that

the user identity (IMSI) and equipment identity are
not accessible to unauthorized people. Unauthorized
access to the IMSI or IMEI may help track the
movement of a UE, services used by the UE and the
country that the user belongs to. The IMEI is always
transmitted over the air after enabling encryption.
The IMSI is very rarely used in a message. Instead,
every UE is identified by temporary identities like the
C-RNTI (Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identity), GUTI
4 | LTE Services
Summary
4G networks are designed to enable advanced
packet-oriented services, which in turn drive
customer usage and operator revenues.
LTE provides a better user experience by improving
or enabling:
Spectrally efficient Voice over IP (VoIP), and
Large-scale streaming/downloading/sharing of high
quality music/video/multimedia content.
LTE security mechanisms protect network

resources, confirm user identities, and validate
signaling messages.
75
4 | LTE Services
Review Questions
1. What will be the killer app for LTE
networks?
2. How are the defined QoS classes used to
improve service quality?
3. What security mechanism ensures privacy
of signaling messages and user data?
76
5 | Life of an LTE Mobile
Chapter 5:
Life of an LTE
Mobile
77
Objectives
to:
Step through the end-to-end call setup in LTE

List and describe the steps of downlink and
uplink data transmission
Identify and describe the three steps of the
handover procedure in LTE
References:
[1]
3GPP TS 36.300; (E-UTRA) and (E-UTRAN); Overall

description; Stage 2 (Release 8)
[2]
3GPP TS 36.211; Physical Channels and Modulation

(Release 8)
[3]
3GPP TS 36.212; Multiplexing and channel coding

(Release 8)
[4]
3GPP TS 36.213;
(Release 8)
[5]
3GPP TS 23.401; General Packet Radio Service

(GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access
[6]
3GPP TS 23.402; Architecture Enhancements for

non-3GPP accesses (Release 8)
[7]
3GPP TR 23.882; Report on Technical Options and

Conclusions (Release 7)
[8]
3GPP TR 25.814; Physical layer aspects for evolved

Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) (Release
7)
78
Physical
layer
procedures
LTE Call Setup
79
LTE Connection Setup

1
UE acquires Network
E-UTRAN helps with acquisition
UE gets Signaling Connection
E-UTRAN recognizes UE
UE requests Attach
EPC accepts request for Attach
UE is Authenticated
EPC authenticates UE
UE gets IP Connectivity
EPC assigns an IP address
UE requests a Service
EPC grants Service with QoS
Lets examine the operation of a UE from power-up until it

is in traffic state with the network. The following list
illustrates the various operations of the UE.
80
UE Acquires Network: When the UE first powers up, it

enters into a cell search procedure. Cell search is a
method by which the UE acquires frequency and
timing synchronization with the cell and detects the
cell ID. The cell search procedure is accomplished
using synchronization signals followed by cell
identification. With the physical layer cell ID
determined, the UE is synchronized with the eNodeB
in the downlink, and is ready to acquire system
broadcast information. Next, the UE listens to the
broadcast channel to decode broadcast system
information such as the frequency of operation of the
traffic channels, PLMN identities, tracking area
identity, and so on.
UE Requests Attach: The UE now uses the

established signaling connection to connect and
register with the EPC. This evokes certain reactions
from the EPC like authentication, assignment of an IP
address, granting of a basic bearer path to initiate
services, etc.
UE is Authenticated: The EPC now goes through

authentication, authorization and security procedures
for the UE by communicating with the HSS and the
AuC. This validates the UE and ensures only valid
subscribers are allowed onto the LTE network.
UE Gets Signaling Connection: The first step in ANY

messaging or service is the establishment of a Radio
Resource Control (RRC) signaling connection with the
E-UTRAN.
LTE Connection Setup (continued)

1
UE acquires Network
E-UTRAN helps with acquisition
UE gets Signaling Connection
E-UTRAN recognizes UE
UE requests Attach
EPC accepts request for Attach
UE is Authenticated
EPC authenticates UE
UE gets IP Connectivity
EPC assigns an IP address
UE requests a Service
EPC grants Service with QoS
UE Gets IP Connectivity: Once the authentication and

authorization procedure is complete, the UE is
assigned an IP address and a default bearer path.
The UE can initiate packet data services using this IP
address (e.g., email).
UE Requests a Service: At this point, the UE has an

RF connection and an IP address. However, it has not
initiated any service such as VoIP or Internet access.
The UE communicates with the eNB to establish a
service. With the default bearer path, the UE can
request packet services needing high data rates and
a subscribed QoS. Depending on the requested QoS,
the network can assign resources both on the radio
interface and on the core network. Now, any
additional bearer paths are set up through which the
UE can transmit or receive information packets.
81
Step 1: The UE Acquires the Network

Q1: Where am I?
A1: Look for a channel
based on preferred
roaming list and get
the ID of the eNB
eNB
Q4: Do I know what
the network is
capable of?
A4: Yes it is an FDD
network with 10
MHz wide carrier
and I know its
rules
UE
Q3: Which
network?
A3: Read the network
broadcast
information
Q2: How is the

network
sending me
information?
A2: Synchronize
with the
network and
acquire timing
After power-on, the UE looks for an LTE network on the

radio channel that is pre-programmed into the UE via a
mechanism such as a preferred roaming list in its USIM
card. Regardless of the bandwidth option, it acquires the
center frequency of the spectrum. Once it acquires the
center frequency, it extracts timing information (symbol,
slot, sub-frame and frame).
The UE may search each carrier in turn (initial cell

selection) or make use of stored information to shorten
the search (stored information cell selection).
The LTE E-UTRAN system provides two physical signals:

the primary synchronization signal and the secondary
synchronization signal. The role of these two signals is to
help the UE acquire timing synchronization and
identification of a physical layer cell ID. With time
synchronization, the UE now knows the physical layer cell
identity. With the physical layer cell ID determined, the UE
is synchronized with the eNB in the downlink and is ready
to hear the system information broadcast by each eNB on
the broadcast channel to gain access to services.
The UE reads broadcasted cell system information to
identify its PLMN(s). It identifies a selected PLMN and
equivalent PLMNs by initially searching the E-UTRA
frequency bands. For each frequency band, it identifies
the strongest cell.
82
Step 2: UE Gets Signaling Connection

Step 3: UE Sends Attach Request
Here is your temporary ID,
use this for now.
Can we establish a
signaling connection?
Step 2
Setup a Signaling Connection
eNB
Here is your
temporary ID
UE
Step 3
Attach Request
I would like to attach to the

network. Please, pass this
request to the EPC network.
The first step in any messaging or service is the

establishment of an RRC connection. This is needed to
invoke a service. In this flow, the UE requests an RRC
connection to perform registration.
With the establishment of the RRC connection, the UE and
eNB recognize each other, and the eNB provides the UE
with radio-network-specific identifiers. Now that they have
a signaling path with each other, they can exchange any
kind of messaging. This allows the UE to send an Attach
request to the eNB to route to the EPC network so it can
start the process of getting authenticated and eventually
get an IP address to start service initiation.
83
Step 4: UE Gets Authenticated

HSS/
AuC
Who are you?

This is me
Who are you?

This is me
Step 4
EPC
UE
eNB
or
Mutual
Authentication
Key Exchange
Make sure the network

and UE are valid
Prepare for
encryption
The MME, on receiving the Attach request from the UE,

will initiate authentication-related procedures. The MME
registers itself in the HSS as serving the UE. The HSS
confirms the registration of the new MME. Subscription
data authorizing the default IP access bearer is
transferred. Information for policy and charging control of
the default IP access bearer is sent to the MME. The MME
and the UE go through authentication and authorization
procedures based on information provided to the MME
from the HSS/AuC. Only a successful mutual
authentication will allow the progress of the connection to
the next stage.
84
Step 5: UE Gets IP Connectivity

Step 5
IP Connectivity
EPC
Default Bearer Path
UE
eNB
Default Access
Bearer
Default Radio Bearer
The IP (IPv4) address is allocated during the default

bearer activation. The P-GW configures the IP layer with
the users IP address. The user plane is established and
the default policy and charging rules are applied. The
MME/S-GW provides the evolved RAN with QoS
configurations for the default IP access bearer (e.g., the
upper limits for transmission data rates). LTE supports
IPv4, IPv6 and dual-stack IP (DSMIPv6) addressing for a
single bearer path.
85
Step 6: UE Requests a Service

Evaluate QoS
against available
resources
Service negotiation
on signaling connection
EPC
UE
eNB
Radio Bearer with QoS
Access Bearer with QoS
All steps Done!

Use the system to get services
Lets Have a GREAT LTE Experience

Once the default bearer path is established, if the user

wants to initiate a new service with a higher QoS, the user
can request resources. These resources can set up
bearers with different QoS according to the service
requested. The following is a high-level flow:
1.
The UE has a signaling relation established with the

network that uses the default IP access bearer.
2.
The MME/S-GW is triggered by a resource request

that contains policy/QoS information corresponding
to the requested service from the P-GW.
3.
The MME/S-GW checks the UE's subscription,

performs admission control according to the received
QoS information and available resources, and applies
the received policy information.
4.
The MME/S-GW initiates the resource establishment

toward the responsible LTE-RAN functions.
5.
The responsible LTE-RAN functions perform

admission control. Translation of the received QoS
information into radio QoS information is performed.
The allocation of radio resources and the appropriate
86
configuration of the scheduler are performed

according to the translated QoS information.
6.
The UE is provided with information about the radio

configuration necessary for the service and related
information to link radio resources with IP or session
flows.
7.
The MME/S-GW is informed about the successful

outcome of the resource establishment.
8.
The MME reports the outcome of the resource

establishment together with the negotiated QoS.
So, a new radio bearer and access bearer are established

with a new QoS, and DL and UL data transmissions can
commence.
Traffic Operations
87
Downlink Traffic Operations

Channel Quality Indicator
1
UE 1

UE 2
eNB
Control Information
2
3
Data Transmission
4
Scheduler
Ack/Nack
In LTE, all downlink traffic flows over the Physical Downlink

Shared Channel (PDSCH). As the name implies, the
channel is shared by multiple UEs. In order to maximize
the effectiveness of the PDSCH, a basic 4-step process is
used:
1.
Each UE assigned to the PDSCH reports a Channel

Quality Indicator (CQI) to the eNB, reflecting the UEs
estimated current radio channel conditions on the
downlink. The eNB stores the CQI reports from all of
the UEs and uses the information to determine its
next step.
2.
The eNB runs an internal scheduler algorithm to

decide which UEs data should be transmitted next,
based on its last reported CQI and other factors.
3.
The CQI value for the selected user helps determine

the coding and modulation scheme, the amount of
radio resources and the data rate to be used for the
transmission. The users data is sent over the PDSCH,
and, in parallel, related control information is sent
over the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
to inform the UE when to expect the data and how to
88
decode it.
4.
The UE receives the data and verifies the checksum.

If the transmission was received properly, the UE
transmits an ACK to the eNB, indicating that the
transmission can stop. However, if there are errors,
the UE sends a NACK to request additional
information to resolve the errors.
This cycle is repeated continuously for as long as there is

data to be sent over the PDSCH.
Uplink Traffic Operation

1
Scheduling Request
Scheduling Grant
UE
Buffer Status Report

Scheduling Grants
5
eNodeB
4
2
4
Scheduler
Data Transmissions
6
Ack/Nacks
This slide provides a high-level picture of a typical eNBcontrolled scheduled-mode UL-SCH operation. When a UE
first attaches to a network and has date to send, it needs
to tell the eNB.
1.
2.
The PUCCH is allocated on one resource block in

each of the slots in a subframe. The number of
resource blocks in a slot used for transmission of the
PUCCH is set by higher layers. If the UE has
something to send. It needs to indicate this to the
eNB via a scheduling request.
The scheduler at the eNB responds with a UL
scheduling grant.
Once a UE has been assigned a UL-SCH for uplink data

transmission, the UE follows the following steps:
3.
The UE looks at its buffer status for each

channel and sends a Buffer Status Report
serving cell. The information includes the
channel identity, buffer status and available
ratio at the UE.
4.
The scheduler algorithm is executed at the eNB. The

serving UL-SCH cell typically provides a power
allocation or scheduling grant to the UE.
5.
The UE transmits the data on the UL-SCH/PUSCH

channels.
6.
The serving cell makes a determination of the ACK or

NACK to be sent on the PDCCH in response to the
received data on the PUSCH. The PDCCH signals the
HARQ process number, and if it is a transmission or
retransmission.
Retransmissions
are
always
scheduled through the PDCCH.
This sequence is repeated for every Transmit Time

Interval (TTI) cycle as needed. Note that Steps 1 and 2
may not be required for each TTI transmission.
logical
to the
logical
power
89
Handovers
90
Now, the UE MovesNo Problem!

1. Initial communication
with eNB 1
eNB 3
2. Connection with eNB 1

broken
Break before make

Hard handover
No soft handover in LTE
3. Connection with eNB 2

established
eNB 1
eNB 2
UE Movement
eNB 4
The figure shows a break-before-make handover. Initially,

the UE communicates with the serving eNB, eNB 1. The
UE continues to monitor signals from the eNBs in its
neighborhood (called neighbors). There are three
neighbors: eNB 2, eNB 3, and eNB 4. As the UE moves
away from eNB 1, and toward a neighbor eNB 2, it finds
eNB 2 to be a better eNB 1. Now, eNB 2 becomes the
target eNB for a handover. The communication link
between the currently serving eNB, eNB 1, and the UE is
broken, and a new link between the UE and the target
eNB, eNB 2, is established at the end of the handover.
Since the new link is established after the previous link is
broken, this type of handover is called a break-beforemake handover.
91
Handover Preparation
Ongoing call
EPS Radio Bearer

1. Measurement Report
UE
X2
3. GTP tunnel
is established
EPS Access Bearer
MME/
S-GW
2. Handover Decision
Source to target eNB
eNB
4. Assignment of resources
by Target eNB
Target
eNB
Lets look at the procedure of the Intra-MME Hard

Handover, which is executed in three phases:
1.
Handover Preparation Phase: During this phase,

tunnels are established between the source eNB and
the target eNB.
2.
Handover Execution Phase: During this phase, user

data packets are forwarded from the source eNB to
the target eNB until the source eNB buffer is empty.
3.
Handover Completion Phase: During this phase, the

target eNB initiates a Path Switch procedure to
establish an EPS bearer between the target eNB and
the S-GW for data. The source eNB continues to
forward data to the target eNB.
established EPS bearer. Also, the source eNB receives the

periodic measurement reports. Based on the
measurement reporting, the source eNB decides to
perform a HO. When the source eNB decides to handover
the UE to the target eNB, the source eNB first establishes
an X2-interface GTP tunnel between itself and the target
eNB. During this phase, the target eNB assigns the
required radio resources to the UE.
During the handover preparation phase, the UE takes

measurements of its surrounding environment as
instructed by the E-UTRAN. Based on the requirement set
by the E-UTRAN, the UE may need to send a measurement
report to inform the E-UTRAN for handover consideration.
The call is carried on with the source eNB and serving SGW/P-GW. The data packets are carried through the
92
Handover Execution
Ongoing call
EPS Radio Bearer

UE
EPS Access Bearer
MME/
S-GW
Source
eNB
X2
5. Establish EPS radio

bearer from target
eNB
6. Data forwarding
EPS Radio bearer

Target
eNB
With the completion of the handover preparation phase,

the handover execution phase starts. Two critical
procedures are performed during this phase:
1.
The source eNB buffer containing unacknowledged

data is forwarded to the buffer at the target eNB. The
new user packets from the S-GW can still be
forwarded through the source eNB during this stage.
2.
An EPS radio bearer is established between the UE

and the target eNB based on radio resources
assigned to the UE.
93
Handover Completion
6. Release
Data Forwarding
9.
EPS bearers
EPS Radio Bearer
MME/
S- GW
Source
eNB
X2
8. Receive Data from
target eNB
EPS Access Bearer
7. Establish EPS access

bearer to Target eNB
EPS Radio Bearer

UE
Target
eNB
Finally, the handover completion phase starts with the

establishment of an EPS radio bearer with the target eNB
(completion of the handover execution phase). This phase
involves a path switching procedure. In this process, a
new EPS access bearer from the target eNB to the S-GW
is first established, and then mapped to the existing EPS
radio bearer. Now, the user data packets from the S-GW
are forwarded to the UE through the EPS access bearer
toward the target eNB and the new EPS radio bearer. The
EPS radio and access bearers from the old source eNB
EPS bearer and the X2-interface GTP-U tunnel between
two eNBs are released.
94
Summary
The steps of an end-to-end LTE call setup include:
Acquiring the network,

Requesting a signaling connection,
Attaching to the network,
Authenticating the UE,
Getting IP connectivity, and
Requesting a service.
The eNB owns and allocates all radio resources.

UEs monitor the control channel to see if they are about to
receive data on the downlink.
UEs must explicitly request resources to transmit data on the
uplink.
All handovers are hard handovers controlled by the eNBs.

95
Review Questions
1. What is the purpose of mutual
authentication?
2. When does the UE get its IP address?
3. How does the UE know when and where to
look for its data on the downlink?
4. List the key steps of LTE handover
5. Which node makes the decision to hand
over?
96
6 | LTE Deployment
Chapter 6:
LTE Deployment
97
6 | LTE Deployment
Objectives
to:
Describe the different LTE UE categories

Identify the planning considerations associated
with deploying LTE
Predict theoretical LTE performance
References:
[1]
3GPP TS 23.402; Architecture Enhancements for

non-3GPP accesses
[2]
3GPP TS 23.401; GPRS enhancements for LTE

access
[3]
3GPP TS 36.300; Evolved Universal Terrestrial

Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
[4]
3GPP TR 23.882; 3GPP System Architecture

Evolution
[5]
3GPP TS 36.306; Evolved Universal Terrestrial

Radio Access (E-UTRA) User Equipment (UE) radio
access capabilities
98
6 | LTE Deployment
Device Capabilities
99
6 | LTE Deployment
LTE Device Capabilities

Category Bandwidth
MIMO
Duplexing
MHz
Modulation
UL
DL
1
2
3
4
5
1.4, 3, 5,
10, 15, 20
Up to
2x2*
FDD,
H-FDD,
TDD
Up to
4x4*
QPSK,
16QAM
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
Data Rates (Mbps)

UL
DL
10
25
51
51
100
51
150
75
300
Note: Multiple transmit antennas are

supported on the downlink only.
Five different categories of LTE devices have been

defined, similar to HSDPA and HSUPA categories for UMTS
devices. The categories define some of the basic physical
capabilities of the UE. The categories differ primarily in the
peak data rate that each supports, ranging from 5 Mbps
on the uplink and 10 Mbps on the downlink for a Category
1 device, to 75 Mbps on the uplink and 300 Mbps on the
downlink for a Category 5 device.
Currently, all LTE categories support the same values for
system bandwidth, MIMO support and duplexing schemes,
although these are still subject to change. Note that
support for multiple transmit antennas only applies to the
downlink, and that only a Category 5 LTE UE supports
64QAM modulation on the uplink.
100
6 | LTE Deployment
Planning for LTE
101
6 | LTE Deployment
Frequency Planning
Same
frequency/subcarriers
1
3
Partial
frequency/subcarriers
in cell edge
Frequency reuse of 1/3

Less interference
Simple radio resource
allocation
Lower spectral efficiency
Fractional frequency reuse

eNBs coordinate subcarrier allocation
at cell edge to minimize interference
Higher interference
Complex radio resource allocation
Higher spectral efficiency
Frequency planning is an important part of wireless

network planning. In a GSM network, the frequency
planning is complex, and is the key to network
performance. In networks using CDMA technology, the
frequency reuse is 1 and the frequency planning is simple.
In OFDM-based systems such as LTE, frequency planning
is more complex.
In LTE, the entire system bandwidth is divided into many
subcarriers, and a channel consists of many subcarriers.
With a cell, the subcarriers for MS1 are different from the
subcarriers for MS2. This is called frequency diversity. In
the cell edge, MS1 in cell 1 and MS2 in cell2 may have
some common subcarriers, but not all. By coordination
between the neighboring BSs, the interference can be
lowered. This is called interference diversity.
neighboring cells and no coordination between BSs is

needed. The drawback is lower spectral efficiency.
The second option is fractional frequency reuse, where
the same frequency/subcarriers are used within the cell
and partial frequency/subcarriers are used in the cell
edge. The frequency reuse factor is a little bit less than 1.
For example, the same 5 MHz bandwidth can be used on
all three sectors of a site. At the cell edge, the BSs
coordinate subcarrier allocation to minimize interference.
The benefit of this option is higher spectral efficiency. The
drawback is higher interference and complex radio
resource allocation.
There are two options for frequency planning in LTE. First,

three sectors of a site use different frequency bands. The
frequency reuse factor is 1/3. For example, if the system
is deploying using a 5 MHz bandwidth, a 15 MHz (5X3)
bandwidth will be needed. The benefits of this option is
less interference and simple radio resource allocation.
Different frequencies are used at the cell edge of two
102
6 | LTE Deployment
Multiple-Antenna Planning
Adaptive switching based on
radio condition (share the
same set of physical
antennas)
Multiple-Antenna Mode Selection

Techniques
Benefits
Transmit
diversity
Increase cell coverage
SU-MIMO
Increase user throughput/cell

throughput
MU-MIMO
(SDMA)
Increase number of users/cell

capacity and throughput
Beamforming
Increase cell edge performance
Transmit diversity
MIMO
Multiple Antenna Configuration
Beamforming
Number of antennas
Tradeoff between performance and cost, tower top space
Number of cables
Electronics on top (one cable totally) or on ground (one cable per

antenna)
Multiple antennas are mandatory in LTE deployment and

LTE supports different multiple-antenna techniques and
different antenna configurations.
Different multiple-antenna techniques provide different
benefits. Transmit diversity increases cell coverage, SUMIMO increases user throughput and cell throughput, MUMIMO increases cell capacity and cell throughput, and
beamforming increases cell edge performance. Since
different techniques bring benefits to different scenarios,
it will be a good solution to adaptively switch techniques
based on radio conditions. For example, when an MS
moves near the BS, use MIMO; when an MS locates at the
cell edge, use transmit diversity or beamforming. Transmit
diversity is open-loop and simple to implement, while
beamforming needs feedback on channel conditions and
is complex but with better performance. Note that all the
techniques can share the same physical antennas on the
tower top.
transmitter and receiver electronics are. If the electronics

go to the tower-top, only one cable is needed; if the
electronics are located on the ground, multiple cables are
needed, one cable for each antenna.
Another thing to decide is how many antennas should be

used. This is a trade-off between performance and cost.
Also, tower-top space is a factor. The number of cables
from the tower-top to the ground depends on where the
103
6 | LTE Deployment
4G Backhaul Challenges
Air Interface Data Rates in 2G/3G/4G Networks
2G
3G
4G
Technology
Theoretical
Peak Rate
Practical
Data Rate
GSM
56 kbps
14.4 kbps
IS-95
115.2 kbps
14.4 kbps
UMTS/HSPA
14 Mbps
400~700 kbps
1x EV-DO
3 Mbps
400~800 kbps
WiMAX
75-300 Mbps
10 Mbps in DL
2-3 Mbps in UL
LTE
300 Mbps
TBD
2G/3G
4G
Air Interface
Air Interface
T1/E1 works
T1/E1 does
not work
anymore
Backhaul
Backhaul
The fast growing wireless data service demands more

bandwidth and higher data rates. This brings in the 4G
networks, which increases air-interface throughput
significantly by using OFDM and multiple-antenna
techniques. At the same time, backhaul capacity becomes
the bottleneck of the network. A backhaul solution is
critical to improved network performance and cost.
The table lists air-interface data rates in 2G, 3G and 4G
networks. For 2G/3G networks, the practical data rate is
10s or 100s of kbps, one or several T1/E1 can support
the backhaul traffic. But for 4G, the theoretical peak data
rate goes up to 300 Mbps. The practical data rate would
be lower, but the traditional T1/E1 is no longer able to
support the requirement with reasonable cost.
104
6 | LTE Deployment
Backhaul Alternatives
T-1
1.544 Mbps
150 Mbps
~ 100 T-1 capacity
OC-3
600 Mbps
OC-12
~ 400 T-1 capacity

1 Gbps
GigE
~ 600+ T1 capacity
~ 50-100 T1 capacity
Microwave
Today, in the United States, the vast majority of wireless

backhaul is T1-based. This is largely due to the natural
evolution of wireless networks and the nature and volume
of traffic that they support. Commercially available
alternatives to T1 service are principally fiber-based.
Microwave radio is also a viable alternative for some
operator and some cell sites. However, as you might
expect, the monthly tariff is much higher for 150 Mbps
capacity than it is for 1.5 Mbps. At the same time, fiberbased services are available that charge for capacity that
is used. In other words, while availability varies by
market, if a cell site is served by an OC3 and the cell only
requires 20 Mbps of capacity, that is all that the wireless
operator pays for. This produces a profitable business
model for both the Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) or fiber
provider and the wireless service provider.
capacity is mushrooming. Consider the aggregation

network capacity required to give every home 50 Mbps of
narrowcast bandwidth. It rapidly turns into terabits in the
distribution and core network. The aggressive roll-out of
FTTH and FTTP is marching fiber within the proximity of
most urban and suburban cell sites.
Gigabit Ethernet networks are being deployed in many

metropolitan markets and are being used to support the
ever-expanding requirement for increased capacity at the
edge of the network, i.e., as homes and business are
evolving to Fiber to the Home (FTTH) and Fiber to The
Premise (FTTP)-based access, aggregation network
105
6 | LTE Deployment
LTE Performance - VoIP Capacity

LTE VoIP Capacity Estimate
Deployment
Scenario
Average VoIP Capacity (users/sector)

DL
UL
Case 1
317
241
Case 3
289
123
Assume: (a). VoIP traffic model = Full rate AMR with 50 percent VAF
(b). Outage = 95 percent coverage for 2 percent FER at 50 ms air interface delay bound
(c). System bandwidth = 5MHz
350
317
289
300
241
250
200
Case 1
150
123
Case 3
100
50
Assume a homogenous
user distribution
- Case 1: inter-site distance
= 500 m
- Case 3: inter-site distance
= 1732 m
0
DL
UL
Source: www.3GPP.org
Voice capacity (the number of simultaneous calls that can

be supported on a radio channel) can be difficult to
estimate, especially with packet-based (VoIP) calls on a
shared channel; the impact of changing radio conditions
and of other services running on the same channel can be
significant. Nonetheless, its important to get a feel of how
LTE compares to other technologies when it comes time to
handling voice.
This chart summarizes a simulation study by 3GPP on LTE
VoIP performance on a 5 MHz channel (comparable to a
single UMTS radio channel). Under a variety of
assumptions and conditions, the estimated voice capacity
of the channel ranged between 123 and 241 users. By
way of comparison, a typical UMTS channel may handle
between 60 and 80 users; even with the overheads
associated with packetized voice, LTE is significantly more
efficient than UMTS.
Reference: 3GPP TSG-RAN WG1 #49 - R1-072570:
Performance Evaluation Checkpoint: VoIP Summary.
106
6 | LTE Deployment
Summary
Device categories identify the physical
characteristics of the UE, including peak data rates
and MIMO support.
LTE network deployment considerations include:
Spectrum and bandwidth,
Use of multiple antennas, and
Backhaul capacity.
The simulated LTE performance meets or exceeds

the LTE targets.
107
6 | LTE Deployment
Review Questions
1. Why does LTE define multiple UE
categories?
2. What are the key challenges with deploying
multiple-antenna solutions?
3. Why is backhaul capacity an important
deployment consideration?
108
A | Additional Topics
Appendix A:
Additional Topics
109
Objectives
to:
Compare features and capabilities of LTE and
WiMAX
Step through the interworking of LTE with:
3GPP (UMTS/HSPA and GSM/GPRS), and
3GPP2 (1xEV-DO)
110
LTE and WiMAX:

Similarities and
Differences
111
LTE vs. WiMAX: Similarity
VoIP and High-Speed Data Applications
OFDM
Multiple-Antenna
Techniques
All-IP
Architecture
This slide shows the similarities between LTE and WIMAX.

Both are 4G technologies able to support VoIP and highspeed data applications. The targeted data rate will be in
100s of Mbps and latency will be less than 10 ms. Both
LTE and WiMAX are based on the same foundation:
OFDM,
multiple-antenna
techniques,
and
all-IP
architecture.
These
similarities
make
network
convergence and seamless mobility easier.
112
LTE vs. WiMAX: Key Market Differences

LTE
Mobile WiMAX
Genesis
3GPP
IEEE + WiMAX Forum
Spectrum
Initial deployment in
FDD spectrum
Initial deployment in TDD mode in

2.3, 2.5 and 3.5 GHz
Time of
Deployment
Approximately 2010
2007 and beyond
This table lists the market differences between LTE and

WiMAX.
113
LTE vs. WiMAX: Key Technical

Differences
LTE
Mobile WiMAX
Comments
Uplink Tech.
SC-FDMA
OFDMA
SC-FDMA reduces PAPR on

uplink, but increases
complexity
Framing
1 ms
5 ms
Faster framing reduces

latency for real-time apps
Subcarrier
Spacing
15 kHz
10.94 kHz
Trade-off between
robustness against ICI
(higher mobility) and
overhead loss due to CP
Resource
Allocation
Persistent and
Non-persistent
Non-persistent (valid
within one frame)
Persistent allocation option

is more efficient, reduces
signaling overhead
SC-FDMA improves cell-edge uplink performance for LTE

by avoiding PAPR. This performance improvement is
achieved at the expense of greater complexity. So, this
leaves us to look at other areas to distinguish the
technologies. Since mobile WiMAX was at its conception
intended for high-speed data, not specifically voice
communications, some areas of LTE are optimized to
provide better performance for VoIP than WiMAX, such as
smaller frame sizes. LTE also targets at very high mobility.
Additionally, since LTE must support compatibility with
earlier 3GPP technologies, it includes inter-radio
technology handover in its inception.
This said, there is very little difference between the
candidate 4G technologies. WiMAX and LTE continue to
learn from each other and will continue to evolve their
respective capabilities. For example, WiMAX Release 1.5
will include features to optimize for VoIP, and will offer
inter-radio access technology handover for several
technologies including Wi-Fi, EV-DO, HSPA, and LTE.
114
Comparing Peak Data and Availability
Speed (Mbps)
>100
802.11n
LTE
Mobile
WiMAX
WiMAX
50
Wi-Fi
HSDPA+
10
3
HSDPA
1xEV-DO
(Rev B)
1xEV-DO
2002
2006
Availability
2008
This diagram compares the peak data rate capabilities of

various wireless networks and puts them against the
timeline in terms of their availability.
Around 2002: CDMA2000 1x systems evolved to

support higher data rates of 2.45 Mbps in the
downlink. This uses the channel bandwidth of 1.25
MHz. In those days, Wi-Fi was already popular and
delivering data rates of 11 Mbps in 802.11b and up
to 54 Mbps in 802.11g. However, notice that the
coverage of Wi-Fi is very limited and uses a much
larger bandwidth in the unlicensed spectrum.
Around 2006: The UMTS evolution of HSDPA offers a

peak data rate of 14 Mbps in the 5 MHz channel
bandwidth. However, the practical data rates are in
the range of 3.6 Mbps. WiMAX, however, offers data
rates in the range of 50 Mbps in the 20 MHz channel
bandwidth.
rates greater than 100 Mbps. Later, Long Term Evolution

(LTE) will deliver peak data rates in the range of 50 to 100
Mbps.
Moving forward, HSPA+ will provide the peak data rate of

42 Mbps and 1xEV-DO (Rev B) can put multiple 1xEV-DO
carriers together to offer the data rates of 15 * 3 = 45
Mbps in a 20 MHz bandwidth. 802.11n will support data
115
A Comparative View
1xEV-DO
Rev A
HSDPA
and
HSUPA
HSPA+
LTE
Rel 8
WiMAX
802.16e
DL Data Rates (Mbps)

(Theoretical Max)
3.1
14
28-42
Up to 300
75-300
UL Data Rates (Mbps)

(Theoretical Max)
1.8
5.7
11
Up to 75
25-75
Channel Bandwidth
1.25
Up to 20
Up to 20
Standard Availability
2004
04-05
2007-08
2007-08
2005
LTE and WiMAX data rates are comparable

for similar RF parameters such as bandwidth, number of antenna, etc.
This chart provides a summary of the key aspects of the

4G competitive landscape.
116
Interworking with
3GPP
117
Interworking with 3GPP (Rel-8)

S12 (for direct tunnel)
UTRAN
GERAN
Rel 8
SGSN
S4
S3
MME
S-GW
HSS
S5/S8
P-GW
IP
services
or
Internet
EPC
E-UTRAN
This slide shows the interworking architecture between

LTE and Release 8 UTRAN/GERAN. New interfaces - S3,
S4, and S12 - are added in Rel 8 UMTS/GPRS networks.
The Rel 8 SGSN will communicate with the MME over the
S3 interface for handover signaling messages, and
communicate with the S-GW over the S4 for user plane
data traffic. Also, a direct tunnel for data traffic can be
established between the RNC in UMTS and the S-GW in
LTE to reduce delay. Note that the S-GW is the mobility
anchor here, not the P-GW.
118
Interworking with
1x/1xEV-DO
119
LTE-1x/1xEVDO Interworking
Architecture
HSS
IP
Services
SWx 3GPP
AAA
S6b
E-UTRAN
MME
S-GW
P-GW
PCRF
S101 (Pre-Reg/HO
Signaling)
S103 (Data S2a

forwarding) (MIP)
1xEV-DO
AN
Gxa
(QoS)
STa
(Authentication)
PDSN
This slide shows the interworking architecture between

LTE and 1x/1xEV-DO. There are five new interfaces
needed. The S101 interface between the MME and 1xEVDO sets up a transparent tunnel and carries the preregistration and handover signaling messages. The S103
interface enables data forwarding during handover. The
S2a interface between the P-GW and PDSN supports
Mobile IP and carriers user-plane data traffic. The Gxa
interface supports QoS mapping during handover. A new
entity the 3GPP AAA server - is added in the LTE core
network to act as a broker between the HSS and PDSN.
The STa interface between the AAA server and the PDSN
supports authentication.
120
LTE Performance
121
LTE DL Spectrum Efficiency and User

Throughput
Spectral Efficiency
(bps/Hz/cell) Case 1
Mean User Thpt

(bps/Hz/user) Case 1
Spectral Efficiency
(bps/Hz/cell) case 3
0.3
2.67
2.41
2.5
1.87
1.69
Mean User Thpt

(bps/Hz/user) case 3
0.27
0.24
0.25
1.85
0.19 0.19
0.2
0.17
1.56
0.16
0.15
1.5
0.1
1
0.53
0.52
0.5
0.05
UTRA baseline
(1x2)
SU-MIMO (2x2)
SU-MIMO (4x2)
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
UTRA baseline
(1x2)
SU-MIMO (4x4)
Cell-edge User Thpt

0.05 0.05
SU-MIMO (4x2)
SU-MIMO (4x4)
Cell-edge User Thpt

0.08 0.08
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.02 0.02
UTRA baseline
(1x2)
SU-MIMO (2x2)
SU-MIMO (2x2)
SU-MIMO (4x2)
SU-MIMO (4x4)
- Assume 10 users per cell on

average and a homogenous
user distribution
- Case 1: inter-site distance =
500 m
1732 m
This slide shows the LTE DL spectrum efficiency and user

throughput performance simulation conducted by 3GPP.
The UTRA baseline is given in the first bar on the left. The
other three scenarios are for E-UTRA.
It is noted that increasing the number of antennas
improves spectral efficiency and throughput. The
performance of Case 1 (500 m inter-site distance) is
slightly better than Case 3 (1732 m inter-site distance).
Also, when an MS moves to the cell edge, a throughput
decrease is expected.
122
LTE UL Spectrum Efficiency and User

Throughput
Spectral Efficiency
(bps/Hz/cell) Case 1
1.2
Spectral Efficiency
(bps/Hz/cell) case 3
1.103
Mean User Thpt

0.12
1.038
0.11
0.104
0.1
0.735
0.8
0.681
0.675
0.08
0.073
0.622
0.068
0.067
0.062
0.06
0.6
0.4
Mean User Thpt

0.04
0.332 0.316
0.033 0.032
0.02
0.2
0
UTRA baseline
1x2
1x4
UTRA baseline
1x2 (MU-MIMO)
Cell-edge User Thpt

0.052
0.05
0.04
0.024
0.023
0.02
0.01
0.0094
0.009
0.0023
1x4
1x2 (MU-MIMO)
Cell-edge User Thpt

0.06
0.03
1x2
0.0044
0.0023
- Assume 10 users per cell on

average and a homogenous
user distribution
500 m
1732 m
0
UTRA baseline
1x2
1x4
1x2 (MU-MIMO)
This slide shows the LTE UL spectrum efficiency and user

throughput performance simulation conducted by 3GPP.
The performance of Case 1 (500 m inter-site distance) is
better than Case 3 (1732 m inter-site distance). The UTRA
baseline is given in the first bar on the left. The other
three scenarios are for E-UTRA.
It is noted that increasing the number of receiving
antennas at the BS from two to four significantly improves
spectral efficiency and throughput. The use of 1x2 MUMIMO can increase the cell capacity without impacting the
user throughput too much. But, using 2x2 SU-MIMO does
not improve the user throughput performance.
Also, when an MS moves to the cell edge, the users cell
edge throughput is low (as expected). The cell edge data
rate in a large cell (Case 3) is significantly low compared to
that of a small cell (Case 1).
123
Summary
Similarities among various 4G systems include:
High data rates and low latency,
Voice supported by VoIP,
Use of OFDM and multiple-antenna techniques to
achieve high data rates,
Flat all-IP architecture and reduced nodes compared to
3G wireless systems, and
Use of a scalable channel bandwidth up to 20 MHz.
Differences among various 4G systems include:

Initial deployments of Mobile WiMAX in TDD mode,
whereas LTE deployments are in FDD mode.
124
Acronyms
1xEV-DO
2G
3G
3GPP
3GPP2
4G
AAA
ACK
AMR
AN
AS
AS
AuC
BCCH
BPSK
BS
BTS
BWA
C-RNTI
CAPEX
CDMA
CP
CQI
CSCF
DL
DSCP
DSP
E-UTRA
E-UTRAN
eBS
EDGE
eNB
eNodeB
EPC
ePDG
EPS
EV-DO
FA
FA
FDD
FDM
1x Evolution for Data Optimized

Second Generation Wireless Systems
Third Generation Wireless Systems
Third Generation Partnership Project
Third Generation Partnership Project 2
Fourth Generation Wireless Systems
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
Acknowledge or Acknowledgement
Adaptive Multi-Rate
Access Network
Access Stratum
Application Server
Authentication Center
Broadcast Control Channel
Binary Phase Shift Keying
Base Station
Base Transceiver Station
Broadband Wireless Access
Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity
Capital Expenditure
Code Division Multiple Access
Cyclic Prefix
Call Session Control Function
Downlink
Differentiated Services Code Point
Digital Signal Processing
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
evolved Base Station
Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
E-UTRAN Node B or Evolved Node B
E-UTRAN Node B or Evolved Node B
Evolved Packet Core
Evolved Packet Data Gateway
Evolved Packet System
Evolution for Data Optimized
Foreign Agent
Frequency Allocation
Frequency Division Duplex
Frequency Division Multiplexing
125
Acronyms
FDMA
FER
FFT
FM
FTP
FTTH
FTTP
GERAN
GGSN
GHz
GPRS
GRE
GSM
GTP
GUTI
GW
H-FDD
HA
HARQ
HLR
HO
HSDPA
HSPA
HSS
HSUPA
ICI
IEEE
IFFT
IMEI
IMS
IMSI
IP
ISI
ISUP
kbps
LAN
LEC
LTE
MBMS
MCC
MCM
126
Frequency Division Multiple Access

Frame Error Rate
Fast Fourier Transform
Frequency Modulation
File Transfer Protocol
Fiber-to-the-Home
Fiber-to-the-Premise
GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
Gateway GPRS Support Node
GigaHertz
General Packet Radio Service
Generic Routing Encapsulation
Global System for Mobile Communication
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
Globally Unique Temporary Identity
Gateway
Half-Frequency Division Duplex
Home Agent
Hybrid ARQ
Home Location Register
Handover
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
High Speed Packet Access
Home Subscriber Server
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
Inter-Carrier Interference
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
International Mobile Equipment Identity
IP Multimedia Subsystem
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
Internet Protocol
Inter-Symbol Interference
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) Signaling User Part
kilo-bits per second
Local Area Network
Local Exchange Carrier
Long Term Evolution
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
Mobile Country Code
Multi-Carrier Modulation
Acronyms
ME
MGCF
MGW
MHz
MIMO
MIP
MME
MMS
MNC
MU-MIMO
NACK
NAS
OFDM
OFDMA
OPEX
P-GW
PAPR
PCEF
PCRF
PDCCH
PDSCH
PDN
PDP
PDP
PDSN
PLMN
PRB
PS-CN
PSTN
PUCCH
PUSCH
QAM
QCI
QoS
QPSK
RAN
RF
RNC
RRC
RRM
S-GW
Mobile Equipment
Media Gateway Control Function
Media Gateway
Mega Hertz
Multiple Input Multiple Output
Mobile IP
Mobility Management Entity
Multimedia Messaging Service
Mobile Network Code
Multi-User MIMO
Negative ACK
Non-Access Stratum
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Operating Expenditure
PDN Gateway
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
Policy and Charging Rules Function
Physical Downlink Control Channel
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Packet Data Network or Public Data Network
Packet Data Protocol
Policy Decision Point
Packet Data Serving Node
Public Land Mobile Network
Physical Resource Block
Packet Switched Core Network
Public Switched Telephone Network
Physical Uplink Control Channel
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS Class Identifier
Quality of Service
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Radio Access Network
Radio Frequency
Radio Network Controller
Radio Resource Control
Radio Resource Management
Serving Gateway
127
Acronyms
S1-U
SC-FDMA
SCTP
SDMA
SGSN
SGW
SIM
SIP
SMS
SOFDMA
STK
SU-MIMO
TCP
TD-CDMA
TDD
TDMA
TTI
UE
UL
UL-SCH
UMB
UMTS
USIM
UTRA
UTRAN
VAF
VoIP
WCDMA
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
WLAN
128
S1 - User Plane
Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Space (or Spatial) Division Multiple Access
Serving GPRS Support Node
Signaling Gateway
Subscriber Identity Module
Session Initiation Protocol
Short Message Service
Scalable OFDMA
SIM Tool Kit
Single User MIMO
Transmission Control Protocol
Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access
Time Division Duplex
Time Division Multiple Access
Transmission Time Interval
User Equipment
Uplink
Uplink Shared Channel
Ultra Mobile Broadband
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
Universal Subscriber Identity Module
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Voice Activity Factor
Voice over Internet Protocol
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Wireless Fidelity
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
Wireless Local Area Networks
References
Standards
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3GPP TS 36.211: Physical Channels and Modulation

3GPP TS 36.212: Multiplexing and channel coding
3GPP TS 36.213: Physical layer procedures
3GPP TS 36.300: E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Overall description; stage 2
3GPP TS 36.306: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) User Equipment (UE) radio access
capabilities
6. 3GPP TR 25.814: Physical layer aspects for Evolved UTRA
7. 3GPP TR 23.882: 3GPP System Architecture Evolution
8. 3GPP TS 23.401: System Architecture Evolution: GPRS enhancements for LTE access
9. 3GPP TS 23.402: Architecture Enhancements for non-3GPP accesses
10. 3GPP TR 25.913: Requirements of Evolved UTRA and Evolved UTRAN
11. 3GPP TS 23.203: Policy and charging control architecture
IEEE Papers
1.
2.
3.
4.
Junsung Lim, Adaptive radio resource management for uplink wireless networks, Ph.D dissertation,
Polytechnic University.
Junsung Lim et al., Peak-to-average power ratio of SC-FDMA signals with pulse shaping, IEEE international
symposium on PIMRC, 2006.
Hyung G Myung et al., Single carrier FDMA for uplink wireless transmission, IEEE vehicular technology
magazine, September 2006.
Toward Global Mobile Broadband, UMTS Forum, February 2008.
Web Sites
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Homepage www.3GPP.org

European Telecommunications Standards Institute www.etsi.org
UMTS Forum www.umts-forum.org
CDMA Development Group www.cdg.org
3G and 4G Comparison - www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4GVision&Technologies.htm
White paper Mobile Broadband: The Global Evolution of UMTS/HSPA 3GPP Release 7 and Beyond www.3gamericas.org/documents/UMTS_Rel7_Beyond_Dec2006.pdf
129

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LTE Essentials

2012 Award Solutions, Inc. www.awardsolutions.com +1-877-47-AWARD

2100 Lakeside Blvd., Suite 300

Our products and services provide our clients with

Technology for Business WiMAX

The level of technical depth in our training courses gives

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2012 Award Solutions, Inc. www.awardsolutions.com +1.877.47.AWARD

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IP Convergence & IMS

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Wireless and 3G Basics...................................................... 1 day

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2012 Award Solutions, Inc. www.awardsolutions.com +1.877.47.AWARD

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GSM and GPRS/EDGE

Welcome to GSM/GPRS (e)......................................... 1.5 hours

IP Convergence & IMS

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2012 Award Solutions, Inc. www.awardsolutions.com +1.877.47.AWARD

LTE_101 Version 1.9

Award Solutions Confidential and Proprietary

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