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A. T. McDonald
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Pre-history:
Ancient civilizations: design of arrows, spears, boats, and particularly
hydraulic engineering projects for flood protection, irrigation, drainage,
and water supply.
120BC: In the Greek school at Alexandria
Ptolemies: attempts were made at the construction of hydraulic
machinery.
Fountain of compression, the siphon, and the forcing-pump were
invented by Ctesibius and Hero.
Water wheel was invented by Hellenistic engineers between the 3rd and
2nd century BC.
250BC: Archimedes
Archimedes develops the law of buoyancy, also known as Archimedes'
Principle.
1000 CE
Abu Rayhan Biruni (9731048): First to apply experimental scientific
methods to fluid mechanics, especially in the field of fluid statics, such as
for determining specific weights.
Al-Khazini (fl. 11151130), in The Book of the Balance of Wisdom (1121),
invented a hydrostatic balance.
9th Century CE
Two-step level controls for fluids, was developed by the Banu Musa
brothers. They also described an early feedback controller for fluids. Use
of control valve, plug valve, float valve, tap.
1206 CE
Al-Jazari's Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices described
many hydraulic machines. Chain pumps, twin-cylinder reciprocating piston
suction pump, uses of valves and a crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism.
Fluid
mechanics
Fluid Statics
Study of fluids at
rest
Fluid
Dynamics
Fluid
Kinematics
Study of fluid on
motion
air conditioning systems of homes and businesses, as well as the piping systems
needed in chemical plants;
meters.
Automobile streamlining.
Large-scale wind turbines, energy generation from ocean waves, aerodynamics of
large buildings.
The fluid mechanics of the atmosphere and ocean and of phenomena such as
Biomechanics (e.g., artificial hearts and valves and other organs such as the liver;
understanding of the fluid mechanics of blood, synovial fluid in the joints, the
respiratory system, the circulatory system, and the urinary system);
Sport (design of bicycles and bicycle helmets, skis, and sprinting and swimming
clothing, and the aerodynamics of the golf, tennis, and soccer ball);
all terrain conditions, military uniforms containing a fluid layer that is thin until
combat, when it can be stiffened to give the soldier strength and protection,
Fluid lenses with humanlike properties for use in cameras and cell phones);