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Contents
License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0).............................3
Introduction............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Chapter 1................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1. Prepare your build environment................................................................................................................. 5
2. Download the netinst ISO............................................................................................................................5
3. Install Debian.................................................................................................................................................6
4. Setup Display Server (Xorg) and Audio (PulseAudio)............................................................................ 6
5. Install XFCE base system and Display/Login Manager......................................................................... 7
Chapter 2................................................................................................................................................................ 8
6. Install Extra XFCE Packages......................................................................................................................8
7. Xubuntu Theming......................................................................................................................................... 9
7.1 Desktop Theme...................................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 3.............................................................................................................................................................. 13
7.2. Light Display Manager (lighdm)........................................................................................................13
7.3 Light-Locker.......................................................................................................................................... 14
7.4 Plymouth............................................................................................................................................... 15
Chapter 4.............................................................................................................................................................. 17
8. Applications................................................................................................................................................. 17
8.1 Web Browser........................................................................................................................................ 17
8.2 Other Applications............................................................................................................................... 19
9. Final Tweaks............................................................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 5.............................................................................................................................................................. 25
10. Prepare your system................................................................................................................................25
10.1 Set up the Skeleton directory...........................................................................................................25
10.2 Test the Skeleton and create a live session user account..........................................................26
10.3 Download imaging tools from Refracta.......................................................................................... 27
10.4 Clean your system.............................................................................................................................28
11. Create a Live CD ISO .............................................................................................................................29
About the Author..................................................................................................................................................30
Copyright 2014
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Introduction
Why? Xubuntu is a very polished distro and has gained many fans over the last couple of years as
Ubuntu users dissatisfied with the Unity interface have looked for something more akin to the old
Gnome 2 way of working, or wanted something that would run well on hardware no longer supported
by Unity. The current version, 14.04 is an LTS release and is as good an Xubuntu release as I have
used, and looks stunning - modern, but straight-forward.
Still, Xubuntu has always been a little 'heavy' for an XFCE-based distribution, both in terms of RAM
usage and it's reliance on many gnome packages and dependencies.
Debian is a leaner system, though out-of-the-box, XFCE looks really dated on Debian.
The Goal: Create a pure Debian installation with XFCE, themed to look like Xubuntu, but with as few
gnome dependencies as possible, whilst maintaining the same functionality.
How: Starting with a net install, install the packages one by one, check dependencies, replace with
alternative packages if available, then configure and theme like Xubuntu.
Difficultly: intermediate. Some prior use of Linux is assumed, with some exposure to the command
line and packaging tools, although all commands will be given in full.
Time: 1 -2 days. You will be installing a base system and then adding the packages one by one to
build a complete system. You will be editing configuration files and using the command line.
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Chapter 1
1. Prepare your build environment.
Basically, decide whether you are going to build this in a virtual machine or on real hardware. I will be
building this in VirtualBox. If you are building on real hardware, then make sure that you know what
your hardware is in case you need to install any additional drivers along the way eg wireless card,
video adapter, processor etc... Your machine will need to be bootable from CD/DVD or USB and you
will most likely need to be able to connect to the Internet via Ethernet (at least until you install the WiFi
drivers).
You can run VirtualBox in Windows or Linux. For Windows, grab the current installer direct from their
website. For Linux, you should be able to install from your distributions repositories.
Depending upon your host system resources, allocate about 16GB for the virtual hard disk, 512MB1GB RAM and 32MB-64MB video memory. You might want to enable 3D support and PAE if available.
I will also be making use of shared folders so you might want to make sure you have the guest
additions ISO downloaded if using Linux.
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3. Install Debian
Boot into the netinstall ISO and choose the standard text installer. You can follow most of the defaults,
obviously configuring what you need in terms of language and keyboard settings. You will need to
make these changes though:
1. For VirtualBox select guided disc partitioning - take over entire disc, root and home on one
partition. For real hardware, I'll leave this up to you how you want to proceed.
2. *Deselect Debian Desktop Environment (I am deselecting this so that I can choose the
precise components that I want to)
3. *Select Print Server, Laptop and System Utilities
4. Create a root and regular user account.
5. At the login prompt, type your root and your root password.
6. Then type poweroff to shutdown.
7. Optionally, take a VirtualBox snapshot so you can go back to this point if things go pearshaped later.
This will take up 1.2GB of hard disk space (taken from du -h / command) and uses about 28MB of
RAM (taken from free -m command) whilst idling at the command prompt.
From now on I will list disk usage for each step along with optional extras so you can decide how 'fat'
or 'lean' to create your system. Please note, these are usage estimations reported by apt prior to
installation and are given here in the order that the packages are installed. They may vary on your
system, especially if you install a lot of packages that share dependencies (eg a lot of Gnome
applications appear to take up a lot of space but share a large number of libraries so altogether may
not be such a large install).
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Chapter 2
If you have followed part 1 of this tutorial, you should have a minimal XFCE Debian Jessie installation
with working sound and login manager.
If you are building this in VirtualBox, you may want to install the VirtualBox Guest Additions at this
stage to enable full screen resolution, USB 2 support, shared folders and clipboard and seamless
mouse integration. Click here for a how to. Skip this if you are installing on real hardware.
Continue reading to complete the configuration...
mousepad = 5,274KB (of course you can swap this for your favourite text editor)
thunar-archive-plugin = 7,927KB
xfce4-artwork = 10.4MB
xfce4-power-manager = 2907KB
xfce4-power-manager-plugins = 114KB
xfce4-terminal = 4,640KB (or you can stick with Xterm or install your favorite terminal)
xfce4-whiskermenu-plugin = 918KB
After installing all of the above, du reported 2.0G disk usage and free reported 184MB RAM used
whilst running XFCE with the XFCE terminal open.
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7. Xubuntu Theming
At this point, it would be prudent to take a look at the current Xubuntu theme:
And also to look at what the core components are (amongst others):
I am going to outline how to install what is required to get the theme looking like Xubuntu. The
remaining packages are user choice, but I will offer a few lighter alternatives for those looking to keep
the install size down.
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e. Window settings
i. Style = Greybird
ii. Font = Droid Sans, 9, bold
f. Window Manager Tweaks
i. Enable compositor
g. Desktop
i. Background image = xfce-blue (we'll download the exact Xubuntu 14.04
wallpaper later)
ii. Icon size = 48
iii. Custom font size = 10
h. Workspaces = 2
i. Power Manager:
i. Click on Run if prompted
ii. An icon will appear in the notification area
j. Panel:
i. Display tab:
1. Row size = 24
ii. Appearance tab:
1. Alpha = 80 (use system style)
iii. Items tab (add/remove until you have these icons):
1. Whisker Menu
2. Windows buttons (no handle)
3. Separator (transparent/expand)
4. Notification area (no frame) (icon size =20)
5. Audio Mixer
6. Separator (transparent)
7. Clock (no frame) (custom format = %d %b, %H:%M)
iv. Remove panel 2
k.
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Open a terminal
su <enter root password>
cd Downloads
wget https://github.com/shimmerproject/Greybird/archive/master.zip
unzip master.zip
mv Greybird-master /usr/share/themes
rm master.zip
Now go back to XFCE Settings Manager and change the above styles to "Greybird-master"
(Appearance, Window Manager and Notifications)
wget https://github.com/shimmerproject/elementary-xfce/archive/master.zip
unzip master.zip
cd elementary-xfce-master
mv * /usr/share/icons
rm /home/user/Downloads/master.zip
Now go back and change the icon theme to "elementary Xfce darker"
wget http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/xubuntu-trusty.jpg
mv xubuntu-trusty.jpg /usr/share/xfce4/backdrops/
Now change the wallpaper accordingly
If you want the wallpapers from the Xubuntu theme competition go to this website (after
installing a web browser and download the ones you want):
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Xubuntu/Roadmap/Specifications/Trusty/CommunityWallpapers/Winn
ers
The Whisker Menu icon on Xubuntu is slightly darker than the default to tie in with the theme better:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Chapter 3
If youve followed parts 1 and 2 in this series then you will have a fairly bare XFCE system that looks
great - just like Xubuntu 14.04 in fact.
To complete the look, we need to also theme our log-in/session manager which is lightdm and get
ourselves a bootsplash. This requires getting our hand a bit dirtier with editing some config files.
There's no programming needed though, so it's not too difficult.
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7.3 Light-Locker
One of the things that lighdm can do for you is to handle switching users (by way of the dm-tool). The
default position on Debian is to use Xscreensaver for locking the screen and gdm-flexiserver for
switching users (just try to install the xfswitch plugin and you'll be amazed at the size of the install ~
500MB). To get around this, lightdm prefers the use of light-locker. Rather than a screensaver as
such, light-locker is simple and light screen-locking utility. It will lock a user's session when switching
user to provide added security. It is the default in Xubuntu 14.04.
As ever conservative, you won't find light-locker in the Jessie repos or even in Sid. To get it you will
need to enable the experimental repository, install it and then disable the repo. It might sound scary,
but it is quite safe!
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1. Either using Synpatic or manually with a text editor enable the Debian experimental repository:
a. http://ftp.debian.org/debian experimental main
b. Reload repository information
c. Install light-locker = 370KB
d. Disable the repo
e. Reload again
f. Remove xscreensaver xscreensaver-data = frees 3370KB
2. Edit the file /usr/bin/xflock4 as root. This file controls screen locking in XFCE. You just need to
add the command to use light-locker to lock the screen in case xscreensaver or gnomescreensaver are not available:
# Lock by xscreensaver, gnome-screensaver or light-locker, if a respective daemon is running
for lock_cmd in \
"xscreensaver-command -lock" \
"gnome-screensaver-command --lock" \ <---- add this final forward slash
"light-locker-command -l"
do
$lock_cmd >/dev/null 2>&1 && exit
done
3. Finally, configure the Whisker Menu so that the icons for locking and user switching actually
work:
a. Right-click on the Whisker Menu and choose Properties
b. Click on the Behavior tab
c. Lock command = light-locker-command -l
d. Switch user command = dm-tool switch-to-greeter
(This is a command-line tool provided by lightdm. See dm-tool --help for more options)
7.4 Plymouth
Plymouth is the bootsplash application. Personally, I wouldn't bother using a bootsplash - boot times
with a modern Linux are so quick now, you'd hardly have chance to see it. Plymouth can be a fiddly
beast to get working as well, however, in the interests of completeness, here is a quick how to:
1. Install Plymouth using apt or Synaptic:
a. plymouth plymouth-drm plymouth-themes plymouth-x11 = 1,422KB
2. Grab a copy of my modified Xubuntu theme:
a. wget https://github.com/RichJack/Xubuntu/raw/master/debian-logo.tar = 737KB
b. tar -xf debian-logo.tar
c. mv debian-logo /usr/share/plymouth/themes
d. rm debian-logo.tar
3. This is identical to the Xubuntu theme, but without the Xubuntu logo
4. Read this site before you begin:
https://wiki.debian.org/plymouth
Make any alterations as required by the above link to /etc/initramfs-tools/modules
5. Edit \etc\default\grub as described
6. Run update-grub2 in a root terminal
7. Run plymouth-set-default-theme --list and check debian-logo is one of the options
8. Run plymouth-set-default-theme debian-logo
9. update-initramfs -u
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Chapter 4
If you have followed parts 1-3, you will have an almost duplicate of Xubuntu 14.04, at least in terms of
appearance, but your operating system will be sorely lacking graphical applications. So far I have
mostly stuck to using the command line for downloading packages from the repositories via apt and
elsewhere on the Net via wget, but it is probably time to get a web browser!
8. Applications
8.1 Web Browser
The default browser in Xubuntu is Mozilla Firefox. For reasons I won't go too much into here (but you
can read about here), Debian repackages and rebrands Firefox as Iceweasel. I can't say that I have
ever spent much time with Iceweasel, but from what I understand it is 99% the same as Firefox,
though some users have complained about compatibility with add-ons in Iceweasel.
To make matters more confusing, the version of Iceweasel you get depends on the repository you are
using. As of writing, the current release of Mozilla Firefox is 30.0. The versions of Iceweasel available
are:
Wheezy/stable = 24.6
Jessie/testing = 29.0.1
Sid/unstable = 30.0
So, if you are happy to install Iceweasel then go ahead and install via apt from whichever
repository you are comfortable with. The current version in Jessie will take up approx 61.5 MB of hard
disk space. Here are some alternative browsers and their relative sizes:
So as far as disk space is concerned, unless go for the ultra-light weight Dillo, IceWeasel or Firefox
are pretty competitive.
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XUBUNTU DEFAULT
ALTERNATIVES
Ted = (+Libtff4 = 2520KB) = 10,021KB
https://github.com/RichJack/Xubuntu
Focuswriter = 35.4MB
Word Processor
abiword = 81.1MB
Gwrite = 54.5MB
LibreOffice Writer = 367MB
Calligra Words = 407MB
WriteType = 130MB
GoogleDocs = 0MB!
Bluetooth GUI
blueman = 46.6MB
catfish = 2,583KB
gnome-search-tool = 3,695KB
recoll = 60.7MB
searchmonkey = 511KB
charactermap = gucharmap =
Keyboard Character Map 109MB (less if installed with
charmap.app = 47.5MB
Abiword)
evince-gtk = 17.2MB
PDF Viewer
evince = 19.8MB
file-roller = 219MB
Fonts
fonts-liberation = 2178KB
ttf-mscorefonts-installer = ?
fonts-dejavu-extra = 6,701KB
fonts-opensymbol = 665KB
Flashplayer-mozilla = 3924KB
Adobe Flash Player
Games
gksu = 24.8MB
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XUBUNTU DEFAULT
privileges
sudo = 2,608KB
Partition Editor
gparted = 13.6MB
ALTERNATIVES
gnome-paint = 421KB
Painting Application
gimp = 101MB
mtpaint = 1766KB
Krita = 466MB
imagemagick = 19.8MB
gigolo = 1071KB
nautilus = 161MB
Audacious = 18.5MB
VLC = 124MB
rhythmbox = 192MB
banshee = 231MB
Music player
gmusicbrowser = 4466KB
clementine = 81.6MB
exaile = 54.3MB
lxmusic = 2374KB
xmms2 = 1752KB
Amarok = 410MB
Calculator
gnome-calculator = 111MB
gstreamer0.10-plugins-good,
Audio/video plugins
gstreamer0.10-pulseaudio =
9,428KB
libdvdnav4 = 379KB
Indicator applets
galculator = 1397KB
Non-free plugins: gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad, plugins-ugly =
78.1MB
libdvdcss2 (from http://download.videolan.org/debian/stable/) =
87KB
gnome-codec-install = 45.3MB
Use notification-panel-plugin and volume-mixer-plugin for
XFCE.
Libindicate?
dpkg-reconfigure locales
language
gnome-control-center) = 402MB
light-locker-settings = N/A in
Screensaver GUI
Debian
lintian = 14.9MB
menulibre = 2,757KB
mugshot = 5,469KB
alacarte = 327KB
395MB
Wicd = 1,878KB
florence = 1711KB
XUBUNTU DEFAULT
ALTERNATIVES
Mplayer2 = 39.9MB
VLC = 124MB
Media Player
parole = 1151KB
XBMC = 120MB
Xine = 46.4MB
Totem = 275MB
Instant Messaging
pidgin = 118MB
emesene = 74.7MB
empathy = 360MB
System-config-printer = 38MB
8,121KB
gthumb = 192MB
shotwell = 74.5 MB
Image/photo viewer
ristretto = 1280KB
digikam = 603MB
eom (eye of mate) = 24.3MB
geeqie = 89.4MB
Network utilities
samba = 24.9MB
Gadmin-samba = 25.8MB
xfce4-screenshooter = 3043KB
Configure custom keyboard
actions:
Screenshot
xfce4-screenshooter --fullscreen
= Print
gnome-screenshot =1532MB
scrot = 940KB
xfce4-screenshooter --window =
SysRq
Scanning
Software repository
management and apt
command line tools
System sounds
Spreadsheet
simple-scan = 1714KB
apt-transport-https, pythonsoftware-properties, softwareproperties-common = 3,168KB
software-properties-gtk = 18.9MB
sound-theme-freedesktop =
554KB
gnumeric = 167MB
Mozilla
(IceDove) = 57.7MB
Bittorrent
transmission = 5204KB
Software Center
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XUBUNTU DEFAULT
update-manager = N/A
users and groups (gnome-systemtools) = 344 MB
Disc Burning
xfburn = 2628KB
IRC
xchat = 7749KB
XFCE Additional
thunar-media-tags-plugin =
Plugins
629KB
ALTERNATIVES
gnome-package-kit = 133MB
update manually
Use CLI
Brasero = 119MB
k3b = 332MB
xchat-gnome = 15.6MB
xfce4-goodies = 20.9MB
xfce4-dict = 1114KB
xfce4-notes + plugin = 2394KB
9. Final Tweaks
One of the nice things about Xubuntu is that a lot of the system configuration applications show up in
the XFCE Settings Manager. You can do this too by editing as root the .desktop files (found at
/usr/share/applications) for the relevant applications and adding the following:
X-XfceSettingsManagerHidden=true
Categories=XFCE;GTK;Settings;DesktopSettings;X-XFCE-SettingsDialog;X-XFCE-[and then one of
the following additional categories] PersonalSettings | HardwareSettings | SystemSettings
If you don't add one of the final settings categories then the application will be listed under 'other' in
the XFCE Settings Manager.
Here are my recommendations:
About Me (mugshot) - PersonalSettings
Audio Mixer - HardwareSettings
Bluetooth Manager - HardwareSettings
FlashPlayer - Other (no settings)
GADMIN-SAMBA - SystemSettings
GParted - HardwareSettings
Light-Locker Settings - PersonalSettings
Menu Editor - PersonalSettings
Onboard Settings - SystemSettings
Print Settings - Hardware Settings
Settings Editor - SystemSettings
Synaptic - SystemSettings
Wicd HardwareSettings
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Chapter 5
If you have followed the previous 4 parts to this tutorial then well done! You should have a nice
Xubuntu themed, XFCE installation on a Debian Testing (Jessie) base. Having gone to all this effort,
you might want to now:
I am going to provide some instructions on doing all of these things using some simple tools provided
by the Refracta distribution that are licensed for use through the GPL.
Desktop icons
Desktop environment configuration eg panel, desktop, window theme
Application menu layout
Bash and terminal settings
Application specific customization
In our Xubuntu themed example, we want to make sure each new user account will look identical to
the one that we have worked so hard to set up. Here's how:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
10.2 Test the Skeleton and create a live session user account
1. To test the Skeleton directory is correctly set up, simply create a new user account. As you
will be creating a live ISO image of your installation later, you might as well make this the live
user account, so use a simple username like "user" or "live" with an identical password.
2. Still logged in as root, open a terminal and type adduser followed by the username you want
to create eg:
adduser user
Adding user `user' ...
Adding new group `user' (1002) ...
Adding new user `user' (1001) with group `user' ...
Creating home directory `/home/user' ...
Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully
Changing the user information for test
Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
Full Name []: Live Session User
Room Number []:
Work Phone []:
Home Phone []:
Other []:
Is the information correct? [Y/n] y
3. Make sure your root password is now straightforward as well eg change it to root
passwd root
Changing password for root
(current) UNIX password:
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully
4. Log out and log in with your new user account and check that your theme has 'held'. In
particular check the Whisker menu, check the file manager displays the home directory
correctly. Check the icon and Window themes etc...
5. You might also want to copy the skel files into the root account so that the root desktop has
the same appearance. Some distros prefer to keep the root account theme different - it's up to
you.
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8.
9.
Log in as root.
Select Refracta Snapshot from the Applications Menu.
Accept the defaults, type in your distro name and let it run.
The ISO will be created at /home/Snapshots and will have a filename based on the date/time
(you can easily change this).
I took a test snapshot of my Xubuntu/Debian installation and it was roughly 650MB in size, so
just fits nicely on a CD and took about 30 minutes to generate.
If you created it in VirtualBox, use shared folders to transfer it back to the host system,
otherwise you can burn it straight to CD from your system or transfer it out using USB.
You can then test the Snapshot in VirtualBox or on real hardware. You'll lose the boot splash
as the live CD uses Syslinux to boot rather than Plymouth, but everything else should be as
you configured it.
The Live CD can be installed using the Refracta Installer or transferred to a USB using
the Refracta2USB application orUNetbootin on Linux or Windows.
As of current writing, the testing version of the Refracta installer doesnt correctly alter the
user and root passwords, so after installation, you might find the passwords are still as they
were.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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