Environmental Science Unit 2 IA

Site Visits
Entry Number: 01
Date: 13/10/11
Site (Location): Cipero River, San Fernando, Trinidad
Objectives:
1. To observe activities that may influence the river to conduct water sampling to determine
the presence of pollutants.
2. Collect and test a water sample from the river for various pollutants at the lower, middle
and upper region of the river.
3. Record the different types flora and fauna present along the river bank.
4. Make a direct link between man-made and natural activities that can influence the
quality of the river water which will make the use of the river easily determined.
Introduction/Background:
Water Resources Agency has indicated that the water levels in the Cipero River are
extremely high; therefore there is the strong possibility that this river will overflow its banks.
Evidently, this river has a terrible drainage system and highly leached soils. However there are a
lot of big trees along the river bank providing shade and a habitat for animals and also smaller
plants. Additionally, due to this large amount of shade provided, there is a myriad of various
species of animals. Nevertheless the Cipero River is known as one of the dirtiest river in
Trinidad.
Activities:
1. Water sampling for various pollutants
1
BRANDON ATWELL PRESENTATION COLLEGE SAN FERNANDO
2. Water being used for the disposal of waste

3. The water is also being used for recreation
4. The class walked along the bank to keep a record of all the flora and fauna present.
Observations:
Weather; It was a fact that during the visit to the Cipero River, San Fernando, Trinidad, there was
a very quick change with regard to the weather. The change in weather was as follows; rainy to
sunny, then back to heavier rainfall.
River/Vegetation; Evidently, the water is brown and relatively stagnant. The grass surrounding
the river was tall and there were also a large number of trees. Additionally, at some intervals the
bank of the river was paved. Subsequently, there were also a few businesses and garages in close
proximity to the river, therefore these were at least two reasons as to why the river is so polluted
because all solid and liquid waste from these locations eventually ends up in the river.
One example is the Gulf view industrial park. There were also pipelines and a few drains.
Surprisingly upon the visit to the Cipero River, the class was graced by the presence of a Possum
(Manicou).
Possible Pollutants;
1. Garbage disposal
2. Pollutants from fertilizers and pesticides that is present in the nearby drains.
Test
Lower
Middle
Upper
Average
course
Average
course Total
Average
International
Standard
Average
2
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Dissolve Oxygen (ppm)
Nitrates (ppm)
9
210
23.4
608
1510
4.05
3.09
8.9
241.8
26.7
590
1364.8
4.20
4.90
12.6
600
23.6
665.02
1390
6.03
2.9
10.17
350.6
24.6
621
1421.6
4.76
3.63
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 25C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
THE TABLE ABOVE SHOWS THE AVERAGE READINGS OBTAINED FROM THE TEST TAKEN FROM
THREE POINTS AND ITS AVERAGE AND THE ACCEPTABLE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
NOTE: See lab 1 for results.
Interpretive Comments:
Indeed, the Cipero River is very much polluted and is affected by the various pollutants that
were tested for. This was seen when the scientific results which were obtained at the river
compared to the acceptable international standards showed that the river is not up to standard and
its unlikely to support the majority of average species.
Meanwhile, as seen in the table before, almost all the scientific values (except conductivity
and temperature), of pH, salinity, total dissolved substances, dissolved oxygen and nitrates are
most definitely not within or below the acceptable range. Therefore it is a fact to conclude that
the river is polluted or rather highly polluted as these scientific values show. Altogether, these
distasteful results were obtained mainly because of the various activities that occur in close
proximity of the river.
The pipelines that run directly into the river (point source) from the nearby businesses are one
major cause of the river being so polluted. It is a known fact that as the temperature of the water
3
increases, the dissolved oxygen content is decreased. Therefore when hot water is realized from
these pipelines, the dissolve oxygen content is being decreased. Secondly, there are also nitrates
being released into the river from the various garages that are near the river. The environmental
pathway is as follows; Garages Drains River.
Evidently, the area is developed with regard to Caribbean standards and has an acceptable
infrastructure. Therefore, the activities at the river are on a large scale and are polluting the river
significantly. Nevertheless, this is the main reason why the water from this river isnt used
domestically.
Follow up Activities - Visit to Guaracara River, Pointe a Pierre, Trinidad.
Entry Number: 02
Date: 20/10/11
Site (Location): Guaracara River, Pointe a Pierre, Trinidad
Objectives:
4
The Guaracara River, located in south Trinidad, runs westward out of the Central Range and
drains into the Gulf of Paria. It forms the boundary between the city of San Fernando (to the
south) and the Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo Regional Corporation. In local terms it separates
Marabella (the northernmost portion of the city) from Pointe--Pierre. Its geographical
coordinates are 10 22' 0" North, 61 19' 0" West. The river is heavily polluted, both by nonpoint agricultural and residential run-off from Marabella and the town of Gasparillo and from
industrial waste (primarily oily run-off) from the oil refinery at Pointe-a-Pierre owned by
Petrotrin (the State-owned oil company).
Activities:
Site used for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The river borders a refinery

Social events due to the fact that there is a sports club and the Guaracara park nearby.
Water being used for the disposal of waste
The water is also being used for recreation
5
Carried out by class:

1. The class walked along the bank to keep a record of all the flora and fauna present.
2. Water sampling for various pollutants
Observations:
Weather; It was a fact that during the visit to the Guaracara River, Pointe a Pierre, Trinidad,
there was a very quick change with regard to the weather. The change in weather was as follows;
rainy to sunny, then back to heavier rainfall.
River/Vegetation; Upon observation, there was a horrific sight of black sludge deposited on the
river bank. Additionally, there were also a myriad of trees located some distance away from the
water and also the blooming of algae. Alas, the class became uncomfortable when the stench of
hydrocarbons begun to emanate into the environment. Meanwhile, whilst conducting the
observation process, an oily film was seen on the water. However there were also a large number
of pipelines.
1. Sewages from outhouses
2. Pollutants from fertilizers and pesticides
3. Garbage disposal
Test
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Lower
Middle
Upper
course Total
International
Average
course
Average
Average
Standard
8
200
23.9
600
1110
Average
8.3
221.8
25
540
1324.8
10.9
180
24.6
495.09
1300
9.07
200.6
24.5
545.03
1244.8
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
6

Nitrates (ppm)
6.05
1.1
5.20
1.3
7.03
2.5
6.09
1.63
At 25C 8.3
Under 1ml/l

Indeed, the Guaracara River is very much polluted and is affected by the various pollutants
that were tested for. This was seen when the scientific results which were obtained at the river
compared to the acceptable international standards showed that the river is not up to standard and
its unlikely to support the majority of average species.
Moreover, there is non-point pollution by the agricultural sector. The fact that there is a high
level of nitrates present in the river hints to us that a lot of fertilizers are used to cultivate the
crops in this vicinity. A reading of 1.63ml/l was obtained. Therefore this reading explained why
evidence of eutrophication was seen at certain parts of the River. Meanwhile this process is
known to reduce the dissolve oxygen content of water hence an average reading of 6.09(ppm)
7
was recorded. Additionally, it then dawned on the class that this could be a reason as to why
there isnt a high level of aquatic life present at the river as expected due to its size.
Similarly, the layer of oil on some parts of the river reduces the level of sunlight that enters the
river. Therefore, the aquatic plant population is also on a decrease since the absence of sunlight
or rather the right amount of sunlight will retard the process of photosynthesis.
In comparison with the Cipero River, the Guaracara River is larger and its natural vegetation is
much denser. Meanwhile, both rivers are greatly polluted, however as seen by the scientific
results, the Cipero river is by far more polluted than the Guaracara River mainly because of the
surrounding activities. One major instance is the fact that the volume of the total dissolved
substances in the Cipero River is 1421.6ppt, while its 1244.8ppt in the Guaracara River.
Follow up Activities - Visit to the Godineau River, Trinidad.
8
Entry Number: 03
Date: 27/10/11
Site (Location): Godineau River, Trinidad
Objectives:
9
Ultimately, the Godineau River is well known for its kayaking experiences. Kayaking in the
Godineau area takes one through a variety of habitats, from saltwater mangrove swamp to fresh
water marshland to partially cultivated areas. A variety of birdlife can be seen on these kayak
trips including Scarlet Ibis, Southern Lapwing, Osprey, Savannah Hawk, Wattled Jacana, Cattle
Egret, Yellow-hooded Blackbird, Lesser Yellowlegs, Black-bellied Whistling Duck and a variety
of migrating ducks (during the northern winter).
The Godineau River is one of the rivers in Trinidad that provides a year round kayaking
opportunity as the water level is always sufficient. This kayak trip can be started either from the
Gulf of Paria along the area known as the Mosquito Creek or inland from the Woodland area.
Lastly, the Godineau River is also known as the South Oropouche River.
Activities:
Site used for:
1. Religious activities (cremation etc.)
2. Recreation (fishing, kayaking, jet skiing, crab catching)
3. Nature watching
1. Walked along the bank
2. Observations were made
3. Testing of the water was done
Observations:
10
Weather; It was a fact that during the visit to the Godineau River, Trinidad, there was a very
quick change with regard to the weather. The change in weather was as follows; rainy to sunny,
then back to heavier rainfall.
River/Vegetation; Upon visiting the river it was obvious that the area in which the river is
situated is heavily forested. Additionally, during the observation process the following things was
seen; Mangroves, Crabs, Birds, People. Also a few people were fishing and there was also a
funeral at the nearby cremation site hence some religious flags were seen at the mouth of the
river. Nevertheless, the color of the water was indeed brown and the river itself was wide.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pollutants from fishing boats

Sewages from outhouses
Pollutants from fertilizers and pesticides
Garbage disposal
Pollutants from cremation site
Test
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
Lower
Middle
Upper
course Total
International
Average
course
Average
Average
Standard
7.1
600
25.4
470
1000.34
9
0.1
Average
7.09
640
23.7
442
900.5
8.7
0.3
8.0
699.4
23.9
498.4
1100
8.03
0
7.4
646.47
24.3
470.13
1000.28
8.58
0.13
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 24C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
11

Ultimately, the Godineau River is not polluted and is not affected by the various pollutants that
compared to the acceptable international standards showed that the river is up to standard and
can support aquatic and human life.
Meanwhile, as seen in the table before, all the scientific values, of pH, temperature, salinity,
total dissolved substances, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and nitrates are most definitely within
or below the acceptable range. Therefore it is a fact to conclude that the river is not polluted as
these scientific values show. Altogether, these excellent results were obtained mainly because the
activities that are done in close proximity to the river are not very harmful.
Upon further research into the pollutants in this River it became obvious that the subsistence
farmers in this area took into consideration advantages of GAP Good Agricultural Practices,
hence an average reading of 0.13ml/l was obtained while testing for nitrates. Similarly these
practices also facilitated for a low pH reading in the river.
The Godineau area is somewhat underdeveloped with regard to Caribbean standards and
indeed some homes have outhouses. Obviously, this sewage runs directly into certain parts of
the river (point source pollutant) and this may then become a major pollutant hence the reason
why an average pH of 7.4 was obtained.
12
On the other hand, in comparison to the Guaracara and Cipero River, the Godineau River is
far more up to standard and this may be the reason why the Godineau River is well known for its
marvelous kayaking and fishing experiences.
Follow up Activities - Visit to the Caroni River, Caroni,Trinidad.
13
Entry Number: 04
Date: 04/11/11
Site (Location): Caroni River, Caroni, Trinidad. Located in Northern Trinidad.
Objectives:
The Caroni River is the largest river in Trinidad and Tobago, running for 40 km (25 mi) from
its origins in the Northern Range on the island of Trinidad, through the northern lowlands of the
Caroni Plains and enters the Gulf of Paria at the Caroni Swamp.
The Caroni and its tributaries drain one of the most densely populated part of Trinidad, the
"East-West Corridor", and also provides most of its drinking water through the Caroni-Arena
Dam. Point and non-point pollution is thus a major concern, as is the deforestation of its
14
watershed on the southern slopes of the Northern Range. The banks of the Caroni River are one
of the two main sites for Hindu cremations.
Activities:
Site used for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Religious activities (cremation etc)

Recreation (Site seeing) - Tourism
Water for Farms
Water Treatment
Vegetable farming
Rice Farm

Observations:
River/Vegetation; Upon observation it was clear that rice was grown in close proximity to the
river. The land was indeed flat (plains) and there was also a mangrove. Additionally, near the
water was forested and animals such as Birds and Caimans were seen. With regard to vegetation,
crops such as patchoi, peas, cucumber, bhagi and citrus was present between the upper and
middle course of the river. Moreover, the colour of the water was dark green.
15
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pollutants from Religious Activity

Dumping of Garbage
Pollutants from other rivers run-off
Pollutants from fertilizers and pesticides.
Test
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
Lower
Middle
Upper
course Total
International
Average
course
Average
Average
Standard
7.17
260
28
130
179
7.80
0.09
Average
6.30
290
25.4
140
195
7.19
0.07
7.6
292
25.4
144
196
8.24
0.2
7.02
280.67
26.27
138
190
7.74
0.12
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 26C 8.3
Under 1ml/l

Ultimately, the Caroni River is not polluted and is not affected by the various pollutants that
16
With regard to the upper course of the river and its vegetation, there is a myriad of small scale
agricultural crops such as: cucumber, patchoi etc that was already stated in the observations.
However according to the reading obtained at the upper course of the river it was clear that the
characteristics of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) was adhered to since an average suitable
pH of 7.02 was obtained. Therefore this means that little or no fertilizers and pesticides are used
since upon observation it was clear those antagonistic plants such as chive was used to ward off
some of the pests that may attack these leaf crops that were planted.
Additionally, at the lower course of the river, there is a cremation site. Therefore this site
shows that some human interactions might as well play a role in the quality of water at the
Caroni River. Meanwhile this activity could be a point source pollutant however upon testing the
water it was clear that the cremation site didnt really affect the water quality.
As stated in the activities, a water treatment plant is located at the upper course of the river.
According to a tour guide at the River, the water treatment plant operates as follows; firstly, there
is band shield that prevents rubbish from entering then to an area where coagulation occur then
fluctuation then sedimentation, then filtration. Subsequently, the water is passed through
Androxyte Carbon and also sand to remove the solids. Lastly the water is then pumped into tanks
where it is lime injected.
Ultimately, in comparison to the Cipero, Guaracara and Godineau River, the Caroni River is
the largest and the cleanest. For example with regard to the average Salinity of all the Rivers the
Caroni River had the lowest reading that was also very well up to international standards, that is,
17
138ppm. On the other hand, the Caroni river also had the lowest average nitrate level of 0.12
ml/l.
Follow up Activities - Visit to the Ortoire River Mayaro, Trinidad.
Entry Number: 05
Date: 11/11/11
Site (Location): Ortoire River located in the South East of Trinidad, Mayaro.
Objectives:
18
The Ortoire River is a large river in Trinidad and Tobago. It forms the boundary between
Nariva County and Mayaro County in east Trinidad. It is brown in color and at one time had an
iron bridge with wooden planks but it has been replaced with an all paved concrete bridge; also it
was made higher to reduce flooding. Its latitude is 10
19 60 N, Longitude
61 00 N and is 50 Kilometers long. Additionally, the Ortoire River flows from

1
the Central range into the Atlantic Ocean.
The Water and Sewage Authority of Trinidad and Tobago (WASA) protect the use of water in
this river since it has a good supply of water to support the South of Trinidad. Meanwhile the
Ortoire River is well known for its Kayaking and Fishing experiences.
Activities:
Site used for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fishing
Recreation (Site seeing and Kayaking) - Tourism
Bathing
Vegetable farming

19
Observations:
River/Vegetation; The vegetation in this area consists of Bamboos and also a mangrove. Also
subsistence agriculture is widely practiced since products such as peppers, coconuts, watermelon,
cassava and mangoes were seen. However there was very little development along the River but
mostly grasses and bamboos. Moreover the colour of the water was brown and erosion and
sedimentation was seen along the banks of the River.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pollutants from Sedimentation

Dumping of Garbage
Pollutants from other rivers run-off
Pollutants from fertilizers and pesticides
Test
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
Lower
Middle
Upper
course Total
International
Average
course
Average
Average
Standard
7.80
6503.54
29
4000
5500
16.13
0
Average
7.7
240.3
29.3
110
170
9.9
0.2
----------------------
7.75
3371.92
29.15
2055
2835
13.01
0.1
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 29C 7.7
Under 1ml/l
20
TWO POINTS AND ITS AVERAGE AND THE ACCEPTABLE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
NOTE: See lab 5 for results

Ultimately, the Ortoire River is not polluted and is not affected by the various pollutants that
or below the acceptable range. This is obviously with the exception of the high levels of
Conductivity, Salinity and Total dissolved substances due to the fact that sea water mixes with
the river water and the testing was done at the mouth of the river. Therefore it is a fact to
conclude that the river is not polluted as these scientific values show. Altogether, these excellent
results were obtained mainly because the activities that are done in close proximity to the river
are not very harmful.
In terms of vegetation, subsistence farming is practiced with the area of the middle and lower
course. As already stated in the observation, crops such as coconuts, mangoes and cassavas are
among some of the crops planted. Indeed these subsistence farmers in close proximity to the
River that is the lower and middle course practice the characteristics of GAP (Good Agricultural
Practices) since the amount of nitrates that was recorded in both the middle and lower course was
21
rather lower. Therefore this suggests that little or no fertilizers and pesticides are used by the
farmers.
Subsequently, as seen by the values obtained for the dissolved oxygen, it was clear that it was
much higher than the international standards. However this reading is exceptionally great since
the higher the dissolved oxygen content of water, the more aquatic life the water would be able
to successfully sustain.
Meanwhile as seen in the table with the results, there are no results for the upper course of the
River. This occurred due to the fact that the upper course of the river was inaccessible since there
are no roadways and the only medium of transportation is by boat therefore as school students
we were not allowed to use a boat to further conduct our investigations.
In comparison to the Cipero, Guaracara, Godineau and Caroni River, the Ortoire River is the
cleanest of them all. This River had the lowest amount of nitrates, that is, a mere 0.1lm/l in
comparison to the 3.63lm/l that was recorded in the Cipero River which according to the results
is the dirtiest river of the five (5) that were tested.
However one thing that both the Caroni and
Ortoire River have in common is that they are somewhat protected by the Water and Sewage
Authority of Trinidad and Tobago (WASA) since both are already being used as a source of
water by WASA.
Follow up Activities: The class subsequently visited the five (5) Rivers that was part of the
research and had cleanup activities.
22
Laboratory exercises
Date: 13/10/11
Lab no: 1
Title: Agricultural and Water Pollution in the Southern region of Trinidad
Aim: To test for the presence of pollutants in the Cipero River using digital meters and scientific
kits.
Materials:
1. YSI 55 dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, pH, Nitrates, TDS and conductivity
2.
3.
4.
5.
meter.
LaMotte Colorimeter
Meter
YSI 63 pH and Temperature
Glass Canister
Procedure:
1. The probe was removed from the YSI casing and then lowered into the water.
2. Readings of dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature was taken from the three
samples from the lower course.
3. Steps one and two were repeated when testing for the dissolved oxygen concentration and
temperature of the middle and upper course of the river.
4. The probe was then pulled up, washed with distilled water and replaced.
23
5. The YSI 63 probe was removed from the casing, and then lowered into the water.
6. Readings of pH, Salinity, Conductivity and TDS was taken from the three samples from
the lower course.
7. Steps five and six were repeated when testing for the pH, Salinity, Conductivity and TDS
of the middle and upper course of the river.
8. The probe was then raised, washed with distilled water and replaced.
9. Three samples of water were taken from the lower course of the river and were later
placed in glass canisters where it was tested for nitrates using the colorimeter.
10. Step nine was repeated for the middle and upper course of the river.
Data Collection/Results:
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
1
9
209
23.3
607
1509
4.04
3.08
2
9
211
23.5
609
1511
4.06
3.10
3
9
210
23.6
608
1510
4.07
3.11
Average
9
210
23.4
608
1510
4.05
3.09
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 23C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
TABLE 1 ABOVE SHOWING THE RESULTS FOR THE LOWER COURSE OF THE RIVER
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
1
8.9
241.8
26.8
589
1364.9
4.19
2
8.9
241.9
26.8
591
1364.8
4.21
3
8.9
241.6
26.5
590
1364.7
4.20
Average
8.9
241.8
26.7
590
1364.8
4.20
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 27C 8.3
24
Nitrates (ppm)
4.89
4.91
4.90
4.90
Under 1ml/l
TABLE 2 ABOVE SHOWING RESULTS FOR THE MIDDLE COURSE OF THE RIVER
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
1
12.4
599
23.4
665
1389
6
2.9
2
12.7
601
23.7
665.03
1391
6.04
2.9
3
12.8
600
23.8
665.04
1390
6.06
2.9
Average
12.6
600
23.6
665.02
1390
6.03
2.9
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 24C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
TABLE 3 ABOVE SHOWING RESULTS FOR THE UPPER COURSE OF THE RIVER
Test
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
Lower
Middle
Upper
course Total
International
Average
course
Average
Average
Standard
9
210
23.4
608
1510
4.05
3.09
Average
8.9
241.8
26.7
590
1364.8
4.20
4.90
12.6
600
23.6
665.02
1390
6.03
2.9
10.17
350.6
24.6
621
1421.6
4.76
3.63
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 25C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
TABLE 4 ABOVE SHOWING THE RESULTS FOR THE ENTIRE RIVER
Discussion:
25
Water pollution is the presence in water of harmful or objectionable material in sufficient

quantity to measurably degrade the water quality, thus affecting other living organisms that
inhabit the specified body of water.
With regard to the pH of the river water, the acceptable international standard is 6.5 8.5.
However as seen by the results, the pH of the river was always above the acceptable range. It
varied closely in the middle and lower courses of the River; however it went even further above
the acceptable range in the upper course. This high pH may have been as a result of the running
of pollutants into the river from nearby business places.
Subsequently, the conductivity in the Cipero River was one of the two factors that adhered to
the acceptable international standards. It varied closely in the lower and middle courses of the
river, however it had a drastic increase in the upper course of the river, and nevertheless the
conductivity was still satisfactory.
Furthermore, the Salinity and TDS results were both above the acceptable range. The Salinity
of the River varied closely in the lower and middle course, however increased significantly in the
upper course. This may be due to the fact that the village is settled just before the upper course of
the river and also some off their minor or rather subsistence farming that they practice may be
26
the cause of this change in salinity. However the TDS of the river was highest at the lower course
of the river and lowest in the middle.
With regard to temperature, it was alarming that the temperature was within the acceptable
range of 23
C 30
C since hot water was seen running into the river via a
pipeline from a nearby business place. However the river is large hence this point source
pollutant didnt really affect the temperature of the water.
The dissolved oxygen content of the water varied closely in the lower and middle stream, but
was higher in the upper course. Altogether the Do content was low and this means that the water
would not be able to sustain a large amount of aquatic life. However the reason for the lower
dissolved oxygen content in the lower course of the river may be because of the pipeline
releasing hot water into that area of the river. Therefore it is obvious that hot water reduces the
dissolved oxygen content of water.
The nitrate content in the river was relatively high and way above the acceptable range.
Meanwhile nitrates play an integral role in the development of a plant, however when leached
into nearby water sources it can cause devastation since a buildup of nitrates in a river leads to
algae blooming thus igniting the process of eutrophication. This then reduces the populations of
all aquatic organisms in the water since it greatly consumes the oxygen content of the water.
Conclusion:
The Cipero River has a myriad of pollutants since our tests proved that there were harmful
and objectionable materials in sufficient quantity to measurably degrade the water quality at the
Cipero River.
27
Date: 20/10/11
Lab no: 2
Aim: To test for the presence of pollutants in the Guaracara River using digital meters and
scientific kits.
Materials:
2.
3.
4.
5.
meter.
LaMotte Colorimeter
Meter
Glass Canister
Procedure:
28
the lower course.
Data Collection/ Results:
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
Ph
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
1
7
199
23.9
600
1109
6.04
1.2
2
9
201
23.9
599
1110
6.06
1.2
3
8
200
23.9
601
1111
6.05
0.9
Average
8
200
23.9
600
1110
6.05
1.1
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 24C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
pH
1
8.4
2
8.3
3
8.2
Average
8.3
Standard
6.5 9.0
29
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
221.7
25
539
1324.7
5.21
1.2
221.9
24
541
1324.9
5.19
1.4
221.8
26
540
1324.8
5.20
1.3
221.8
25
540
1324.8
5.20
1.3
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 25C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
TABLE 2 ABOVE SHOWING THE RESULTS FOR THE MIDDLE COURSE OF THE RIVER
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
1
10.9
179
24.6
495.09
1299
7.04
2.4
2
10.9
181
24.7
495.10
1301
7.03
2.6
3
10.9
180
24.5
495.08
1300
7.02
2.5
Average
10.9
180
24.6
495.09
1300
7.03
2.5
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 25C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
TABLE 3 ABOVE SHOWING THE RESULTS FOR THE UPPER COURSE OF THE RIVER
Test
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
Lower
Middle
Upper
course Total
International
Average
course
Average
Average
Standard
8
200
23.9
600
1110
6.05
1.1
Average
8.3
221.8
25
540
1324.8
5.20
1.3
10.9
180
24.6
495.09
1300
7.03
2.5
9.07
200.6
24.5
545.03
1244.8
6.09
1.63
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 25C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
Discussion:
30

With regard to the pH of the river water, the acceptable international standard is 6.5 8.5.
However as seen by the results, the pH of the river was not always above the acceptable range. It
varied closely in the middle and lower courses of the River and stayed within the acceptable
range; however it drastically increased above the acceptable range in the upper course thus the
average reading of pH in the river was above the acceptable international standards. This high
pH may have been as a result of the running of pollutants into the river from nearby business
places and the fact that there is a refinery bordering the river close to the upper course.
Subsequently, the conductivity in the Guaracara River was one of the two factors that adhered
to the acceptable international standards. Its levels fluctuated throughout the three courses of the
river but nevertheless the conductivity was still satisfactory.
Furthermore, the Salinity and TDS results were both above the acceptable range. The Salinity
of the River decreased up the river since the lower course was the highest followed by the middle
course and then finally the upper course. This may be due to the fact that the village is settled
31
just before the lower course of the river and also some off their minor or rather subsistence
farming that they practice may be the cause of this change in salinity. However the TDS of the
river was highest at the middle course of the river and lowest in the lower course.
With regard to temperature, it was alarming that the temperature was within the acceptable
range of 23
C 30
C since hot water was seen running into the river via a
pipeline from the nearby refinery. However the river is large hence this point source pollutant
didnt really affect the temperature of the water.
The dissolved oxygen content of the water fluctuated throughout the three courses of the river.
Altogether the Do content was low and this means that the water would not be able to sustain a
large amount of aquatic life. However although the refinery was releasing hot water near the
upper course of the river, the dissolved oxygen content was still highest there.
The nitrate content in the river was relatively high and above the acceptable range.
Meanwhile nitrates play an integral role in the development of a plant, however when leached
into nearby water sources it can cause devastation since a buildup of nitrates in a river leads to
algae blooming thus igniting the process of eutrophication. This then reduces the populations of
all aquatic organisms in the water since it greatly consumes the oxygen content of the water.
Conclusion:
The Guaracara River has a myriad of pollutants since our tests proved that there were harmful
Guaracara River.
32
Date: 27/10/11
Lab no: 3
Aim: To test for the presence of pollutants in the Godineau River using digital meters and
scientific kits.
Materials:
2.
3.
4.
5.
meter.
LaMotte Colorimeter
Meter
Glass Canister
Procedure:
33
the lower course.
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
Ph
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
1
7.1
601
25.4
469
1000.33
9
0.1
2
7.2
600
25.3
470
1000.35
9
0.1
3
7.0
599
25.5
471
1000.34
9
0.1
Average
7.1
600
25.4
470
1000.34
9
0.1
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 25C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
pH
1
7.10
2
7.09
3
7.08
Average
7.09
Standard
6.5 9.0
34
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
640
23.6
442
900.6
8.6
0.3
639
23.8
443
900.5
8.8
0.4
641
23.7
441
900.4
8.7
0.2
640
23.7
442
900.5
8.7
0.3
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 24C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
1
7.9
699.5
23.9
498.5
1099
8.03
0
2
8.1
699.3
23.9
498.3
1101
8.02
0
3
8.0
699.4
23.9
498.4
1100
8.04
0
Average
8.0
699.4
23.9
498.4
1100
8.03
0
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 24C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
Test
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
Lower
Middle
Upper
course Total
International
Average
course
Average
Average
Standard
7.1
600
25.4
470
1000.34
9
0.1
Average
7.09
640
23.7
442
900.5
8.7
0.3
8.0
699.4
23.9
498.4
1100
8.03
0
7.4
646.47
24.3
470.13
1000.28
8.58
0.13
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 24C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
TABLE 4 ABOVE THE SHOWING RESULTS FOR THE ENTIRE RIVER
Discussion:
35

In terms of the pH of the Godineau River, the readings were below the acceptable
international standards of 6.5 8.5. The pH of the river varied closely but increased up the
course of the river since the upper course of the river had the highest pH. However the pollutants
from the fishing boats may have caused this slight increase in pH since the majority of fishing
activities occurs in the upper course of the Godineau River.
Subsequently, the conductivity of the river was below the acceptable international standards.
However the conductivity increased up the course of the river mainly because the upper course
of the river suffered more impurities than the other courses of the river. For example the
conductivity of the lower course was 600US whilst the upper course had a reading of 699.4US.
Similarly, the temperature, salinity and TDS of the river were all within the international
standards. The temperature of the river varied slightly with the lower course of the river having
the highest recorded temperature. With regard to the salinity of the river an average reading of
470.13ppt was obtained confirming that the water quality of this river was up to the international
36
standard. Evidently, the TDS value was seemingly high with an average reading of 1000.28ppt;
however it still remained below the acceptable range.
Meanwhile, the dissolved oxygen concentration was high compared to the international for
the average temperature. However this was a desirable result since the more dissolve oxygen a
body of water contains, the more aquatic life it will be able to successfully sustain. Therefore
these results maybe have been obtained due to the fact that the conductivity level proved that the
river didnt have many impurities. This is so since less impurities means that less oxygen will be
needed to breakdown chemicals.
The nitrate content in the river was relatively low and below the acceptable range. Meanwhile
nitrates play an integral role in the development of a plant, however when leached into nearby
water sources it can cause devastation since a buildup of nitrates in a river leads to algae
blooming thus igniting the process of eutrophication. This then reduces the populations of all
aquatic organisms in the water since it greatly consumes the oxygen content of the water.
Nevertheless, this was not the case in the Godineau River.
Conclusion:
The Godineau River has little or no pollutants since our tests proved that there were no
harmful and objectionable materials in sufficient quantity to measurably degrade the water
quality at the Godineau River.
37
Date: 04/11/11
Lab no: 4
Title: Agricultural and Water Pollution in the Northern region of Trinidad
Aim: To test for the presence of pollutants in the Caroni River using digital meters and scientific
kits.
Materials:
2.
3.
4.
5.
meter.
LaMotte Colorimeter
Meter
Glass Canister
Procedure:
38
the lower course.
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
1
7.16
260
29
130
178
7.81
0.10
2
7.17
259
28
129
180
7.80
0.09
3
7.18
261
27
131
179
7.79
0.08
Average
7.17
260
28
130
179
7.80
0.09
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 1200
At 28C 8.0
Under 1ml/l
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
39
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
1
6.30
289
25.3
139
195
7.18
0.08
2
6.29
290
25.5
141
196
7.19
0.07
3
6.31
291
25.4
140
194
7.20
0.06
Average
6.30
290
25.4
140
195
7.19
0.07
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 1200
At 25C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
1
7.6
292
25.3
143
196
8.24
0.3
2
7.5
291
25.5
145
195
8.23
0.2
3
7.7
293
25.4
144
197
8.25
0.1
Average
7.6
292
25.4
144
196
8.24
0.2
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 1200
At 25C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
Test
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
Lower
Middle
Upper
course Total
International
Average
course
Average
Average
Standard
7.17
260
28
130
179
7.80
0.09
Average
6.30
290
25.4
140
195
7.19
0.07
7.6
292
25.4
144
196
8.24
0.2
7.02
280.67
26.27
138
190
7.74
0.12
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 1200
At 26C 8.3
Under 1ml/l
TABLE 4 ABOVE SHOWING THE RESULTS FOR THE ENITRE RIVER
40
Discussion:
In terms of the pH of the Caroni River, the readings were below the acceptable international
standards of 6.5 8.5. The pH of the river fluctuated since there was a decrease in pH from the
lower to middle stream and then an increase from the middle stream to the upper stream.
However it was noted that the average pH of the Caroni River was 7.02 and the pH of pure water
is 7.0. Therefore the average pH of the river is very close to the pH of pure water meaning that
this river will successfully sustain some aquatic life since its a fact that some organisms require
a specific pH for reproduction to take place.
Subsequently, the conductivity of the river was below the acceptable international standards.
However the conductivity increased up the course of the river mainly because the upper course
of the river suffered more impurities than the other courses of the river. For example the
conductivity of the lower course was 260US whilst the upper course had a reading of 292US.
standards. The temperature of the river varied slightly with the lower course of the river having
41
the highest recorded temperature and both the middle and upper course having the same
temperature. With regard to the salinity of the river an average reading of 138ppm was obtained
confirming that the water quality of this river was up to the international standard. Evidently, the
TDS value was relatively low with an average reading of 190ppt.
Meanwhile, the dissolved oxygen concentration was below the acceptable international range
and varied slightly since the upper course was somewhat higher than both the lower and middle
course of the river. However low dissolved oxygen content in this case means that the dissolved
oxygen was used to breakdown the chemicals in the water since this is one function of dissolved
oxygen in water.
Nevertheless, this was not the case in the Caroni River.
Conclusion:
The Caroni River has little or no pollutants since our tests proved that there were no harmful
Caroni River.
42
Date: 11/11/11
Lab no: 5
Aim: To test for the presence of pollutants in the Ortoire River using digital meters and scientific
kits.
Materials:
2.
3.
4.
5.
meter.
LaMotte Colorimeter
Meter
Glass Canister
Procedure:
43
the lower course.
Data Collection/ Results:
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
1
7.80
6503.53
29
4000
5500
16.12
0
2
7.79
6503.54
29
4001
5501
16.13
0
3
7.81
6503.55
29
3999
5499
16.14
0
Average
7.80
6503.54
29
4000
5500
16.13
0
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 29C 7.7
Under 1ml/l
Test
Sample
Sample
Sample
Total
International
44
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
1
7.6
240.3
29.4
111
171
9.9
0.2
2
7.8
240.4
29.3
109
170
9.9
0.3
3
7.7
240.2
29.2
110
169
9.9
0.1
Average
7.7
240.3
29.3
110
170
9.9
0.2
Standard
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 1200
At 29C 7.7
Under 1ml/l
Test
pH
Conductivity(U.S)
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppm)
TDS (ppt)
Nitrates (ppm)
Lower
Middle
Upper
course Total
International
Average
course
Average
Average
Standard
7.80
6503.54
29
4000
5500
16.13
0
Average
7.7
240.3
29.3
110
170
9.9
0.2
----------------------
7.75
3371.92
29.15
2055
2835
13.01
0.1
6.5 9.0
Below 1500 - 1800
23 30
500
Below 1000 - 1200
At 29C 7.7
Under 1ml/l
N:B The reason why there isnt any results for the upper course of the river is because the
upper course of the river was inaccessible via road and the only way we could have gotten
there was by boat and as school students we werent allowed to do so.
Discussion:
45
In terms of the pH of the Ortoire River, the readings were below the acceptable international
standards of 6.5 8.5. The pH of the river varied very closely in the lower and middle courses.
However it was noted that the average pH of the Ortoire River was 7.75 and the pH of pure water
is 7.0. Therefore the average pH of the river is close to the pH of pure water meaning that this
river will successfully sustain some aquatic life since its a fact that some organisms require a
specific pH for reproduction to take place.
Subsequently, the conductivity of the river was above the acceptable international standards.
However the conductivity decreased dramatically from the lower course to middle the course of
the river mainly because the lower course of the river suffered more impurities than the other
courses of the river. For example the conductivity of the lower course was 6503.54US whilst the
upper course had a reading of 240.3US. Moreover the reason for this drastic difference is solely
because the river water merges with the sea water at the lower course of the river resulting in
more impurities being present in this part of the river. Therefore since the middle course of the
rivers conductivity was so low under the acceptable level then it was safe to say that the river
could support fresh water aquatic life but only up to a certain point in the river.
standards. The temperature of the river varied slightly with the middle course of the river having
46
the highest recorded temperature. With regard to the salinity the lower course was much higher
than the acceptable standards however again this was due to the fact that the tests were taken in
the lower course of the river where the river water merges with the sea water. Additionally, this
was also the case with the TDS.
Meanwhile, the dissolved oxygen concentration was high compared to the international for
the average temperature. However this was a desirable result since the more dissolve oxygen a
body of water contains, the more aquatic life it will be able to successfully sustain
Nevertheless, this was not the case in the Ortoire River.
Conclusion:
The Ortoire River has little or no pollutants since our tests proved that there were no harmful
Ortoire River.
47
Journal report
The topic chosen for this journal report is the factors that affect the water quality of Rivers in
Trinidad. Water pollution is the presence in water of harmful or objectionable material in
48
sufficient quantity to measurably degrade the water quality, thus affecting other living organisms
that inhabit the specified body of water.
The purpose of this project is to allow one to become conscious of the factors that affect the
quality of the river water that surrounds them and also the harms in which a polluted river can
cause to its aquatic life and even us the humans that may use it domestically or recreationally.
This project also intends to spark the enthusiasm of us, the students, to become knowledgeable
about what we can do as citizens of Trinidad to assist in the diminution of water pollution.
The variables present in this project are the Rivers that will be focused on is the Cipero
River, Guaracara River, Godineau River, Caroni River and the Ortoire River. Additionally, the
factors that affect water quality that will be focused on in this projects are as followed; pH,
Conductivity, Temperature, Salinity, Total Dissolved Substances, Dissolved Oxygen and Nitrates.
The methods of data collection that were used are as follows; site visits were used to conduct
various observations in and around the area of the Rivers and the use of digital meters and
scientific kits were used to test for the factors that affect the water quality of the Rivers.
A probe was lowered into the various Rivers to acquire the readings for both the Dissolved
oxygen content and the Temperature. Secondly, a YSI 63 probe was later used to obtain the
49
levels of pH, Salinity, conductivity and total dissolved solids in the water. Lastly, a LaMotte
colorimeter was used to acquire the amount of nitrates present in the water.
Of the fiver rivers that were tested, the upper, middle and lower courses of the rivers were
tested accept for the Ortoire river. Both the lower and middle courses were tested, but the upper
course was in accessible. The internet was used to obtain the acceptable international standards
for the various water pollutants and also information for the literature review.
1.
The quality of the surface water resources of Trinidad in many places is deteriorating
due to high levels of suspended solids, organic matter, high bacteria counts and the
presence of chemical pollutants. The main causes are uncontrolled point source
discharges, in particular industrial (including mining) and domestic. The high erosion
rates in upstream area and the indiscriminate removal of vegetative cover contribute to
the high turbidity and suspended solids loads in certain watersheds. The increasing
pressure on the water resources due to population and socio-economic activities will
50
result in an even higher rate of pollution, if no corrective measures are instituted. (Phillip
H.W. 1998 River water quality in Trinidad and Tobago)
2.
Domestic wastewater discharges continues to be a serious and chronic problem.

Discharged wastewater finds its way into the marine environment where it can have
negative public health effects, largely through its bacterial content. Solid wastes are
managed by sanitary land filling with minimal recycling. There is a serious potential
problem at the Beetham dump (Trinidad), situated close to the sea where seepage may be
transported to the coast via the adjoining wetlands. Agricultural and industrial pollution
are constant features of the economic development of the country. (Alexia C.R. 2009
Water Pollution in the northern range of Trinidad)
3.
There have been a number of reported fish kills in rivers of Trinidad and Tobago
attributed to the indiscriminate use of pesticides, fertilizers and domestic chemicals. In
Trinidad the rivers Maraval, St. Anns, Santa Cruz/San Juan, Caroni and Arima. (Bryon
E.R. 2010. What are some factors that affect the water quality of Rivers in
Trinidad and Tobago?)
4.
Trinidad and Tobago has historically enjoyed good potable water quality. Increasing
pollution from sewage and industrial effluents combined with soil erosion and unmitigated
development are threatening the quality of potable water while increasing treatment cost. At
the same time, pollution can have significant implications for public health and natural
ecosystems. (Michelle S.I. 2007. Importance of maintaining water quality)
51
Figure 1: A colomn graph Showing the average pH of each River in comparison to the
international standard.
52
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
The data showed the Cipero River had an average pH of 10.17, Guaracara = 9.07,
Godineau = 7.4, Caroni = 7.02, Ortoire = 7.75 and the maximum international standard of
pH = 9.0.
Figure 2: A bar graph showing the average conductivity of each River in comparison to the
international standard
53
International Sandard
Ortoire
Caroni
Godineau
Guaracara
Cipero
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
The data showed the Cipero River had an average conductivity of 350.6US, Guaracara =
200.6US, Godineau = 646.41US, Caroni = 280.67US, Ortoire = 3371.92US and the
maximum international standard of conductivity = 1800US.
Figure 3: A 3-D cone showing the average temperature of the entire Rivers in comparison to the
54
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
The data showed the Cipero River had an average temperature of 24.6, Guaracara = 24.5
C, Godineau = 24.3
C, Caroni = 26.27
C, Ortoire = 29.15
and the maximum international standard of Temperature = 30 C.
Figure 4: A table Showing the average salinity of each River in comparison to the international
standard.
55
Name of River/ International Standard
Average Salinity
621
Cipero
545.03
Guaracara
470.13
Godineau
138
Caroni
2055
Ortoire
500
International Standard
The data showed the Cipero River had an average salinity of 621ppm, Guaracara =
545.03ppm, Godineau = 470.13ppm, Caroni = 138ppm, Ortoire = 2055ppm and the
maximum international standard of salinity = 500ppm.
Figure 5: A table Showing the average TDS of each River in comparison to the international
standard.
56
Average Total Dissolved Substances
Cipero
1421.6
Guaracara
1224.8
Godineau
1000.28
Caroni
190
Ortoire
2835
1200
The data showed the Cipero River had an average TDS of 1421.6ppt, Guaracara =
1244.8ppt, Godineau = 100.28ppt, Caroni = 190ppt, Ortoire = 2835ppt and the maximum
international standard of TDS = 1200ppt
Figure 6: A table Showing the average Dissolved oxygen of each River in comparison to the
57
Average Dissolved Oxygen
Cipero
4.76
Guaracara
6.09
Godineau
8.58
Caroni
7.74
Ortoire
13.01
7.7
The data showed the Cipero River had an average Dissolved oxygen of 4.76ppm,
Guaracara = 6.09ppm, Godineau = 8.58ppm, Caroni = 7.74, Ortoire = 13.01ppm and the
maximum international standard of Dissolved oxygen = 7.7ppm
58
Figure 7: A clustered horizontal cylinder Showing the average amount of nitrates of each River
in comparison to the international standard.
Ortoire
Caroni
Godineau
Guaracara
Cipero
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
The data showed the Cipero River had an average reading of nitrates of 3.63ml/l,
Guaracara = 1.63ml/l, Godineau = 0.13ml/l, Caroni = 0.12ml/l, Ortoire = 0.1ml/l and the
maximum international standard of Dissolved oxygen = 1ml/l.
59
After the testing of the five Rivers was done, the results were collated and graphically
presented in order to facilitate further analysis.
With regard to figure 1, a column graph was used to compare the different pH levels of the
five rivers that were tested. Indeed, the Cipero River had the highest pH reading, that is, 10.17,
whilst the Caroni River recorded the lowest pH reading of 7.02.
Subsequently, for figure 2 a bar graph was developed to evaluate the average conductivity of
the five Rivers. Undeniably, the maximum acceptable international standard is 1800US; however
all the Rivers were below this figure, except the Ortoire River with a conductivity level of
3371.92US.
Meanwhile, figure 3, a 3-D cone, focused on the Temperature of the water. In ascending order,
the temperature of the five rivers are as followed; Godineau = 24.3 C, Guaracara = 24.5
C, Cipero = 24.6
C, Caroni = 26.27
C and the Ortoire River = 29.15
C. However the international standard for temperature as seen is 30 C therefore all the
Rivers were below.
In terms of Salinity and TDS, figure 4 and 5 represented these two factors by the use of tables.
It must be noted that the Caroni River recorded the lowest readings for both these factors; 138ppt
and 190ppt respectively whilst the Ortoire River recorded the highest readings for both these
factors 2055ppt and 2835ppt respectively.
60
Figure 6 was also represented in a tabular format and depicted the average Dissolved oxygen
content of the five Rivers that were tested. In fact, the international standard is 7.7ppm and only
two rivers had an acceptable, rather superior Dissolved oxygen content and is as follows;
Godineau = 8.58ppm and the Ortoire with the highest at 13.01ppm.
Lastly, figure 7, a clustered horizontal cylinder illustrated the average amount of nitrates in all
the Rivers in comparison to the international standard. Alas, All the rivers were not below the
international standard of 1ml/l since both the Cipero and Guaracara were above this level with
figures of 3.63ml/l and 1.63ml/l in that order.
The results obtained indicated of the five Rivers that were tested, three of them could be
considered to be not polluted.
61

The pH of water manipulates most of its chemical processes. Pure water with no impurities
has a pH of seven; however the international standard is 9.0. Consequently both the Cipero and
the Caroni River are above this level and this may be because of the fact that a large variety of
pesticides and fertilizers enters these two Rivers as seen during observations for the site visits.
This notion may be solidified by the statement made by Bryon E.R. when he stated that a number
of reported fish kills in rivers of Trinidad and Tobago attributed to the indiscriminate use of
pesticides, fertilizers and domestic chemicals. Nonetheless, fish eggs strive best within the range
of 7.0 9.0.
Undeniably, conductivity refers to how well water passes electrical current. The more
impurities in water, the greater its electrical current. All the Rivers were below the international
standard except the Ortoire River because. This river had a high conductivity because of where
the test was done which was where the ocean and river met.
62
Meanwhile, temperature is important for aquatic life since high temperatures reduce available
oxygen in water but at low temperature more dissolved oxygen is available for aquatic life.
However all the Rivers were within the international standard of 23 C 30 C.
Salinity is simply a measure of saltiness. The weathering or dissolving of continental rocks is
one of the main ways in which a river may start carrying salt. In reality, Rivers are populated
with a myriad of fresh water aquatic life and if the water becomes high in salinity then the
dislocation of populations may occur since they will have to migrate to cleaner waters and also
some may even die. However, only the Godineau and the Caroni River had a salinity reading
below the international standard of 500ppm. A high 2055ppm was recorded for the Ortoire River
but this occurred due to the fact of where the test was taken, that is where the ocean and river
water met.
Correspondingly, in terms of the TDS of the Rivers, only the Godineau and Caroni were
below the international standard of 1200ppt. Again this was due to the fact that during
observations at the Cipero and Guaracara River a point source pollutant was seen since a pipeline
discharging effluence was seen flowing directly into the River. This premise could be reinforced
by what Phillip H.W. said in his essay on River water quality in Trinidad and Tobago. Phillip
claimed that the main causes are uncontrolled point source discharges, in particular industrial
(including mining) and domestic.
Dissolved oxygen is the amount of oxygen dissolved in water and is essential for the survival
of aquatic life. Only the Cipero and the Guaracara River had an awful dissolved oxygen reading.
The reading may have been dreadful since dissolved oxygen is used up when it has to breakdown
a large amount of chemicals in water.
63
This can be supported by what Phillip H.W said, in his essay on river water quality in
Trinidad and Tobago. He stated that the quality of the surface water resources of Trinidad in
many places is deteriorating due to the presence of chemical pollutants.
Nitrates play an integral role in the development of a plant, however when leached into
nearby water sources it can cause desolation since a buildup of nitrates in a river leads to algae
blooming thus igniting the process of eutrophication. Therefore this statement was supported by
Bryon E.R. who said that the indiscriminate use pesticides and fertilizers are some of the factors
that lead to fish kills. Undeniably, both the Cipero and Guaracara River were above the
international standard of 1ml/l. The high levels of nitrates at the Guaracara River can be
accounted for since during observations upon visiting this site, it was clear that subsistence
farming was being practice by a myriad of residents.
64
Ultimately, it is a necessity to conclude that based on the findings of this research, that not all
of the five Rivers that were tested are polluted. Evidently, both the Godineau and the Caroni
River are not polluted since they both had little or no pollutants since our tests proved that there
were no harmful and objectionable materials in sufficient quantity to measurably degrade the
water quality at the Rivers. Unfortunately, the area of the Ortoire River that was tested may have
skewed our results since where the brackish water was formed in the river is where was tested.
Secondly the upper course of the River was inaccessible hence that reading was absent.
During research for the literature review, the issues that led to certain factors that affected
water quality were found and some were; agriculture, industry and commercial factors and also
what affects these factors have on the various Rivers. Therefore this went hand in hand with the
purpose of the project which was to spark the enthusiasm of us the students to become aware of
every aspect of these factors. Nevertheless, the entire research project was somewhat successful.
65
1. Implement various environmental legislations and penalties Therefore the

owner of the business near the Cipero River that has a pipeline running directly into
the river discharging effluence should be penalized accordingly. Also those people
that dump garbage into this River would face the same consequences.
2. Greater emphasis on CEC's If this is done then a reduction of some water
pollutants would be attained since only when a proposal is environmentally friendly
then it would be granted access by the EMA to further its construction. Then these
businesses near the Cipero River that pollute the River would maybe not even be in
existence.
3. Development of water treatment plants in all major rivers As seen in the Caroni
River, the water treatment plant there greatly reduces the amount of water pollutants
there so if these plants were to be constructed in other rivers, e.g. the Guaracara
River, then it would be sanitary.
4. Protect drinking water by using less pesticides and fertilizers This will be very
effective since according to Bryon E.R. in the literature review of this project, the
indiscriminate use of fertilizers and pesticides have been a major cause of a large
number of reported fish kills.
66
5. Education The general public can be educated about how their actions may affect
the various water courses nearby and also steps that they can take in an attempt to
curb this issue.
6. Better Farming practices The principles of GAP (Good Agricultural Practices)
should be adhered to by farmers hence their well be a drastic decrease in chemical
drifting and fertilizer run-off. Additionally even Phillip H.W. in his essay on water
quality believed that even higher rates of pollution would occur, if no corrective
measures are instituted.
67
1. H.W., P. (1998, January 12). EMA water pollution. Retrieved March 4, 2012, from EMA
Web site: http://www.ema.co.tt/docs/techServ/water/rewpmp.pdf
2. C.R., A. (2009, february 18). new facts: Trininetworks. Retrieved March 3, 2012, from
Trininetworks: http://trininetwork.com/news/facts.htm
3. C.R., B. (2010, September 11). Water pollution: WRMU. Retrieved March 01, 2012, from
WRMU: http://wrmu.org.tt/uploads/policy-wrmu.pdf
4. S.I, M. (2007, July 11). Importance of water quality: Blur. Retrieved March 04, 2012,
from Blur: http://blurtit.com/q517178.html
5. Thornes, N. (2001). Bath Advanced Science. Environmental Science.
68

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Site Visits

2. Water being used for the disposal of waste

NOTE: See lab 1 for results.

Follow up Activities - Visit to Guaracara River, Pointe a Pierre, Trinidad.

The river borders a refinery

Carried out by class:

Dissolve Oxygen (ppm)

NOTE: See lab 2 for results.

Pollutants from fishing boats

NOTE: See lab 3 for results.

Religious activities (cremation etc)

Carried out by class:

Pollutants from Religious Activity

NOTE: See lab 4 for results.

61 00 N and is 50 Kilometers long. Additionally, the Ortoire River flows from

Carried out by class:

Pollutants from Sedimentation

NOTE: See lab 5 for results

However one thing that both the Caroni and

TABLE 4 ABOVE SHOWING THE RESULTS FOR THE ENTIRE RIVER

Water pollution is the presence in water of harmful or objectionable material in sufficient

Below 1500 - 1800

TABLE 4 ABOVE SHOWING THE RESULTS FOR THE ENTIRE RIVER

Water pollution is the presence in water of harmful or objectionable material in sufficient

Below 1500 - 1800

TABLE 4 ABOVE THE SHOWING RESULTS FOR THE ENTIRE RIVER

Water pollution is the presence in water of harmful or objectionable material in sufficient

TABLE 4 ABOVE SHOWING THE RESULTS FOR THE ENITRE RIVER

TABLE 3 ABOVE SHOWING THE RESULTS FOR THE ENTIRE RIVER

Domestic wastewater discharges continues to be a serious and chronic problem.

and the maximum international standard of Temperature = 30 C.

Name of River/ International Standard

Name of River/ International Standard

Average Total Dissolved Substances

Name of River/ International Standard

Average Dissolved Oxygen

C and the Ortoire River = 29.15

Water pollution is the presence in water of harmful or objectionable material in sufficient

1. Implement various environmental legislations and penalties Therefore the

5. Thornes, N. (2001). Bath Advanced Science. Environmental Science.

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