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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, praise to Allah because I was able to complete my final year project ( FYP )
report within a predetermined time. I would like to say thank you to everyone that have been
involved helping in finishing my project whether directly or indirectly.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Ir Zamri bin Che Mat Kasa for his
moral support, guidance, ideas, and encouragement throughout this two semester. With his
invaluable comments and advice, it really helps to improve my report.

My high appreciation to Malaysian Sugar Manufacturing that held at Chuping Perlis for allowing
me to collect data at their place. Without their will help I cant able to complete my project based
on Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) as a saving energy.

Besides I also indebted to my friend who helped a lot to complete my project without their kindness
helping me, my project cant be completed as today. Not forgetting my family that helped to give
inspiring support and advice when I feel like to give up and feeling down. Thanks to everyone.

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ABSTRACT

Efficient power consumption and cost saving are important, especially for big industrial
companies that used lots of electrical equipment in their business. In particular, motor variable
frequency drive (VFD) system have become popular and are increasingly being recommended for
various application especially centrifugal loads. Using variable frequency drive is one of the most
effective ways to save energy of rotating machine. By reducing power consumption, it will
automatically reduce electricity bill cost and maintenance cost. An AC drive provides more
efficient flow control by varying the pump motor speed. The objective of this project is to
determine how much energy will be saved by using VFD and to compare it with using throttling
device. In this project, the water pump was installed with VFD and the other one without using
VFD. This experiment was conducting at Malaysian Sugar Manufacturing (MSM) Chuping Perlis
and it divided into two sample study with the different type of liquid. For sample study 1 the type
of liquid used is sugar liquor brix 52 ICUMSA and for study sample, 2 is used sugar liquor brix
55 ICUMSA. The frequency of sample study 1 was adjusted from 32 Hz until 50 Hz and for sample
study 2 the frequency is between range 50 Hz to 68 Hz. Without VFD the water pump was
connected to the control valve and the value of frequency remain constant at 50 Hz The result
obtain will be compared to determine how much energy and cost will be reduced by using VFD in
the water pump application. From these experiments, the value of current, power, energy, speed
of a motor and electric bill will be obtained and compare. The result that obtained has proved by
using VFD it helps to save power consumption, electricity bill and energy efficiency in the system.

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ABSTRAK

Kecekapan pengunaan kuasa dan penjimatan kos adalah pentng terutamanya bagi syarikat
industri besar yang menggunakan banyak peralatan elektrik dalam perniagaan mereka.
Mengurangkan pengunaan kuasa akan mengurangkan kos bil dan kos penghasilan. VFD semakin
di kenali dan amat sesuai digunakan pelbagai applikasi terutama beban empar. VFD adalah salah
satu cara yang efektif untuk menggurangkan penggunaan motor. Pemandu AC menyediakan
kawalan aliran yang lebih cekap dengan mengubah kelajuan motor pam. Objektif projek ini adalah
untuk menentukan berapa banyak tenaga akan disimpan dengan menggunakan VFD dan
membandingkannya dengan penggunaan injap kawalan. Dalam projek ini, pam air telah dipasang
dengan VFD dan tanpa menggunakan VFD. Eksperimen ini telah dijalankan di Kilang Gula
Chuping Perlis dan ianya dibahagikan kepada dua sampel kajian dengan menggunakan dua jenis
cecair yang berbeza. Untuk kajian sampel 1, jenis cecair yang digunakan ialah sugar liqour Brix
52 ICUMSA dan untuk sampel kajian, 2, cecair yang digunakan ialah sugar liqour Brix 55
ICUMSA. Frekuensi untuk sampel kajian 1 diselaraskan dari 32 Hz hingga 50 Hz dan untuk
kajian sampel 2 frekuensi yang ditetapkan adalah antara julat 50 Hz hingga 68 Hz. Tanpa VFD
pam air itu disambungkan kepada injap kawalan dan nilai frekuensi ialah 50 Hz tanpa berubah.
Hasil keputusan dari eksperimen ini akan dibandingkan untuk menentukan berapa banyak tenaga
dan kos akan dikurangkan dengan penggunaan VFD dalam system pam air. Dari eksperimen ini,
nilai arus, kuasa, tenaga, kelajuan motor dan bil elektrik akan diperolehi dan di bandingkan untuk
mendapatkan nilai peratusan pengurangan tenaga. Keputusan yang diperolehi telah membuktikan
dengan menggunakan VFD ia membantu untuk menjimatkan penggunaan kuasa, bil elektrik dan
kecekapan tenaga di dalam sistem

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ii

APPROVAL &DECLARATION SHEET

iii

ABSTRACT

iv

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

vi

LIST OF TABLES

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

xi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1

Overview

1-3

1.2

Problem statement

3-4

1.3

Project Objectives

1.4

Project scopes

1.5

Organization

5-6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW


2.1

Introduction

2.2

Variable Frequency Drive Principle

2.2.1

Rectifier

8-9

2.2.2

DC Link Bus

2.2.3

Inverter

2.3

Switching Type
v

2.3.1

Current Source Inverter (CSI)

10

2.3.2

Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)

10

2.3.3

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

11

2.4

AC Induction Motor

11-12

2.5

Centrifugal Pump Characteristics

13-14

2.5.1

Controlling Pump Flow by Discharge Throttling

15

2.5.2

Controlling Pump Flow by Speed Control

15-16

2.5.3

Controlling Pump Flow by using VFD

16-17

2.6

Benefit of Variable Frequency Drive for Centrifugal Pump

17

2.7

How VFD operate

18

2.8

Affinity Law

18-19

2.9

Energy Efficiency

20

2.10

Literature Review of Previous Work

21-23

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1

Introduction

24

3.2

General Flowchart

25-26

3.3

Project Flowchart

3.4

.27-28

3.3.1

VFD Connected with Water Pump Motor

29

3.3.2

Without Connected with VFD

30

Calculation

30-31

CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1

Introduction

32

4.2

Expected Result

33-34

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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

5.1

Conclusion and Recommendation

35

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