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REFRI DATION
AIR CON ~N IONING
3rd Edition
Hipolito B. Sta. Maria
{(dimu;i
Book Store
QUAD ALPHA CENTRUM BLDG.
125 Pioneer s... Mandaluyong City
.l...
Contents
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Book Store
Preface
VB
Chapter
PHILIPPINE COPYRIGHT, /I.)X9, 2001 bv

Hipolito B. si Mario
Third Editioll, 2001
Refrigerating Machine and
Reversed Carnot Cycle,
Simple Vapor Compression
Refrigeration Systems
12
Actual Vapor Compression Cycle
Multipressure Systems
Cascade Systems
Air-Cycle Refrigeration
Steam-Jet Refrigeration
Air Conditioning
Cooling Tower................................................ 154
57
,
(
I
All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be
reproduced in anvjorm or by
an\' meall.\', except brief quotations
review. without permission

in writing [rom the Author.
{or
II
Printed II\'
Kaluvaun /'/(\\ .'Ilktg. Ell!..

1.)6 Kalavaan St., l iilnnau
Q//I':OI/ ( '1/ v
""-.
10
Drying
11
Product Load
.
.
90
.................................
98
107
113
,.
'" '"
78
'"
'"
166
II/C.
ISBN 971-08-6/72-7
181
-Preface
This book has a two-fold purpose: to serve primarily as a

college text and as a reference material for the practicing
engineer.
The author attempts to present refrigeration and air
conditioning in the simplest possible way without sacrificing
quality. Principles and concepts are discussed thoroughly using
mostly basic thermodynamics, followed by illustrative problems
arranged in the order of increasing difficulty. Additional exercises
are also provided at the end of each chapter to further enhance
the learning process. Answers are given to all the problems so
that the student himself can check the accuracy of his solutions.
For the student to get the most from this book, he should solve
all the problems at the end of each chapter conscientiously. This
is the best way to study and learn any technical subject.
1,
The Author
....
--Chapter
Refrigerating Machine and

Reversed Carnot Cycle
SI units
SI or the International System of Units is the purest form
and an extension and refinement of the traditional metric system.
)
1
l
Unit of Force
The unit of force in the SI system is the newton, denoted by
the symbol N.
1 kg f = 9.8066 N
1 lb f = 4.4484 N
1 lb, = 0.4536 kgf
Unit of Pressure
The SI unit of pressure is the pascal and is denoted by the
symbol Pa.
1 Pa
= 1 Nzm"
1 bar = 100 kPa

1 psi = 6895 Pa
1 atm =.101.325 kPa
= 1.033 kg/em"
= 14.696 lb zin"
........
2 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Refrigerating Machine and Reversed Carnot Cycle 3
Unit of Energy and Work
Heat Engine and Refrigerating Machine
The SI unit of work is the newton meter denoted by Nm or

joule denoted by J.
A system operating in a cycle and producing a net quantity

of work from a supply of heat is called a heat engine and is
represented as shown in Fig. 1-1.
1 Nm = 1 J
1 cal
= 4.187 J
Hot reservoir
(source of heat)
1 Btu = 252 cal

= 1055 J
~
Unit of Power
@-+W
The SI uni t of power is the watt, denoted by the symbol W. It

is defined as tho rate of doing 1 Nm of work per second.
1W
= 1 ,Us
1 hp
1~
0.746 kW
= 4~.4
Btu/min
Unit of Refrigerating Capacity
Cold reservoir
(receiver of heat)
Fig. 1-1. Representation of a heat engine

The standard unit of refrigeration is ton of refrigeration or
simply ton denoted by the symbol TR.
=.
QA
One ton of refrigeration is the rate of cooling required to

freeze one ton of water at 32F into ice at 32F in one day.
In English units
where
1 TR = (2000 lb) (144 Btu/lb)

24 h
1 TR
= 12,000 Btu/h = 200 Btu/min
In Metric units
QR
W _ QA - QR
QA
A
QA
= the heat supplied
QR
= the heat rejected
= the net work
= the thermal efficiency
1 TR = (12,000 Btulh) (252 callBtu)

1 TR = 3024 kcallh
=.
50.4 kcallmin
In Sl units
1 Tl{
= (200
Btu/rnin.) (1055 J/Btu)
I TH = ~11 k.L'min = 3.52 kW
A refrigerating machine will either cool or maintain a body

at a temperature below that of its surroundings. A refrigerating
machine may be represented by the diagram shown in Fig. 1-2.
The machine R absorbs heat QA from the cold body at
temperature T 1 and rejects heat QR to the surroundings at
temperature T 2 and, during the process, requires work W to be
done on the system.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Refrigerating Machine and Reversed Carnot Cycle ;)
T2
surroundings
The Carnot power cycle consists of the following reversible

processes:
process a-b: isothermal expansion, 1'" = T = 1']
b
process b-e: isentropic expansion, SI> = S,
process c-d: isothermal compression, T = T = T,
c
ri
process d-a: isentropic compression, Sri = S,

cold
body
Fig. 1-2.
\{l"prl"~entation of
QA
cOP =
----w- =
where
QA
W = QA
QA
Q,,_.Q
= the heat absorbed from the cold body or
The performance of a heat engine is expressed by its thermal

efficiency. The performance of a refrigerating m achin e is
expressed by the ratio of useful result to work, called energy
ratio or coefficient of performance (COPl.
_ 1'] ~ T.
where
Q A = the heat added by the hot body
1']
= the heat rejected to the cold body
c
y
('arnot Cyril'
= the thermal efficiency
= the temperature of the Source of heat
T 2 = the temperature of the sink or receiver of heat
I:l
,"I
(1'1 - 1',,) ISh - S)

r 1 (SSa )
'b
= W
'CJ~
l'li~
:!'!,
W = the work done
....
= (1' _. T ) (S - S )
QR
The Carnot Cycle

p'
QR
= 1'\ (S" - S) - 1'2 (SI> - S)
!\
refrigeration produced
QR = the heat rojected to the surroundings
W = the work done or mechanical energy
consumed
COP = the coefficient of performance
.s, - Sa)
= 1'"
1\
.s, - S)
1'1
QR = 1'2 (S,--S)
a refrigerating machine
W == Qi( -- Q\
Q\
=:
Refngeration and Air Conditioning
The Reversed Carnot Cycle
where
p
c
T=:~r
a
F'i~.
s
/{"v('r'sed Carnot Cycle
I 1.
= the heat absorbed from
QR
:::
= work done
the cold body
the heat rejected to the hot body
COP= the coefficient of performance
QA
The reversed Carnot cvcl follows the same processes as in

the power producing Carnot cycle, but the cycle operates in the
counterclockwise or reverse direction. The reversed Carnot cycle
consists of the followi ng pn)('('ss('s:
T[
= the refrigeration temperature
T2
= the temperature of heat rejection to the

surroundings
(1-1) A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Carnot

cycle. The higher temperature of the refrigerant in the system
is 120F and the lower is lOoF. The capacity is 20 tons. Neglect
losses. Determine:
(a) Coefficient of performance.
(b) Heat rejected from the system in Btu/min.
(c) Net work in Btu/min.
(d) Horsepower,
SOLUTION
process a-b: isentropic compression, Sa == Sh

T
process b-e: isothermal heat rejection, T h ::: T, ::: T 2

process c-d: isentropic expansion, Se = Sa
process d-a: isothermal heat absorption, T d == T, == T,
Q A =Tj(Sa- S)
Q R == T 2
dJ
rs, - S)
~R
..
470 0 R
T'. = 10 + 460 = 470
,.
T,
QA::: 20 TR
==T2 (Sa - S a)
W = QR - QA
= T 2(Sa - Sri) - T[ ($a - So)
= (T
Til (Sa - Sdl
COP = Q A
:::
--..
COP
(T 2
T)
T~ - T[
TI(Sa-Sa)
- T I) (Sa- Sa)
= 120 + 460 :::
0R
580
0R
1;,1'11"'1;1111111 .u u] .\11' (1III1iJll.lllIllg
T
I
T! - T
( :I I
CO!' "
(b)
COP=~
470
::i80 - 470
= 4.273
.1)
COP
COP
(:20) (200)
4,273
= 936
Btu/min.
QR = W + Q\ = 9:l6 + 4000 == 4936 Btu/min,

(c)
W
W
936
42.4
= :2:208 hp
(1-2)
A refrigNation system operates on the reversed
Carnot cycle. The minimum and maximum temperatures are
minus 25 cC and plus 72 C. respectively. If the heat rejected at
the condenser is 6000 k.l/rn in , draw the TS diagram and find,
(a) power input required. n nd
(b) tons of refrigeration developed.
SOLUTION
T
:Cjb
T] = -25 + 273
T,~ =
....
= 248
72 + 273 = 345 K
QR = 6000 kJ/min
248
345 - 248 = 2.557
T.
A
= QW --~Q
Q A
(~~
_ (COP) (QR)
1 + COP
{\
~A
=- = 20 .44
211
= 936 Btu/rn in.

, hi
(d)
T2
Q,\
COP
(2.557) (6000) = 4313kJ/min.

1 + 2.557
QR - QA = 6000 - 4313 = 1684 kJ/min.

4313
TR
PROBLEMS
(1-3) The power requirement of a Carnot refrigerator in

maintaining a low temperature region at 238.9 K is 1.1 kW per
ton. Find (a) COP, (b) Te;' and (c) the heat rejected.
(1)
A reversed Carnot cycle is used for refrigeration and
rejects 1,000 kW of heat at 340 K while receiving heat at 250 K.
Determine (a) COP, (b) the power required, and (c) the
refrigerating effect.
SOLUTION
Ans. (a) 2.778, (b) 264.7 kW (c) 735.3 kW
CQb
'.
'1\
II!
T[ = 238.9 K
238.9K
,/ (2) A reversed Carnot cycle has a refrigerating COP of 4.

(a) What is the ratio Tmax/Tmin? (b) If the work input is 6 kW,
what will be the maximum refrigerating effect, kJ/min and tons.
W = 1.1 kW/TR
Ans. (a) 1.25,
QA
~ 1 T R or 3.52 kW
=1.1kW
Ans. 9230.7 kW
QA
3.52 kW =3.2
COP = W = 1.1 kW
(b)
T[
COP = T - T
2
3.2
238.9
- T l-238.9
T 2 = 313.6K
(c) Q n
= W + Q A = 1.1 + 3.52
6.82 TR
'(3) A reversed Carnot engine removes 40,000 kW from a

heat sink. The temperature of the heat sink is 260 K and the
temperature of the heat reservoir is 320 K. Determine the power
required of the engine.
(a)
(b)
:=
4.62 kJ/s
/
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 13
Chapter
The pressure-enthalpy (ph) diagram and the temperature

entropy (T's) diagram are the diagrams frequently used in
refrigeration cycle analysis. Of the two, the ph diagram is the
one most commonly used.
The process which comprise the standard vapor-compression
cycle are:
Simple Vapor Compression

Refrigeration Systems
1-2, reversible and adiabatic compression from saturated

vapor to the condenser pressure
2-3, reversible rejection of heat at constant pressure
de superheating and condensation
3-4, irreversible expansion at constant enthalpy from
saturated liquid to the evaporator pressure
4-1, reversible addition of heat at constant pressure in
evaporation to saturated vapor
III
Refrigeration is that branch of science which deals with the

process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of a space
or material below the temperature of the surroundings.
Refrigerant is the working substance in a refrigeration
system.
,
}
: I
Condenser
:=L
Analysis of the Vapor Compression Cycle

1.
Compressor
.~w -1Jw-~
Expansion
valve
ell
1:1
.::s
.S
~I
r.:l
oj
'"'"
.~~
~.1
;'"
Q,
l<
Evaporation
6'J$'
:.::
e::s
e8
8
~I
:2.
CondeI1i\er
Entropy, kJtq K
Fig 2-2. The p-h and T-s diagrams of standard vapor

compression cycle
q,
q,
=h
=.
2 -
/Q
CIc
L
/ ' ~n,
".-{:
Enthalpy, kJlkg
W m(h2 - hI)
VI = mVI
w ::: work of compression, kJ/kg
h, ::: enthalpy entering the compressor, kJlkg
h, ::: enthalpy leaving the compressor, kJlkg
m ::: mass flow rate, kg/s
W ::: theoretical compressor power, kJ/s or kW
v l ::: specific volume of vapor, m 3/kg or Llkg
VI::: volume flow rate, m 3/s or Lis
Fig. 2-1. Vapor compression refrigeration system
=h2-h i
h,
he at r'ejr-ct.ed , k.Jlkg
rl
--=
Qc ::: mrh 2-h)

3
~m
h,
h,
= enthalpy leaving the condenser, kJlkg
Qc
= total heat
3.
enthalpy entering the condenser, kJlkg
:). Coefficient of Performance (COP)

The coefficient of performance is the ratio of the refrigerating
ffect to the work of compression.
rejected, kJ/s
Expansion valve
COp= h. - h,
h, - h.
hI
(.;.
11
Efficiency
,
Y = ~ = D2LN
11
4
hg::14
,
J
4.
h,
= enthalpy enu-ring the
h,
Y D = displacement rate of compressor

D = diameter of cylinder (bore)
L = length of stroke
N = number of cycles completed per unit time
N = (n ) (1) (number of cylinders) for single-acting
compressor
.
N = (n ) (2) (number of cylinders) for double-acting
compressor
n = compressor speed
expansion valve, kJlkg
enthalpy leaving the expansion valve, kJlkg
Evaporator
/~
1kI~
~hl
7'
qe
=h
/,Q.
m~
- h4
qe = h I - h3
r--.
7
Qe
= mth, -
A single-acting compressor makes one complete cycle in one

rr-voluti on.
h)
Q e = m (h I - h)
3
ll!l('
A double-acting compressor makes two complete cycles in

revolution.
The actual volumetric efficiency n,"" is defined as
n va
qe = refrigerating effect, kJlkg

h, = enthalpy entering the evaporator, kJlkg
hi = enthalpy leaving the evaporator, kJlkg
Qe
volume flow rate entering compressor

displacement rate of compressor
YI
refrigerating capacity, k,J/s
n VA. =-YD
III
.....
h, - h.
The power per kW of refrigeration is the inverse of the

coefficient of performance, and an efficient refrigeration system
has a low value of power per kW of refrigeration but a high
coefficient of performance.
II
= -o-h"":;'l_-...."h"':';':l
Ihsplacement rate is the volume swept through by the pistons

suction strokes per unit time .
t li.-i r
IIi
j{efrir.;l'ration and Air Conditioning
The mechanical efficiency n m is given by
The clearance volumetric efficiency n ve is given by
Pz ]
n v e = 1 + c-c [ ~
Uk
[V2 ]
= 1 + c-c [V2]
~ = 1-c ~-1
nm
_ WI
_ nIP
- Wn
BHP
where JHP = indicated horsepower of the compressor
c = per cent clearance

Vc
indicated work
brake work
= specific volume of vapor after isentropic
BHP == brake horsepower of the compressor
compression to P,
k = 1304 for ammonia
~.
"t'
(2-1) A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system

operates at an evaporating temperature of -5C and a condensing
temperature of 40C. Determine i a) the refrigerating effect per
kg, (b) the work per kg, (c) the heat rejected at the condenser
per kg, (d) the COP. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW,
determine (e) the total heat rejected at the condenser, (f) the
work, and (g) the volume flow rate.
SOLUTION
l:I
.~
<I
t::
....
QI
50
<I
'1:
....QI
.tQ
as
='
:J)
...
::l
tn
Z)
-~--17,'
961kPo
III
'"
...
~lkPa
Po.
10
..
5
6
Diacharge-to-suction pressure ratio
40C
!j
1
Enthalpy, kJlkg
Fig. 2-3 Clearance and actual volumetric efficiency of a

Refrigerant 22 high-speed compressor.
h,
h.
v ] = v g at --5C == 0.06496 m'/kg
The adiabatic compression efficiency or simply compression

efficiency nc is defined as:
nc
...............
isentropic work of compression

actual work of compression
= h, at 40C = 238.5 kJlkg

== h , at -5C = 349.3 kJ/kg
h , = h at 961 kPa and

(;11
j{t'f'rigerating effect
.h(
Wurk =
1('(
l l.-n t rr-jr-rt c-d
h,~
hi =
=
:~72
==
S2
h - h,
.- 349.:3
equal to s] == 372 kJlkg
= 349.3 -- 238.5 = 110.8 k.Jlkg

= 22.7 k.J/kg
he' - h, == :372 - 238.5 =
1:~;~.5
k,Jlkg
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigerat 11111
(d)
hi - hi
COP = h -h
2
VI
=~ = 4.88
h f4
For a refr igcr at ing capacity of 1 kW

(e)
III
;1)
II
(f)
i/
= (m i
t h.
- hi)
= (0.00903
Sl
= 368 k./lk:'
x 4 =
h 4 - h.,
h
h 4 - h f4
h g 4 - h.,
2~33.5 - 200
351.48 - 200 = 0.2212
kg/s) (372 - 238.5) kJ/kg

Mass of flash gas = 0.2212 kg/kg
= (0.00903
kg/s) (372 - 349.3) kJ/kg
Q.,
. il) m=
h. - h,
= 0.20!i k.J/s
(g)
equal to
h f at OC = 200 kJ/kg
lg4
Q, = (rn) (h .. - h)
= 1.206 k.I/
S2
h g 4 = h g at OC = 351.48 kJ/kg
1 kJ/s
110.8 kJ/kg = 0.00903 kg/s
Qe
h I -h ,
= v g at OC = 0.05539 mVkg
h, = h at 847.7 kPa and
'2'2.7
VI = (m ) (VI) = (0.00903 kg/s) (0.06496 mVkg)

= 0.000!i866 mVs
(2-2) An air conditioning system of a high rise building

has a capacity of :3!iO kW of refrigeration, uses R-12. The
evaporating and condensing temperatures are OC and 35C,
respectively. Determine the following: (a) Mass of flash gas per
kg of refrigerant circulated, (b) Mass of R-12 circulated per
second, (c) Volumetric rate of flow under suction condition,
(d) Work of compression in kW, and (e) COP.
SOLUTION
350 kJ/s
(351.48 - 233.5) kJ/kg
2.97 k /s
g
,(') VI = (m ) ('11) = (2.97 kg/s) (0.05539 mVkg ) = 0.1645 m"/:-\

'r/l
W= (rn ) (h., - h.) = (2.97 kg/s) (368 - 351.48) kJ/kg

= 49.06 kW
'I'!
_ h-h
1
'j
COP-
h, - h 1
351.48 - 233,5
= 7.14
368 - 351.48
(2-3)
A refrigeration system using refrigerant 22 is to hav
refrigerating capacity of 60 kW. The evaporating temperature
I"; ~-10C and the condensing temperature is 42C. Determine.
';11 the volume flow rate of refrigerant at inlet to the compressor.
. 1>1 the power required by the compressor, and (c) the fraction of
\ .ipor in the mixture at entrance to the evaporator expressed
11I11h on a mass basis and a volume basis.
,I
<-;()LUTION
'f
III
_ ....._
..~
l6l0kPn
P<
1
Enthalpy, kJlkg
It I
= hi at
= :1!i 1 .48
kJ/kg
,,
42"C
41
354 kPa
'
,
\
--lOGC
35""C = '233.5 kJ/kg
h, = h, at () C
~~.
Enthalpy, k.J1kg
h.
= h, at 4'2"(' = '2!i'2.4 k.J/kg
-zo I{efrigeration and Air Conditioning

h.
= h g at -10 oe = 401.6 kJlkg
VI
= v g at -lOoe = 65.34 Llkg
h,
=h
Qe
(a) m== h _ h
I
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System :21
at 1610 Pa and
82
;()LUTION
',J I
equal to
SI
= 440 kJlkg
_
60kJ/s
- (401.6 _ 252.4) kJlkg = 0.4021 kg/s
VI = (rn ) (VI) == (0.4021 kg/s) (65.34 L/Kg)
= 26.27
~'I
~.
Lis
(c) x 4
V
~oc
208 kPa
h, -- h.,
h l - h f4 ._ 252.4 -' 188.4 == 0.3002
== - h - - == h - h - 401.6 - 188.4
f~4
==
f4
4V fg4
~-l
==
l4
f4
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Xl (V g4 - V f4)
h, = h.at 24e == 312.87 kJlkg
== 0.7588 + (0.3002) (6!"d4 - 0.7588) == 20.146 Llkg
h. == h g at -18e
For 1 kg of refrigerant entering the evaporator, point 4, the

volume of vapor is, (0.3002 kg/kg) (6534 Lzkg) == 19.615 Llkg
19.615
. 0 f vanor.volume
vapor, vo ume basi
aSIS == - - 0.9736 or 97.36%
F raction
20.146
vI
= vg
h,
at -18e
1439.94 kJlkg
= 0.5729
hat 974 kPa and
S2
m 3lkg
equal to
= 1657 kJlkg
I'i Rcfrigerat.ing effect == h j - h, == 1439.94 - 312.87
(2-4) A simple vapor-compression cycle develops 13 tons

of refrigeration. Using ammonia as refrigerant and operating at
a condensing temperature of 24e and evaporating temperature
of -18 c e and assuming that the compression are isentropic and
that the gas leaving the condenser is saturated, find the following:
(a) Draw the ph diagram, (b) refrigerating effect in kJ/kg,
(c) circulation rate of refrigerant in kg/min, (d) power requirement,
(e) volume flow in cubic meter/(min) (ton), in coefficient of
performance, and (g) power per ton.
== 1127.1 k,Jlkg
"I
(~,
== 03 tons) (211 kJ/min. ton)
Qe
III
h , - hl
2743 kJ/min
2743 kJ/min
0439.94-312.87) kJlkg == 2.43 kg/min
,II \\' = (rn ) (h, - h.) == (2.43 kg/min) (1657 - 1439.94) kJlkg
=
,. I
527.5 kJ/min or 8.79 kW
. 1 == (m ) (VI) == ..:.......----::"------::(2.43 kg/min) (0.5729 m 3lkg)

-"'
13
13 tons
0.1071 m:3/ (min) (ton)
II
('01' __
"I
\\'
~.
.
4
.2
II
/1
== 15.44 kW
:/
(b) W== (rn) (h , - h.) == (0.4021 kg/s) (440 - 401.6) k.Jzkg
II
974kPa
-~
all
h j - h4
h,h1
,
H 79 kW
1:1 t on s
1439.94 - 312.87 == 5.19
1657 -- 14:39.94
= O.G7()
k W/ton
.........
22
(2-5) A refrigeration system is to be used to cool 45,000

kg of water from 29C to 18C in 5 hours. The refrigerant is
ammonia and the operation conditions are 616 kPa evaporating
pressure and 1737 kPa liquefaction pressure. Determine (a) the
coefficient of performance, (b) the quantity of cooling water in
the condenser for an increase in temperature of 7C, (c) the
compressor power, anel (d) the volume of flow rate entering the
compressor. The specific heat of water is 4.187 k-I/kg e Co.
Let m V' =
mass flow rate of cooling water circulated in the

condenser
Heat to water = Heat from refrigerant
mV'=
(c) W = (rn ) (h 2
.>
hi) = (0.1085 kg/s) (1620 - 1471.6) kJ/kg
= 16.10 kW
lei)
V = (m ) (VI) = (0.1085 kg/s) (205.2 L/kg) = 22.3 L/s

j
1737 kPa
as
(2-6)
An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates
between evaporator and condenser temperatures of -20C and
:j5C, respectively. The system is to be used in producing 5000
kg of ice at -12C from water at 29C in 20 hours. Assuming
losses to be 20 per cent of the heat to be absorbed from the water,
determine (a) the mass flow rate, (b) the heat rejected at the
condenser, and (c) the power required by the compressor. The
specific heat of ice is 2.094 k.Izkg s C'' and the heat of fusion is
:335 kJ/kg.
~".
~
'"'"
.l_616kP'
...............
- h 3)
(0.1085 kg/s) (1620 - 410.4) kJ/kg
(4.187 kJ/kg. CO) (7 CO)
= 4.48 kg/s
SOLUTION
= (m ) (h ,
(m) (c) (~t)
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
~OLUTION
h, = h, at 1737 kPa = 410.4 kJ/kg

hi = h g at 616 kPa = 1471.6 k-Izkg
VI
= ", at 616 kPa = 205.2 L/kg
h, = h at 1737 kPa and
S2
equal to
Sl
= 1620 kJ/kg
- h 2 = 1471.6 - 410.4 = 7 It::

( a)\ COP = hi
h - hi
1620 - 1471.6
. o
2
1352kPa
III
,,
35C
4'
(b) Q = (45,000 kg) (4.187 kJ/kgeCO) (29 - 18) Co ::: 115.1 kJ/s
c
(5 h) (3600 s/h)
Q..
h-h
,
.,
115.1 kJ/s
= 0.1085 kg/s
(1471.6 - 410.4) kJ/kg
191 kPa
l
-20C
Enthalpy, kJlkg
.'
-! I
l{ef'rjgf~ratjoil
and Ai r Conditioning
h, = h. at 3f)'C
= 366.1 kJlkg
hI = h g at -20'C
,'-)()LUTION
= 1437.2 kJlkg
h , = hat 1352 kPa and
S2
equal to
51 =
1735 kJlkg
(a) Theoretical heat to be absorbed per kg of water
= (l kg)
-I-
(4.187 kJ/kg -CO) 129- 0) Co
-I- (
Cll
1 kg) (335 kJlkg)
J:
Actual heat to be absorbed = (1.20) (481.6) = 577.9 kJ/kg
72
~.
(1 kg) (2.094 kJ/kg-CO) [0 - (-12)] Co = 481.6 kJ
Qe
(500 kg) (5779 k.Jlkg) = 40.13 kJ/s
(20h)(3600s!h)
Enthalphy, kJlkg
Qe
40.13 kJ/s
= 0.03747 kg/s
h. - h, = (14:37.2 - :i66.1l kJlkg
(b) Qc = (rn)
(h
h 3 ) = (0.0:i747 kg/s) (1735 - 366.1) kJlkg
hi
= h, at 1200 kPa =- 346.1 kJ/kg
h.
= h, at 247 kPa = 1445.2 kJlkg
= 51.29 k.J/5
S2
equal to 5[ = 1675 kJlkg
(c) W =
(rn )
(h, - h) = (0.03747 kg/s) (1735 - 1437.2) kJlkg
la)
= 11.16 kW
[P]k = 1
n =1-1-c-c - 2
vc
P
-I-
0.05 - (0.05) [1200]-;-;;;;

247
= 0.882 or 88.2o/r
(2-7) An ammonia refrigerating cycle operates at 247 kPa
suction pressure and 1200 kPa condenser pressure. Other data
are the following:
28 kW
refrigerating capacity
5%
compressor clearance
so
compression efficiency
75%
mechanical efficiency
74'lr
actu al vol u metri c efficiency
b l Actual work = isentropic work

nc
= 287.3
Determine (a) the clearance volumetric efficiency, (b) the ideal

and actual COP, (c) the mass flow rate of ammonia, and (d ) the
brake work.
----......
h[
1675 - 1445.2
0.80
kJlkg
h 2 - hi = 1445.2 - 346.1 = 4.78

h, - h]
1675 - 1445.2
Actual COP
h[ - hI
actual work
m= h _ h.
[
lei)
nc
Ideal COP
Qe
1[")
h2
,J
1445.2 - 346.1
287.3
= 3.83
28 kJ/s
(1445.2 - 346.1) kJlkg = 0.02547 kg/5
Indicated work = (0.02547 kg/s) (287.3 kJlkg) = 7.:i18 kW
26
Refrigeration and
All'
indicated work
Brake work
Co ndit.iuning
nm
7.318
0.75
Vw
= 9.76 kW
III W
(2-8) An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates at

247.1 kPa suction pressure and 1169 kPa condenser pressure.
For a load of 161111 k.l/min, determine (a) the mVh of cooling water
in the condenser if the water temperature is increased by 6 Co,
(b) the compressor work, and (c) the piston displacement if
clearance is 5'!r .
(81.32 kg/min) (60 min/h)

1000 k g/m"
w
-~
= (m) (h, - h.) = (1.52 kg/min) (1677 = 352.3 kJ/min or 5.87 kW
vc
n vc
1169kPa
,2
:?;l
=1 + c -
=1 -
c[
247.1
Pj
[2
-1] = 1 - 0.05 [0.4878
v
0.15
-1]
Assume n vc = n v a
D
...
;:l
n va
(m) (V 1 )
n va
'"
Ul
247.1 kPa
~--_._------------:-::----_.
Enthalpy, kJlkg
= h , at 30
GC
h , = h g at -14
= v g at
= 341.77
GC
Qe
h , - h,
kJlkg
= 1445.2 kJlkg
(1.53 kg/min) (0.4878 m1lkg)

0.8854
= 0.843 mvmi n
=
(2-9) A six-cylinder, 6.70 x 5.70-cm, refrigerant 22

ompreasor operating at 30 rls indicate a refrigerating capacity
"f96.4 kW and a power requirement of19.4 kW at an evaporating
t mperature of 5C and a condensing temperature of 35C.
( 'ornpute (a) the clearance volumetric efficiency if the clearance
volurne is 5 per cent, (b) the actual volumetric efficiency, and (c)
t lu- compression efficiency.
:-;( )LUTION
-14C = 0.4878 mJlkg

V
= V at 1169 kPa and
z
S2
equal to
Sl
= 1677 kJlkg
S2
equal to
S1
= 0.15 m'lkg
1688 kJ/min
= 1.53 kg/min
(1445.2 - 341.77) kJlkg
(m)(hz-h,)
(C) (L1tw )
...
#
-----
(1.53 kg/min) (1677 - 341.77) kJlkg

(4.187 kJlkg CO) (6 CO)
'" K 1.:r2 kg/min
Enthalpy, kJlkg
= 0.8874
0.8854 is the more accurate value, since 0.15 m:Jlkg is just

approximation from the Mol lier diagram.
V
V = __
1
rJ
1169]
= 1 + 0.05 - (0.05) [ -.- 1..304
-P2 ] k
al'
(al m=
1445.2) kJlkg
= 0.8854
:111
VI
4.879 m:J/h
,(.) n
SOLUTION
h(
1.:
>2
28
hi = h at 35"C
= 243.1
kJlkg
SOLUTION
h , = h g at seC = 407.1 k.Izkg
= 40.36
VI = v g at 5'C
Llkg
h, = h at 13!)5 kPa and
equal to SI = 428 kJlkg
v 2 = V at 1355 kPa and S2 equal to SI = 20 Llkg

(a)
n., = 1-
C[2
--1]
v
2
Q,
hi - hi
nva =
(c)
or 94.91 (Jc
(IT)
Enthalpy, kJlkg
\6.70 cm)2 (5.70 cm) (30 x 6 cycles/s)

(4) (1000 cm3/Li
= :36.17
h 3 = h, 1204 kPa = 346.6 kJlkg
Lis
h. = h , at 291.6 kPa = 1450.2 kJlkg

VI = v g at 291.6 kPa = 417.5 Lis
'13"'2
_~_._I- = 0.6558 or 65.5800
36.17
Actual work of compression =
h 2 = hat 1204 kPa and S2 equal to SI = 1653 kJlkg

1_9.4 kJ/s = 33.00 kJlkg
0.rJ878 kg/s
Isentropic work of compression = h 2- hI = 428 - 407.1
(ll' = (1.05) (rn.) (c.) (~tl) = (1.05) (102) (3.14) (8) = 2690 kJ/min
or 44.83 kW
111
= 20.9 kJlkg
.
ffi
20.9
C ompression e iciency, n = - - = 0.63.339'c or 63.330;'
c
33.00
(2-10) A 100 x 200-mm ammonia compressor with a

compression efficiency of 80 per cent operates with a suction
pressure of 291.6 kPa and a condenser pressure of 1204 kPa at
23 r/s. The refrigerant cools 102 kg/min of brine by 8 degrees in
the brine cooler. The specific heat of the brine is 3.14 kJlkgeC".
Electric input to the motor driving the compressor is 14.33 kW.
Motor efficiency at this load is 92 per cent. Assuming 5 per cent
of the useful refrigerating effect is lost by brine cooler from the
room, determine the mechanical and volumetric efficiencies of
thl' roru pr e ssor.
~.
>2
96.4kJ/s
= 0.5878 kg/s
1407.1 - 243.1) kJlkg
LN =
+=
[,
D2
='
VI = (m) (VI) = \0.5878 kg/s) (40.36 Llkg) = 23.72 Lis

V =.2:..
J)
4
- --
=1- (0.05)[4?36]_1
20
= 0.9491
(b ) m =
44.83 k.]/s
(1450.2 - 346.6) kJlkg
h, - h,
\\. = (rn)
.
l nd irn te
(h 2
h) = (0.0406) (1653 - 1450.2) = 8.23 kW
war
= 0.0406 k /s
g
8.23
8.23
= - - = - - = 10.29 kW
n,
0.80
HI';"'I' work = output of motor = (14.33) (0.92) = 13.18 kW
\1, ' 1,.lllIcal efficiency =

11111
= 0.781 or 78.1%
(VI) = (0.0406) (417.5) = 16.96 Lis
~ D LN =
I
i~:~~
TC
(10cm)2 (20 cm) (23 cycles/s) = 21 68 L/s

(4) (1000 crnVl.)
.
n va
VI

I 'iston speed = 2L (rpm)
16.95 = 0.7818 or 78.18%

21.68
= V
D
(2-11) A four-cylinder refrigerant 12 compressor operates

between evaporator and condenser temperatures of 4C and 43C.
It is to carry a load of 20 tons ofrefrigeration at 1200 rpm. If the
average piston speed is 213 m/min and the actual volumetric
efficiency is 80 per cent, what should be the bore and stroke of
the compressor.
2.314
(213 m/min) (100 em/m)

(2) (1200) rev/min
VD
= ~
10 6 = ~ CD ern)" (8.875 em) (1200 x 4 cycles/min)

4
D = 8:315 em
----
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h, = h, at 43C = 241.6 kJ/kg

h.
= h at 4C = 353.18 kJ/kg
= v g at 4C = 0.04895 m Vkg
g
VI
h, = h at 1034 kPa and S2 equal to SI = 372 kJ/kg
m
Qe
h, - h 4
(20 tons) (211 kJ/min ton)

(353.18 - 241.6) kJ/kg
= 37.82 kg/min
VI = (rn) (VI) = (37.82 kg/min) (0.04895 m 3/kg) = 1.851 m 3/min

V D = ~lva =
10~8501
= 2.314 m 3/min or 2.314 x 10 em
3/min
em
D2LN
SOLUTION
'/
= 8.875
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration Syst"111 Ti
Effects of Operating Conditions
:1)
Refrigerating effect
For the --10
Effects of Increasing the Vaporizing Temperature
oe
= hI -
(2 -12) A R-12 simple saturated refrigerating cycle operates

at an evaporating temperature of -10 oe and a condensing
temperature of 40'e. Show the effects of increasing the
vaporizing temperature to 5':e.
evaporating cycle, the refrigerating effect

h 4 = 347.1 - 238.5
108.6 kJlkg
For the 5C evaporating cycle, the refrigerating effect
= h.. -
h 4,
= 353.6 -
238.5
= 115.1 kJlkg
I,) Effect on mass flow rate per ton
SOLUTION
For the -10

m
I~
III
"'-'''~A
ce
evaporating cycle, the mass flow rate,
211
h I -h 4
211
347.1 _ 238.5 = 1.943 kg/(min) (ton)
For the 5C evaporating cycle, the mass flow rate,
772
m'=
211
353.6 _ 238.5 1.833 kg/(min) (ton)
Effect on compressor volume capacity

For the -10 oe evaporating cycle, the volume flow rate,
Enthalpy, kJfkg
h,
= h. = h 4 = h.
VI
VI
= v g at -lOGe = 0.07665 m
h. = h g at -lOGe
= 347.1
S2
equal to
Sl
= 373 kJ/kg
Effect on
cor
equal to
eop
SI
= 371 kJlkg
hI - h 4 _
h 2 - h,
347.1 - 238.5
-'----373 - 347.1
=:
4.19
Ftlr the 5e evaporating cycle,
eop
= hg at 5e = 353.6 kJ/kg
S2
,I,
F"r the -10 oe evaporating cycle,
kJ/kg
"r = vg at 5e = 0.04749 ms/kg
h , = h at 961 kPa and
VI' =(rn') (vIJ = 0.833) (0.04749) = 0.087 m 3/(min) (ton)
3/kg
For the 5e evaporating cycle (cycle I.' -2' -3'-4'-1')
h.
= (rn) (v 1) =(1.943) (0.07665) = 0.1489 m 3/(min) (ton)
For the 5e evaporating cycle, the volume flow rate,
at 40 ce = 238.5 kJlkg
For the -10 ce evaporating cycle (cycle 1-2-3-4-1)
211
h
h., - 4'
hI' - h 4 = 353.6 - 238.5 = 6.61
h , - h..
371 - 353.6
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System :l5
(e) Effect on work per ton of refrigeration

For the -10C evaporating cycle, the work,
W = (m) (h 2-h l ) = (1.943) (373-347.1)
Effects of Increasing the Condensing Temperature

(2-13) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12
as the refrigerant, operates at a condensing temperature of 40 nC
and an evaporating temperature of -lOOC. Show the effects of
increasing the condensing temperature to 50C.
= 50.32 kJ/(min) (ton) or 0.839 kW/ton
SOLUTION
For the 5C evaporating cycle, the work,
W'
= (rn) (h
,-
h.)
= (1.833) (371
- 353.6)
\.
(f) Effect on condenser performance
::l
:l
Qc
= (rn) (h, -
h)
= (1.943) (373
= 261.3 kJ/(min) (ton) or
219 kPa
"
- 238.5)
Enthalpy, kJlkg
4.355 kW/ton
For the 5C evaporating cycle, the heat rejected at the

condenser,
h,
= h g at -lOoC = 347.1 kJlkg
VI
==
Vg
at -10C == 0.07665 mvkg
For the 40C condensing cycle (cycle 1-2-3-4-1)
Q'c == (m') (h 2, - h) = (1.833) (371- 238.5)
= 242.9 kJ/(min) (ton) or
. ,U
tt.
For the -10C evaporating cycle, the heat rejected at the

condenser,
1219 kPa
961kPa
h, = h 4 == he at 40C = 238.5 kJlkg
4.05 kW/ton
h, == h at 961 kPa and
Effects of increasing the vaporizing temperature

(1) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases.
S2
equal to
SI
= 373 kJlkg
For the 50C condensing cycle (cycle 1-2'-3'-4'-1)

h; == h 4 = he at 50C = 248.9 kJlkg
(2) The mass flow rate per ton decreases.
S2'
equal to
SI
== 378 kJlkg
(3) The volume flow rate per ton decreases.

(4) The COP increases.
(5) The work per ton decreases.
,)
I{( -frigerating
effect
Fill' the 40C condensing cycle, the refrigerating effect
(6) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton decreases.

= h , - h 4 == 347.1 - 238.5 = 108.6 kJlkg
1,'111"
t he
= hi
50C condensing cycle, the refrigerating effect

- hi = 347.1 - 248.9 = 98.2 kJlkg
36
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigl'l'atlOil
For the 4We condensing cycle, the heat rejcct.cd :11

condenser,
For the 40 e condensing cycle, the mass flow rate,

C
Q, = (m) Ih 2
211
347.1 _ 238.5 == 1.943 kg/Gnin) (ton)
2~~
)
,,'
;347.12~1248.9
h)
= 11.94.3)
fill'
(37:3 - 238.5)
== 261.:3 k-L'(rn in I (ton) or 4.3:")5 kW/tul1
For the 50 e condensing cycle. the heat r ejcctr-d

con de nser,
For the 50 0 e condensing cycle, the mass flow rate,

m' = h
."
II Effect on condenser performance
(b) Effect on mass flow rate per ton
211
m == hi - h,
:-l\'!"il'
Q'c = (m') (h 2
== 2.149 kg/(min) (ton)
.r t
tIl'
h) = 12.149) (378 -- 248.9)
(c) Effect on compressor volume capacity

l-Tf.. cts of increasing the condenser temperature
For the 40,ce condensing cycle, the volume flow rate,
(1)
(2)
V!, = (m) (v I) = (1.943) (0.07665) == 0.1489 m:l/(mim) (ton)
1.3)
14)
(.5 J
(6)
For the 50C condensing cycle, the volume flow rate,
VI' == (rn') (VI) = 2,149) (0.07665)
= 0.1647 m:/(min) (ton)
The
The
The
The
The
The
refrigerating effect per unit m ass rlecn';l~'''.

mass flow rate per ton increases.
volume flow rate per ton increases.
eop decreases.
work per ton increases.
heat rejected at the condenser per ton Iner,':I",'>
12-14) A 150 x 150-mm, twin-cylinder. -i n u! ;1('[1111-;
12 compressor running at 25 r l cu rri o "
" Irigerating load of 39.4 kW while operating at 340 k Pu - uc t i on
rlld 1277 kPa discharge pressures. If thp discharge [)t"'';-'; 11 1'('
, "fTC' raised to 1397 kPa, at what speed should the co m prr.s sor
I.,
run to carry the same load assuming the volumetr-ic l,fficIPn('\
r.-m a in the same?
tr i g o r a n t
(d) Effect on eop
For the 40 De condensing cycle,
eop = h 1 - h 4 = 347.1 - 238.5

h 2-h 1
373-347.1
= 419
.
For the 50 0 e condensing cycle,
:IIL( TTl ON
eop = h 1 - h 4 , = 347.1 - 248.9 = 3.18

h 2,-h 1
378-347.1
For the 40 0 e condensing cycle, the work,
w .. (m) (h, -
h)= 0.943) (393 - 347.1)

For the 50 0 e condensing cycle, the work,
1397kPa
lZr.1kPa
r;
_I
t:
"'I
h , = 1\ at 340 kPa =
W' = (m') (h, - h.) = (2.149) (378 - 347.1)

= 66.40 kJ /Cruin) (ton) or ~.107 kW/ton
Enthalpy. kJlq
3~)2,8
k,Jlkg
h,
= hi at 1:397 kPa = 2fi:"i.3 kJ/kg
h, at 1277 k Pa = 2.'11 k-I/kz
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System :;~l
:18 Rcfriacrat.ion and Air ('()Ilditioning
Let ru
old
Ill;\';';
flow rate
For the saturated cycle (cycle 1-2-3-4-1)
m' = nvw m ass flow rate
= old comprt-ssor speed
= now c.nnpresaor speed
n
n'
Qp
:30.4 k,J/s
m= h _ h
1m')
:39.4 k,J/s
:i[)28 - 255.3) k-J/kg
h\- h ,
Iv
= h g at --5C = 349.3 kJ/kg
at --5
DC
= 0.06496 m 3fkg
~J61 k Pa and
S2
equal to
SI
= 3';2 k-I/kg
"or the superheated cycle (cycle 1'-2'-3-4-1')
Q,
= 0.4041
kg/s
TIl
= 0.071 mVkg
hi' = h at-261 kPa and 15C = 362 k,Jlkg

h 2 = h at 961 kPa and 8 2, equal to 8 1 = 387 k.Jfkg
= ~rYL!2l (n )
Im'lln)
n =---
= v at 261 kPa and 15C
VI'
1m) Iv,)
~D2L(2) (n')
4
h,
h, = h at
= 0.3870 kg/s
volume flow rate entering compressor

. ffici
vo I umetnc e Icwncv. =
.
displacement
rate of compressor
=V
(:3:")28 - 251) k.I/kg
'I]
111'
v[
'II
10.4041) (25)
0.:3870
For the saturated cycle, the refrigerating effect is

= h, - h 4 = 349.:3 - 238.5 = 110.8 kJ/kg
Effects of Superheating the Suction Vapor

(2-15) A simple saturated r efri gerat ing cycle for R-12
system operates at an evaporating temperature of -boC and a
condensing temperature of 40"C. Show the effects of superheating
the suction vapor from --5C to IS-C.
For the superheated cycle,

(1) When superheating of suction vapor occurs inside the
" frigerated space, useful cooling results and the refr'igeratirg
II, -ct is
=
SOLUTION
hi' - h 4 = 362 - 238.5 = 123.5 k,Jfkg
(2) When superheating of suction vapor occurs in the

,-Ilon line, no useful cooling results and the refrigerating
I',," is
'I
~.
-k----T--72'
-; h J
--
h4
= 349.3 -
238.5
= 110.8 kJfII:g
1II'd on mass flow rate per ton

'I'
'11
the saturated cycle, the mass flow rate,

=
211
h[ _ h
211
= 349.3 _ 238.5
4
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
= h, = h, at 40"C = 238.5 kJfkg
= 1.904 kg/train) (ton)
10 Refrigeration .uid Ail' Conditioning
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration
For the su pr-rhc-a t cd cycle,
(11
With useful cooling, the mass flow rate,
211
m' = h .- h
I
..j
<_
h -. h
(2) Without useful cooling, COP:=
h~
211
362 _ 238.5 := 1.709 kg/(min) (ton)
:349.3 - 2:38.5 := .1.+:{
387 - :362
(2) Without useful cooling, the mass flow rate,
,211
111 = ~h4
:-)",1 \'In
211
= 349.3 - 238.5
1.904 kg/(min) (ton)
,,) Effect on work per ton of refrigeration

For the saturated cycle, the work,
W:= (rn ) (h, - h.) := (1.904) (372 - :349.31
(c! Effect on com pressor volume capacity
= 43.22 kJI (min) (ton) or 0.720 kW/ton
For the suturntvd cycle, the volume flow rate,

V. I
:=
tm
:v
1=
,
For the superheated cycie,

(1)
!I.904) (006496):= 0.1237 m1/(min) (ton)
W':=
For the superheated cycle,
j)
With useful cooling, the volume flow rate,
(2)
Vi =
:=
(2)
With useful cooling, the work,
(m') (v,) =
(1.709) (0.071)
(rn i (v'r) =
(h 2 - hl'):= !I.709)
(387-:36~)
42.73 kJ/(min) t ton ) or
0.71~
k\,'I'fj'l
Without useful cooling. the work,

W":=
0.1213 m'/( min) (ton)
(rri')
(h 2
h,)
= (1.904)
(387 -
:{f)~~)
:= 47.6 kJ/ (min) (ton : or 079:-; k W/ton
Without useful cooling, the volume flow rate,

V'1 =
(rn')
t,
Effect on condenser performance

For the saturated cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser,
(1.904) (0.071)
Qc
= 0.1352 m ' /(m i n ) (ton)
= (m) (h 2 -
h.:
= (1.904) (372 - 238.5)
= 254.2 kJ/ (min) (ton) .01' 4.24 kW/ton

(r1)
E fleet on COP
I'-I)r
hi - h 4 _ 349.3 - 238.5
Frl\' the saturated cycle, COP = i , _ h - 372 _ 349.3
:2
= 4.88
!I) With useful cooling, the heat rejected at the

condenser,
Q'c
For the saturated cycle,

( 1)
the superheated cycle,
'With useful cooling, COP =
h - h
~.' _ h ~.
1..
:= 4.94
;362 - 238.5
387 - 362
= (m') (h ,
- h) = !I.709) (387 - 238.51
= 253.8 kJI (min) (ton) or 4.23 kW/ton
(2) Without useful cooling, the heat rejected at the

condenser,
Q'c'= ( m l (h, - h,,):= (1.904) (387- 238.5)
=- '2H'2.7 k,JI (min) t ton l or 4.71 kW/ton
........
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigerauon :--,
'i2 Refrigeration ann Air ('onditioning
Effects of supcrhc-atinj; the suction vapor

When supe rhr-at i nu /)!"oduces useful cooling:
(1) Tho ref'rig<'rating effect per unit mass increases.
(2) 'I'hc m;t::s flow rate per ton decreases.
(3) The vol u r.ic flow rate per ton decreases.
( ) The COl' incre-ases.
(5) Th e work per tun decreases.
h J =: h 4 =: he at 40C =: 238.5 k.L'kg
For the subcooled cycle (cycle 1-2-3'-4'-1)
h, =: h 4 = h[ at 30C =: 228.5 k.Izkg
:1)
When superhcat ing occurs without useful cooling:

(6) The n,rri~Tr<lting effect per unit mass remains the
For the saturated cycle, the refrigerating effect
=: 349.3 - 238.5 =: 110.8 kJlkg
=h
I,
sarn o.
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Tho
TI1<'
Thl'
The
The
Illa,;,..; now rate per ton remains the same.

vol u.r.o now rate per ton increases.
COP decreases.
work per ton increases.
heat 1'8.: ect ed at the condenser per ton increases.
II
For the subcooled cycle, the refrigerating effect =: h.

=: 349.3 - 228.5 =: 120.8 kJlkg
h I Effect on mass flow rate per ton
For the saturated cycle, the mass flow rate,
~"nec'"s
of
SL~)COOli._,~
the Liquid
(2--16) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12

as the refrigerant operates at an evaporating temperature of
-5C and a condensing temperature of 40 'C. Show the effects of
st bcoolirig the liri.id from 40C to :30'C before reaching the
ex )Lnsion valve.
m =:
211
hi - h 4
211
349.3 _ 238.5 =: 1.918 kg/t m i n ) It OI}1
For the subcooled cycle, the mass flow rate,
211
m' =: h - h ,
1
211
349.3 - 228,5
=: 1.747 kg/Cm in
i I t on
SOLUTION
I:rfect on compressor volume capacity
r -,r
III
n_ --
72
j'(lr the saturated cycle, the volume flow 'rate,

VI =: (rn ) (VI) =: (1.918) (0.06496) =: 0.1246 mil (mini (Ion)
I" ,I'
E
~
I'~
L
4
VI
261kPa
." t he saturated cycle, COP =:
ih - _hh
349.3 - 2:38.5
372 - 349.3
4
1
=: 4.88
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
=: v g at -5C =: 0.06496 rrrvkg

~
111,('t on COP
hi=: 1\ at -5"C =: 349.3 kJlkg

h.
the subcooled cycle, the volume flow rate,

V, =: (rn ') (v 1 ) =: (1.747) (0.06496) =: 0.1135 m1/(minl (ton)
h at 9f)1 k Pa and .".' r-qu al to s, =: 372 kJlkg
'1
hi - h
h(' s u hcoo lr-d cycl, COP =: h _ h 4
}
349.3 - 228.5
372 - 349.3
:l.:l2
...
42 Refrigeration ann Air Conditioning
Effects of super hua t i ng the suction vapor

When superheat ing produces useful cooling:
(l) The refrigP1'ating effect per unit mass increases.
(2) The muss now rate per ton decreases.
(3) The volu r.re fl ow rate per ton decreases.
(c) The COP increases.
(5) The work pc'r ton decreases.
When superheating occurs without useful cooling:
(6) The n{ri,~'crating effect per unit mass remains the
same.
n) The muss now ratc per ton remains the same.
(8) The vol u n.o flow rate per ton increases.
(9) The COP decreases.
(10) The work per ton increases.
(11) The heat re..'ected at the condenser per ton increases.
h,
= h , = h, at 40C =
238.5 kJ/kg
For the subcooled cycle (cycle 1-2-3'-4'-1)
h., = h.
= h, at 30C
= 228.5 kJ/kg
(a) Refrigerating effect

For the saturated cycle, the refrigerating effect
= 349.3 - 238.5 = 110.8 kJ/kg
= hi
For the subcooled cycle, the refrigerating effect

= 349.3 - 228.5 = 120.8 kJ/kg
= h. -
- h,
h 4,
(b) Effect on mass flow rate per ton

For the saturated cycle, the mass flow rate,
~":'ec~s
of
Sl..~)cooli._~;
the Liquid
m
(2-16) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12

as the refrigerant operates at an evaporating temperature of
-5C and a condensing temperature of 40:JC. Show the effects of
st. bcool in g the lirt.i d from 40 C to 30C before reaching the
ex.ian sion valve.
211
h. - h ,
211
349.3 _ 238.5
= 1.918 kg/(min) (ton)
For the subcooled cycle, the mass flow rate,
211
rn' = h - h ,
1
211
349.3 - 228.5
= 1.747 kg/t m in) (ton)
SOLUTION
(c) Effect on compressor volume capacity
as
-.r
For the saturated cycle, the volume flow 'rate,

V l = (In) (VI) = (1.918) (0.06496) == 0.1246 m:3/ (min) (ton)
:?il
For the sub cooled cycle, the volume flow rate,

VI = (rri') (VI) = (1.747) (0.06496) = 0.1135 m 3/(min) (ton)
oj
(d)
Effect on COP
For the saturated cycle, COP
h - h4
h
=i
349.3 - 238.5
372 - 349.3
= 4.88
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
VI
= vi! at -5 s e = 0.06496 mvkg
hi
= 1\ at -SoC:::: 349.:3 k,J/kg
11,
==
li n t
~)()1
k l'n .uid s , ('quill tq
h -h
For the subcooled cycle, COP = h 1 _ h 4 '
2
SI
= :172 kJlkg
349.3 - 228.5
372 - 349.3
= 5.32
44
SOLUTION
For the saturated cycle, the work,
W = (rn ) (h , - h.) = 0.918) (372 - 349.3)
ssoc
aLL
= 4:3.f);3 k.l/r min ) (ton) or 0.726 kW/ton
1460 kPa
For the subcoolrd cycle, the work,
WI = (m') (he - h.) = (1.747) (372 - 349.3)
'\
38C
466kPa
= 39.66 kJ/( min) (ton) or 0.661 k Wzt.on
;
(f)
Effect on condenser performance

For the saturated cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser,
Q = (rn ) (h, - h) = n.918) (372 - 238.5)
=
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
256.1 k-L'(min) (ton) or 4.268 kW/ton
For the subcooled cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser,

Q'c = (rn') (h , - h:3 ) = 0.747) (372 - 228.5)
= 250.7
h,
= h. at 33=C = 240.5 kJ/kg
hi
= h at 5C and 466 kPa = 410 k.Izkg
VI
v at 5C and 466 kPa
S2
= 53
L/kg
equal to
SI
= 440 k.I/kg
k.Iz(min) (ton) or 4.178 kW/ton
Effects of sub cooling the liquid

(1) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases.
(2) The mass flow rate per ton decreases.
(3) The volume flow rate per ton decreases.
(4) The COP increases.
(5) The work per ton decreases.
(6) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton decreases.
112 kJ/s
= 0.6608 kg/s
(410 - 240.5) k-Izkg
(a) m=
V 1 = mv 1 = (0.6608) (53)
SUBCOOLING AND SUPERHEATING

(2-17) A refrigerant 22, four cylinder, 85 x 70-mm,
compressor operating at 28 rls, a condensing temperature of
38 nC, and an evaporating temperature of -2C carries a
refrigerating load of 112 kW. The motor driving the compressor
has an efficiency of 92 per cent and draws 32.5 kW. There is a
5C subcooling and 7C superheating of the suction gas entering
the compressor. Compute (a) the actual volumetric efficiency and
(b) the compression efficiency.
= 35.02 Lis
= ~ D2 LN = (It) (8.5 cm)'2 (7.0 em) (28 x 4 x cycles/s)
V
!l
(4) (1000 cmvl.)

=
nva
44.49 Lis
VI
VI)
(b) Isentropic work
= (rn ) (h 2 -
h.)
= (0.6608)
(440 - 410)
= 19.82 kW
Actual work = (32.5) (0.92)
= 29.90 kW
= 19.82 = 0.6629 or 66.29(1r
Compression efficiency, n
c
.L
29.90
46
(2-18) An ammonia compressor operates at an evaporator

pressure of :316 kPa and a condenser pressure of 1514.2 kPa.
The refrigerant is subconled ;) degrees and is superheated 8
degrees. A twin-cylinder compressor with bore to stroke ratio of
0.85 is to be used at 1:200 rpm.. The mechanical efficiency is 77% .
For a load of 87.5 k \V, determine:
(a) the quant.it.y of cooling water in the condenser if the
increase in temperature is 7 degrees,
(b) the bore and stroke,
(c) the size of th.- driving motor, and
(d) the quality of the r.-fr iger ant entering the evaporator.
= (In)
( o ) VI
Assume
(VI)
llva
= (0.07877 kg/s) (410 Llkg) == 32.3 Ll.s
= 100 ck, then, V D == V l= 32.3 L/s
= ~D2LN == !:TC) (0.85L cm)2 (L cm) (20x2 cycles/s)

4
(4) (1000 cm3/L)
V
D
= 0.0227 L'L/s
0.0227L3 == 32.3
SOLUTION:
= 11.25 em
D = (0.85) (11.25) = 9.56 em
a:l
~
1514.2 kPa
-~
(d W
== (rn)
(h, - h.) == (0.07877 kg/s) 0715 -1472) kJ/kg
:12
== 19.14 kW
,..ilcl
II
I I
/1
...
.
P ower Input
to compressor
39C
= power output 0 f motor =
31G kPa
19.14
_
0.77
= 24.86kW
(d) x 4 --
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
h, = h, at 34C = 361.2 kJlkg

h. == h at 316 kPa and OC == 1472 kJlkg
VI
= v at 316 kPa and OC = 0.41 m:'lkg
h , == h at 1514.2 kPa and
(a)
m=
Q,.
11="'Fl
11
S2
equal to
87.5 kJ/s
(1472 _ 361.2) k.J/kg
SI
= 1715 kJlkg
= 0.07877 kg/s
361.2 - 163.2 = 0.1536 or 15.36%

1289.44
(2-19.) A 10-ton vapor compression refrigeration system is

to evaporate R-12 at-20C and to condense it at 40C. The twin
cylinder vertical compressor is to run at 900 rpm; it is single
acting, has the bore equal to the stroke, and has 2% clearance.
Vapor enters the compressor at -10 o e and liquid enters the
expansion valve at 30 aC.
(a) What refrigeration flow rate is required?
(b) What would be the bore and stroke of the compressor?
(c) What power is required by the compressor?
(m ) (h - h.)
2
n1 = _ _.....:0.-..._;';""
w
(c ) (.6 t)
w
== :L()4
kg/s
(0.07877 kg/s) (1715 - 361.2) kJlkg

4.187 kJ/kg. CO) (7 CO)
(d) What is the quantity of the cooling water required in the

condenser for a 8-degree increase in temperature?
....l
,,-"ll
48
Simple Vapor Compt-ession Refrigeration System 49
= (rn ) (h , -
(c) W
SOLUTION
h.)
= (0.2947 kg/s) (383
- 348) kJ/kg
= 10.31 kW
960.7 kPa
CIS'
,,2
//
:~oC
(m) (h 2 - h) _ (0.2947 kg/s) (383 - 228.54) kJlkg

(c ) L~ t \\ )
(4. 187 kJ/kg. CO) (8 CO)
(d) m ,
1.36 kg/s
Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger
150.9 kPa
The functions of the heat exchanger are:

1. To ensure that no liquid enters the compressor, and
2. To subcool the liquid from the condenser to prevent
bubbles of vapor from impeding the flow of refrigerant through
the expansion valve.
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h, = h, at 30C = :228.G4: kJlkg

h,
.=
v]
= v at
liz
= hat 960.7
h at 150.9 kPa and -10"C
= 348
k.I/kg
150.9 kPa and -1 O"C = 0.12 mJ/kg
= 383 kJ/kg
kPa and
5;,
equal to
v z = v at 960.7 kPa and
S2
equal to s] = 0.021 mVkg
(a) m =
Qe
= (10 tons) (3.52 kW/ton) = 0.2947 k
h. - h,
(b) n
vc
V]
=1-
S1
(348 - 228.54) kJ!kg
c [ -v] -1]
v2
/s
SOLUTION
For the saturated cycle: COP = 4.88 (See problem 2-1)

For the heat exchanger cycle:
= 1-0.02 [0.12]
- - -1 = 0.9057
0.021
= (rn) (v]) = (0.2947 kg/s) (0.12
ms/kg)
= 0.03536
(2-20) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12 as

refrigerant operates at an evaporating temperature of -5C and
a condensing temperature of 40;C. Show the effects of installing
a heat exchanger that would superheat the suction vapor from _
t)c,C to 15 c,C in the heat exchanger.
mvs
Assume n va = n vc
VD
=~ =
va
VD
0.03563
0.09057
= 0.03904
3/s
= ~ D2 LN = ~ (D m)" (D m)
=
1413.7
D:3 =
or 2.3424 mVmin
(900x2 cycles/min)
1413.7 D'' mVmin

2.3424
= 0.1183 m or 11.83 em
=.:
II)n cm
Heat
exchanger
50
(2-21) A refrigerant 22 vapor compression system includes

a liquid-to-suction heat exchanger in the system. The heat
exchanger cools saturated liquid coming from the condenser from
32
to 21C with vapor which comes from the evapor ator at
10C.
GC
_n --
>2
(a) Calculate the COP of the system w i th ou t the heat

exchanger but with the condensing temperature a 32::>C and an
evaporator temperature at -10C.
(b) Calculate the COP of the system with the heat exchanger.
(c) If the compressor is capable of pumping 20 Lis measured
at the compressor suction, what is the refrigerating capacity of
the system without the heat exchanger?
(d) With the same compressor capacity as in (c), what is the
refrigerating capacity of the system with the heat exchanger?
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h) = h at 261 kPa and 1f)C =3G2 kJ/kg

So!
SOLUTION
equal to 5! = 387 kJlkg

( a)
h, = hi at 40 c C = 238,f) k.I/kg
Heat balance of t hl~ heat exchanger
hI + h fi = h + h<
J
1255kPa
Refrigerating effect = he - h, = h. - h,
COP = hI - h~l _ 362 -- 238.5
h - h 1 - 387 - 360.,
=4.94
'\.
\"
~c
4'
3fi4.3 kPa
....
-,
-10C
The coefficient of performance of the heat exchanger cycle

differs than that of the saturated cycle by only
Enthalpy, kJlkg
4.94 - 4.88 = 1.23~

4.88
Depending upon the particular case, the coefficient of
performance of a heat exchanger cycle may be either greater
than, less than, or the same as that ofa saturated cycle operating
between the same pressure limits.
h, = he at 32
= 239.2 kJlkg
h. = h g at --10
= 401.6 kJ/kg
GC
GC
VI
h2
=V
=h
COP
at -10
GC
= 65.34
at 1255 kPa and
= ~l2 =hh 3, =
L/kg
S2
equal to
S1
401.6 - 239.2 __
- ,').17
= 433 kJlkg
PROBLEMS
(b)
(1) An ammonia vapor refrigeration cycle operates at an

evaporator temperature of -16C and a condensing temperature
of 32C. Determine the coefficient of performance (a) for an ideal
saturation cycle, (b) for wet compression with saturated vapor
leaving the compressor, and (c) if the vapor at suction to the
compressor is superheated 6 degrees.
Ans. (a) 4.50, (b) 4.70, (c) 4.28

.15.5
/' (2) A standard vapor compression system produces 20 tons

of refrigeration using R-12 as a refrigerant while operating
between a condenser temperature of 41.6 C and an evaporator
temperature of -25C. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect in
kJ/kg, (b) the circulating rate in kg/s, (c) the power supplied,
(d) the COP, (e) the heat rejected in kW, and (f) the volume flow
rate in Lis.
Enthalpy, kJJq
h, :::: hi at 32C = 239.2 kJ/kg
= h. = hi at 21C = 225.3 kJ/kg

h, = h at -1 oce = 401.6 kJ/k CT
b
h,
f'
h. + h , :::: 11] + h,
h.
=:
Ans. (a) 100.26 kJ/kg, (b) 0.7022 kg/s, (c) 25.69 kW,
239.2 + 401.6 - 225.3 == 415.5 kJ/kg
(d) 2.74, (e) 96.09 kW, (f) 92.18 L/s
v 1 = 72 L/kg
S2
h 6 -h_
COP = h - h.
0)
equal to
Sl
450 kJ/kg
401.6 - 225.3
___----=
5.11
450- 41fi.5
-,
(c) Without the heat exchanger.

VI
20 Lis
= ~ = 65.34Llkg = 0.3061 kg/s
ill
= (rn ) (h. -
)
4
= (0.3061 kg/s) (401.6 -
239.2) kJ/kg
= 49.71 kW
(d) With the heat exchanger.
V1
m =-v1
20 Lis
72L/kg
= 0.2777 kg/s
Q,. = (rn ) (h, - h) = (0.2777 kg/s) (401.6 - 225.3) kJlkg
.....l
::: 4R.96 kW
(3) A manufacturing company is intending to use its water

cooled condenser for its proposed cold storage room. The name
plate of the condenser gives the following specifications:
refrigerant
ammonia
condenser water inlet .
30C
condenser water outlet
40C
condensing temperature
35C
refrigerant flow
3.84 kg/min
circulating water flow
120 kg/min
(a) If the company decided to purchase a new compressor and
evaporator, find the tonnage of the system and the temperature
in the evaporator, (b) what is the COP? (c) find the theoretical
hp required.
Ans. (a) 19.73 TR; -8C, (b) 4.83,
(c) 19.26 hp .
(4) A standard ammonia vapor-compression cycle developing

20 tons of refrigeration operates with a condensing temperature
of 32C and an evaporating temperature of -14C. Calculate the
(a) refrigerating effect, (b) circulating rate of refrigerant, (c)

theoretical power, (d) COP, (e) gallons per minute of cooling water
in the condenser, if ~t is 8Co, (f) quality of the refrigerant entering
the evaporator, and (g) temperature of the refrigerant leaving the
compressor. (l gallon contains 8.33 lb. of water)
Ans. (a) 1093.7 kJ/kg, (b) 3.86 kg/min.,
(c) 15.44 kW, (d) 4.56, (e) 40.6 gpm
(5) Asingle-acting, twin-cylinder 15.25 x 15.25-cm. compressor
receives saturated ammonia vapor at -18C and discharges it at
1514.3 kPa. The system is used to produce ice at a final temperature
of -10C from water at 27C. The compressor runs at 450 rpm with
an actual volumetric efficiency of 78%. Assume compression and
mechanical efficiencies to be 82% and 88%, respectively. Calculate
the following: (a) capacity of the system in tons of refrigeration, (b)
brake hp required by the compressor, (c) tons of ice produced per
day if compressor runs only 20 hours a day. Assume losses to be
10% of the refrigeration required to produce the ice, and (d) ideal
and actual COP.
Ans. (a) 17.04 TR, (b) 32 hp, (c) 8.37 tons, (d) 3.4,2.79
(6) An R-12 standard refrigeration cycle operates at an
evaporating pressure of 386 kPa and a condensing pressure of 1009
kPa. Show the effects of decreasing the vaporizing pressure to 270
kPa on the following: For a unit mass, (a) refrigerating effect, (b)
COP, and (c) work. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW, (d)
power, (e) mass flow rate, (f) heat rejected, and (g) volume flow
rate.
(7) An industrial plant has available a 4-cylinder, 76-mm bore
by 102-mm stroke, 800 rpm, single-acting compressor for use with
Refrigerant 12. Proposed operating conditions for the compressor
are 38C condensing temperature and 5C evaporating temperature.
It is estimated that the refrigerant will enter the expansion valve
as a saturated liquid, that the vapor will leave the evaporator ata
temperature of 7C, and will enter the compressor at a temperature
of 13C. Assume a compressor volumetric efficiency of 70 per cent.
Assume frictionless flow. Calculate the refrigerating capacity in
kW for a system equipped with this compressor.
Ans. 40.96 kW
-----..L
(8) A refrigerant 12 refrigeration system requires a load of

54 kW at an evaporator pressure of 270 kPa and a condenser
pressure of 1009 kPa. The refrigerant is subcooled 10 degrees
before entering the expansion valve and vapor is superheated
14 degrees before entering the compressor. A twin-cylinder
compressor with stroke equal to 1.25 times the bore is to be used
at a speed of 27 r/s. The volumetric efficiency is 84 per cent.
Determine (a) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for
an l l-degree increase in temperature, (b) the bore and stroke,
and (c) the compressor power.
Ans. (a) 1.40 kg/s, (b) 8.58 x 10.73 ern, (c) 10.5 kW
(9) A refrigerant 22 refrigeration system carries a load of
82 kW at an evaporator pressure of 354 kPa and a condenser
pressure of 1460 kPa. The liquid refrigerant is subcooled by 4
degrees before entering the expansion valve and the vapor is
superheated by 5 degrees before entering the compressor. The
compressor operates at 28 r/s. The stroke-to-bore ratio of the
twin-cylinder compressor is 1.20 and the actual volumetric
efficiency is 82 per cent. Determine (a) mass flow rate of
refrigerant, (b) mass flow rate of cooling water in the condenser
for a 7-degree change in temperature, and (c) the bore and stroke.
Ans. (a) 0.5025 kg/s, (b) 3.43 kg/s, (c) 9.2 x 11 em
(10) A refrigerant 22 refrigerating system is operating with
a condenser temperature of 42C and an evaporating
temperature of OC. (a) If the liquid line from the condenser is
soldered to the suction line from the evaporator to form a simple
heat exchanger and if as a result of this the. saturated vapor
leaving the evaporator is superheated 10 degrees, how many
degrees will the saturates liquid leaving the condenser be
subcooled? Determine (b) the volume flow rate, and (c) the
compressor work.
Ans. (a) 5.3C, (b) 1.102 L/sITR, (c) 0.662 kWITR
(11) In a conventional refrigeration cycle which uses Freon
12 as the refrigerant, the temperature of the evaporating fluid
is -20C. It leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor at -20C
and enters the compressor. The pressure in the condenser is 1.30
MPa. The liquid leaves the condenser and enters the expansion
valve at 40"C. It is proposed to modify this cycle by adding a
heat exchanger that would superheat the suction vapor to 25C.

Compare the coefficient of performance of these two cycles. What
is the temperature of the refrigerant entering the expansion valve
with the heat exchanger? For a load of 50kW, determine the
vol ume flow rate for both cycles.
Ans. 2.79, 2.80, 12C, 0.0522m 3/s, 0.0523 m
3/s
Chapter
Actual Vapor Compression Cycle

As the refrigerant flows through the system there will be
pressure drops in the condenser, evaporator, and piping. Heat
losses or gains will occure depending on the temperature
difference b e twee n the refrigerant and the surroundings.
Compression will be polytropic with friction and heat transfer
instead' of isentropic. The actual vapor compression cycle may
have some or all of the items of departure from the simple
saturation cycle as shown on the p-l.diagram in Fig. 3-1.
as
1
Enthal~y,
kJJkg
Fig. 3-1. Actual vapor compression cycle
.......l
1.)
2.)
3.)
4,)
5.)
6,)
7.)
8.)
9.)
10.)
11.)
12.)
Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 59
Superheating of the vapor in the evaporator, 10-11.
Heat gain in the suction line, 11-12.
Pressure drop in the sunction line, 12-13.
Pressure drop due to wire drawing at the compressor
suction valve, 13-1.

Polytropic compression with friction and heat transfer, 1-2.
Pressure drop at the compressor discharge valve, 2-3.
Pressure drop in the delivery line, 3-4.
Heat loss in the delivery line, 4-5.
Pressure drop in the condenser, 4-6.
Subcooling of the liquid in the condenser or subcooler, 6-7.
Heat gain in the liquid line. 7-8.
Pressure drop in the evaporator, 9-10.
Show the thermodynamic states at various points on p-h

diagram and calculate:
(a) Refrigerating capacity in TR assuming 2 per cent loss
of useful refrigeration by heat gain from room in brine cooler
(b) Rate of flow of ammonia
(c) Compressor IHP and mechanical efficiency
(d) Compressor volumetric efficiency
(e) COP of the cycle
(D
Make a system heat balance.
SOLUTION
The pressure drop in the evaporator is large and that in the

condenser is small. Due to various pressure drops, the capacity
of the plant is decreased and the power consumption per unit of
refrigeration is increased. The COP of the actual cycle is reduced.
Q.
110C
(3-1) The following data were taken from a test on a twin

cylinder, single-acting 15 em x 20 ern, 320 rpm compressor
ammonia refrigeration plant.
Temperatures of refrigerant:
After expansion valve
Entering brine cooler
Leaving brine cooler
Entering compressor
Leaving condenser
Entering condenser
Leaving condenser
Entering expansion valve
Pressures of refrigerant:
Compressor discharge and condenser
Compressor suction
Brine circulation
Temperature drop of brine in cooler
Specific heat of brine
Input to motor
Motor efficiency at this load
Compressor jacket cooling water
Temperature rise of jacket water
.&.
-25C
-25C
-18C
-8C
120C
110C
30C
32C
1352 kPa
132 kPa
102kg/min
7Co
3.14kJlkg (K)
18.8 kW
92 %
5 kg/min
8.9 C
Qc
5
<'-'lId alorap room
Brine pump
Expansion32"C
valve
3O"-C
condenser
Q4-6
60

(c)
lit
as
,,
Qj
lit _.
120C
152.2 kPa
132kPa
I~
Energy balance about compressor
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
h, == h, at 30C == 341.77 kJfkg
h, == h 6 == h, at 32C == 351.5 kJfkg
h, == h at 132 kPa and-18"C = 1445 kJfkg

h. == h at 132 kPa and -8C == 1470 kJlkg
(a)
(rn) (hI)
= (m) (h.) + Qj
W = (m) (h 2-h) + Qj
W = ~ H +' Q.J
+ W
Change of enthalpy, ~H = (rn) (h 2-h l ) = (2.091) (1725 - 1470)
= 533.2 kJ/min
VI
==
at 32kPa and -8C == 0.95 m 3fkg

h, == h at 1352 kPa and 120C = 1725 kJfkg
Heat of jacket water, Qj = (row) (c) (~ t w)

= 186.3 kJ/min
h,
;=
h at 1352 kPa and 110C == 1700 kJfkg
Compressor indicated work, W
= (1.02) (rn.)
(c.) (~tb)
= (1.02) (102) (3.14) (7)
= ~ H + Q.J = 533.2 + 186.3

= 719.5 kJ/min or 11.99 kW
Refrigerating capacity (from brine)

Q
= (5) (4.187) (8.9)
Compressor IHP
= 11.99 = 16.07 hp
0.746
= 2287 kJ/min
Compressor brake work

_ 2287
- 211
= 10.84 TR
= 17.3kW
Mechanical efficiency
(b)
Refrigerating capacity (from refrigeratiqn)
Qe
= (m) (h, - h 6 )
2287 = (rn) (1445 - 351.5)
m = 2.091 kg/min
= output of motor = (18.8) (0.92)
= indicated work
brake work
_ 11.39
- ~
or 69.31 %
0.6931
(d)
V 1 = (rn) (v 1) = (2.091) (0.95) = 1.986 m 3/min

V0 = ~D2 LN =
.2:...
4
(0.15 m)" (0.20 m) (320x2 cycles/min)
= 2.262 m 3/min
va
(e)
V
Vo
1.986
2.262
=~=--=0.878or87.8%
COP = ~ =
W
2287 kJ/min
= 3.18
I,
(D
Heat balance
Heat input to the system
(a) Compressor, W = 719.5 kJ/min
(b) Evaporator, Qe = 2287 kJ/min
(c) Pipe line from evaporator to compressor,
Q7.1 = (m) (h 1-h 7) = (2.091) (1470-1445)
= 53.3 kJ/min
(3-2) An ammonia compression plant is to be designed for

a capacity of 50 TR. The system operates with a condensing
temperature of 40C and an evaporating temperature of -20C.
The other data are the following:
Temperatures
leaving evaporator
entering compressor
leaving compressor
entering condenser
leaving condenser
entering expansion valve
Wiredrawing
suction valve
discharge valve
Compressor speed
Mechanical efficiency
Volumetric efficiency
Stroke-to- bore-ratio
-10C
-5C
95C
85C
33C
36C
20 kPa
40 kPa
400 rpm
80%
77%
1.3
(d) Pipe line from condenser to expallsion valve,

Q4-5 = (m) (h 5-h 4) = (2.091) (351.5 - 341. 77)
= 20.3 kJ/min
Total heat input = 719.5 + 2287 + 52.3 + 20.3
= 3079.1 kJ/min
Heat rejected by the system
(a) Jacket cooling water, Q.J = 186.3 kJ/min
A twin-cylinder, double-acting compressor is to be used. The

heat absorbed by jacket water is 30 per cent of the indicated
work of the compressor. Determine (a) the bore and stroke
(b) the brake work, (c) the heat lost or gained between compressor
and condenser, and (d) the heat rejected from the condenser.
SOLUTION
(b) Pipe line from compressor to condenser,

Q2-3 = (m) (h 2- h) = (2.091) (1725-1700)
= 52.3 kJ/min
(c) Condensing cooling water,
Qc = (m) (h 3-h4) = (2.091) (1700-341. 77)
= 2840.1 kJ/min
.~
180.74 kP.
~ _11.O14_~.
=lO~
_
Total heat rejected = 186.3 + 52.3 + 2840.1

= 3078.7 kJ/min
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h.
= hi
at 33"C
= 3fi6.3 kJ/kg
Actual Vapor Compression Cycle (-):-)
(b)
"
GH =
(rn )
(h, - h 9 ) = (9.69) (1650 - 1470)
1744.2 kJ/min
QJ = 0.30 W
190.74 kPa .9
_-'It-----,I-'--I
W = GH + QJ
W
= 1744.2
+ 0.30 W
W = 2491. 7 kJ/min or 41.53 KW
170.74kPa
Brake work
indicated work
41.53 = 51.91kW
0.8
or 69.56 hp
COMPRESSOR
h , = h.at 33C = 356.3 kJlkg

h 6 = h, = h, at 36C = 370.96 kJlkg
h,
= hat 190.74 kPa and -10C
= 1460 kJlkg
h, = h at 190.74 kPa and -5C = 1470 kJlkg

v
h,
= v at 170.74 kPa and h. equal to h; = 0.75

= h at 1557 kPa and 95C = 1650 kJlkg
3lkg
h, = h at 1557 kPa and 85C = 1628 kJlkg
Q
(a)
m =h _
s
(50 tons) (211 kJ/min.ton)

(1460 - 370.96) kJlkg
V = (rn ) (v
1
= (9.69 kg/min) (0.75 m 3lkg) = 7.268 m
V 1 _ 7.268 = 9.439 rrrVmin

VD=n- 0.77
va
v _ It D2 LN
D-
=:
D 2 (1.3 D) (400) (2) (2)
D = 0.1794 m or 17.94 em
L = (1.3) (17.94) = 23.32 em
...
3/min
Ql-4
(d)
Qc
= (rn ) (h1- h 4 ) = (6.69) (1650-1628) = 213.2 kJ/min

= (rn )
(h.l-h) = (9.69) (1628-356.3) = 12,323 kJ/min
(3-3) An ammonia compression plant is to be designed for

a capacity of 30 TR. The cooling water temperature requires a
condenser pressure of 1400 kPa and the brine temperature a
pressure of 291.6 kPa in the brine cooler. The following
temperatures will exist at the points designated:
compressor suction
OC
en tering condenser
90C
leaving condenser
32C
leaving evaporator
-5C
Wiredrawing through compressor valves
suction
35 kPa
discharge
70 kPa
A two-cylinder, vertical cern pressor is to be used at 120
m/min piston speed.
80%
adiabatic compression efficiency
82k
volumetric efficiency
75 clr
stroke-to-bore ratio
1.20
\
9.439
= 9.69 kg/min
(c)
Determine (a) the rate of circulation of ammonia, (b) the BHP

of the compressor, (c) the heat rejected at the condenser, (d) the
bore, stroke, and rpm of the compressor, and (e) the COP.
66
(c)
SOLUTION
Qc = (m ) (h,
- h.)
= (5.685 kg/min) (1645 -
351.5) kJ/kg
= 7353.5 kJ/min
(d)
r/
as
~.
un
_.
.,.
VI
va
6'
___
291.6kPa
_~.6JtP.!
__
"~~l ,
"
O.C
V
-lOC
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h~ = h 6 = h, at 32C = 351.5 kJ/kg

h, = h at 291.6 kPa and _5C = 1465 kJ/kg
= h at 1470 kPa and sz equal to SI = 1745 kJ/kg

= h at 1400 kPa and 90C = 1645 kJ/kg
(30 tons) (211 kJ/min.ton) = 5.685 kg/min

(1465 - 351.5) kJlkg
Q"
= h_-h o
(a)
(b)
Isentropic work
Actual work
Indicated work
= h, -
h. = 1745 - 1475
= 270 kJ/kg
isentropic work _ 270 = 329.3 kJlkg

n
0.82
c
= (5.685 kg/min) ~329.3 kJ/kg)

= 1872.1 kJ/min or 31.2 kW
=
31.2
0.746 = 41.82 hp
indicated work
41.82
.
.
=
BHP
of compressor = mechanical
efficiency
0.80
= 52.28 hp
=~
4
(rpm)
= 0.1965 m or 19.65 em
= (1.20) (19.65) = 23.58 em
rpm
(e)
60
120 m/min
=-- m
rpm
(2) (rpm)
D2 LN
7t
60
3.639= (-4DZ) ( - ) (2)
rpm
h, = h at 291.6 kPa and OC = 1475 kJlkg
3/kg
v I = v at 256.6 kPa and h. equal to h, = 0.48 m
hz,
_ 2.729 = 3.639 m/min

0.75
piston speed
(rpm)
" ,,-r
' C
h,
= (m ) (VI) = (5.685 kg/min) (0.48 mvkg) = 2.729 m/min
Vo
t;
VI
"1
_ piston speed
2L
COP
= 254
(30 tons) (211 kJ/min.ton) = 3.38

(31.2 kJ/s) (60 s/min)
(3-4)
A simple ammonia compression system has a
compressor with a piston displacement of 1. 76 m Vm in , a
condenser pressure of 1557 kPa and an evaporator pressure of
227 kPa. The liquid is subcooled to 35C and the vapor leaving
the evaporator and entering the compressor is -6C. The
temperature of the vapor leaving the compressor is 90C. The
heat rejected from the ammonia to the compressor jacket is 5070
kJ/h. The volumetric efficie vcy of the compressor is 80%.
Determine" (a) machine capacity in tons, (b) IHP of the
compressor, and (c) COP of machine based on indicated work.
68
SOLUTION
""
.LV-V.'
...... _
1<
"
CII
90C
A
_:
'\.
II
(3-5) Saturated vapor Freon 12 refrigerant at 219.12 kPa

leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor at minus 5C.
The refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 25C
and enter the expansion valve at 22C. Heat rejected from the
condenser amount to 74 KW. The work to the compressor is 55.5
kJlkg, while the heat lost from the compressor is 4.2 kJlkg. If
1.15 kJlkg of heat are lost in the piping between the compressor
and condenser, calculate the refrigeration capacity in tons.
SOLUTION
I'~ l
"
'I
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
~
h , = h , = h. at 35C = 366.1 kJlkg

h,
=h
v1
==
at 227 kPa and -6C
= 1465 kJ/kg
v at 227 kPa and -6C = 0.55 m.3lkg
h , == h at 1557 kPa and 90C = 1640 kJ/kg

(a)
(n
V1
(V )
o
)
v
CII
6 '
= (0.80) (1.76) = 1.408 m.3/min
2 56 k g/ mIn
.
1 = 1.408 mvrnin
m =V_
=.
v1
0.55 m 3/kg
Q
e
= (rn) (h 1-h4 )
2813.2
211
(b)
= (2.56) (1465 - 366.1)
219.12 kPa
.c.'
Enthalpy, kJlkg
= 2813.2 kJ/min
l.15kJ11rg
= 13.33 TR
4.2kJ/kg
~H
= (m)
Q].
= - - = 84.5 k.I/min
= Q + ~ H = 84.5 + 448 = 532.5 kJ/min or
(h, - h.)
= (2.56) (1640 -
5070
60
1465)
= 448 kJ/min
55.5kJ/kg
'
8.875 kW
IHP
(c) COP
= 8.875
0.746
11:9 h
= refrigerating effect
indicated work
h, :;:: h at 219.12 kPa and -5C = 350 kJlkg

_ 2813.2
- 532.5
5.28
= 223.65 kJlkg
== h, at 22C = 220.75 kJlkg
h 4 = h, at 25C
h, :;:: h,
h. :;:: h g at 219.12 kPa = 347.13 kJ/kg

I
..l
Energy balance about compressor,

h, + 4.2 = h. + 55.5
h,
= 350
+ 55.5 - 4.2
= 401.3
SOLUTION
Qc
kJ/kg
Energy balance about piping from compressor to condenser,

h, + 1.15 = h,
I'
Expansion Q
valve
e
h, = 401.3 - 1.15 = 400.15 kJ/kg
1'1
....l
Energy balance about condenser,

qc + h, = h,
qc
= 400.15-223.65 = 176.5 kJ/kg
(a)
Qe
Q
74 kJ/s
mass flow rate, m = -c=
= 0.419 kg/s
qc
176.5 kJ/kg
Refrigerating capacity
= (rn) (h 7-h6 ) = (0.419) (347.13-220.75)
= (100 tons) (3.52 kW/ton) = 352 kW
Actual work =
(b) Refrigerating load
= (m w) (c) (~tw) = (m w) (4.187) (22-2)

= 83.74m w kW
= 52.95 kW
83.74m w = 352
= 15.04 TR
52.9 kW
= 3.52 kW/ton
(3-6) A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed

to have a capacity of 100 tons of refrigeration. It produces chilled
water from 22C to 2C. Its actual coefficient of performance is
5.86 and 35 per cent of the power supplied to the compressor is
lost in the form of friction and cylinder cooling losses. Determine:
Qe
352
= - - = 60 kW
actual COP
5.86
m w = 4.2kg/s of chilled water

. the evaporator = 22 + 2 = 120C
mean temperature of water In
2
From the steam table, the specific volume of water at 12C,
v f = 0.0010005m 3/kg
Volume flow rate of chilled water
(a) -size of the electric more required to drive the

compressor in kW,
(b) volume flow rate of the chilled water in liters per
second, and
(c) the condenser cooling water required in kg/s for a
temperature rise of lOCo.
= (4.2 kg/s) 90.0010005 m 3/kg)
(c) Qj
= 0.0042 m 3/s or 4.2 Lis

= 0.35W = (0.35) (60) = 21kW
Energy balance about the system
Q c + Qj
= W + Q
e
Qc + 21
= 60 + 352
o, = 391 kW
72
Condenser cool i ng water, me :::
Qr
(c)(L\t)
w
\\
V0
391
(4.187)(10)
:::
41t
D2 LN :::
1t
.
"4
(0.25 m)" CO.30rn) (300x4 cycles/min)
::: 17.671 m Vmin
t'l
'h
iI,r
= 9.34 kg/s
VI
(3-7) A 4-cylinder, single acting ammonia compressor 25

ern x 30 ern operates at 300 rpm. Condenser and evaporator
pressure are 1204 kPa and 227 kPa, respectively. The vapor from
the evaporator to the suction of the compressor is dry saturated
and there is no subcooling in the condenser. Clearance factor of
the compressor is 2 per cent. Compression process is polytropic
with n = 1.20. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect, (b) the
horsepower required. (c) the heat rejected to compressor jacket
water, and (d) the heat rejected at the condenser.
::: (nv e ) (Vo ) ::: (0.9397) (17.671) ::: 16.605 rn 3/min
VI
rn :::
J'
VI
:::
16.605 m 3/min
0.52826 m Vkg
npiv i [(P2)~
n
-1]
1-n
PI
::: - -
:::
(1.20)(227)(052826) [( 1204)\~~~1 -1]

1-1.20
227
::: 230.66 kJ/kg
SOLUTION
::: 230.66 kJ/kg (31.43 kg/min) ::: 7247.3 kJ/min

or 120.76 kW
CIS
::: 120.79 ::: 1619 h

0.746
. P
l204kPa
- ..
(c)
1.
227 kPa
41
, ...
'"
-16C
h, = h, at 1204 kPa = 346.6 kJ/kg
::: h g at 227 kPa
v] :::
Vg
at 227 kPa
= 1442.6 ktl/kg
= 528.26 L/kg
(a) Refrigerating effect ::: h t-h 4

(b) n ::: 1 + c-c
vc
:::
P ..2.
1204 ..l...
[2]
= 1 + 0.02-0.02 [ _
_]1.20
P.
227
::: 0.9397
1442.6 - 346.6 ::: 1096 kJ/kg
[_2];: : (0.52826) [ 12272]l.2O

::: 0 1315 m 3/kg
PI
04'
h
2
::: h at 1204 kPa and 0.1315 rn 3/kg ::: 1610 kJ/kg
,1H
= (rn)
Enthalpy. kJlkg
h.
::: V
(h2 - h)
= (31.43 kg/min) (1610 -
1442.6) kJ/kg
::: 5261.4 kJ/min

Qj
(d) Q e
= W-dH = 7247.3-5261.4 ::: 1985.9 kJ/min or 33.1 kW

= (m) (h2-h3 ) ::: (31.43) (1610-346.6) ::: 39,709 kJ/min
or 661.8 kW
74-
,
t
,~
(3-8)
An ammonia compression system operates at a
capacity of 150 tons. Condensation temperature is 35C. The
evaporation temperature in brine cooler is -24C. Ammonia
leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor at -8C.
Ammonia enters the expansion valve at 30C. Were drawing
through the compressor valves: suction 35 kPa, discharge 70
kPa, compression is polytropic with n = 1.22, volumetric efficiency
is 75%. Calculate (a) IHP,(b) heat transferred to cylinder water
jacket, (c) piston displacement, (d) heat transferred to condenser
circulating water, and (e) COP.
h, = h at 1422 kPa and 0.1356 m 3Jkg = 1760 kJ/kg

h,
= h, = 1760 kJ/kg
= nPlvl
n-l
[(..ELy~
I-n
SOLUTION
PI
(1.22)( 124.2)(1.0)
1-1.22
-1]
r(
L
1422) \2~;1 -1] = 380.3 kJ/kg

124.2
= (28.18 kg/min) (380.3 kJ/kg) = 10,717 kJ/min

or 178.6 kW
IHP
~
i
pV U2
~;~ _
_0
= 239.4 hp
= (m) (h 2-h 1 ) = (28.18 kg/min) (1760-1465) kJ/kg

= 8313.1 kJ/min
-t,-),
, 1 "
(b) ~H
178.6
~c
'"
-2~OC
Q.J =
W-~H = 10,717-8313.1 = 2403.9 kJ/min or 40.07 kW
(c) VI = (m) (v 1) = (28.18 kg/min) (1.0 m 3Jkg ) = 28.18 m 3/min
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h, = h, at 30C = 341.8 kJ/kg

h,
v I = v at 124.2 kPa and h. equal to h, = 1.0 m 3Jkg
Qe
050 tons) (211 kJ/min.ton) = 28.18 kg/min

(1465-341.8) kJ/kg
h, -h 5
I
V
2
.....1
V8
= 37.57 m 3/min
= h at 159.2 kPa and -8C = 1465 kJ/kg
h. = h, = 1465 kJ/kg
(a) m
28.18
VD =nVI
- - = 075
= V [~] -;- = 0.0)[124.2]1.2'2 = 0.1356 m 3Jkg

I
PI
1422
(d) Qc == (m) (h 3-h4 ) = (28.18) (1760-341.8) = 39,965 kJ/min

or 666.1 kW
(e) COP = h 6-hs
=
1465-341.8
380.3
= 2.95
PROBLEMS
(1) A Freon 12 refrigeration system, with a 10-TR capacity
and a coefficient of performance of 3.23, operates with a
condenser pressure of 984.5 kPa and an evaporator pressure of
150.8 kPa. The temperatures entering and leaving the
compressor are -10C and 80C, respectively. The temperature
entering the expansion valve is 34C. The compressor is water
jacketed and operateds with unknown pressure drops through
the valves. Compute (a) the mass flow rate per minute, (b) the
indicated work, and (c) the heat removed by the jacket water.
Ans. (a) 18.43 kg/min, (b) 19.87 kW, (c) 270.5 kJ/min
(2)
A test of a 10-TR ammonia vapor compression
refrigeration system gave the following results:
condenser pressure
1600 kPa
evaporator pressure
191 kPa
temperature leaving evaporator coils
-10C
temperature entering compressors
OC
temperature leaving compressors
100C
temperature entering condenser
80C
temperature leaving condenser
38C
coefficient of performance
3.1
(A) Find heat lost or gained, (a) between evaporator coils
and" compressor, (b) between compressor and condenser, and
(c) to condenser water.
~
(B) 'Find, (a) temperature in the evaporator coils in

saturated state, and (b) quantity of the vapor in the evaporator
coils fol~wing expansion through valve.
(C)
water.
Find, (a) the work, and (b) the heat absorbed by jacket
Ans. A: (a) 44.37 kJ/min,
(b) 106.1 kJ/min,
(c) 2399.5 kJ/min
B: (a) -20C
(b) 14.62%
C: (a) 11.34 kW,
(b) 329.5 kJ/min
(3) A refrigerant 12 refrigerating system operates with a

condensing temperature of 38C and an evaporating temperature
of -12C. The refrigerant leaves the evaporator and enters the
compressor at -2C. The compressor is a 4-cylinder, V
arrangement single acting type, direct driven by an electric motor
at 875 rpm. The clearance is 5 per cent, the capacity is 40 tons,
bore-stroke ratio is 1.25 and the compression is polytropic with
n = 1.275. Determine (a) the bore and stroke, (b) the piston speed,
(c) the indicated hp of the compressor.
Ans. (a) 14.73 x 11.78 em, (b) 206.2m/min, (c) 50.3 hp
(4) A food freezing requires 20 tons of refrigeration at an
evaporator temperature of -30C and a condenser temperature
of 35C. The refrigerant Freon 22 is subcooled 4C before entering
the expansion valve and the vapor is superheated 5C before
leaving the evaporator. The clearance is 4%, the suction and
discharge valve pressure drops are 35 kPa and 50 kPa,
respectively. Compression is polytropic with n = 1.08. The
mechanical efficiency is 75%. An 11.5 x 11.5-cm, six cylinder
single acting compressor running at 1000 rpm is used. Determine
(a) clearance volumetric efficiency, (b) piston displacement, (c)
total volumetric efficiency, (d) theoretical hp, (e) actual hp, (f)
heat rejected during compression, (g) heat rejected to condenser
cooling water, and (h) quantity of cooling water in the condenser
if the temp~ature rise is 6C.
Ans. (a) 67.38%, (b) 7.167 m Vm, (c) 66.61%, (d) 35.86
hp (e) 47.85 hp, (f) 332 kJ/min, (g) 5492.3 kJ/min, (h) 218.6
kg/min
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 79
Chapter
To compressor
Flash tank
)
;]
i'
.1
A multipressure system is a refrigeration system that has

two or more low-side pressures. The low-side pressure is the
pressure of the refrigerant between the expansion valve and the
intake of the compressor. Amultipressure system is distinguished
from the single-pressure system, which has but one low-side
pressure.
Removal of Flash Gas

A saving in the power requirement of a refrigeration system
results if the flash gas that develops in the throttling process
between the condenser and evaporator is removed and
recompressed before complete expansion. The vapor is separated
from the liquid by an equipment called the flash tank. The
separation occurs when the upward speed of the vapor is low
enough for the liquid particles to drop back into the tank.
Normally, a vapor speed of less than 1 mls will provide adequate
separation.
To evaporator
Expansion
valve
Fig. 4-1. Flash tank for removing flash gas

during expansion process
Intercooling
Intercooling between two stages of compression reduces the
work of compression per kilogram of vapor. Intercooling in a
refrigeration system can be accomplished with a watercooled heat
exchanger or by using refrigerant. The watercooled intercooler
may be satisfactory for two-stage air compression, but for
refrigerant compression the water is usually not cold enough.
The alternate method uses liquid refrigerant from the condenser
to do the intercooling. Discharge gas from the low-stage
compressor bubbles through the liquid in the intercooler.
Refrigerant leaves the intercooler as saturated vapor.
Intercooling with liquid refrigerant will usually decrease the
total power requirements when ammonia is the refrigerant but
not when refrigerant 12 or 22 is used.
Two evaporators and one compressor

(4-1)
Calculate the power required by a system of one
compressor serving two evaporators. On evaporator carries a
load of 35 kW at 10C and the other a load of 70 kW at -5C. A
back-pressure valve reduces the pressure in the 10C evaporator
to that of the -5C evaporator. The condensing temperature is
37C. The refrigerant is ammonia. What is the COP?
80
SOLUTION:
10
,
~
0e
evaporator
Condenser
mass flow rate, m 4 ==
35
35
h 5-h4
== 1471.6-375.9 == 0.0319 kg/s
-5e evaporator
,..-
Evaporator
35KW
]ODC
I
I
.... 1A
Pressurereducing
valve
or
Evaporator
70KW
-5OC
mass flow rate, m 7 == -..7..Q
h g-h 7
==
70
1456.2-375.9 == 0.0648 kg/s
Total mass flow rate, m 1 == m 6 + m s == m 4 + m
== 0.0319 + 0.0648 == 0.0967 kg/s
h&
M6
hI
~
MI
.I
hS
3/
I /4
1432kPa
616 kPa
>2
//~C
MS
m.h. == m 6h6 et- m.h,
356 kPa
(0.0967) h,
== (0.0319) (1471.6) + (0.0648) (1456.2)
hI = 1461.3 kJlkg
Enthalpy, 1rJ1kg
= h, = h, 37C = 375.9 kJlkg

bs = h, = h g at 10C = 1471.6 kJlkg
S2
equal to
SI
= 1665 kJlkg
h, = h,
h g = h g at -5C = 1456.2 kJlkg
Power == (rn.) (h 2-h 1 ) == (0.0967) (1665-1461.3) == 19.7 kW
COP = ~
19.7
= 5.33
fJ '
82
SOLUTION
Two compressors and one evaporator

Two-stage compression with intercooling and removal of flash
gas is often the ideal way to serve one low-temperature
evaporator. This system requires less power than with a single
compressor, and often the saving in power will justify the cost of
the extra equipment.
(4-2) Calculate the power required in an ammonia system
which serves a 210-kW evaporator at -20C. The system uses
two-stage compression with intercooling and removal of flash
gas. The condensing temperature is 32C.
r.
,.----------------11
I
...
...1
Condenser
1--------olIlI----------.
320C
1
PI = saturation pressure at -20C = 190.74 kPa
P4
Intermediate pressure for minimum work,

P2
2
1
-Y090. 74) 0239.6) = 486.3 kPa
=h
at 1239.6 kPa and S4 equal to S3
= 1615 kJ/kg
= h, = h, at 32C = 351.5 kJ/kg
= h = h, at 486.3 kPa = 215.3 kJ/kg
mass flow rate through evaporator,

m r ;:::
tercooler and
flash tank
h, = h at 486.3 kPa and S2 equal to SI = 1563 kJ/kg
h 3 = h g at 486.3 kPa = 1465.5 kJ/kg
h,
6
= -YPIP4
h. . = h g at -20C = 1437.2 kJ/kg
h4
h,
= saturation pressure at 32C = 1239.6 kPa
210
h, - h,
mI
210
= 0.172 kg/s
1437.2 - 215.3
= m = m,
ma
Evaporator
210kW
-3)OC
......-- m2
h2
ha
1239.6kPa
I
it
k. 7 4
1'1
nJ!
7f---!
I
,
32'C
ms
.1
~
190.74 kPa
h7
m7
Enthalpy, kJlkg
Mass balance about intercooler

m 2 = m 7 and m, = m,
.....

84
Mul tipressure Sy:-:tems
Encruy balance about intercooler

mh, + mh, = m.h, +mlh:l
(0.172) n563) + (m) (351.S) = (0.172) (215.3) + (m 3 ) (1465.5)
# (4-3)
In an ammonia system, one evaporator is to provide
200 kW of refrigeration at -30C and another evaporator is to
provide 220 kW at SoC. The system uses two-stage compression
with intercooling and is arranged as shown below. The
condensing temperature is 40C. Calculate the power required
by the compressors. What is the COP of the system?
m:] = 0.208 kg/s
Low-stage power = (rn.) (h 2-h 1) = (0.172) (1563-1437.2)
I-~
4
r--
...
= 21.6kW
High-stage power = (rn.) (h 4 - h ) = (0.208) (1615-1465.5)

=31.1kW
Evaporator
5C
220KW
Total power = 21.6 + 31.1 = 52.7 kW
Two compressors and two evaporators
I'
The system which has two evaporators operating at different

temperature is common in industrial refrigeration.
- - ,-
Intercooler and
flash tank
Evaporator
-30C
200KW
1557kPa
L:
>
1 1+--51772 ~c
120 kPa
5~C
-30C
-----Enthalpy, kJlkg
----l
~II~
86
mass flow rate through high-stage compressor,

m, == m 6 + m = 0.204 + 0.218 = 0.422 kg/s
SOLUTION
h, = h , at -30C = 1422.9 kJ/kg
equal to
S2
SI
= 1630 kJ/kg
h,.) = h g at 5C = 1466.8 kJ/kg
h,
=h
at 1557 kPa and
equal to
S4
SI
= 1625kJ/kg
=h, =hi at 5C = 223.2 kJ/kg
COP
-30C Evaporator
___ "
200
--
h -h
1422.9-223.2
')()()
mass flow rate, m! ==
of
~
\
m7
= m , == m 2 == ill l
5C Evaporator
200
200
mass flow rate, m 6 = - - - == 1466.8-390.8 == 0.204 kg/s
h 3-h 6
Heat balance about intercooler
1.
Dl_
..
las
---t
he
bor
..,
mh, + m.h,
= rnh, + m.h,
390.6m + (0.167) (1630) == 1466.8m + (0.167) (223.2)

m = 0.218 kg/s
\) =
(0.167) 0630-1422.9)
High-stage power = (m 3 ) (h 4 - h ) == (0.422) 0625-1466.8)

= 66.76 k\V
Total power == 34.59 + 66.76
hi) = h, = hi at 40C = 390.6 kJ.kg

h,
Low-stage power = (rn.) (h 2- h

= 34.59 kW
==
= 4.142
= 101.4 kW
'.
iii:'
88
Multipressure
Sy~t('ms
PROBLEMS
(1) In an ammonia refrigeration system, the capacity is
210 kW at a temperature of -20C. The vapor from the evaporator
is pumped by one compressor to the condensing pressure of 1431
kPa. Later, the system was revised to a two-stage compression
operating on the cycle shown below with intercooling but no
removal of flash at 555 kPa.
(a)
Calculate the power required by the single compressor
in the original system.
(b)
Calculate the total power required by the two
compressors in the revised system.
(2) An ammonia refrigeration system has a capacity of210

kW at an evaporating temperature of -20C when the condensing
pressure is 1431 kPa.
(a)
Compute the power requirement for a system with a
single compressor.
(b)
Compute the total power required by the two
compressors in the system shown below where there is no
intercooling but there is flash-gas removal.
"
.1
.2
555kPa
Intercooler
Evaporator I
2
Evaporator
210kW I
210kW
-20C
-20OC
Ans. (a) 60.36 kW (b) 56.23 kW
Ans. (a) 60.35 kW, (b) 56.87 kW
Refrigeration and Air Conditio,ning 91

.J
SOLUTION
Chapter
(a)
Refrigerant 22 cycle
Cascade Systems
497.6kPa
as
!l
~~
::l
gj
f'
/,
,~
A cascade system combines two vapor-compression units, with

the condenser of the low-temperature system discharging its heat
to the evaporator of the high-temperature system. Cascade systems
can normally furnish refrigeration down to about --100C. There
are two types of cascade systems, the closed cascade condenser and
the direct-contact heat exchanger. In the closed cascade condenser
fluids in the high-pressure and low-pressure system may be
different but in the direct-contact heat exchanger the same fluid is
used throughout the system. The direct-contact heat exchanger type
is most common used.
(5-1) Acascade refrigerating system uses refrigerant 22 in the
low-temperature unit and refrigerant 12 in the high-temperature
unit. The system develops 28 kW of refrigeration at -40"C. The
refrigerant 12 system operates at -lODe evaporating and 38C
condensing temperature. There is a 10-degree overlap of
temperatures in the cascade condenser. Calculate (a) the mass flow
rate of refrigerant 22, (b) the mass flow rate of refrigerant 12, (e)
the power required by the refrigerant 22 compressor, and (d) the
power required by the refrigerant 12 compressor.
.c
condenser
1/
105kPa
"' -,
ODe
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h, = h, = h, at ODe = 200 kJlkg

h)
= h g at -40
= 388.6 kJlkg
DC

Jill
Qe
h 1-h4
S2
equal to s) = 427 kJlkg
28 kJ/s
= (388.6-200) kJlkg
0.1485 kg/s
(b)
914.2kPa
WI
Expansion
.Ie
G)
~2
as
Hlp-pmsltte
'1
E~
::l
00
00
.Ie
219.1 kPa
1/ '~De
"
"
-lODe
"'2
to
Low-pressure
tvaponlor
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h.
= h~ = hi at 38C = 236.R
k,J/kg
92 Cascade Systems
h.:J = h g at -IOoe = 347.1 kJlkg
S6
SOLUTION
equal to
85
= 372 kJlkg
(a) Ammonia cycle
(b) Refrigerant 12 cycle
"
~~
.,,,,~
..,
MS
m5
ba
Energy balance about cascade condenser,
m.h, + rn.h, = m.h, + rn.h,
~
).
"
ooe
m;j(hs-h s ) = m 1(h2-h 3 )
m s(347.1-236.5) = (0.14.85) (427-200)

m s = 0.3048kg/s
(c) Refrigerant 22 cycle
W 2 = m 1 (h 2 - h.) = (0.1485) (427 - 388.6) = 5.70kW
(d) Refrigerant 12 cycle
W 1 = m, (h 6 - h) = (0.3048) (372 - 347.1) = 7.59 kW
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h, = h, = h. at ooe = 200 kJ/kg

h) = h g at -35e = 1415.2 kJ/kg
v) = v g at --35e = 1212.5 L/kg
h, = h at 430.4 kPa and S2 equal to s) = 1620 kJ/kg
Qe
10kJ/s
m) = h)-h 4 = (1415.2 _ 200) kJ/kg = 0.00823 kg/s
V - -V)-
D nva
= 11.74
(m)) (v)
n va
(0.00823 kg/s)
(1212.5 L/kg)
~
~
0.85
Lis
(5-2) The events of a cascade, split-stage, low-temperature

refrigerating cycle are as follows: A refrigerant 12 vapor
compression system operates between -10oe and 33e with
saturated liquid on the high side of the expansion valve and
saturated vapor entering the compressor whose volumetric
efficiency is 88 per cent. An ammonia compression system
operates between -35e and ooe with saturated liquid entering
the expansion valve and saturated vapor entering the compressor
whose volumetric efficiency is 85 per cent. The refrigerant 1Z
evaporator serves as the condenser for the ammonia. For the
ideal cycle and 10 kW of refrigeration, find (a) the displacement
rate of each compressor, and (b) the total actual power required
for compression efficiencies of 85 per cent.
lI:l
~~
;j
rn
rn
&:.
11
219.1kPa
,.
....
-lOOC
Enthalpy kJlkg
h, = h, = h, at 33e = 231.5 kJ/kg

h. = h g at -10 oe = 347.1 kJ/kg
v . = v g at -10 oe = 76.65 L/kg
h" :;: h at 80S.4 kPa and Sfi equal to
:J
.j
s', =
370 k.Jlkg
94
Cascade Systems
Refrigeration and Air Cond it.ionmg 9.5
m.I h, - h s) = m l (h , - h.)
m, (347.1-231.5)
,)
SOLUTION
= (0.00823) (1620-200)
7
m.:J = 0.101 kg/s
v=
D
V_o
(rn.)
(v .)
:)
,)
n va
\";1
(0.101 kg/s) (76.65 Lis) = 8.80 Lis

=
0.86
(a)
40C
High-pressure
condenser
c:'
Expansion
valve
r-C)
(b) Ammonia cycle

Theoretic work -= mCh, - h.) = (0.00823) (1620 - 1415.2)
==
Actual work
1.69 kW
= 1.69/n c = 1.69/0.85 = 1.99 kW
Expansion
~
~ ml -
-1r-C)
-so-c
Evaporator
Theoretical work == m,_, (h fi- h)

== 2.:31
Actual work
vwve~
Compressor
__---l
= (0.101) (370-347.1)
kW
= 2.31/n c = 2.31/0.85 = 2.72 kW
Total actual work = 1.99 + 2.72 = 4.71 kW
1557kPa
as
!1l
!1l
(5-3) In a certain refrigeration system for low temperature

application, a two stage operation is desirable which employs
ammonia system that serves a 30-ton evaporator at -30C. The
system uses a direct-contact cascade condenser, and the
condenser temperature is 40C. Find the following:
(a) Sketch the schematic diagram of the system and draw
the complete process on the ph diagram.
(b) The cascade condenser pressure in kPa for minimum
work.
(c) The mass flow rate in the low and high pressure loops
in kg/so
(d) The total work.
~a
(432kPa)
P
ll9.9kPa
--r~,
~C
Enthalpy, kJlkg
(b) Intermediate pressure or minimum work ==-V P 1Pfi
= -V (119.9)(1557) = 432 kPa

h. = hI' at -30C = 1422.86 kJ/kg
h , = h at 432 kPa and s~ equal to 8 1 = 1600 kJ/kg
h, = h 4 = h. at 432 kPa = 200.47 kJ/kg
h) = h g at 432 kPa = 1461.81 kJ/kg
h, = h at 1557 kPa and Sfi equal to s, = 1638 ktJ/kg
h == h, == h. at 1;');')7 k Pa == :~~)O,f)9 k,J/kg'
/11'
96 Cascade Systems
Q
(30) (3.52) kJ/s
6 k /
(c) m l = hl-l\ = (1422.86-200.47) kJ/kg = 0.08 4 g s
Low pressure loop
m l = m 2 = m:, = m 4 = 0.0864 kg/s
High pressure loop
m s = m, = m? = m
s
PROBLEMS
(1) A two-stage cascade refrigeration system uses ammonia
as the working substance. The evaporator is at -35C and the
high-pressure condenser is at 1514.2 kPa. The cascade condenser
is a direct-contract type. The refrigeration load is 90 tons.
Determine (a) the mass flow rate in the low-pressure loop, (b)
the mass flow rate in the high-pressure loop, (c) the power
required, (d) the COP, and (e) the quantity of the fluid entering
the evaporator.
Energy balance about heat exchanger
Ans. (a) 0.2572 kg/s, (b) 0.341 kg/s,
m.h, + m.h, = m.h, + m.h,
(c) 116.08 kW, (d) 2.73, (e) 10.37lJt'
m.h, + m.h, = m.h, + m.h,
m s =
m l (h 2 - h,)
h)-hF\
m.o
J1
l
(d) Work of low pressure compressor,

W LP = m l (h , - h.)
"
..1
(0.0864) (1600-200.47) = 0.1129 kg/s

1461.81-390.59
= (0.0864) (1600 -
1422.86)
(2) A two-stage cascade refrigeration system uses ammonia

as the refrigerant. The mass flow rate in the high-pressure loop
is 0.10 kg/so The condenser saturated temperature is 38C and
the evaporator temperature is -40C. The cascade condenser is
a direct-contact type. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect in
tons, (b) the power required, and (c) the COP.
Ans.la) 26.19 tons, (b) 37.22 kW, (c) 2.48
= 15.31 kW
Work of high pressure compressor,

W HP
= m s (hfi- h) = (0.1129) (1638 - 1461.81)

= 19.89 kW
Total work
= 15.31
+ 19.89
= 35.20 kW
6 6
Chapter
The air-cycle system is ideally suited for use in air-craft

because it is light in weight and requires less space than the
vapor-compression cycle. One disadvantage of the air cycle is
that it is not as efficient as the vapor-compression cycle.
Air-cycle refrigeration may be designed and operated either

as an open or a closed system. In the closed or dense-air system,
the air refrigerant is contained within the piping or component
parts of the system at all times and with the refrigerator usually
maintained at pressures above atmospheric level. In the open
system, the refrigerator is replaced by the actual space to be
cooled with the air expanded to atmospheric pressure, circulated
through the cold room and then compressed to the cooler
pressure. Such a system is inherently limited to operation at
atmospheric pressure in the refrigerator.
Air-Cycle Refrigeration
COOLER
r
3
..
'r
Fig. ~l. Closed or dense
Fig,
~2.
..
Open-air system
air system
The air-cycle refrigeration system is the only air cooling

process developed for wide commercial application in which a
gaseous refrigerated is used throughout the cycle. Compression
is accomplished by a reciprocating or centrifugal compressor as
in the vapor-compression cycle, but condensation and evaporation
are, of necessity, replaced by a sensible cooling and heating of
the gas. An air cooler is used in place of a condenser and a
refrigerator in a place of an evaporator. The expansion valve is
replaced by an expansion engine or turbine.
v
Fig. 6-3. Ideal air-refrigeration cycle
Process 1-2: isentropic compression
Process 2-3: constant pressure rejection of heat
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion
Process 4-1: constant pressure absorption of heat
100 Air-Cycle Refri gerat ion
Refri ge r a tion a nd Air Co ndi t ion ing 10 1
Analysis of the Air-Refrigeration Cycle

(1 )
P olytropi c ex pa ns ion
( b)
n-1
nP-aV:1
W =
- [ (- P4)n- - 1]
Refrigerat or
Refrigeratin g effect = (rn) (cp ) (T1- T), kW

whe re m = ma s flow r ate of a ir, kg/s
c p = 1.0 062 kJ/kg.K , specific heat of ai r
at con stant pressure
= nP aV1 [(~)11_1]
1-n
T 2 ) , kW
Pa
(5) Net wo r k
N et work
= ( m ) (c) (T:l -
Pa
n- 1
(2) Cooler
Heat r ej ect ed
1-n
= comp ressor wor k -
ex pa nde r work
(6) Co effici ent of Perform anc e

COP
(3) Comp r essor
= r efrig eratin g effect

work
( a)
Is en tropi c compressi on
W = kP 1V 1
c
1-k
=
(b )
(6- 1) An ai r r efrigerat ion system oper at ing on a closed cycl e

is requir ed t o produce 50 kW of r efrigerati on with a cool er
pressure of 1550 kPa and a r efr igerator pressure of 448 kPa .
Le aving-air te m pe r a t u res a re 25C for cool er a n d 5C f or
r efrigerator. As suming a t heo retic a l cycl e wi th ise n t r op ic
co m p r es s io n a n d ex p a ns io n , n o cl earan ce a n d n o lo s se s ,
d et ermin e (a) th e mas s flow rat e , ( b) th e compress or
di splacem ent , (c) t h e ex pa n de r displ a cement, a n d (d ) t h e COP.
[(p ~ ) k-1 - 1]
PI
kmRT 1 [(p ~ . k - l ]
1-k
~) k - 1
P olytropic compression
[(~ n~l
np lV l
We =
1-n
PI
nmTR J
=
[t ~
PI
l _ n
SOLUTION
p
r=
-- ..
-1
)n:1 - 1 ]
(4) Ex pa nder
--
-..
>
(a) Isentropic expa n sion
v.. F.
T
kp-'IY-1 [(P4
]
=
- )~
k - 1
1- k
P1
_ kmRT1
- 1-k
[(~) k:
P1
1-1]
v
PI =
P2 =
T1 =
T, =
448kPa
1150 kPa
5 + 2 73 = 27 8 K
25 + 27 3 = 298 K
.,.-1'1'(
102 Air-Cycle Refrigeeration
P2
= T 1 [ -PH
-]
T2
1550 1.4-1
[- ] 1.4
448
= 278
P4
k-1
448 1.4-1
P::3] k = 278 [1550] 1.4
= T3 [
T4
k-1
k
(6-2) A 35-kW refrigeration load is to be carried by an air

refrigerating system with a discharge pressure of 1370 kPa and
a refrigerator pressure of 345 kPa. Compression and expansion
processes are polytropic with n = 1.37. The pressure at the start
of expansion is 1344 kPa and the temperature is 32C. Air
temperature leaving the refrigerator is OC and entering the
compressor is 5C. Clearance for both compressor and expander
is 5%. Determine (a) the piston displacement of the compressor
and expander, (b) the net work and, (c) the COP.
= 396 .3K
= 209.0 K
(m) (cp ) (T i - T 4 ) = 50
(a)
(m) (1.006~) (278
- 209) = 50
m = 0.720 kg/s
(b)
SOLUTION
Compressor pirston displacement without clearance,

V =
mRTl
Pi
(0.72) (0.28708) (278)

448
= 0.128
3/
m s
1344kPa
-t---
(c) Expander pistvon displacement without clearance,

V
4
(0.72) (0.28708) (209)

mRT
4i4 =
448
P4
kmRT
n w c =_lrC(_2)
1 - k L PI
k-1
k
= 0.0964 m 3/s
"
448
P2 = 1370 kPa
k-1
= kmRT
[C'(~fk -1]
1 - k . P3
(0.~72)
= 345 kPA
PI
= 1344 kPa
T 1 = 5 + 273 = 278 K
T 3 = 32 + 273 = 305 K
(1.4)
(0.28708) (298)
1-1.4
[(1550)\~~1 -1]
= 85.61 k\W
345kPa
-1
1-1.4
= (1.4) (0 .. 72) (0.28708) (278)
l370kPa
-1----2
P3
448 1.4-1
[ (1550)--rr- -1]
T a-
=0 +
273
= 273 K
64.37 kW
Net work
= 8:,5.61 -
COP = _ 5~
64.37
= 21.24 kW
P2
T2
= T I [ -PI]
= T
= 2.35
4
.=!..
n
1370
= 278 [ 345
-]
!.d1..::!
1.37
- 403
.5 K
p4 .!!=.!
345 !.d1..::!
[ _ ] n = 305 [ _ ] 1.37 = 211.3K
P3
1344
;~
(~,
I~.
104 Air -Cycle Refrigeration

(m ) (c
( a)
ll
(T, - T)
= 35
n-1
(rn ) (1.0062) (273 - 211 .3)
= 35
[ P2]n
PI
vc
= 1 + 0 .05 _ 0 .05[1370J 1.:37
345
= 0 .9132
(0 .564) (0 .28708 ) (278)
345
= 0.1 30 m 3/s
~ :~i~2
pi ston displacement =
= 0 .142 m
3/s
Expander
.
[ P3]n
n vc: =l+c-c P
4
= 1 + 0.05 -0.05 [1344J1.37
345
= 0.9151
mRT 4
volume flow rate = - -
P4
= 0 .099
.
diISP 1acement
piston
(b) W c
mRT
n
(0. 564 ) (0 .28 708) (2 11.3)
345
m 3/s
0 .099
= 0 .108 m 3/s
=
0.9151
P
n-1
[(-i-)-n- ~lJ
= (1.37) (0. 56 4) (0 .28 708 ) (278)

1 - 1.37
= 75.21 kW
= 56 .20 kW
Net work
= 75.21 -
( c) COP =
mRT 1
volume flow rate = - -
Pl
P3
1-n
1.37-1
_ (1.3 7) (0 .56 4) (0 .28708) (305) [( 345 fT37-- 1]
1-1.37
1344
= 0 .564 kg/s
Compressor
n =l+c-c -
= nmRT 3 [(~)n- -1]
[(1370) \1~;1_1J
34 5
:~
1 . 1
56.20
= 1.84
= 19 .01
kW
"
1'1,,(1'
106 Air-Cycle Refrigeration
PROBLEMS
(1) An open air refrigeration system carries a load of 35 kW
with a suction pressure of 103 kPa and a discharge pressure of
690 kPa. The temperature leaving the refrigerator is 5C and
that leaving the cooler is 30C. The compression is polytropic
with n = 1.33 and the expansion is also polytropic but with n =
1.35. Determine the power required and the COP.
Chapter
Steam-Jet Refrigeration
Ans. 23.77 kW, 1.47

(2) An air refrigeration system is required to produce 52.5
kW of refrigerati-on with a cooler pressure of 1448 kPa and a
refrigerator pressure of 207 kPa. Leaving air temperatures are
29C for cooler and 5C for refrigerator. Expansion is. isentropic
and compassion is polytropic with n = 1.34. Determine the COP.
IftZIdfLINB
WA'I'D BITVBN
tnBAII MOZZL&
TOCONDmfBD
Ans. 1.47
1~;~~:::!::':~';-:=:t~"~::~E:"
BOO8I'DZJI:C'I'OJl
SPRATS
IlADUP--
WATER
"_'_".'_16.".
WATEll LAVEL
COImloL
C3CtJLATDJPUIIP / ' "
COOLKDARBA
Fig 7-1. Steam-Jet Refrigeration System
Steam jet refrigeration is a type of water evaporative

refrigeration wherein water is used as the refrigerant. The
principle of operation is based on the fact that water will boil or
vaporize rapidly, at a relatively low temperature, if the pressure
on the surface is reduced sufficiently.
Cascade System 109
A steam jet refrigeration is shown in Fig. 7-1. An ejector

sucks or draws water from the surface of the water in the
evaporator or flash chamber, causing the pressure in the
evaporator to drop. The ejector reduces the pressure in the
evaporator to a point at which the water will vaporize at the
desired temperature. In vaporizing, it absorbs heat and cools
the remainder of the water in the evaporator. The steam pressure
at the ejector nozzle should be about 1030 kPa.
SOLUTION
DaZZle ateam
he
lIlab-up
The evaporation of the water in the evaporator, reduces the

temperature of the water in the evaporator. This cold water, 4C
to 21C, is circulated by means of pumps, to the area to be cooled.
Steam jet systems are used extensively in air conditioning,
and for cooling of water in certain chemical plants for gas
absorption. The cooling temperatures provided by the steam jet
mechanism are usually between 4C and 21C. Temperatures
below 4e are impractical due to the danger of freezing.
.,.t
I
"
(7-1) A steam-jet pump maintains a temperature of 5C in

the evaporator. The cooled water leaves at the same temperature
and warms to 10 as it does its refrigeration. Make-up water is
available at 2re. There are required 1.27 kg of nozzle steam
per kg of vapor removed from the evaporator. For a 175-:[{W plant,
compute the volume of vapor handled, the quantity of steam
needed, and the quantity of chilled water.
13
vapor
water
moe
J,.
W8l1D.water
woe
-.
r---.-
- - - - - ----: .-. -=-:=-"

- -- - .. --- -- --=--=
---
'",":2f'~
~ ~__~::===0
-..::-
I
I
gi!z.S~~
eYaporat.ar
~
water
PUDP
I
I
: 17Gb
I
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
hI
cooled area
L_~
---.J
From the steam table
0e
h, = h, at 5C = 20.98 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 10C = 42.01 kJ/kg
h 3 = h g at 5C = 2510.6 kJ/kg
v3
= v g at 5C = 147.12 m 3/kg
h4
= h, at 2roC = 88.14 kJ/kg
Let z
= vapor removed from the evaporator, carried
by nozzle steam
m
= mass flow rate of chilled water
Energy balance about the whole system, neglecting pump work,

zh, + 175 = zh,
88.14z + 175
/2
= 2510.6z
z = 0.07224 kg vapor/s
volume of vapor removed = zV:l = (0.07224) (147.12)
= 10.63 mvs
kg steam
kg vapor
quantity of nozzle steam = (1.27 kg vapor) (0.07224 second )
= 0.0917 kg/s
Energy balance about the cooled area,

mh, + 175 = mh,
20.98m + 175 = 42.01m
m = 8.32 kg/s
(7-2) A vacuum refrigeration system consists of a large
insulated flash chamber kept at low pressure by a steam ejector
which pumps vapor to a condenser. Condensate is removed by a
condensate to an air vent. Warm return water enters the flash
chamber at 13C; chilled water comes out of the flash chamber
at 5C. Vapor leaving the flash chamber has a quality of 0.97
and the temperature in the condenser is 32C. For 350 kW of
refrigeration.
(a) how much chilled water at 5C does this system provide?
(b) how much make-up water is needed?
(c) how much vapor must the steam ejector remove from the
flash chamber?
SOLUTION
~'i
J
The diagrammatic layout of Problem 7-1 is used in this

problem.
From the steam table
h, = h, at 5C = 20.98 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 13C = 54.60 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 32C = 134.15 kJlkg
h, = h rn + x 3h fg3 ='20.98 + (0.97) (2489.6)
= 2435.9 kJ/kg
v1
= X,1Vj(l = (0.97) (147.1> = 142.7 mVkg
Cascade System 111
(a) Energy balance about the cooled area
m h , + 350 = mh,
20.98m + 350 = 54.60m
m = 10.41 kg/s
(b) Energy balance about the whole system, neglecting pump

work,
zh, + 350 = zh 3.
= 2435.9z
134.15z + 350
z
= 0.1521 kg/s
(c) vapor removed
= zV 3 = (0.1521) (142.7) = 21. 7 kg/s
If"
112
Air Conditioning 113
PROBLEMS
(1) There are removed 3.06 mvs of vapor from the water
evaporator of a vacuum refrigeration system; the warm water
enters the evaporator at 18C and chilled water leaves at 10C;
make-up water enters at 29C. Determine the refrigerating
capacity.
Chapter
Air Conditioning
Ans. 68.99 kW
(2) In a steam jet refrigeration system, the evaporator is
maintained at 6C. The chilled water leaves at the same
temperature and warms to 11C as it absorbs the load. Make-up
water in available at 25C. For a capacity of 50 tons, determine
(a) the quantity of chilled water required, and (b) the volume of
vapor removed.
Ans. (a) 8.381 kg/s, (b) 10.07 m 3/s
Air conditioning is the simultaneous, control of temperature,

humidity, air movement, and the quantiiity of air in a space.
Moist air is a binary mixture of dry air and water vapor.
Dry air is the non-condensing comtponents of the mixture,
mainly the nitrogen and the oxygen.
Vapor is the condensable component cofthe mixture, the water
vapor or steam which may exist in a sarturated or superheated
state.
P, = PH + P,
where P,
= total
mixture pressure
P, = partial pressure exerted I by the dry air
P,
= partial pressure exerted l by
the vapor
Saturated air means that the vapor in the air is saturated.

Unsaturated air is containing super-heated vapor.
Humidity ratio (moisture content, r.mixing ratio or specific
humidity) W is the ratio of the mass of vwater vapor to the mass
of dry air.
Mixt ur e:
air:
mass
volume
mass
volume
temperature
temperature
=V
It
pressure = Pt
pressure
~~
=m
=T
Water vapor:
=mv
mass
volume = Vv =V
Entropy, kJlkg K
Fig.8-2. Isothermal process from super

heated vapor to saturated vapor.
Fig. 8-1. A mixture of dry air and water vapor
w = mass of water vapor

mass of dry air
= mv
rna
Ps V/RsT
Pa V/RaT
o =[:~]t
(8-1) Compute the humidity ratio of air at 65 per cent
relative humidity and 34C when the barometric pressure is
101.3 kPa.
Solution
_ PsRa _
pRa
287ps
_
- PaRs - (pt-Ps)R s - 461.5 (Pt-ps)
Pd = saturation pressure at 34C = 5.318 kPa

Ps = (0) (P d) = (0.65) (5.318) = 3.457 kPa
W=0.622~
Pt -Ps
R a = 287 Jlkg.K, gas constant of dry air
R, = 461.5 Jlkg/J, gas constant of water vapor

Relative humidity 0 is the ratio of the partial pressure of
water vapor in the air to the saturation pressure corresponding
to the temperature of the air.
W=
Ps
P, - P,
0.6~:
~z. -
(0.622) (3.457) = 0.022 kg vaporlkg

101 .3 - 3.457
drv
air
ryal
Enthalpy h of a mixture of dry air and water vapor is the

sum of the enthalpy of the dry air and the enthalpy of the water
vapor. Enthalpy values are always based on some reference
condition, and the zero value of the dry air is chosen as air at
OC and the zero value of the water vapor is saturated liquid
water at OC.
h = cp t + Whg kJlkg dry air
~rAir Conditioning 117
where c = specific heat of dry air at constant pressure

p
= 1.0062 kJfkg.K (approximately)
h = enthalpy of saturated steam at temperature t, kJfkg

g
(8-2) What is the enthalpy of the air-vapor mixture in

Problem (8-1)?
SOLUTION
Wet bulb temperature t w is the temperature of air as

registered by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wetted
wick and exposed to a current of rapidly moving air.
Wet bulb depresssion is the difference between the readings
of the wet and dry bulb thermometers.
Dewpoint temperature t (Ip is the saturation t.emperature
corresponding to the actual partial pressure of the steam in air
or the temperature at which condensation of moisture begins
when the air is cooled at constant pressure.
= cpt + Wh g = (1.0062) (34) + (0.022) (2563.6) = 90.61 kJfkg
Specific volume is the number of cubic meters of mixture per

kilogram of dry air.
t&f
RT
RT
v = _p3 = _3_ m 3fkg of dry air
3
Pt-Ps
(8-3) What is the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture

at 30
and a relative humidity of 40 per cent at 101.3 kPa
pressure?
0e
Entropy,kJlkg . K
SOLUTION
P, = saturation pressure at 30
Ps = (0) (Pd)
0e
= 4.241 kPa
= (0.40) (4.241) = 1.696 kPa
T = 30 + 273 = 303 K
v=
RT
3
P, - P,
I
II
h g = h g at 34e = 2563.6 kJfkg

h
~I
Fig. 8-3
Degree of saturation u is the ratio of the air humidity ratio

W to the humidity ratio W s of saturated air at the same
temperature.
(287)(303)
3fkg
= 101,300-1696 = 0.873 m
dry air
Dry bulb temperature t d is the temperature of air as

registered by an ordinary thermometer.
[;]t
s
(0.622) (p)
u=
Pt - Ps
_ [ Ps ] [PI-Pel]
(0.622) (p) - -p;Pt~Ps
Pt-Pd
= 0 [:~Pel]
I
Ps
(8-4) A mixture of dry air and water vapor is at a

temperature of 21C under a pressure of 101.3 kPa. The dew
point temperature is 15C. Find (a) partial pressure of water
vapor, (b) relative humidity, (c) humidity ratio, (d) enthalpy,
(e) specific volume, and (f) degree of saturation.
(f)
P...L
Ws = 0.622 Pt-Pd
(0.622) (2.4861) = 0.01565 kglkg
Ws = 101.3 _ 2.4861
SOLUTION
u=
W
0.01064 = 0.6799 or 67.999t
W s = 0.01565
Psychrometry is the study of the properties of mixtures of

air and water vapor.
~...
8
Psychrometric properties are the properties of moist air.
8
~
A psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of the

thermodynamic properties of moist air.
Entropy, kJIkg . K
(a) P, = saturation pressure at 15C = 1. 7044 kPa

(b) Pr\

0=
(c) W
~ _ 1.7044
P, - 2.4861 = 0.6856 or 68.5691:
= 0.622
Ps
p _p
t
(0.622) (1. 7044)
=-'.,
f"\.,
()
.,
rt
r A
= 0.01064 kg/kg
(d) h g = h g at 2PC = 2540 kJ/kg

Dry-bulb temperature
h = c p t + Whg = (1.0062) (21) + (0.01064) (2540)

= 48.16 kJ/kg
(e) T = 21 + 273 = 294 K
Fig. 8-4
R a = 287 Jlkg.K
P,
= Pt-Ps = 101.3 -
1. 7044
= 99.6 kPa
R;,T _ (0.287)(294) = 0.847 mvkg dry air

99.6
= -P-,,- -
Constant property lines on a psychrometric chart
't:l
en
'-<:
:::r
"
""i
1"'5
(1)
e-e
:!.
1.lel
<:>
. ~
:r
to
'1
.....
Barometric
pressure
= 101.325 kPa
~..,
~
A'
.~~
~~<\
//S
7S
/10
70
lOS
100
95
90
85
60
II
Ss
~"\
----
-.........- ............
- ....
............
SO
- .~
............ - ........
'It )
<'Is
Basic Processes in Conditioning of Air

The common processes involved in air conditioning are at
practically constant pressures and can be illustrated by lines on
a psychrometric chart.
Sensible Heating
This process involves heating
at constant humidity ratio
(moisture
content).
It
is
represented by a horizontal line
from left to right on the
psychrometric chart.
Air-flow
Ia I
DP - _
Heating coils
7~J
/5
2~O--"1
6/ ~ ~8
(8-6) Determine the quantity of heat required to raise 14

m vrnin. if air at 20C and 80 per cent relative humidity to 350C.
What is the final relative humidity?
SOLUTION
VI
Fig. 8-7.
Basic psychrometric processes
= 20C and 0 1 = 80%,
From the psychrometric chart at td,

h, = 50kJ/kg
mass flow rate, m
= 0.847 m 3/kg
= 14 mVrn in . = 16.53 kg/min

0.84 7
m~3/kg
Process 0-1: Sensible heating

Process 0-2: Sensible cooling
Process 0-3: Humidifying
Process 0-4: Dehumidifying
Process 0-5: Heating and humidifying
Process 0-6: Cooling and dehumidifying
~
Process 0- 7: Cooling and humidifying

Process 0-8: Heating and dehumidifying
The first two processes, sensible heating and cooling, involve
only a change in the dry bulb temperature. Humidifying and
dehumidifying involve a change in humidity ratio (moisture
content). The last four processes involve both changes in
temperature as well as in humidity ratio.
moe
ss-e
O 2 = 349c
h, = 65.5 kJ/kg
Q = m(h 2-h I )
=
= 16.53 (65.5-50)
256.20 kJ/min. or 4.27 kJ/s
124
,,
Sensible Cooling
This process involves cooling
the air at constant moisture
content. It is represented by a
horizontal line from right to left
on the psychrometric chart.
---DB
' ...... L--WB

Airflow
DP-- ...... --I---DP
---Airout
Cooling coils
jClIc3l
.(8-7) Determine the quantity of heat removed from 14 m'

per minute of air when cooled from 37 dry bulb and 2PC wet
bulb temperatures to 15C. What are the initial and final
relatives humidities?
..
Make-u p
water
Eliminator
plates
External heater
or cooler
Fig. 8-8. Air Washer
SOLUTION
From the psychrometric chart at t d 1 = 37C and t W1 = 21C,
0 1 = 23%
h. = 61 kJ/kg
VI
= 0.889 m 3/kg
In an air washer, air flows through a spray of water as shown

in Figure 8-8. As the air flows, it may be cooled or heated,
humidified, or dehumidified , or simple adiabatically saturated,
depending on the mean surface temperature of the water. The
water is externally cooled or heated or simple recirculated by a
pump. Make-up water is added to compensate for any loss in the
case of humidification of air. Eliminator plates are provided to
minimize loss of water droplets.
3/min.
.
mass flow rate, m = 14 m 3/kg = 15 .75 k g/ min.
0.889 m
Heating and Humidifying
O2 = 85~
h, = 38 kJ/kg
Q = m(hz.-h 1 )
= 15.75 (38-61)
= - 362.3 kJ/min. or -6.04 kJ/s
15C
3'?C
Air can be simultaneously

heated and humidified by either
drawing it through a spray, or
over trays of warm water. The
water must be heated during the
process in order to supply the
latent heat
needed
for
evaporation. Trays of warm
water can be kept at constant
temperature by steam. However,
when warm water is sprayed
into the air stream, as in an air
washer, the water must be
heated as it is circulated.
DB---j---r-- DB
WB--
_---
---WB
Airflow _ _
----"0
DP- __ .J.
-t-----DP
Air Washer
126
(8-8) How much heat and moisture must be added to 28

m' per minute of air at 24C and 40 per cent relative humidity to
raise it to 38C dry bulb and 2T'C wet bulb temperatures?
SOLUTION
From the psychrometric chart at td. = 24 DC and 0} = 40(!r
hI = 43 kJlkg
WI = 0.0075 kglkg
V'
Air can be simultaneously cooled and dehumidified by being

drawn over cold surfaces oj- through sprays of cold water. When
air is cooled and dehumidified by being drawn through a spray
chamber, the spray water is cooled outside of the spray chamber
by means of cooler installed in the circulating pipe line. The water
is constantly chilled as it is circulated. The temper.ature of the
water rises while being sprayed because it absorbs sensible and
latent heat from the air. However, the heat that the water absorbs
is being continually removed by the cooler installed in the
circulating pipe line.
= 0.852 m'(kg
mass now rate, m
28 mvrnin
. ' = 32.86 kg/min.
0.852 m"lkg
From the psychrometric chart at t d 2

h,
Cooling and Dehumidifying
= 38
DC
and t W2
= 27
DC,
When cooling coils are used, the temperature of the film of

air in contact with the surface of the metal pipe wall determines
the condition of the air flowing through the coil. The temperature
of this surface film is always at some point between the
temperature of the air and the temperature of the water, or other
refrigeration, inside the coil.
= 84.5 kJlkg
W 2 = 0.0181 kglkg
Q = m(h 2 - h.)
= 32.86
(84.5 - 43)
Moisture added
= 1364 kJ/min. or
22.73 kJ/s
DB--- ...............
oI
_ ... DB
WB--- ........... _I __ -'WB
= mt W 2 - WI)
= 32.86 (0.0181 - 0.0075)
= 0.3483 kg/min. or 0.00581 kg/s
AirFlO\1l ---1IIr
IF
DP - - - ................... ---DP
Cooling coils
40*
24C
38C
(8-9) How much heat and moisture must be removed to

cool 28 m' per minute of air from 35 DC dry bulb and 26 DC wet
bulb temperatures to 21 DC and 50 per cent relative humidity?
-r"
Air Conditionii.ig 129
Cooling and Humidifying
SOLUTION
From the psychrometric chart at t d 1 = 35C and t WI = 26C,
h. = 80kJ/kg
Air can be simultaneously cooled and humidified. This fiction

takes place in an ordinary air washer in which the same water
is continuously recirculated, but is neither heated not co~,led.
WI = 0.0175 kg/kg
INITIAL STATE
OF AIR
VI = 0.896 m '/kg'
/ .
28 m 3/min. = 31 .25 k gmin.
mass fl owrae,m=
t
0.896 rrr'/kg
From the psychrometric chart at t d 2 = 21C and O2 = 50%,
FINAL STATE
OF AIR
DB I i ' I I
---- ...............T
I I I
"ll
"t" ... _
~-.!!j-
- - - -
----____
'"
,. --
-:0 --- ---_--i::t~j=-~~'!B_-------
---~~~
--r-
DP
-
10
,0
AIR WASHER
'III
I
I
II I
i I I I
.L.l.L.L
DP
PERFECT
WASHER
h, = 40.5 kJ/kg
W 2 = 0.0077 kg/kg
Fig. 8-9. Constant water circulation

without heating or cooling
Q = m (h 2- h.)
= (31.25) (40.5-80) = -1234.4kJ/min. or-20.57 kJ/s

Moisture removed = m(W 2-W 1)
= (31.25) (0.0077-0.0175)
= 0.306 kg/min. or 0.0051 kg/s
Approximate
path
21C
35C
Figure 8-9 shows the changes occuring in the dry bulib and
dew point temperatures of the air flowing through an air wrasher
in which the same water is constantly recirculated without; being
either heated or cooled. In a perfect washer, the final dr~ bulb
and dew point temperatures of the air would be equal to each
other, and equal to initial wet bulb temperature of the ai:r. The
efficiency of an air washer is defined as the ratio of the actual
drop in dry bulb temperature to the maximum theoreticaJ drop
in dry bulb temperature that could take place if the washer were
100 per cent efficient, and the air emerged saturated. In such a
case, the final dry bulb temperature of the air would be eq ual to
its initial wet bulb temperature.
.
(8-10) Air at 33C dry bulb and 19C wet bulb temperatures
is cooled and humidified by passing it through an air washer in
which the water is continuously recirculated. The air leaves the
air washer at 23C dry bulb temperature. Determine the moisture
added per kg of dry air. What is the efficiency of the air washer?
130
From the psychrometric chart at t d2 = 41C and t
SOLUTION
W2
= 19C,
W 2 = 0.0048 kg/kg
Moisture removed
W l = 0.0081 kg/kg
=W
\V 2 = 0.0070-0.0048
= 0.0023 kglkg
W 2 = 0.0122 kg/kg
Moisture added = W 2 - W 1
= 0.0122 - 0.0081
= 0.0041 kg/kg
Air washer efficiency

23C
33C
33-23
33--19
= 71.43%
Chemical Dehumidifying
Air can be dehumidified by passing it over chemicals that
have an affinity for moisture. Usually in so doing the moisture
is condensed and gives up its latent heat, raising the dry bulb
temperature of the air. The air leaves drier and warmer. The
wet bulb temperature may increase or decrease. Units employing
such chemicals are used in some comfort air conditioning
installations but mainly for industrial air conditioning. Since
the leaving-air temperature is usually higher than wanted, it is
necessary to add a sensible cooling process to get the desired
final air condition.
24C
4l o e
Mixing Air
When air at one condition is mixed with air at another
condition, the condition of the final mixture can be shown on the
psychrometric chart by a point on the line joining the points
indicating the original condition. The exact location of the final
point will depend upon the masses of the original air quantities.
(8-11) Air at 24C dry bulb and 15C wet bulb temperatures
enters a dehumidifier and leaves at 4PC dry bulb and 19C wet
bulb temperatures. How much moisture has been removed per
kilogram of dry air?
11\1
SOLUTION
From the psychrometric chart at t d l
= 24C
W = 0.0070 kg/kg
j
and t Wl
= 15C,
-----
rr
The following equations apply to the mixture of two

quantities of air. Subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the two streams of
air and subscript 3 refers to the mixture.
For the second stream

t d2 = 25C
m3 = m l + m2
W 2 = 0.011 kg/kg
m.h, = m.h. + m.h,
3/s
V2
0.20 m
== 0.233 kg/s
m 2 == - V 2 == 0 858 m 3Jkg
m 3 W3 = m.W. + + m 2W2
mlW I +m 2W2
W3 = - -m- -
m 3 == m I + m 2 = 0.606 + 0.233 == 0.839 kg/s
m 3td3 = mlt dl + m 2td2
mIt dl + m 2td2
t d3 = - - m
---
_ mlt dl + m 2tdp2
t d3 -
m3
W _ mIW I + m 2W
3 -
m 3tdp3 = mlt dpl + m 2tdp2
= m.t., I m+ m2t d 2
P
V2 = 0.858 rrr'/kg'
VI _ 0.50 m 3/s
m 1 == -VI- 0.825m3/kg = 0.606 kg/s
m.h, + m.h,
h 3 = - -m- -
t dp3
t W2 = 18C
m 3
==
0.606(15) + 0.233(25) == 17.8

0.839
== 0.606(0.0085) + 0.233(0.011)
0.839
::: 0.0092 kg/kg
From the psychrometric chart at t d3 = 17.8e and

W 3 = 0.0092 kg/kg
(8-12) One half cubic meter per second of air at 15C dry
bulb and 13C wet bulb temperatures are mixed with 0.20 m'
per second of air at 25C dry bulb and l8e wet bulb
temperatures. Determine (a) the dry bulb, wet bulb, and dew
point temperatures of the mixture, and (b) the enthalpy of the
mixture.
t W3 == 14.6e
t dp3
== 12.5e
h, == 41kJ/kg
SOLUTION
From the psychrometric chart:

For the first stream
t dl = 15C
t"l
= 13C
I
WI = 0.0085 kg/kg
VI = 0.825 m 3/kg
,.'r
0e
134
Alternate Solution
t d:J --
m]t rl ] + m 2td2
m
(113 (rn.) (35) + (2/3) (rn.) (26)
m3
:3
2
= 29C
17.8C
25C
15C
tw3 = 14.6C
~
=12.B'C
50~
h3 =41kJkg
26C
(8-13) Outdoor air at 35C dry bulb and 24C wet bulb
temperatures is to be mixed with room air at 26C dry bulb
temperature and 50 per cent relative humidity. The final mixture
is to consist of one-third outdoor air and two-thirds return air

from the room. Find the resulting dry bulb and wet bulb
temperatures of the mixture.
29C
36C
t WJ = 20.7C
Al tern ate sol u tion:

Divide line 1-2 into three equal parts. Point 3 is one-third of
the line from point 2. Then read td, and t"x
SOLUTION
t d ] = 35C
Cooling-Load Air Quantities
t Wl == 24C
The quantity of air circulated must be adequate to handle

the cooling load as the air warms up to room temperatures frorn
its suppy temperature. The lower the supply temperature, the
less quantity which must be circulated, but the minimum
temperature is determined by the system arrangements, the
necessity of avoiding drafts and cold regions, the ceiling height,
and the throw required.
me
t d2 = 26C
O2 = 50%
ml
=T m 3
m2
=T m
..
"
136 Refr igeration a nd Air Condi tio ning
Air C o n d it io n ing 1:37
_m
-.m
&pplyair
supply air
Fig . 8- 11. La te nt hea t load .
Moisture pic k ed up = (W 2- W 1 ) k g/kg dry ai r

Fig. 8-10. Se nsible heat load
Q 5 = me P (t 2- t 1)
Qs = 1.0062
wh ere Q s
( rn ) (t 2- t 1)
where W 2 = humidi ty rati o of inside air, kg/k g

W I = humidity rati o of su pp ly air, kg/kg
The laten t h eat of stea m (wa t e r va por) in the a ir condit ion ing
is appr oxim atel y 2500 k.J/k g .
= se ns ible h eat load , kJ/s or kW

QL
m = ma ss flow rat e of su pply ai r, k g/s

cp
Q L = 25 00 (rn ) (W 2- W 1 ) kJ/s or kW
Q L = lat ent h eat load , kW
=s pec ific h eat of th e supply ai r

= 1.0062 k.I/kg e C", a pprox im ately
t2
= m(W 2-W 1 ) kg/s
Qr
= in s ide sp a ce temperature t o be maintain ed ,
C dry bulb
t 1 = supply a ir t emperature en te ring space, C dry bulb'
BUpplyalr
)
F ig. 8- 12. Tot al hea t load
Q T = Q s + QJ.
Q T = m t h .-.h 1 )
---..m
"f'
138 Refr iger ation a nd Air Conditioning
where QT
Air Cond itio ning 139
= total heat load , kW
(c)
= (25 00)
(rn ) (W 2 - WI )
= (25 00 ) 0 2 .49) (0 .0 114-0.0 10 1)
h , = enthalpy of inside air, kJ/kg
= 40 .59 kW
hi = enthalpy of s u pply air, kJ/kg
(d ) S HR = -
Sen sible h eat ratio or se n sible heat factor is the ratio of th e

se n sible heat load to the total h eat load.
-~
Qs
Q l.
Q "
Q s + QL
~
l.
~
88
88 + 40. 59
Various Methods of Handling the Air Supplied to a

Conditioned Space
SHR = Q + Q - Q
s
(A)
(8- 14) An auditorium is to be maintained at a temperature

of 25 C dry bulb and 19C wet bulb t emperatures . The sensible
heat load is 88 kW and 58 kg per hour or moisture mu st be
r emoved . Air is supplied to the auditorium at 18C. Determine
(a) th e mass flow r ate of s u pply air, (b) the r elative humidity,
d ew point, and wet bulb t emperatures of the s u pp ly air, (d) th e
se ns ib le heat ratio.
The u s e of all outside air with no r ecirculati on i s

un economical unl ess the outside conditions ar e clos e in
t emperatures and humidity to th e in sid e conditi on s
maintain ed. Recirculation is impracticabl e in spac es wh ere
obj ection abl e odors ari s e .
(8- 15) In a s p a ce, th e sen sible h eat load is 13 .5 kW
and the latent h eat load is 3.4 kW. Outsid e air is at 32 nC
and 50 per cent r elative humidity. Th e spac e is t o b e
m aintain ed at 25 C dry bulb and 18C w et bulb
temp eratures. All outside air is suppli ed with r eheater to
satisfy th e s p a ce conditions. The condition ed air leav es
the su pp ly fan at 17C . Determin e (a) the refri geration
load , (b) the capacity of the s u pp ly fan , and (c) th e h eat
supplied in the r eheater.
SOLUTION
( a)
Qs
= (1.006 2) ( m ) (t 2 - t l)
88 = (1.0062 ) ( rn ) (25
18)
m = 12.49 kg/s
(b) Moi sture picked up =
58
= 0.0013 kg/kg
(3600X12.49)
From the psychrometric chart at t 2

W 2 = 0 .0114 kg/kg.
= 25C and tW
= 19C,
All Outside Air Supplied, No Recirculation
SOLUTION
Humidity ratio of supply air,

WI = W 2 - 0.0013 = 0.0114 - 0.0013 = 0.0101 kg/kg
From the psy chrometric chart at t l = 18C and
WI = 0 .0101 kg/kg,
0 1 =77%
t ,lpl
t WI
= 14.2C
= 15 J:;oC
...
m - -~ Qnside Air
32-<:
50"4 RH
)
= (1. 006 2)( m) (t~- t )
1:3 .5 = (1.0062)( m)(25 Qs
m = I .GEl k g/ s
17 )
//
Air Cond it ioning 141
140 Refri gera ti on a nd Air Conditi oning
Point 4: At t. = 25"C a n d t w
W.
Point 3: Ql. = (2 500)
( rn )
(B) Recirculated and O utsid e Air Supp lied
= 18"C
= 0.0101
kglk g
Recirculatin g part of th e air is more eco no m ica l t h a n u sin g

a ll outs ide air, a s th e t emp e rature of th e r ecircul at ed a ir is
u sually mor e favorab le than th at of th e outsid e a ir . In t h e
or d in ar y con d it ion er, th e air m u st be cooled t o a r el ativ e ly low
te m pe ra t u re to condense th e s u r p lus humidity, a n d wh en t.his
te m pe rat u re is too low for com for t a ble deli very to th e cond it ioned
s pace , so m e r eh eating of th e dehumidified air is n ece ss ary.
(W. - W)
3.4 = (2500) (1.6 8 ) (0.0101 - W ;)
W 1 = 0.009 3 kglk g
At t~
= 17C a n d W ~ = 0.0093 kglkg

v~
= 0.835
m'lkg
(8-16 ) A s pa ce to be air condit.ioned ha s a sens ible h e at load
of 36 kW a n d a latent h e at load of 10 .2 kW. Th e s pace is to be
maintain ed at 26 "C and 50 per ce n t rel ativ e humidity. Outsid e
a ir is a t 32"C dry bu lb and 24"C wet bulb tempera tures . The
con d it ione d air will enter th e space at 19"C. If 45 per cent of
th e supply air is fres h air and th e r est is r ecircul at ed a ir, find
( :1) th e volum e flow rate of fresh ai r at su pp ly con d itions , (b ) th e
a p pa rat us d ew point, and (c ) th e refri gerati on load .
h, = 40.5 kJlkg
Point 2: At W .l
= W ~ = 0.00 93 kglkg a n d sat u r a ted,

h, = 37 kJlkg
Po int 1: At t 1 = :32C a n d 0 1 = 50 Ck ,
h i = 71 kJlkg
(a ) Refriger ati on loa d
= mf h . -
h2)
= (1. 68 ) (71
- 37)
= 57 .12 kW
SOLUT IO N
= m V:1 = ( 1.68) (0.8 35) = 1.40 m 3/s

he at s u pp lie d = m (h:1 - h) = ( 1.68) (4 0.5-37)
= 5.88 kW
(b) Fan ca pacity

(c)
Reci'cutated Nt
Concf~ioned
] SpaaI
4
.....
"'o-~
32"C
26"C
50% lUI
~".
f)
24"C
1
Q" = ( 1.006 2 ) ( m : (t , - t Il
36 = (1 .0062 ) t m ) (26 - 19 )
m = 1) . 11 k g/s
Point 4: At t 4
= 26C and 0 4 = 50%
= (2.81) (53
h, = 53 kJ/kg
= 116.4 kW
= (2500) (m) (W 4
W 3)
W,) = 0.0098 kg/kg
h. = rnOh i + rn rh 4
o
rn
Refrigeration load
= 19C and W 3 = 0.0098 kg/kg
- 39) + (2.30) (72.5 - 39)
(2.30) (72.5) + (2.81) (53)

5.11
= (m) (hi) - h 2 )
;;:: (5.11) (61.7 - 39) = 116 kW
v 3 = 0.841 rn 3/kg
mass flow rate of outside air, rn o

= (0.45) (m)
= (0.45) (5.11) = 2.30 kg/s
(a) Volume flow rate of outside air, Vo = (rn.) (v 3)
= (2.30) (0.841) = 1.93

Point 2: At W 2
(b)
rn 3/s
= W 3 = 0.0098 kg/kg and saturated

h,
= 39
kJ/kg t 2
h)
Another solution:
10.2 = ((2500) (5.11) (0.0106 - W 3 )
At t 3
= (m) (h, -h 2 ) + (rn o) (h, -
W 4 = 0.0106 kg/kg
QL
Point 3:
(c) Refrigeration load
= 14C
Apparatus dew point, t d p 2 = 14C
Point 1: At t l = 32C and t WI = 24C

h, = 72.5 kJ/kg
mass flow rate of recirculated air,
rn r = rn - rn o = 5.11 - 2.30 = 2.81 kg/s
~~----=__~7
, ..... 4
(to conditioned
space
144 Refri gerati on a nd Air Conditioning
Air Co nd it ion ing 14 5
(8 -17 ) An a ir con d itio ned th eat er is t o be ma in t a in ed a t

26.7C db t emperature a nd 50 Ck relati ve humidity. Th e ca lcu lated
t otal se n sible heat load in th e th eater is 126 ,240 kcal /h and latent
heat loa d is 82,92 0 k ca l/h. Th e a ir mixture at 28 .9"C db and
22 .2 uC wb t emperature is cool ed to 17 .22C db a n d 15C wb
te m pe ratu re by chi lled water coolin g coils and del ive re d as supply
air to t he th eater. Calculate the t on s of r efrigeration r equ ired .
Q T = m t h , - h)
875 ,753 = m (54 .5 - 4 2 )
m = 70 ,060 k glh
Refri geration loa d
= m th , _ h. ) = (70 ,06 0 ) (65
- 42 )
(2 11) (6 0)
SOLUTION
= 127 .3 TR
ReciltUlared M
Theater
3
....
____::::
26 .70
50%RH
Outside M
(8- 18) An au ditorium is to be mai ntained a t a t emperature

of 26"C dry bu lb and 50 lk r el a t ive humidity. Air is t o be s u pplie d
at a t emperature n ot lower t h an 15C dry bulb . Th e sens ible
h eat ga in is 110 kW a nd th e latent h eat ga in is 3 7 .5 kW. Tak e
ventillatin g ai r a s 25 'k by wei ght of th e air fr om th e room a nd is
at 3 5"C d ry bu lb a n d 60 ,1, r e lativ e hu midity. Deter min e th e
refri geration ca pacit y in ton s .
S OLU T IO N
Point 1: At t l
= 28.9"C and
t WI
4/
= 22 .2"C
Recirculated Air
Wl
Auditorium
4
ITlr
hi
Point 2: At t 2
kJlkg
mo 1
= 17.22"C a nd t W2 = 15C
h,
Poi nt 3: At t 1
= 65
ss-e
....
::;:
Outside ~r
""''' m
2GC
5O% RH
~iJ:r-----
60%RH
= 4 2 kJ/k g
= 26 .7"C and
01
= 50<ii
RI-I
Q, = ( 1. 006 2 ) (rn ) (t . - t j )
h , = 54 .5 kJlkg
110
Q T = 126,240 + 82 ,920 = 209,160 kca llh
= 9 .93 8
(rn) (26 - 15 )
k g/s
O~t sid e ai r supp ly, m o = (0 .25 ) (9.938 ) = 2 .485 k g/s
= (209 ,16 0 kc a l/h ) (4.18 7 k.Izkcal )
= 875 ,753 kJIh
= (1. 0 062)
Point 4:
t . = 26 "C and 0 .
h . = 53 k,Jlkg
= 50 'ir
RH
W 4 = 0 .0 106 kglkg
146 Re frigeratio n a nd Air Conditioning
Air Condit ionin g 14 7
QI, = (25 00 ) (m) (W 4 - W3)
Point 3:
37 .5 = (2500) (9.93 8) (0 .0106 - W~ )
W I = 0 .00909 kglk g
At t = 15C and
j
W~
= 0 .009 09 kglk g
h, = 38 kJlk g
= 35C a nd 0 1 = 60% RH hi = 90 kJlkg
a ir, m = m - m o = 9.938 - 2.4 85 = 7.453 kg/s
P oint 1: At t l
Return
Refrigeration load = mil (hi - h ) + m , (h , - h )

= (2 .485) (90 - 38 ) + (7.453) (53 - 38)
= 241 kJ/s
=
24 1
3.52
= 68 .5 TR
1
~
(C)
Recircul at ed Air with Extern al -Byp a ss System
....
In the bypass sy ste m , part of the r ecir culated a ir is con t r oll ed

by damp er ac ti on in or de r t o make it bypa ss th e cond iti on er.
This warm e r byp a ss a ir is u s ed t o reheat th e a ir lea vin g t h e
refrigerat ed coils t o a mor e s u itable t emperature for distributi on
at th e g r i ll e ou t le t s . Thi s m eth od produ ce s e cono m i ca l
perform an ce as com pa re d with sy st e ms wh ere rehea t mi ght be
req u ir ed.
(8- 19 ) In a n au di to r iu m , t h e se ns ible h ea t en ter ing is 96 kW
and th e lat ent h eat is 38.4 0 kW. Ou t side air is a t 33C dry bul b
and 25C wet bulb t emperatures . Th e s u pply ai r en te rs a t 18C
and the a u di to r ium is t o be maintained a t 25C dry bu lb a n d
18C wet bulb t emperat~l !:~ .S_. If 20 per cent of th e fan ca pacity is
fresh air and the by pass system is used, d etermine (a ) th e
app aratus d ew poin t , and (b) t he refrigerati on loa d.
An other solu t ion :

h ~
S OLUTION
mOh! + m rh ~
m
(2 .485 ) (90 ) + ( 7.453) (53)
9 .938
= 62.25 kJ/kg
Refrigerati on load
= m (h l
Conditioned.
Space
h. )
= (9.938)
(62.25 - 38 )
= 241 k.I/ s or 68 .5
mo ~
TR
......
......
25C
lS"C
Outodde Air
33"C
25C
Q,
= ( 1.0062) (m ) ( t
t.1 )
96 = ( 1.0062) (rn ) (25 - 18 )
a~--To a uditori u m
m = 13 .63 kg/s
14H Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Point 4: At t 4 = 25C and t \\4 = 18"C

h 4 = 50.5 kJlkg
Solving equation (2) and (3) simultaneously,
t 111'4 = 14.2C
= 0.509
,;;
W4 = 0.0101 kglkg
Point 3:
QI, = (2500)
(m )
c = 0.491
(W 4
Vi,)
Substituting in either equation (2) or (3)
38.4 = (2500) (13.631 (0.0101 - W,J

WI
t2
= 0.0090 kglkg
Apparatus dew point = 10.7C
At t, = 18C and Vi, = 0.0090 kglkg

trip, =
(a) Let y
c
= 10.T'C
(b)
= t W2 = t d p 2 = 10. 7C
Pain t 2: t 2
12.5C
h, = 31 kJ/kg
= per cent air bypassed
= 33C and tw I = 25C
Point 1: At t l
= per cent air conditioned
h,
m o = (0.20) (m )
me = (0.491)
4
ill r
= rn e -
rna
(rn )
( 1)
.~\
\
6.69 kg/s
2.73 = 3.96 kg/s
nl 0 h ]
+ rn r h 4
rn
::J
(2)
('
(2.73) (76) + (3.96) (50.5)

/
(3)
kW
Another solution:
h.=
yt dp4 + ct dp 2 = t dp3
= 12.5
h 2)
= (2.73) (76 - 31) + (3.96) (50.5 - 31)
yt 4 + ct 2 = t 3
14.2y + ct 2
= (0.491) (13.63)
= 6.69 -
= 200.1
25 y +ct 2 = 18
= (0.20) (U~.63) = 2.73 kg/s
Refrigeration load = (rna) (hI - h 2 ) + (m) (h 4

3
y+c=l
= 76kJ/kg
~ 60.9 kJ/kg
6.69
150
'f
t
Refrigeration load = (m)
(h, - h;2)
PROBLEMS
= (6.69) (60.9 -31)
(1)
Calculate the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture
in cubic meters per kilogram of dry air at the following conditions
t = 32C, W = 0.016 kg/kg, and Pt == 100 kPa.
= 200 k\V
Ans. 0.899 cu mlkg

11'1
(2)
Moist air at a dry bulb temperature of 25C has a
relative humidity of 50 per cent when the barometric pressure
is 101.4 kPa. Determine (a) the partial pressures of water vapor
and dry air, (b) the dew point temperature, (c) the specific
humidity, (d) the specific volume, and (e) the enthalpy.
Ans. (a) 1.5855 kPa, 99.81 kPa; (b) 13.9C,

(c) 0.00988 kg/kg, (d) 0.857 cu m/kg, (e) 50.32 kJ/kg
(3)
Air at a temperature of 33C has a relative humidity
of 50 per cent. Determine (a) the wet bulb temperature, (b) the
dew point temperature, (c) the humidity ratio, (d) the enthalpy,
and (e) the specific volume.
Ans. (a) 24.5C, (b) 21.4C, (c) 0.016 kglkg,
(d) 74 kJ/kg, (e) 0.887 cu mlkg
(4)
How much heat is required to raise the temperature
of 0.50 cu m per second of air from 19C dry bulb and 15C wet
bulb to 36C? What is the final dew point temperature?
Ans. 10.42 kJ/s, 12.3C
How much heat must be removed to cool 30 cu m per
(5)
minute of air from 34C dry bulb and 18C dew point to a wet
bulb temperature of 19C? What is the final relative humidity?
Ans. 7.62 kJ/s, 83%
(6)
ow much heat and moisture must be added to 15
cu m per inute of air at 21C dry bulb and 30 per cent relative
humi Ity to raise it to 37C and 40 per cent relative humidity?
Ans. 13.39 kJ/s, 0.00333 kg/s
0'.
152
(7)
How much heat must be removed to cool 50 cu m per
minute of air at 29C dry bulb and 21C wet bulb temperatures
to 16C dry bulb and 14C wet bulb temperatures? How much
moisture was removed?
.
I
,AIL
'OJ
Ans.
20.5~)
k.J/s,
O~OO~315
kg/s
(8)
Air at 32C and 20 per cent relative humidity is
cooled and dehumidified by means of an air washer until the
relative humidity becomes 90 per cent. How much moisture was
added per kg of dry air. What was the air washer efficiency and
the dew point temperature of the leaving air?
An s. (a) 8.18 m Vs, (b) 13.3C, (c) 4B7.6 k W
(13) A store to be maintained at 2f,oC and 50 per cent

relative humidity has a sensible heat load of 18.90 k W and a
latent heat load of 6.30 kW. Outside air is at :32C dry bulb and
23C wet bulb temperatures. The conditioned air enters at 17C
If30 per cent of the supply air is fresh air and the bypass system
is used, detennine (a) the refrigeration required, and (b) the
volume of the bypass air at supply condition.
Ans. 0.0057 kg/kg, 92%, 16.5C
(9)
A stream of outdoor air is mixed with a stream of
return air in an air conditioning system that operates at 101
kPa pressure. The flow rate of outdoor air is 2 kg/s, and its
condition is 35C dry bulb temperature and 25C wet bulb
temperature. The f1 ow rate of return air is 3 kg/s, and its
condition is 24C and 50 per cent relative humidity. Determine
(a) the enthalpy of the mixture, (b) the humidity ratio of the
mixture, and (c) the dry bulb temperature of the mixture.
An s. (a) 41.1 kW, (b) 0.819 mVs
Ans. (a) 59 kJ/kg, (b) 0.012 kg/kg, (c) 28.5C

(10) .An auditorium is to be maintained at 25C dry bulb
temperature and 50 per cent relative humidity. The supply air
enters the auditor-ium at 17C. The sensible and latent heat loads
are 150 k\V and 61 kW, respectively, Determine the wet bulb
temperature, relative humidity, and volume flow rate of the
supply air.
',Cl
Ans. 14"C. 72%. 15.54 m 3/s

(11) In a certain space to be air conditioned the sensible
and latent heat loads are 20.60 kW and 6.78 kW, respectively.
Outside air is at :-l3C thy bulb and 24C wet bulb temperatures.
The space is to be maintained at 25 with a relative humidity
not exceeding 50 per cent. All outside air is supplied with
reheater. The conditioned air enters at 18C. Determine (a) the
refrigeration load required, (b) the capacity of the supply fan,
and (c) the heat supplied in the reheater.
(12) An air conditioned auditorium with a capacity of

1000 persons is to be maintained at 24C dry bulb temperature
and 55 per cent relative humidity. The sensible and latent heat
loads are 115 kW and 42 kW, respectively, The conditioned air
enters the auditorium at 1 T'(': For proper ventilation, 40 per
cent of the supply air is fresh air and the rest is recirculated air.
Outside air is at 34C and 50 pPf cent relative humidity.
Determine (a) the volume flow rate of recirculated air, (b) the
apparatus dew point, and (c) the refrigeration load,
11
QC
'.
~
-I
Ans. (a) 106.6 kW, (b) 2.44 m 3/s, (c) 16.06 kW
..

I
Chapter
wh.-r.-
==
Ill,
III
mass of water entering
= mass of water leaving
Illi
I
111
III ,
mass of dry air entering
~.li"
II,
= mass of dry air entering
hi
Cooling Tower
!II'I
h.' = enthalpy of air leaving, kJlkg
1')11 1
IIIII
11,
hi
A cooling tower is a device commonly used to cool condenser

water in power and refrigerating plants.
:=
enthalpy of water entering, kJ/kg
h, = enthalpy of water leaving, kJlkg
11,1[1
Mass bal an co
warm
m3
waterin - - -
III
ha. I te
+ rna + mW, = m.) + m" + m"W 2
water evaporated
r -
2 rna
--\
~
W2
whe-re
Arrout
= m 1 - m.) = m;1(W 2 - WI)
\V I = humidity ratio of air entering, kglkg

W 2 = humidity ratio of air leaving, kg/kg
, ~' WI'
1
11
1,1
':1 '
11
I1 I
The cooling effectiveness of a cooling tower is
'1
IIII11
Airin - - )
Ola
cooling tower efficiency
ht
II
~
1':1
W.
where
t,
temperature of water entering
rn4
t 4 = temperature of water leaving
t.
t WI = wet bulb temperature of air entering
Fig. 9-1. Diagrammatic cooling water
~
1
mh, + mh , - m.h, + m" h ,

=
!~~
I,II'
Energy balance
mh, - mh,
math, - h.)
I
:1
"
~
(9-1)
In a cooling tower 28.34 mv/rnin of air at 32C db and
24C wb enter the tower and leave saturated at 29C.
(a) To what temperature can the air stream cool a spray of
water which enters at 38C, with a flow of 34 kg/min of water?
(,bb)))Iow many kg per hour of make-up water is needed to
co~ate for the water that is evaporated?
11'
~I
I
II
Ili l l
III
jill
I
''-'
156
Energy balance
SOLUTION
rn.h; - mh, = mil (h, - h.)
ID:i = 34 kglmin.
(34) (159.21) -
38C
33.68h~ =
(32.06) (95 - 72.5)
h, =
~\
(b) Make-up water = rna (W 2

\
II /
:rJOC
24C
t 4 = 33.2C
\\
kJ/kg
It;
100% RH
/
1
139.~1
rna
2,9OC
= D.3206
\
W,) = (32.060) (0.0256 - 0.0156)
kg/min or 19.24 kg/h
(9~2)
Water enters a cooling tower at 52C and leaves at

38C. Air enters at 29C and 50~ relative humidity and leaves
in a saturated condition at 40C. Determine (a) the mass and
volume of air needed per kg of water entering, and (b) the
quantity of water that can be cooled by 1 cu m per second of air.
Atmospheric pressure is 102 kPa.
r-~=====~ --- -=~

__-_-t:---=------= =-"'1
- ,-- -,:-_---:..-...ij
" ---t.&
~
SOLUTION
Point 1: At tdl
= 32C and t WI = 24C
103
VI = 0.884 m 3/kg
h. = 72.5 kJ/kg
WI = 0.0156 kg/kg
ma
VI
VI
I.;~,
3/min
28.34 m
0.884 m Vkg
= 32.06
'Point 2: At t d 2 = 29C and 0 1 = 100% RH
h, = 95 kJ/kg W 2 = 0.0256 kg/kg

Point :5: h,
kg/min
'11
/
/
~.~
<>. \
40C
100%RH
rna
= h, at 38C = 159.21 kJ/kg
m, = 34 kg/min
-------~--=---
60
(a) Mass balance

m , - m 4 = mil (W 2
WI)
m:! - m .. = (32.06) (0.0256 - 0.0156)
:34 -- m .. = 0.3206
m 1 = :3:3.68 kg/min
mol
t
I.",
l.
P01~
At t dl = 29C and 0 1
h , = 61 kJ/kg
W 1 = 0.0127 kg/kg
3ErC
= 50~
RH
VI = 0.874 ml/kg
..
'y )
158 Refr igeration 'a nd Air Conditioning
Point 2:
Air Conditio ning 159
t rl 2 := 40C, 0 2 = 100 % RH
Volum e of ai r
P.1 2 = saturation pressure -at 40 C
= 7.378 kPa
(b) VI = 1 m:l/s of air
= (1.00) (7.378) = 7.37 8 kPa
Ps2 = (0 2) (Pd2)
(O.622 )(PS2)
W 2 = p t - p :;2 '
CO.622X7.378) = 0.04 85 kg/kg

= 102-7 .378
"
Point 3:
h;
52C
= 21 3.51 kJlkg
Point 4:
h, = h , a t 38C
= 159 .21 kJlkg
(1 )
'.H
~
-'/
m:J-m 4 = rna (W 2 - W I)
(1 )
= (1.144)(16 5.11- 6 1)
= 119 .1
(3)
= 01 " (W 2 - W I)
m3
01 4
rn 3
01 4 = (1. 144) (0.048 5 - 0 .01 27 )

( 4)
Solving equ a tions (3) and (4) simultaneou sl y,
Mass balance
(0. 0485-0.0 127)
0.03 58 rna + m 4 =1
159. 21014
m.1 -m 4 = 0.04096
21 351-1 59 .21m 4 = rna (165 .11-61 )
= 21 3 .51
= rna (h , - h I)
M as s balance
m.h, - mh . = rna (h , -hI)
S olvin g equ at ions
1 m:J/s
_
0 .87 4 m 3lkg = 1.144 kg/ s
-;:--
2 13 .5 101 3- 159 .21m 4
Energy b alance
= rna
2 1:3.51m 3
1 kg
1 - m4
VI
m.h, m .h ,
= (1.0062 ) (40) + (0.0485) (2574.4) = 165 .11 kJlkg
104 .11rn " + 159 .21m 4
_1_ -
En ergy balance
h, = (cp ) (t) + (W) (h g )
( a) m 3 =
n1
h g2 = h g at 4 0C = 2574.4 kJlkg
=h, at
= rn"v I = (0 .5518 ) (0,874)

= 0.4 823 rn'' a ir/kg water
01.1
(9- 3)
Fifty gall on s per minute of 'water en t e r s a coolin g
to wer at 46 C. Atm ospheric air a t 16 C db a n d 55 % RH en t er s
th e tower at 2. 85 cu rn per secon d and leav es a t 32 C sa t u ra t ed .
Determine (a) th e volume of water that lea ves the towe r, and
(b) th e ex it t emperature of the water.
(2)
and (2) simu lt a n eous ly,

rna = 0 .5518 kg air/kg water
1,
.
~
= 2.073 kg water/s
ITI,
160
SOLUTION
Energy balance
150 gpm
m3
we
I
I
..
32C
100., RH
(3.122)
(J
92.62) - 3.036h 4 = (3.442) (111 - 32)
1~~
\,
Volume of water leaving
l~~~{t
-~
= 55% RH
01
h.:
32 kJ/kg
v j = 0.828 m
= (3.036 kg/s) (0.0010031 m'Vkg)

3.045 LIs
(b) t 4 = 2Fl.9"C
t...
= 16C_and
25.9C
= 0.003045 m3/s or
At t d 1
108.51 kJ/kg
Specific volume of water at 25.9 c,C = 0.0010031 mvkg
-"""-'
Point 1:
t4 =
rna
6
(h, - h.)
1/
= m"
rnh, - mh,
3/kg
I-I
(9-4) Water at 55C is cooled in a cooling tower which has

an efficiency of 65o/c. The temperature of the surrounding air is
32C dry bulb and 70% relative humidity. The heat dissipated
from the condenser is 2,300,000 kJ/h. Find the capacity in liters
per second of the pump used in the cooling tower.
\V j = 0.0056 kg/kg
m =
V1
SOLUTION
2.85 m:l/s = 3.442 k /s

0.828 m 3/kg
g
Q =2,300,000 kJ/h
'"/,,,
Point 2:
At t d2 = 32C and
02
= 100% RH
W2
h 2 = III kJ/kg
Point 3:
= 0.0307 kg/kg
h, = h, at 46C = 192.62 kJ/kg

(50 gal/min) (3.7854 L/gaD
(60 s/min) (0.0010103 m Vkg) (1000 L/m:3)
;~
ll,fi
m,.,
I
CbndeosEr
fi50C
l
i/i
,li
;,:
~
fj
m 4 = rna (W 2
Cooling
tower
32C
(a) Mass balance
m3
'J
= 3.122 kg/s
70%RH
Wl)
3.122 - m 4 = (3.442) (0.0307 - 0.0056)
t.
mol = 3.036 kg/s
Pump
...i
..
'P
Air Conditioning 16;3
Point 1:
At t d l = 32C and 0 1
= 70% RH
SOLUTI< )0:
m.
t w l=27.4C
cooling tower efficiency = tt 3 ~ tt 4
3
wI
55 - t 1
55 - 27.4
0.65
t 4 = 37.l
BOOKW
Cooling
oC
t~
Engine
Heat balance about condenser,

(m w ) (c w ) (t, - t 4 ) =
Git:oerator
.320C
70%RH
(m w ) (4.187) (55 - 37.1) = 2,300,000
"
m, = 30,688 kg/h or 8.524 kgls

Specific volume of water at 37.PC
= 1.0067
Pump
L/kg
Point 1:
Capacity of the pump = (8.524 kg/s) (1.0067 L'kg)
At
t ril
= 32C and 0 1 = 70(k RH
t W 1 = 27.4C
= 8.58 Lis
Temperature of approach
An atmospheric cooling tower is to provide cooling

for the jacket water of a four stroke, 800 kW Diesel generator.
The cooling tower efficiency is 60% at a temperature of-approach of
10cC. If ambient air has a relative humidity of 70% and dry bulb
temperature of 32C, determine the cooling water supplied to
the diesel engine in liters per hour. Generator efficiency is 97%.
(9-5)
=t
t W 1
10=t
4 - 2 7 . 4
t4
. .
= 37.4C
t.,
cooling tower efficiency = - '-
t,-
0.60
tl
t4
t'\l
t 1 - 37.4
t, .- 27.4
= 52.4C
Brake power of engine = power input to generator
J
f
AI
800
= 0.97
= 824.7 kW
1"

PROBLEMS
Assuming the following diesel engine heat balance:
(1)
1\ nu-cb anical-draft cooling tower receives 115 m" per
second of atmospheric air at 103 kPa, 32C dry bulb temperatnre,
55% RII and discharges the air saturated at 36C. If the tower
receive 200 kg/s of water at 40C, what will be the exit
tempernturv of the cooled water?
Useful work == 30%

Cooling loss = 25%
d
.
Q
824.7
kW
H eat supp1ie to engme, A = 0.30 = 2749
Heat absorbed by cooling water = (0.25) (2749) = 687.25 kW
Ans. :31.2C
'~
J,,
,
(ro) (cJ (t, - t 4 )
= 687.25
"
(m w ) (4.187) (52.4- 37.4) = 687.25
(2) I n a cooling tower water enters at 52C and leaves at

27C. Air at 29"C and 47% RH also enters the cooling tower and
leaves at 46"C fully saturated with moisture. It is desired to
determine (a) the volume and mass of air necessary to cool one
kg of water, and (b) the quantity of water that can be cooled
with 142 cu ill per minute at atmospheric air.
m; = 39,384 kg/h
Ans. (a) 0.5742 cu m, 0.66 kg; (b) 247.3 kg
specific volume of water at 37.4e = 1.0069 L/kg
Volume of cooling water = (39,384 kg/h) (1.0069 Lfkg)
= 39,656 Lih
,
1
~,~I
~
I
'~
:1
,,1
"
,\
AJ
(3) A cooling tower receives 6 kg/s of water of 60C. Air

enters the tower at 32C dry bulb and 27C wet bulb
temperatures and leaves at 50C and 90 per cent relative
humidity. The cooling efficiency is 60.6 per cent. Determine
(a) the mass flow rate of air entering, and (b) the quantity of
make-up water required.
Ans. (a) 3.253 kg/s, (b) 0.1818 kg/s
".
Drying 167
Chapter
SOLUTION
10
Gross weight = 10kg

Bdw = 8 .5 kg
Drying
After the material have been processed:
iI
weight of moisture = (r ega in) (Bdw) = (0.20) (8.5)
Hygroscopic materials are those substances which are

particularly variable in the moisture content which they can
possess at different times . Most of the organic materials, such
as wood , leather, foodstuffs , paper, tobacco, cloth, and hair are
quite hygroscopic.
Bone-dry weight Bdw or dry weight is the final constant
weight reached by a hygroscopic substance after being dried out.
Regain is the hygroscopic moisture content of a substance
expressed as a percentage ofthe bone-dry weight ofthe material.
.
Regaln
= 1.70
gross weight
+ weight of moisture
= 8.5
+ 1.70
= 10 .2 kg
10.2
Weight of product per kg of original material = - -
10
weight of moisture
bone- d ry weig
. ht
= 1.02 kglkg
Moisture content is usually expressed as a percentage of the

gross weight of the body, and may refer to both hygroscopic and
purely surface moisture.
Moisture content = weight of moisture
gross-weight
Gross weight
= Bdw
kg
= Bone-dry weight + weight of moisture
(l0-1) A 10-kg sample from a batch of material under test is

found to have a bone-dry weight of 8.5 kg. This material is
processed and is then found to have a regain of 20 per cent.
How much weight of product appears for each kilogram of original
material?
I,V
~j
.~
;I~
Drying 169
Table 10-1
Moisture in Hygroscopic Materials
Moisture is expressed as regain, per cent of the dry weight of the
material
----------------------Per Cent Relative Humidity

40
50
60
70
80
4.50
6.50
6.20
8.00
8.80
9.90
11.10
12.40
14.50
15.40
Oak-tanned
Newsprint, wood pulp
White bond, rag
Solid tire
Cigarette
Timber (average)
13.60
4.70
5.50
0:44
13.30
7.60
16.00
5.30
6.50
0.54
16.00
9.30
18.30
6.10
7.50
0.66
19.50
11.30
20.60
7.20
8.80
0.76
25.00
14.00
24.00
8.70
10.80
0.88
33.50
17.50
Steam activated
26.20
0.81
15.20
15.70
5.20
5.50
7.20
4.30
1.90
8.00
10.80
28.30 29.20 30.00

1.24
1.46
1.03
17.20 18.80 20.20
18.50 20.80 22.80
8.10
5.90
6.80
9.50
7.90
6.60
9.90 11.60
8.50
7.00
6.10
5.10
3.60
2.40
3.00
8.90 10.20 11.90
12.80 14.90 17.20
31.10
1.67
21.50
24.30
10.00
11.50
13.60
8.40
4.30
14.30
19.90
Material
Description
Bread
Flour
White
Leather
Paper
Paper
Rubber
Tobacco
Wood
Activated charcoal
Domestic coke
Silica gel
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Hemp
Linen
Rayon
Silk
Wool
;I
f,1
(10-2) Raw cotton has been stored in a warehouse at 29C

and 50 per cent relative humidity. (a) The cotton goes through a
mill and passes through the weaving room kept at 31C and 70
per cent relative humidity. What is the moisture in 200 kg of
cotton? (b) For 200 kg of cotton from the warehouse, how many
kilograms should appear in the woven cloth, neglecting lintage
and thread losses?
SOLUTION
;!
'i,
(a) From Table 10-1, the regain of raw cotton at 50% relative
humidity is 6.6%.
weight of moisture = (regain) (Bdw)
= (0.066) (Bdw)
gross weight = Bdw + weight of moisture
Absorbent
Cloth
Raw fibers
Manila and sisal-rope
Table cloth
Fibre
Skein
Skein
200 = Bdw + (0.066) (Bdw)

Bdw
= 187.6 kg
moisture in 200 kg = 200- 187.6 = 12.4 kg

or moisture = (0.066) (187.6)
= 12.4 kg
(b) From Table 10-1, the regain of finished cotton (cloth)

at 70% relative humidity is 8.1%.
Gross weight = Bdw + weight of moisture
:l';'
:~.
~~
= Bdw + (regain) (Bdw)

= 187.6 + (0.081) (187.6)
.t\
\
= 202.8 kg
'41
Drying 171
= h, = 291.4 kJ/kg
h,
Point 3:
(10-3) Eight hundred kg of dry air per hour is saturated at

46C, then heated to 106C, passed through an adiabatic dryer
and discharged at 61C. Determine each of the following:
(a)
total kg of water in air before heating, per hour
(b) final kg of water in air when discharged, per hour
(c)
water evaporated from material in the dryer, per
hour
(d) relative humidity of air leaving the dryer
(e)
dew point of air leaving the dryer
(f)
percentage of saturation of air leaving the dryer
(g) number of cu m of air per second before dryer
'l
jO(.J
h g at 61C
= 2611.3 kJlkg
h, = c pt 3 + W 3hg3
291.4 = (1.0062) (61) + (W 3 ) (2611.3)
I
,I
j~]t
W 3 = 0.08809 kg/kg
(a)
Mass of water in air before heating,
SOLUTION
= m WI = (800 kg/h) (0.0688 kglkg) = 55.04 kg/h
mw
(b)
Mass of water in air at discharge = mW 3
= (800 kg/h) (0.08809 kg/kg) = 70.47 kg/h

m =800 kWh
x-{
beater
1
i
I
2 W2
lO(f'C
,
Dryer
3 Wa
6P
(c)
-r--
= (800 kg/h) (0.08809 -
WC
100~ RH
= 46C, 0 1 = 100% RH
Pd1 =
PS 1
= (01) (P d1) = 10.098 kPa

(0.622) (10.098)
101.325 _ 10.098 - 0.0688 kglkg
h g 2 = h g at 106C = 2685.4 kJlkg
= cpt 2 + W 2h g2
Pt - Ps3
(W3 ) (Pt)
Ps3
Point 2: W 2 = W 1 = 0.0688 kglkg
= 20.881 kPa
(0.622) (Ps3)
saturation pressure at 46C = 10.098 kPa
W1
saturation pressure at 61C
W3 =
,,\1
h,
(d) Point 3:
Pd3 =
Point 1: t d1
= m(W W
0.0688) kglkg = 15.43 kg/h
Water evaporated from the material
0.622 + W 3
= Ps3
Pd3
(0.08809) (101.325)
0.622 + 0.08809
= 12.57 kPa
12.57
20.881 = 0.602 or 60.2%
.~
~'f
., ~
\'
= (1.0062) (106) + (0.0688) (2685.4)
(e)
Dew point of air leaving the dryer = saturation temperature

at 0.012~7 MPa = 50.5C.
(f)
Percentage of saturation of air leaving the dryer

u
~ ~t
~t
Pd3]
Ps3
= 0.602
[ 101.325 - 20.881]
101.325 - 12.57
= 291.4 kJlkg
= 0.5456 or 54.56%
Drying 173
(g)
SOLUTION
Volume of air before drying, V2 = mv 2
w = (0.622) (PS2)
Pt - Ps2
_ (W2) (Pt) _ (0.0688) (101.325) _

kP
Ps2 - 0.622 + W2 0.622 + 0.0688 - 10.091

a
_
v2 -
(R) (T2)
n - n _
_ (0.287) (106 + 273) _

3
- 101.325 _ 10.091 - 1.192 m /kg
V2 = mV2 = (800 kg/h) (1.192 m 3/kg)

or 0.265 m 3/s
di
:1
33"C
60%
aa
4WC.60UH
~~ ~
38C'
65%
na
...
Heating
W,
~~
I
93"co--I
f6
Chamber
= 953.6 m 3/h
(10-4) A tower-type moisture dryer is to deliver 1000 kg/h

of cassava flour with 2% residual moisture of 20% in the feed.
The air to be heated in heating chamber is a mixture of fresh air
at 33C db and 60% RH, and hot humid air from dryer at 49C
db and 60% RH. The air mixture at 38C db and 65% RH is
heated by a steam coil to 93C. The dryer is properly insulated
so that moisture absorption can be considered adiabatic.
Compute:
(a) Required flow of heated air mixture to dryer.
(b) Capacity of forced draft fan on dryer.
(c) Heat in kcallh for heating the air mixture in heating
chamber.
(d) Percentage by weight of fresh air in mixture.
"
l>r)w
6
m'lI moiBture
moisture
Ws .1000 kwh
Point 2:
w~
Ws
At t d2 = 38C and O2 = 65% RH

h 2 = 109 kJ/kg
W2
Point 3:
W3
= 0.0275 kglkg
= W 2 = 0.0275 kg/kg
h g.3= h g at 93C = 2664.9 kJ/kg
h.'3 = c p t 3 + W 3hg3
= (1.0062) (93)
,1)lr
+ (0.0275) (2664.9)
\(
= 166.86 kJ/kg
'~
1 .. 1,~
.~'
.;f
.~
"
Point 4:
Pd4 = saturation pressure at 49C = 11. 75 k Pa

Ps4
= (0 4) (Pd4) = (0.60) (11.75) = 7.05 k
W _ (0.622)(P S4) _ (0.622)(7.05)

4P t - Ps4 - 101.325 _ 7.05
Pa
= 0.0465 kg/kg
' ''1''
174 Refri geration a nd Air Conditioning
Dryin g 175
W 6 = Bdw + (0 .02) (W 6 )
Point 6 :
( l O-f ) 1\ dri er is to b e d esi gned t o r edu ce the moi sture

content of cop r a from 1) 2 per ce n t t o 6 per cent. Atm ospheri c air
nC
a t 3 1 d ry bu lb and 24 C wet bulb temperatures , is h eated by
ste a m coi Is t o 8 8 C before e n ter in g t h e dri er. Steam e n t e rs th e
r eh catur a t a pressure of 133 .9 kPa and 95 pe r cent quality. Th e
a i r l eav es th e drier a t 40 C w ith a relativ e h umidity of 80 p e r
cent. Co p r a e n t e rs the dri er at th e rate of 1.30 k g/so D e t erm in e
(a ) till' mass flow rate of air and (b ) the mas s flow rate of s t e a m .
Bdw = (0 .98) (W 6 ) = (100 ) (0 .98) = 980 kglh

W. = Bdw + (0 .20) (WJ
Point 5 :
W _ Bdw
.'i - 0 .80
(a)
980
= 0 .80 =1225 k glh
Mass balance about dryer
SOLUT ION
maW a + W.'i = m aW4 + W 6
ma
Ws - W6
W4
W~
Saturated liquid
(1l8lIU.IIIIld)
1225 - 1000
0.0465 - 0 .0275
= 11,842 k glh or 3 .29 kg/ s
m"
si-c
(b )
24 e
(0 .62 2) ( p sa) = 0 .02fJ75 kg/kg

W a = 101.325 - Ps:J
IDa
~I
Wz
I
Dr ier
88"C
II
Rchcatcr
6% moisture
W5
Psa = 4 .29 kPa
RaTa
RaTa
(0 .287 ) (9 3+2 73 ) = 1. 083 mVkg
= --= - -
Pa
Pt - Ps3 = 101.325 - 4.29
m a = m a ss fl ow r ate of a ir
m s = m a ss fl ow rate of st ea m
Ca pa cit y of fan = m ava = (3 .29 kg/s ) ( 1.083 rn'Vkg )
= 3 .fJ63
Point 1:
At t ,I I = 3 1C and t " , = 24 C
m ~/s
WI = 0 .0 16 kg/kg
(c)
Q = rna (h a - h 2 ) = (3 .29 ) ( 166 .86 - 109) = 190.36 kcal/h

-
(d )
(190.3 6 kJ/s ) (36 00 s/h) = 163,672 kcallh
-.
=1
(1)
33 x+4 9y= 38
(2)
X+Y
hi
""
i
.',,,
.f
Point 2:
= 72 kJ/k g
t d2 = 88 C, W ~ = W I = 0 .016 k g/kg
h ~~ = b, a t 88"C = 26 56 .9 kJ .k g
h 2 ':'\~t 2 + W2h g2
= ( 1\ 006 2 ) (88 ) + (0 .0 16) (2656. 9 )
Solving equ a t io ns (1 ) and (2) s im u ltaneous ly,
= 131.06 kJ/k g
x = O,6R7f) or 68 .75 c;( fr esh a ir

I
to
W3
4O"C
80%RH
4
6~
moisture
W. = 1.30 kglB
Drying 177
176
Point 3:
t d3
P
= saturation pressure at 40C = 7.3'Z5 kPa
d3
S3
W3
( 10-6 \ The temperature of the air in a dryer is maintained

constant by the use of steam coils within the dryer. The product
enters the- dryer at the rate of one metric ton per hour. The initial
moist.urr- content is 3 kg moisture per kg of dry solid and will be
dried to a moisture content of 0.10 kg moisture per kg of dry
solid. Air .-n ter s the dryer with a humidity ratio of 0.016 kg
moistu rt' per kg of dry air and leaves with a relative humidity of
100 f!r while the temperature remains constant at 60 aC. If the
total prrssu r of the air is 101.3 k Pa, determine:
0 3 = 80%
= 40C,
= (03) (Pd3) = (0.80) (7.375) = 5.900 kPa

_ (0.622) (P s3 )
Pt - P
(0.622) (5.900) Ik
101.325 _ 5.900 - 0.0385 kg g
_
-
s3
Point 4:
Bdw
= (0.48) (W 4 ) = (0.48) (1.30) = 0.624 kg/s
Point 5:
W5
= Bdw + (0.06) (W 5)
W5
Bdw _ 0.624:= 0.664 kg/s

= 0.94 - 0.94
(a)
Total required amount of air in kg/h under entrance
conditions.
(b ) Capacity of the forced draft fan to handle this air in cu
m/min.
SOLUTION
(a) Mass balance about drier
m WI
= fia W
fia W z + W 4
fi a(W 3 - W Z) = W 4
fi a(0.0385 0.0160)
EIre
+ W 5
3 kgmoisture
kg dry solid
x 6
~:,
!~
fia (h z - h.)
h, :::: h f6 +
h fg6
h, :::: h.,
W.
Point 1:
Ws
WI
:=
_ (0.622) (p,)
WI P t - PsI
P sl =
(h g6
h f6 )
(0.95) (2688.3 - 452.85)
:::: 2123.7 kJlkg

(rn ) (2123.7)
:=
(28.27) 031.06 - 72)
11
ill"
= 0.7862 kg/s
= 1000 kwh
= 0.016 kg/kg
h, - h, = hf6 + x 6h rg6 - hf6

:::: X
0.10 kg moisture
kg dry solid
:&
= mh, + mh,
:=
100% RH
0.664
h.)
Dryer
(b) Energy balance about reheater
0000
fia = 28.27 kg/s
fi/h 6
W2
W 5
= 1.30 -
mh, + ruh.
steam
VI
W IP t
(0.016) 001.3)
0.622 + 0.016
0.622 + WI
= 2.540 kPa
Ra T l
RaT]
.(0.287) (60 + 273)
Pa
P. - PsI
101.3 - 2.540
= 0.968m:Jlkg
"
Drying 179
Point 2:
PROBLEMS
t d2
= 60C,
Pd2
Ps2 = (0 2)
O2 = 100% RH
( 1I
Tuhacco in warehouse, held at 30C and 40 per cent
relut iv.: h u m i di ty, is placed in a room at 32C and 70 per cent
rclut iv. liu m id ity preparatory to being worked on. For each 50
kg (If I (IiI; II'CO moved from the warehouse, what is its bone-dry
weight" What is the actual weight of this quantity of tobacco
after ~I;,vlng in the working room?
(Pd2) = 19.94 kPa
W = (0.622) (PS2) = (0.622) (19.94) = 0.1524 kg/kg

2
101.3 - 19.94
P, - Ps2
An s. 44.13 kg, 55.16 kg

Point 3:
Bdw = 250 kg
Point 4:
.
MOIsture content =
(~)
Air enters an adiabatic drier at 6 mls through a 2-m
diarm-t rr d uct at 29C dry bulb and 22C wet bulb temperatures.
It is lit-at I,d to 80C before reaching the material to be dried and
leaves t I}(' drier at 44C and 80 per cent relative humidity. The
matr-r i a l c-n t.crs the drier with a moisture content of24 per cent
and It'av('s with a moisture content of 8 per cent. Determine (a)
the mass of water removed per kg of dry air, (b) the volume flow
rate of air o n tering the reheater, (c) the kg of water evaporated
per sr-ro nd , (d) the mass flow rate of material leaving the drier,
and (t') t.h heat requirement of drier per kg of water evaporated.
0.10
= 0.0909 or .9.09%
1.0 + 0.10
W4 = (0.0909) (W) + Bdw
=
4
Bdw
1 _ 0.0909
250
A nAn
= 275 kg/h
(a) Mass balance about dryer

mW 1 + W 3 = mW 2 + W 4
W.3 - W4
m = W
2-W1
Ans. (a) 0.0343 kg/kg (b) 18.85 cu mis, (c) 0.74 kg/s,
(d) 3.507 kg/s, (e) 1496 kJ/kg water
=
1000 - 275
0.1524 - 0.016
(b) Capacity of fan = mv = (5315 kg/h) (0.968 m

1
3600 s/h
= 5315 kg/h
3/kg)
= 1.43
3/s
"
(~'"
(3)
A drier is to be designed to reduce the water content of
a certain material from 55 per cent to 10 per cent. Air at 29C
dry bulb temperature and with a humidity ratio of 0.005 kg/kg
is heated to 50 0 e in a reheater before entering the drier. The
air leaves the drier at 38C with 70 per cent relative humidity.
On the basis of 1000 kg of product per hour, calcuiate (a) the
volume flow rate of air entering the reheater, and (b) the heat
supplied in the reheater.
Ans. (a) 9.59 cu mls (b) 234.8 kW

(4) A dryer is to deliver 1000 kg/h of palay with final
moisture content of 10%. The initial moisture content in the feed
is 15% at atmospheric condition with 32C dry bulb and 21C
wet bulb. The dryer is maintained at 45 while the relative
humidity of the hot humid air from the dryer is 80%. If the steam
pressure supplied to the heater is 2 MPa, determine the following:
'i
.".
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Palay supplied to the dryer in kg/h.

Temperature of the hot humid air from the dryer in DC.
Air supplied to dryer in cu m/h.
Heat supplied by the heater in kW.
Steam supplied to heater in kg/h.
Chapter
Ans. (a) 1058.8 kg/h, (b) 45C, (c) 1348.4 cu m/h,

(d) 5.40 kW, (e) 10.28 kg/h
11
Prodnet Load
Wlu-n a product enters a storage at a temperature above the
ternpr-r.u lin' of the space, the product will give off heat to the space
until it ('ools to the space temperature. The heat gain from the
product is computed by the following equations:

Q
=Q 1 + Q2 + Q3
where Q = product load, kJ

Q 1 = heat to cool from entering temperature to
freezing temperature, kJ
Q 2 = heat to freeze, kJ
Q 3 = heat to cool from freezing temperature to
final storage temperature, kJ
Q 1 = (rn) (c b ) (t e - t r)
Q 2 = (rn) (h.)
Q 3 = (rn) (c) (t r - t s )
I'
~:l
where m = mass of the product, kg
cb = specific heat above freezing, kJ/kg. Co

ca = specific heat below freezing, kJ/kg. Co
t e = entering temperature, C
t, = freezing temperature, C
t s = storage temperature, C
h. = product latent heat, kJlkg
Product Load 183
11-1) Compute the heat to be removed from 110 kg of lean

beef if it were to be cooled from 20C to 4C, after which it is frozen
and cooled to -18C. Specific heat of beef above freezing is given as
3.23 k.I/kg.C", and below freezing is 1.68 k-J/kg.C''. Freezing point is
-2.2C, and latent heat of fusion is 233 kJ/kg.
specific heat of water

heat of fusion of ice
SOLUTION
Q 1 = (c l )
SOLUTION
4.2292 kJ/kg.Co
335 kJ/kg
(~
t) = (1.9387 k.I/kg.C") [0 - (-4) ] Co ;::
Q 2 = 335 kJ/kg
Q I = (110 kg) (3.23 k.I/kg.C") [ 20- (-2.2) ]CO =
Q 2 = (110 kg) (233 kJ/kg)
7,888 kJ
(~
= 2,920 kJ
Q= 36,438 kJ
(11-2) A refrigeration storage is supplied with 10,000 kg of

fish at a temperature of 20C. The fish has to be cooled to -10C for
preserving it for a long period without deterioration. The cooling
takes place in 10 hours. The specific heat offish is 0.7 above freezing
point and 0.3 below freezing point which is -3C. The latent heat of
freezing is 55.5 kcal/kg. Find the refrigerating capacity of the plant
in tons.
Q I = (10,000 kg) (0.7 kcal/kg.C") [20 - (-3)]Co= 161,000 kcal
Q 2 = (10,000 kg) (55.5 kca/kg)
= 555,000 kcal
Q3 = (10,000 kg) (0.3 kcal/kg.C")

[-3 - (-10)] Co
Q
= 21,000 kcal
= 737,000 kcal
= 24.35 tons
= 335.0 kJ/kg
t w ) = (4.2292 k-J/kg.C") (7 - 0) Co
= 29.6 kJ/kg
Heat from ice
= 25,630 kJ
Q3 = (110 kg) (1.68 kJ.CO) [-2.2- (-18)] Co
Q = (737,000 kcal) (4.187 kJ/kcal)
Q:J = (cw )
Heat load
>
7.8 kJ/kg
;:: 372.4 kJ/kg
(1.30) (114 kg) (3.35 k.I/kg.C") (29 - 7) Co
;:: 10,992 kJ
10,922 kJ ;:: 29.33 kg/24 h
mass of ice;:: 372.4 kJ/kg
(11-4) Four hundred kilograms of poultry enter a chiller at

6C and are frozen and chilled to a final temperature of -16C for
storage in 12 hours. Compute the product load.
specific heat above freezing
specific heat below freezing
latent heat
freezing temperature
3.18 k.I/kg.C"
1.55 k-I/kg.C''
246 kJ/kg
-3C
SOLUTION
(10 h) (3,600 sth) (3.52 kW/ton)

(11-3) A mass of ice at -4C is needed to cool 114 kg of
vegetables in a bunker for 24 hours. The initial temperature of the
vegetables is assumed to be 29C. It is also assumed that the average
temperature in the bunker is 7C, within the 24-hour period. If the
heat gained per hour in the bunker is 30% of the heat removed to
cool the vegetables from 29C to 7C, what would be the required
mass of ice?
specific heat of ice
specific heat of vegetables
1.9387 k-I/kg.C"
3.35 k.I/kg.C"
Q I = (400 kg) (3.18 k-I/kg.C") [6 - (-3)]

Q 2 = (400 kg) (246 kJ/kg)
Q3 ::: (400 kg) (1.55 k-I/kg.C'') [(-3) - (-16) ] Co
;:: 11,448 kJ
::: 98,400 kJ
:::
8,060 kJ
Q::: 117,908 kJ
117,908 kJ
::: 2.73 kW
Q::: (12 h) (3,600 s/h)
'fJ'"
"
187
Table 1 (continued)
Table 2 Refrigeration 11 1"'''1)( -rt ics of liquid and saturated vapor
Enthalpy,
kJ/k1
t, DC
P,kPa
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
886.57
915.03
944.18
974.03
1004.6
1035.9
1068.0
1100.7
1134.3
1168.6
1203.7
1239.6
1276.3
1313.9
1352.2
1391.5
1431.5
1472.4
1514.3
1557.0
1600.6
1645.1
1690.6
1737.0
1784.3
1832.6
1881.9
1932.2
1983.5
2035.9
W89.2
2143.6
2199.1
2255.6
2313.2
46
47
48
49
SO
51
52
53
54
55
Entropy,
kJ/k, K
Itf
hI
298.527
303.300
308.081
312.870
317.667
322.471
327.284
332.104
336.933
341.169
346.614
351.466
356.326
361.195
366.072
. 370.957
375.851
380.754
385.666
390.587
395.519
400.462
405.416
41fr.382
n5.362
420.358
425.369
430.399
435.450
440.523
445.623
.50.751
455.913
461.112
466.353
1410.41
1411.11
1481.17
1482.53
1483.18
1483.81
1484.42
1485.01
1485.59
1486.14
1486.67
1487.18
1487.66
1488.13
1488.57
1488.99
1489.39
1489.76
1490.10
1490.42
1490.11
1490.98
1491.21
1491.41
1491.58
1491.72
1491.83
1491.88
1491.91
1491.89
1491.83
1491. 73
1491.58
1491.38
1491.12
If
1.34452
1.360S5
1.37654
1.39250
1.40843
1.42433
1.44020
1.45604
1.47185
1.48762
1.50337
1.51908
1.53477
1.55042
1.56605
1.58165
1;59722
1.61276
1.62828
1.64317
1.65924
1.67470
1.69013
1.70554
1.72095
1.73635
1.75174
1.76714
1.78255
1.79798
1.81343
1.82891
1.84445
1.86004
1.87571
"
vf
5.3626
5.3512
5.33'9
5.3286
5.3175
5.3063
5.2953
5.2843
5.2733
5.2624
5.2516
5.2408
5.2300
5.2193
5.2086
5.1980
5.1874
5.1768
5.1663
5.1558
5.1453
5.1349
5.1244
5.1140
5.1036
5.0932
5.0827
5.0723
5.0618
5.0514
5.0409
5.0303
5.0198
5.0092
4.9985
1.6426
1.6466
1.6507
1.6541
1.6588
1.6630
1.66i2
1.6714
1.6757
1.6800
1.6844
1.6888
1.6932
1.6977
1.7023
1.7069
1.7115
1.7162
1.7209
1.7257
1.7305
1.7354
1.7404
1.7454
1.7504
1.7555
1.7607
1.7659
1.7712
1.7766
1.7820
1.7875
1.7931
1.7987
1.8044
v,
144.578
140.214
136.006
131.950
128.037
124.261
120.619
117.103
113.708
110.430
107.263
104.205
101.248
98.3913
95.6290
92.9579
90.3743
87.8748
85.4561
83.1150
80.8484
78.6536
76.5276
74.4678
72.4716
70.5365
68.6602
66.8403
65.0746
63.3608
61.6971
60.0813
58.5114
56.9855
55.5019
t,OC
P, kPa
hf
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-8
9.24
12.15
15.78
20.25
25.71
28.20
30.88
33.76
36..86
40.18
41.92
43.73
45.60
47.54
49.53
51.60
53.73
55.93
58.21
60.55
62.97
65.4 7
68.04
70.70
73.43
76.25
79.15
82.14
85.21
H8.38
91.64
94.99
174.25
178.53
182.81
187.09
191.39
193.11
194.83
196.55
198.27
200.00
200.86
201. 73
202.59
203.46
204.32
205:19
206.05
206.92
207.79
208.65
209.52
210.39
211.26
212.13
213.00
213.87
214.74
215.61
216.48
217.35
218.22
219.10
219.97
220.84
221.72
222.59
223.47
224.34
225.22
226.10
227.85
229.61
231.37
233.13
234.90
-6
-4
-2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28'
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
n.44
101.98
105.62
109.37
113.21
117.16
121.22
125.38
134.05
143.18
152.78
162.87
173.46
Specific volume,
L/kg
Entropy,
kJ/kg K
Enthalpy.
kJ/kg
Specific volume,
L/kg
373\1
37611
37866
381.12
38371
384.80
385.82
386.84
387.86
388.89
389.40
389.91
390.42
390.93
391.44
391.95
392.46
392.97
393.47
393.98
394.49
395.00
395.51
396.02
396.52
397.03
397.54
398.04
398.55
399.05
399.56
400.06
400.57
401.07
401.57
402.07
402.57
403.08
403.58
404.08
405.07
406.07
407.06
408.05
409.04
Sf
0.90099
0.91824
0.93517
0.95179
0.96813
0.97459
0.98100
0.98738
0.9937.1
1.00000
1.00313
1.00625
1.00936
1.01246
1.01555
1.01863
1.02170
1.02476
1.02782
1.03086
1.03389
1.03692
1.03994
1.04294
1.04594
1.04893
1.05191
1.05488
1.05785
1.06080
1.06375
1.06669
1.06961
1.07254
1.07545
1.07838
1.08125
1.08414
1.08702
1.08989
1.09561
1.10130
1.10696
1.11259
1.11819
Sg
1.72074
1.71447
1.70885
1.70377
1.69922
1.69753
1.69592
1.69438
1.69291
1.69150
1.69082
1.69018
1.68951
1.68888
1.68826
1.68766
1.68707
1.68650
1.68594
1.68539
1.68486
1.68434
1.68383
1.68333
1.68285
1.68238
1.68193
1.68148
1.68105
1.68062
1.68021
1.67982
1.67942
1.67905
1.67868
1.67832
1.67798
1.67764
1.67731
1.67699
1.67638
1.67581
1.67527
1.67476
1.67429
vf
vg
0.62466
0.62894
0.63331
0.63777
0.64234
0.64419
0.64606
0.64795
0.64985
0.65178
0.65275
0.65372
0.65470
0.65568
0.65667
1581.77
1225.53
960.954
761.949
610.466
560.196
514.840
473.883
436.764
403.130
387.493
372.593
358.366
344.792
331.859
319.500
307.698
296.427
285.648
275.347
265.483
256.063
247.037
238.396
230.130
222.205
214.614
207.332
200.361
193.665
187.245
181.089
175.166
169.485
164.034
158.786
153.754
148.903
144.246
139.768
131.305
123.462
116.135
109.430
103.151
0.65.7t>6
0.65866
0.65966
0.66067
0.66168
0.66270
0.66327
0.66475
0.66578
0.66682
0.66786
0:66891
0.66997
0.67102
0.67209
0.67316
0.67424
0.67532
0.67641
0.67750
0.67860
0.67971
0.68082
0:68194
0.68307
0.68533
0.68763
0.68995
0.69230
Q.69468
'f'
J
189
Table 2 (continued)
Table 3 Refrigeration 12: properties of liquid and saturated vapor
,I
Enthalpy,
kJ/tg
1,1
-I
t,OC
P,tPa
hf
hg
If
Ig
vf
45
50
55
60
70
80
202.28
234.64
270.83
311.10
405.15
519.21
239.32
243.75
248.21
252.68
261.68
270.79
411.49
413.93
416.34
418.73
423.42
427.98
1.13206
1.14576
1.15929
1.17267
1.19898
1.67324
1.67237
1.67165
1.67109
1.67031
1.66992
0.70074
0.70700
0.71346
0.72014
0.73421
0.74937
1.2~479
Enthalpy,
kJ/kg
Specific volume,
L/kg
Entropy.
kJ/kg K
vg
t,OC
~J
~O
89.2884
77.6428
67.8040
59.4543
46.2114
36.3872
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-28
-26
..24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-9
-8
-7
~
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
8
9
10
.11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
~1
.Ja
"\
P, kPa
22.62
29.98
39.15
50.44
64.17
80.71
100.41
109.27
1.18.72
128.80
139.53
150.93
163.04
175.89
189.50
203.90
219.12
227.04
235.19
243.55
252.14
260.96
270.01
-279.30
288.82
298.59
308.61
318.88
329.40
340.19
351.24
363.55
374.14
386.01
398.15
410.58
423.30
436.31
449.62
463.23
477.14
491.37
505.91
520.76
535.94
551.45
567.29
Entropy,
kJ/kg' K
Specific volume,
L/kg
hg
sf
'
vf
vg
146.463
150.808
155.169
159.549
163.948
168.369
172.810
174.593
! 76.380
178.171
179.965
181. 764
183.567
185.374
187.185
189.001
190.822
19"1 :734
192.647
193.562
194.477
195.395
196.313
197.233
198.-154
199.076
200.000
200.925
201.852
202.780
203.710
204 ..6 42
205.575
206.509
207.445
208.383
209.323
210.264
211.207
212.152
213.099
214.048
214.998
215.951
216.906
217.863
218.821
324.236
326.567
328.897
331.223
333.541
335.849
338.143
339.057
339.968
340.876
341.780
342.682
343.580
344.474
345.365
346.252
347.134
347.574
348.012
348.450
348.886
349.321
349.755
350.187
350.619
351.049
351.477
351.905
352.331
352.755
353.179
353.600
354.020
354.439
354.856
355.272
355.686
356.098
356.509
356.918
357.325
357.730
358.134
358.535
358.935
359.333
359.729
0.77977
0.79990
0.81964
0.83901
0.85805
0.86776
0.89516
0.90244
0.90967
0.91686
0.92400
0.93110
0.93816
0.94518
0.95216
0.95910
0.96601
0.96945
0.97287
0.97629
0.97971
0.98311
0.98650
0.98989
0.99327
0.99664
1.00000
1.00335
1.00670
1.01004
1.01337
1.01670
1.02001
1.02333
1.02663
1.02993
1.03322
1.03650
1.03978
1.04305
1.04632
1.04958
1.05284
1.05609
1.05933
1.06258
1.06581
1.61373
1.60552
1.59810
1.59.142
1.58539
1.57996
1.57507
1.57326
1.57152
1.56985
1.56825
1.56672
1.56526
1.56385
1.56250
1.56121
1.55997
1.55938
1.55897
1.55822
1.55765
1.55710
1.55657
1.55604
1.55552
1.55502
1.55452
1.55404
1.55356
1.55310
1.55264
1.55220
. 1.55176
1.55133
1.55091
1.55050
1.55010
1.54970
1.54931
1.54893
1.54856
1.54819
1.54783
1.54748
1.54713
1.54679
1.54645
0.63689
0.64226
0.64782
0.65355
0.65949
0.66563
0.67200
0.67461
0.67726
0.67996
0.68269
0.68541
0.68829
0.69115
0.69407
0;69703
0.70004
0.70157
0.70310
0.70465
0.70622
0.70780
0.70939
0.71099
0'.71261
0.71425
0-.71590
0.71756
0.71924
0.72094
0.72265
0.72438
0.72612
0.72788
0.72966
0.73146
0.73326
0.73510
(,.73695
0.73882
0.74071
0.74262
0.74455
0.74649
0.74846
0.75045
0.75246
637.911
491.000
383.105
302.683
241.910
195.398
159.375
147.275
136.284
126.282
117.167
108.847
101.242
94.2788
87.8951
82.0344
76.6464
74.1155
71.6864
69.3543
67.1146
64.9629
62.8952
60.9075
58.9963
57.1579
55.3892
53.6869
52.0481
50.4700
48.9499
47.4853
. 46.0737
44.7129
43.4006
42.1349
40.9137
39.7352
38:5975
37.4991
36.4382
35.4133
34.4230
33.4658
32.5405
31.6457
30.7802
~
191
Table 3 (continued)
Table 4 Refrigeration 22: properties of liquid and saturated vapor
Enthalpy,
kJjkg
Entropy,
kJjkg' K
-----t,OC
j,
I'
11\
,J
~I:1
Ii
~II
I,
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
P,kPa
583.47
599.98
616.84
634.05
651.62
669.54
687.82
706.47
725.50
744.90
764.68
784.85
805.41
826.36
847.72
869.48
891.64
914.23
937.23
960.65
984.51
1008.8
1033.5
1058.7
1084.3
1110.4
1136.9
1163.9
1191.4
1219.3
1276.6
1335.9
1397.2
1460.5
1525.9
1593.5
1663.2
1735.1
1809.3
1885.8
2087.5
2304.6
2538.0
2788.5
3056.9
3344.1
------
hf
219.783
220.746
221.712
222.680
223.650
224.623
225.598
226.576
221.557
228.540
229.526
230.515
23.1.506
232.501
233.498
234.499
235.503
236.510
237.521
238.535
239.552
" 240.574
241.598
242.627
243.659
244.696
245.736
246.781
241.830
248.884
251.004
253.144
255.304
257.486
259;690
261.918
264.172
i66.452
268.762
271.102
277.100
283.341
289.879
296.788
304.181
312.261
---~.
hg
sf
Sg
360.122
360.514
360.904
361.291
361.676
362.059
362.439
362.817
363.193
363.566
363.937
36'4.305
364.670
365.033
365.392
365.749
366.103
366.454
366.802
367.146
367.487
367.825
368.160
368.491
368.818
369.141
369.461
369.777
370.088
370.396
370.997
371.581
372.145
372.688
373.210
373.707
374.180
374.625
375.042
375.427
376.234
376.777
376.985
376.748
375.887
374.070
1.06904
1.07227
1.07549
1.07871
1.08193
1.08514
1.08835
1.09155
1.09475
1.09195
1.10115
1.10434
1.10753
1.11072
1.11391
1.11710
1.12028
1.12347
1.12665
1.12984
1.13302
1.13620
1.13938
1.14251
1.14575
1.14894
1.15213
1.15532
1.15851
1.16170
1.16810
1.17451
1.18093
1.18738
1.19384
1.20034
1.20686
1.21342
1.22001
1.22665
1.24347
1.26069
1.27845
1.29691
1.31637
1.33732
1.54612
1.54579
1.54547
1.54515
1-.54484
1.54453
1.54423
1.54393
1.54363
1.54334
1.54305
1.54276
1.54247
1.54219
1.54191
1.54163
1.54135
1.54107
1.54079
1.54051
1.54024
1.53996
1.53968
1.53941
1.53913
1.53885
1.5'3856
1.53828
1.53199
1.53770
1.53712
1.536'51
1.53589
1.53524
1.53457
1.53387
1.53313
1.53235
1.53153
1.53066
1.52821
1.52526
1.52164
1.51708
1.51113
1.50296
Specific volume,
L/kg
vf
Enthalpy,
kJ/kg
vg
i.rc
P, kPa
hf
hg
~O
37.48
49.47
64.39
82.71
104.95
131.68
163.48
177.76
192.99
209.22
226.48
244.83
264.29
284.93
306.78
329.89
354.30
367.01
380.06
393.47
407.23
421.35
435.84
450.70
465.94
481.57
497.59
514.01
530.83
548.06
565.71
134.763
139.830
144.,959
150.153
155.414
160.742
166.140
168.318
170.507
172.708
174.919
177.142
179.376
181.622
183.878
186.147
188.426
189.571
190.718
191.868
193.021
194.176
195.335
196.497
197.662
198.828
200.000
201.174
202.351
203.530
204.713
205.899
207.089
208.281
209.477
210.675
211.877
213.083
214.291
215.503
216.719
217.937
219.160
220.386
221.615
222.848
224.084
379.114
381.529
383.921
386.282
388.609
390.896
393.r38
394.021
394.896
395.762
396.619
397.467
398.305
399.133
399.951
400.759
401.555
401.949
402.341
402.729
403.114
403.496
403.876
404.252
404.626
404.994
405.361
405.724
406.084
406.440
406.793
407.143
407.489
407.831
408.169
408.504
408.835
409.162
409.485
409.804
410.119
410.430
410.736
411.038
411.336
411.629
411.9J8
'
-----------_.- .. ----.
-----_.
0.75449
0.75655
0.75863
0.76073
0.76286
0.76501
0.76716
0.76938
0.77161
0.77386
0.77614
0.77845
0.78079
0.18316
0.78556
0.78799
0.79045
0.79294
0.79546
0.79802
0.80062
0.80325
0.80592
0.80863
0.81137
0.81416
0.81698
0.81985
0.82277
0.82573
0.83119 ,
0.83804
0.84451
0.85121
0.85814
0.86534
0.87282
0.88059
0.88870
0.89716
0.92009
0.94612
0.97621
1.01190
1.05581
1.11311
29.9429
29.1327
28.3485
27.5894
26.8542
26.1422
25.4524
24.7840
24.1362
23.5082
22.8993
22.3088
21.735'9
21.1802
20.6408
20.1173
19.6091
19.1156
18.6362
18.1706
17.7182
17.2785
16.8511
16.4356
16.0316
15.6386
15.2563
14.8844
14.5224
14.1 ?01
13.4931
lZ.8509
12.2412
11.6620
11.1113
10.5872
10.0881
9.61234
9.15844
8.72502
7.12258
6.82143
6.00494
5.25759
-55
-50
~5
i
"
-40
-35
-30
-28
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-9
-8
-7
~
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
4.563~~
3.90280
\,
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
5~n.78
602.28
621.22
640.59
660.42
680.70
701.44
722.65
744.33
766.50
789.15
812.29
835.93
860.08
884.75909.93
Entropy,
kJ/kg K
sf
0.73254
0.75599
0.77919
0.80216
0.82490
0.84743
0.86976
0.87864
0.88748
0.89630
0.90509
0.91386
0.92459
0.93129
0.93997
0.94862
0.95725
0.96155
0.06585
0.97014
0.97442
0.97870
0.98297
0.98724
0.99150
0.99575
1.00000
1.00424
1.00848
1.01271
1.01694
1.02116
1.02537
1.02958
1.03379
1.03799
1.04218
1.04637
1.05056
1.05474
1.05892
1.06309
1.06726
1.07142
1.07559
1.07974
1.08390
Specific volume,
L/kg
's
1.87886
1.86389
1.85000
\.83708
1.82504
1.81380
1.80329
1.79927
1.79535
1.79152
1.78779
1.78415
1.78059
1.77711
1.77371
1.77039
1.76713
1.76553
1.76394
1.76237
1.76082
1.75928
1.75775
1.75624
1.75475
1.75326
1.75279
1.75034
1.74889
1.74746
1.74604
1.74463
1.74324
1.74185
1.74047
1.73911
1.73775
1.73640
1.73506
1.73373
1.73241
1.73109
1.72978
1.72848
1.72719
1.72590
1.72462
vf
vg
0.68208
0.68856
0.69526
0.70219
0.70936
0-.71680
0.72452
0.72769
0.73092
0.73420
0.73753
0.74091
0.74436
0.74786
0.75143.
0.15506
0.75876
0.76063
0.76253
0.76444
0.76636
0.76831
0.77028
0.77226
0.77427
0.77629
0.77834
0.78041
0.7824Q
0.78460
0.78673
0.78889
0.79107
0.79327
0.79549
0.79775
0.80002
0.80232
0.80465
0.80701
0.80939
0.81180
0.81424
0.81671
0.81922
0.82175
0.82431
537.152
414.827
324.557
256.990
205.745
166.400
135.844
125.563
116.214
107.701
99.9362
92.8432
86.3546
80.4103
74.9572
69.9478
65.3399
63.1746
61.0958
59.0996
57.1820
55.3394
53.5682
51.8653
50.2274
48.6517
47 .13~4.
45.6757
44.2702
42.9166
41.6124
40.3556
39.1441
37.9759
36.8493
35.7624
34.7136
33.7013
32.7239
31.7801
30.8683
29.9874
29.1361
28.3131
27.5173
26.7477
26.0032
",
192
I ~ I:I
Table 4 (continued)
Enthalpy,
kJjkg
t,OC
P, kPa
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
935.64
961.89
988.67
1016.0
1043.9
1072.3
1101.4
1130.9
1161.1
1191.9
1223.2
1255.2
1287.8
1321.0
1354.8
1389.2
1424.3
1460.1
1496.5
1533.5
1571.2
1609.6
1648.7
1688.5
1729.0
1770.2
1812.1
1854.8
1898.2
1942.3
2032.8
2126.5
2223.2
2323.2
2426.6
2533.3
2643.5
2757.3
2874.7
2995.9
3316.1
3662.3
4036.8
4442.5
4883.5
~8
49
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
75
80
85
90
95
Entropy.
kJjkg K
"f
hg
Sf
Sg
Vf
225.324
226.568
227.816
229.068
412.202
412.481
412.755
413.025
413.289
413.548
413.802
414.050
414.293
414.530
414.762
414.987
415.207
415.420
415.627
415.828
416.021
416.208
416.388
416.561
416.726
416.883
417.033
417.174
417.308
417.432
417.548
417.655
417.752
417.838
417.983
418.083
418.137
418.141
418.089
41 '.978
417.802
417.553
417.226
416.809
415.299
412.898
409.101
402.653
38'6.708
1.08805
1.09220
1.09634
1.10048
1.10462
1.10876
1.11290
1.11703
1.12116
1.12530
1.12943
1.13355
1.13768
1.14181
1.14594
1.15007
1.15420
1.15833
1.16246
1.16659
1.17073
1.17486
1.17900
1.18315
1.18730
1.19145
1.19560
1.19977
1.20393
1.20811
1.21648
1.22489
1.23'333
1.24183
1.25038
1.25899
1.26768
1.27647
1.2i535
1.29436
1.31758
1.34223
1.36936
1.40155
1.45222
1.72334
1.72206
1.72080
1.71953
1.71827
1.71701
1.71576
1.71450
i.71325
1.71200
1.71075
1.70950
1.70826
1.70701
1.70576
1.70450
1.70325
1.70199
1.70073
1.69946
1.69819
1.69692
1.69564
1.69435
1.69305
1.69174
1.69043
1.68911
1.68777
1.68643
1.68370
1.68091
1.67805
1.67511
1.67208
1.66895
1.66570
1.66231
1.65876
1.65504
1.64472
1.63239
1.61673
1.59440
1.54712
0.82691
0.82954
0.83221
0.83491
0.83765
0.84043
0.84324
0.84610
0.84899
0.85193
0.85491
0.85793
0.86101
0.86412
0.86729
0.87051
0.87378
0.87710
0.88048
0.88392
0.88741
0.89097
0.89459
0.89828
0.90203
0.90586
0.90976
0.91374
0.91779
0.92193
0.93047
0.93939
0.94872
0.95850
Q.96878
0.97960
0.99104
1.00317
1.01608
1.02987
1.06916
1.11810
1.18328
1.28230
1.52064
~30.324
231.583
232.~47
234.115
235.387
236.664
237.944
239.230
240.520
241.814
243.114
244.418
245.727
247.041
248.361
249.686
251.016
252.352
253.694
255.042
256.396
257.756
259.123
260.497
261.877
263.264
266.062
268.891
271.754
274.654
277.594
280.577
283.607
286.690
289.832
293.038
301.399
310.424
320.505
332.616
351.767
'S){j [w '::lWnrOA :l!J!:l::ldS
Specific volume,
Ljkg
o
o
or.
o
o
o
o
C"!
0
0
~
0
0
v:
o
o
o
o
o
0
ooog
00000
~r-:~~....:
"'!
N-
25.2829
24.5857
23.9107
23.2572
22.6242
22.0111
21.4169
20.8411
20.2829
19.7417
19.2168
18.7076
18.2135
17.7341
17.2686
16.8168
16.3779
15.9517
15.5375
15.1351
14.7439
14.3636
13.9938
13.6341
13.2841
12.9436
12.6122
12.2895
11.9753
11.6693
11.0806
10.5214
9.98952
9.48319
9.00062
8.54016
8.10023
7.67934
7.27605
6.88899
5.98334
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4.35815
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Figure 3 Pressure-enthalpy diagram of superheated refrigerant 12 vapor.
200
300
.---
310
_...
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300
..
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60
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1.72
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1.70
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1.68
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410
Entropy, kJ/kg: . K
400
Figure 2 Pressure-enthalpy diagram of superheated refrigerant 11 vapor.
'J
~ 40
:.;
f----~-_+_-__+_-+_-I___~-____+_-__+_-+_-I____+--+_-___+_
40,.. ~I-
360
350
100
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:00
240
340
_
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350
200
300
400
500
600
360
360
370
380
390
400
Entropy, k J /kg . K
380
Temperature, "('
370
400
390
410
4\0
440
430
Enthalpy kJjkg
420
440
450
~ ......
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430
1.70 1.72 '\ Ii-I
420
::::;:;:;;;;;;:;.:;:;;=====:=..;:...:.....,._.~.---_
~. 4 Pr~ss~re-enthalPY diagram of superheated refrigerant 22 vapor.
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1000
900
800
700
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c::

AIR CON ~N IONING

Hipolito B. Sta. Maria

PHILIPPINE COPYRIGHT, /I.)X9, 2001 bv

Third Editioll, 2001

Refrigerating Machine and

Reversed Carnot Cycle,

Simple Vapor Compression

Actual Vapor Compression Cycle

Cooling Tower................................................ 154

All rights reserved.

review. without permission

Kaluvaun /'/(\\ .'Ilktg. Ell!..

This book has a two-fold purpose: to serve primarily as a

Refrigerating Machine and

1 bar = 100 kPa

2 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Refrigerating Machine and Reversed Carnot Cycle 3

Unit of Energy and Work

Heat Engine and Refrigerating Machine

The SI unit of work is the newton meter denoted by Nm or

A system operating in a cycle and producing a net quantity

1 Btu = 252 cal

The SI uni t of power is the watt, denoted by the symbol W. It

Unit of Refrigerating Capacity

Fig. 1-1. Representation of a heat engine

One ton of refrigeration is the rate of cooling required to

1 TR = (2000 lb) (144 Btu/lb)

= 12,000 Btu/h = 200 Btu/min

= the heat supplied

= the heat rejected

= the net work

= the thermal efficiency

1 TR = (12,000 Btulh) (252 callBtu)

Btu/rnin.) (1055 J/Btu)

I TH = ~11 k.L'min = 3.52 kW

A refrigerating machine will either cool or maintain a body

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Refrigerating Machine and Reversed Carnot Cycle ;)

The Carnot power cycle consists of the following reversible

process d-a: isentropic compression, Sri = S,

= the heat absorbed from the cold body or

The performance of a heat engine is expressed by its thermal

Q A = the heat added by the hot body

= the heat rejected to the cold body

= the thermal efficiency

= the temperature of the Source of heat

T 2 = the temperature of the sink or receiver of heat

(1'1 - 1',,) ISh - S)

W = the work done

The Carnot Cycle

= 1'\ (S" - S) - 1'2 (SI> - S)

Refngeration and Air Conditioning

Refrigerating Machine and Reversed Carnot Cycle 7

The Reversed Carnot Cycle

= the heat absorbed from

the cold body

the heat rejected to the hot body

COP= the coefficient of performance

The reversed Carnot cvcl follows the same processes as in

= the refrigeration temperature

= the temperature of heat rejection to the

(1-1) A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Carnot

process a-b: isentropic compression, Sa == Sh