Professional Documents
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Almacenamiento
energtico
Solar PV
Solar Fotovoltaica
Inverters Inversores
Self-consumption
Autoconsumo
Offshore wind energy
Elica marina
Tidal energy
Energa de las mareas
Concentrated Solar
Power (CSP)
Energa termosolar
de concentracin
Country special
Middle East and North Africa
(MENA) | Medio Oriente y
frica del Norte
CONTENTS
ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
s !LMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO EN LAS SMART GRIDS PERSPECTIVA DEL DISTRIBUIDOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
s )BERDROLA )NGENIERA DESARROLLA EL PROYECTO INTERNACIONAL DE )$ 3)2"!44 24
s $ESARROLLO DE SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIN DE HIDRGENO ENERGTICO POR GENERACIN ALCALINA PROYECTO $%30(%'!. . . . 26
s /PERACIN DE UNA BATERA DE mUJO EN LA MICRORRED DE #%.%2 28
s !LMACENAMIENTO mEXIBLE DE ENERGA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
s ,A INTEGRACIN DE RENOVABLES EN REDES DE DISTRIBUCIN DBILES ABRE LA VENTANA PARA EL ALMACENAMIENTO
A GRAN ESCALA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
s !CUMULACIN DE FRO MEDIANTE 0#-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
s "ATERAS DE METALAIRE EL FUTURO DEL ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA
s (ABLA EL SECTOR %NTREVISTA CORAL A FABRICANTES DE INVERSORES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
AUTOCONSUMO
s !UTOCONSUMO ELCTRICO CON ENERGAS RENOVABLES )NmUENCIA DE LA LEGISLACIN EUROPEA Y ESPAOLA
EN EL MERCADO ESPAOL DE LA ENERGA 38
ON COVER
AVEVA
Solar PV
www.aveva.com
CSP TODAY
www.csptoday.com
ENERGYA VM
www.energyavm.es
FENIE ENERGA
www.fenieenergia.es
FRABA
www.posital.com
GESTERNOVA
www.gesternoa.com
www.iessoler.com
INMESOL
www.inmesol.es
SALICRU
www.salicru.com
on
Backsheet
and encapsulati
Wafers and
cells
Monitoring
Concentarted
)
Power (CSP
Solar
Smart grids
e-Mobility
es in Europe
Electric Vehicl
ial
Country Spec
South Africa
energetica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
www.santosmaquinaria.es
SEMI
www.semi.es
YINGLI SOLAR
www.yinglisolar.com
EDITORIAL
Va libre al fracking
NADIE DUDA YA QUE EL AUGE DE LOS COMBUSTIBLES FSILES NO CONVENCIONALES
est cambiando el panorama energtico global; y, entre ellos, es
el shale gas un tipo de gas contenido en la roca generadora
cuya principal caracterstica es la baja permeabilidad el que est
acaparando la mayor atencin por su capacidad de revolucionar el
mix energtico de un pas, tal y como est ocurriendo ya en Estados Unidos. Baste un dato para demostrarlo: ante la espectacular
bajada del precio del gas debido al progresivo aumento de la explotacin de pozos de shale gas, las autoridades estadounidenses
se estn planteando ya la transformacin de la ota de transporte
por carretera, que pasar de ser impulsada por gasolina a utilizar
gas. Sin embargo, tal y como reconocen los expertos incluso en
Estados Unidos, las explotacin del shale gas no es sencilla y tiene
importantes impactos medioambientales, sociales y econmicos.
En Espaa, la apuesta poltica por rentabilizar las supuestas
reservas de shale gas con las que cuenta nuestro pas que
ascienden a 39 aos de consumo por un valor equivalente al
PIB espaol de un ao, segn estudios presentados por el lobby de la industria del shale gas en Espaa parece clara. El
ministro Soria ha repetido una y otra vez que no nos podemos
permitir prescindir de ninguna fuente energtica, una armacin comodn que el titular de Industria, Energa y Turismo usa
casi a diario. As ha quedado demostrado recientemente con la
aprobacin en el Senado de la utilizacin del fracking (fractura
hidrulica) para explotar los recursos de gas no convencional en
Espaa. Al margen de la falta de tacto poltico para aprobar tal
medida enmascarada en un Proyecto de Ley para la garanta
OMNIMEDIA S.L. C/ Rosa de Lima 1 bis. Edicio Alba, oc. 104. 28290 Las Matas (Madrid).
Tel: +34 902 36 46 99 Fax +34 91 630 85 95 E-mail: info@energetica21.com. Web: www.energetica21.com
CONSULTING EDITORS
D. ngel F. Germn Bueno, Ingeniero Industrial y Profesor de Univ. Zaragoza. D. Ahmed Moussa, Ingeniero Industrial y Presidente de Stratconsult, S.L. D.
Jos Luis Garca Fierro, Prof. de investigacin del Instituto del Catlisis y Petroleoqumica del CESIC. D. Oscar Miguel Crespo, Dr. en Qumica y Resp. del
Dpto. de Energa de CIDETEC. Carlos Martnez Renedo, Ingeniero Industrial. PADE del IESE, Consultor y Director de Proyectos de Cogeneracin y Biomasa.
Coordinador del Grupo de Usuarios del motor 18V34SG. D. Francisco Marcos Martn, Dr. Ingeniero de Montes y Profesor de la Universidad Politcnica de
Madrid. D. Antonio Soria-Verdugo, Dpto. Ingeniera Trmica y de Fluidos de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. D. Eduardo Collado, director tcnico de ASIF.
D. Guillermo Calamita, National manager Spain & LATAM, AE Refusol
The views expressed in the magazine are not necessarily those of the editor or publisher. The magazine and all of the text and images contained therein are protected
by copyright.
If you would like to use an article from Energetica International or our website www.energetica-international.com you may obtain the rights by calling OMNIMEDIA, S.L.
energetica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
TAKE ADVICE
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION
ON ELECTRIC POWER
EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
Fecha: 30 de octubre-1 de noviembre
Lugar: Shanghai, China
Email: power@adsale.com.hk
Web: http://ahweb.adsale.com.hk/t.
aspx?unt=1825-EP13_EN96
INTERSOLAR INDIA
EGTICA-EXPOENERGTICA
NOVABUILD
EVS27. INTERNATIONAL
ELECTRIC VEHICLE SYMPOSIUM
AND EXHIBITION
2014
SMAR CITY EXPO WORLD
CONGRESS
EWEA OFFSHORE
E-WORLD
Fecha: 11-13 de febrero
Lugar: Essen, Alemania
Email: sarah.guttkorn@messe-essen.de
Web: www.e-world-2013.com/en/home/
CLEAN-TECH
MIA GREEN
ENERGIESPAR MESSE
ECOBUILD LONDRES
EWEA
Fecha:4-6 de marzo
Lugar: Londres, Inglaterra
Email: info@ecobuild.co.uk
Web: www.ecobuild.co.uk
NEW ENERGY
INTERSOLAR CHINA
ENERGY HANNOVER
energetica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
Fecha:7-11 de abril
Lugar: Hannover, Alemania
Email: www.hannovermesse.de
Web: www.hannovermesse.de/en/aboutthe-trade-show/news/tradeshows-lineup/
energy
GENERA
Fecha: 6-8 de mayo
Lugar: Madrid
Email: genera@ifema.es
Web: www.ifema.es/ferias/genera/default.htm
energetica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
Cooperation to develop
intelligent power supply networks
At the European Utility Week
smart energy trade show in
Amsterdam, the Siemens
Smart Grid Division and Dutch
grid operator and energy utility Alliander have signed a
smart grid cooperation agreement. The objective of the
cooperation is to join forces
to develop and promote innovations for intelligent power
supply networks. This new
cooperation will focus on requirements for smart grids
for which there are not yet
any marketable solutions.
Joint developments will help
to close these gaps. Possible
solutions include technologies
which can be used to increase
energetica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
RENEWABLE INTERNATIONAL
energetica
INTERNATIONAL
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N 136 OCT13
Acquisition of three
power plants in Italy
Dresser-Rand Group has
reached agreement with
MBB Clean Energy for the
latters acquisition of three
power plants designed, built
and commissioned by Dresser-Rand in Italy. DresserRand will provide long term
O&M services which should
be benecial to MBB Clean
Energy and is consistent
with Dresser-Rands business model to stay integrally
involved with its equipment throughout its total
life cycle. The power plants
represent 11 MW of renewable energy to be added to
MBB Clean Energys renewable energy portfolio. The
10
energetica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
D I R E CT-SA L E
On behalf of the entitled parties we are selling in a restructuring
Market-ready version
of new 6 MW gearless wind
turbine installed on test site
Siemens has installed a market-ready version of its new
6 megawatt (MW) gearless
wind turbine on the test site
of the power utility SSE, the
UKs largest generator of
renewable energy. Together
with its customer, Siemens
plans to carry out nal testing at the site before going
ahead with series production
for the UK market but also
for international markets.
The turbine of the type SWT6.0-154 with 154 meter rotor diameter offers cuttingedge direct drive technology.
Thanks to its coastal location
Hunterston is perfectly suited
energetica
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12
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energetica
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Full-power
converter productions
record in China
Based on The Switch business concept of agile positioning, The Switch and
Scanl entered a model
factory production agreement that has resulted in a
new model for successful
quality production close
to end customers. In addition, it allows both companies to be more responsive
to market changes. Scanl
takes care of operations
and logistics; The Switch
carries out full-power
testing for each cabinet.
The result is high-quality
production close to the
Chinese customers and a
fully operational example
of an agile partnership approach deeply rooted in
The Switch strategy. The
facility is now moving into
a stabilized production
phase with the production of 15 megawatt-class
full-power converters every ve days in two working shifts. The Switch and
Scanl have partnered in
energetica
INTERNATIONAL
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15
CONVENTIONAL INTERNATIONAL
25 MW power generation
plant delivered in Luanda
The National Director of Electrical Power from the Angolan
Ministry of Energy and Water
(MINEA), Mr Antnio Belsa da
Costa, together with the Director of the National Electricity Company of Angola (ENE),
Mr Euclides de Brito, and the
Sales & Marketing Director of
HIMOINSA, Guillermo Elum,
have signed the provisional acceptance document by which
it is agreed that MINEA, together with the multinational
energy company, will co-manage the 25MW power generation plant that HIMOINSA has
commissioned in Cassaque,
Luanda.
HIMOINSA is therefore part
of a macro project that consists
of the installation of power
plants in Luanda. There is one
185 MW plant plus another
16
energetica
INTERNATIONAL
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18
s
s
s
s
s
s
Abierta la tercera
convocatoria
En esta segunda convocatoria
del Fondo Emprendedores se
recibieron 479 proyectos, de
los cuales el 95% proceden de
Espaa (se han recibido propuestas de las 17 Comunidades
Autnomas). La tipologa de las
propuestas ha sido muy variada
y han abarcado todos los mbitos de la energa: bsqueda,
produccin, generacin, transporte y distribucin y uso nal.
Las propuestas ms numerosas
han sido las relacionadas con
las energas renovables, con un
44% del total.
Durante el acto de presentacin de las propuestas se ha anunciado la apertura de la tercera
convocatoria del Fondo, que incentivar la eciencia energtica
y la bioenerga y permanecer
abierta hasta el prximo 15 de
noviembre. Esta nueva convocatoria ampliar su alcance para
apoyar tambin proyectos de investigacin, desarrollo y pruebas
de concepto de nuevas ideas. Estos proyectos recibirn un apoyo
de 2.000 euros mensuales durante un ao.
energetica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
in duda el almacenamiento es un
recurso ms a tener en cuenta en
este nuevo marco y, como ocurre
con otros aspectos del sector elctrico, el
Regulador tiene por delante la tarea de
denir las relaciones y la normativa que
hace falta para favorecer su desarrollo de
la forma econmicamente ms eciente.
Pero, para enfocar bien esta tarea, conviene plantearse previamente algunas cuestiones, tales como las que se apuntan en
este artculo.
Dispositivos de almacenamiento
elctrico
La energa elctrica es una forma de energa que permite la transformacin de las
energas denominadas primarias, su transporte y su utilizacin a distancia con unas
prdidas mnimas. Se utilizan convertidores para su generacin (o generadores) y,
de forma simtrica, se utilizan convertidores para su consumo (luminarias, electrodomsticos, motores, etc.).
La energa elctrica tampoco puede acumularse directamente, sino que se almacena de forma indirecta utilizando para ello
otras fuentes de energa, generalmente,
energa primaria. As, por ejemplo, las centrales hidrulicas de bombeo convierten la
energa elctrica en energa potencial de
un volumen determinado de agua, los volantes de inercia realizan la conversin a
energa cintica, etc.
20
La energa elctrica
se almacena de forma
indirecta utilizando para
ello otras fuentes de
energa, generalmente,
energa primaria
Los almacenamientos de energa elctrica son tambin convertidores que permiten la conversin en ambos sentidos,
INTERNATIONAL
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ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
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Figura 2. El storage se planica para la gestin de la curva de carga. Los sistemas de control de tensin AVCD
deben ser gestionados y de titularidad del distribuidor.
21
ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
s Control de tensin con potencia activa, que puede permitir el ajuste de las
variaciones rpidas de tensin (huecos
de tensin y microcortes, por ejemplo)
Una vez vistas las aplicaciones que pueden tener las distintas tecnologas de almacenamiento, parece bastante claro que
las funcionalidades agrupadas en los apartados Gestin de energa (1) y Servicios
tcnicos (2) al sistema alcanzan su mxima
eciencia al ser provistas por agentes en el
mercado, de acuerdo con los fundamentos de la ley del sector. Los storages que
cumplen estas funcionalidades son principalmente, las bateras (incluidas las que se
incorporan en los vehculos elctricos), las
pilas de combustible, los CAES y los bombeos hidrulicos reversibles.
Sin embargo, la funcionalidad de Control de tensin (3), por afectar al negocio
con caractersticas de monopolio natural,
slo podr ser provista por el gestor de la
red y su provisin debera ser reconocida
como un coste del sistema. Las bateras de
condensadores y los super y ultracondensadores son AVCD que permitiran la mejora de la calidad de onda, especialmente
en lo que se reere a huecos de tensin e
interrupciones breves.
Uso y regulacin de los
dispositivos de almacenamiento
Es imprescindible que la regulacin del
sector elctrico distinga entre las dos diferentes funcionalidades del almacenamiento, ya que los objetivos en cada caso
son bien distintos. El almacenamiento que
acumula energa para modicar la curva de carga o aportar servicios de ajuste,
actuando en el mbito del mercado libre
(el almacenamiento propiamente dicho o
storage), y el almacenamiento que puede
proveer ciertos servicios complementarios
regulados al sistema como son el control
de la tensin. Ya se ha sealado que, por
ejemplo, el vehculo elctrico entrara dentro de la primera categora en su versin
V2G, al igual que el bombeo y, en general,
todas las bateras. Los ultracondensadores,
por ejemplo, entraran dentro de la segunda categora.
En general, la regla sera que los servicios que actan modicando la curva de
carga y, por tanto, afectando al precio de
la energa, alcanzan su mxima eciencia
siendo gestionados por los agentes en
22
Sera deseable
reservar el trmino de
almacenamiento para
aquellas tecnologas
que permiten la gestin
de energa o los
servicios tcnicos del
sistema
diversos nes, dependiendo de su funcionalidad. Surge ahora, por tanto, la necesidad de integrar toda esa energa sin distorsionar el funcionamiento del mercado,
teniendo en cuenta que en este proceso
intervienen tanto agentes que desarrollan su actividad en el mercado libre como
agentes que estn sometidos a regulacin
y que debe prevalecer una clara separacin
entre dichas actividades.
Con estas premisas, es necesario que el
almacenamiento elctrico o storage sea
de titularidad de agentes del mercado. Las
bateras y los bombeos hidrulicos reversibles forman parte de esta categora porque su funcionamiento afecta directamente a la forma de la curva de demanda y,
por tanto, al precio de la energa elctrica
en el mercado mayorista. Los AVCD, o Dispositivos de Control de Tensin, proveen
de servicios necesarios para garantizar la
calidad del suministro en el sistema de distribucin, que es una de las misiones principales del distribuidor, por lo que deben
pertenecer a los distribuidores. Las bateras
de condensadores y los ultracondensadores pertenecen a esta categora.
Es fundamental establecer una regulacin que cree un marco ordenado que favorezca el desarrollo de las tecnologas de
almacenamiento, que incluya:
s Una denicin de la actividad o servicio de almacenamiento propiamente
dicho (storage) como aquella que
puede afectar a la curva de demanda.
s Una declaracin de que esta actividad
sea libre, de tal forma que sea incompatible que las instalaciones asociadas
sean de titularidad de sujetos que desarrollen actividades reguladas.
s Una denicin de los parmetros tcnicos a partir de los cuales las tecnologas de conversin de energa pasan a
ser consideradas como almacenamiento a efectos regulatorios.
As mismo, en adelante, con el objeto de
evitar confusin en el desarrollo regulatorio
y normativo, sera deseable utilizar una nomenclatura ms ajustada a la aplicacin y
funcionalidad de los distintos tipos de convertidores de energa, reservando el trmino de almacenamiento para aquellas tecnologas que permiten la gestin de energa
o los servicios tcnicos del sistema, y AVCD
para los dispositivos de control de tensin
propios de los operadores de redes
energtica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
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STRUGGLE.
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WIND INSTALLATIONS. Stop struggling with renewables persistent output
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delivering up to a million reliable cycles at 100% depth of discharge. Maxwell.
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ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
24
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ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
INTERNATIONAL
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25
ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
MNICA SNCHEZ
CENTRO NACIONAL DEL
HIDRGENO (CNH2)
26
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ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
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A la izquierda, instalaciones del CNH2 desarrolladas en el proyecto DESPHEGA: banco de ensayos de caracterizacin de membranas. Derecha: banco de ensayos de stacks de electrolisis alcalina.
27
ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTIC0
GABRIEL GARCA, SILVIA JIMENO, MIKEL SANTAMARA, RAQUEL GARDE, MNICA AGUADO
DPTO. INTEGRACIN EN RED DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE ENERGAS RENOVABLES (CENER)
28
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ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTIC0
energtica
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29
ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
Almacenamiento exible
de energa solar fotovoltaica
La energa solar es muy til, y ms an cuando es consumida en el acto, sobre todo al medioda,
donde la produccin solar es mxima. SMA en este caso se ocupa de gestionar la energa solar
producida y gracias al SMA Smart Home se asegura que determinados consumidores del hogar
se enciendan en el momento de mxima produccin fotovoltaica.
30
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ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
POWER ELECTRONICS
energtica
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31
ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
SALVADOR OSORIO - MARKET MANAGER
SANIDAD E INDUSTRIA DE CIAT
GEMA MARTNEZ EQUIPO PRESCRIPTOR CIAT
32
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ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
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33
ALMACENAMIENTO ENERGTICO
PALOMA RODRGUEZ
DIRECTORA TCNICA
DE ALBUFERA ENERGY STORAGE
Bateras de metal/aire:
el futuro del almacenamiento energtico
El par electroqumico de un nodo metlico y un ctodo donde se produce la reduccin del
oxgeno (electrodo de aire) es capaz de dotar a una batera de una alta energa especca y
densidad de energa. Debido a esto y a su menor coste, se estn postulando como las bateras
sustitutivas de las de Litio-in en aplicaciones de smart grids y vehculos elctricos.
34
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
Habla el sector
Jos Manuel Collados
P1. Existe mercado en Espaa para
los inversores dadas las actuales
condiciones que plantea la reforma del sector elctrico y los
trminos en que se ha presentado el peaje de respaldo para el
autoconsumo?
P2. Qu pueden aportar los micros
inversores para autoconsumo
respecto a los ya existentes?
P3. Qu mejoras y novedades tcnicas
incorporarn los nuevos modelos
de inversores en los que est trabajando su empresa?
P4. Qu mercados exteriores considera ms propicios en la actualidad para la venta de inversores,
tanto en grandes plantas como
en pequeas instalaciones (autoconsumo y off grid)?
P5. Cuenta ya su empresa con proyectos en Latinoamrica?
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
R4. Creemos que actualmente los pases donde el mercado solar fotovoltaico es ms importante son China, Japn, UK, EEUU, Chile
Brasil, Ecuador, Ghana, Sudfrica, Turqua
R5. S, tenemos referencias de plantas en
produccin, proyectos en cartera e intentamos ayudar a nuestros clientes, en lo
todo lo posible, para completar los estudios de nuevas inversiones y poder sacar
adelante sus desarrollos actuales.
35
36
Miguel Escribano
Renewable Energy Division Manager Power Electronics
energtica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
Miguel Puyol
Director de MarketingSMA
R2. La principal ventaja de los microinversores es la modularidad en el diseo
de sistemas FV de pequea potencia,
siendo especialmente indicados para
situaciones complejas con sombreados
y cubiertas con distintas orientaciones
e inclinaciones. Adems, estos sistemas son accesibles a ms cantidad de
usuarios dado la sencillez del sistema,
empezando por instalaciones de un
solo mdulo y permitiendo la fcil ampliacin de la instalacin en funcin de
las necesidades energticas futuras.
R3. Entre las diversas novedades, destacara la incorporacin de almacenamiento de energa para aumentar el
ratio de autoconsumo (SB5000SE), as
como nuevos dispositivos de gestin
energtica que permiten la comunicacin con los inversores y los consumos
de las cargas gestionables existentes.
energtica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
37
AUTOCONSUMO
n la actualidad, el autoconsumo
con energas renovables se encuentra en proceso de cambiar las
estructuras de los mercados energticos
de muchos pases del mundo hacia un modelo de suministro ms descentralizado.
Ante esta oportunidad, la Unin Europea
(en adelante UE) ha establecido directivas
marco que deben ser traspuestas al derecho nacional de los pases miembros, as
como ambiciosas metas para la ao 2020
en el sector de las renovables y la eciencia
energtica. Por su parte, el Gobierno socialista espaol, pocos das antes de ceder su
mandato al Partido Popular en diciembre
de 2011, aprob el Real Decreto (en adelante RD) 1699/2011 que regula las condiciones de conexin para instalaciones de
produccin elctrica de pequea potencia.
Sin embargo, el RD 1699/2011 no regula
el balance neto o net-metering, existente
ya en muchos pases como Portugal, Italia,
Dinamarca y Norteamrica. El sistema de
balance neto es reclamado desde hace dos
aos por asociaciones del sector renovable
que ven en l la clave para reavivar el sector, duramente castigado en Espaa desde
el ao 2008. Aunque el Gobierno present
un proyecto de RD para regular el balance neto en diciembre de 2011, ste nunca
38
Anpier
El mbito del autoconsumo con renovables se ha convertido en un campo de batalla entre los
intereses de las empresas del sector elctrico agrupadas en torno a UNESA, que temen la quiebra
de sus estructuras centralizadas y oligoplicas; las empresas y asociaciones del sector renovable,
que se sienten maltratadas debido a la restrictiva poltica del gobierno central desde 2008; as
como la Unin Europea y el Gobierno de Espaa, que estn obligados a cumplir con ambiciosas
metas internacionales asegurando asimismo la estabilidad y competitividad del sistema. En este
sentido, el presente artculo presenta las principales conclusiones de un estudio enfocado en
la inuencia de la legislacin europea y espaola en el mercado espaol de la energa y de qu
manera dichos instrumentos legislativos repercuten en el sector del autoconsumo con renovables
transformando las estructuras hacia un sistema ms moderno y descentralizado.
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AUTOCONSUMO
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elctricas reguladas como la Tarifa de ltimo Recurso (TUR), desde julio de 2013
bautizada por el ministro Soria como Precio
Voluntario al Pequeo Consumidor. Esta
directiva tiene el n de aumentar competitividad del mercado energtico, posibilitar
la entrada de nuevas comercializadoras de
electricidad en el mercado espaol y poder
generar precios ms justos y transparentes para los consumidores. Hasta ahora,
los consumidores de ltimo recurso, que
hasta julio de 2013 ramos 27,7 millones
de espaoles, tenemos que escoger a una
de las Comercializadoras de ltimo Recurso: Endesa, Iberdrola, Gas Natural Fenosa,
HC-Naturgas y E.ON.
Por ltimo, en el mbito de las directivas
europeas sobre eciencia energtica, nos
encontramos con un panorama demoledor. La directiva 2010/31/UE relativa a la
eciencia energtica de edicios fue transpuesta dos aos ms tarde al derecho nacional mediante el RD 235/2013. Esto se
suma la infraccin en relacin a la directiva
2002/91/CE relativa a la eciencia energtica de edicios, ya que varios aspectos de
esta directiva se transpusieron once aos
ms tarde mediante el RD 235/2013. Recientemente, la vicepresidenta de la Comisin, la seora Neelie Kroes, amenaz a
Espaa con presentar el caso ante el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unin Europea y fue
slo entonces, en abril de 2013, que tras
gran presin desde Europa y tambin de
asociaciones espaolas del sector, Espaa
decidi cumplir con sus obligaciones promulgando el RD 235/2013. Estas demoras
a la hora de transponer las directivas europeas han provocado que Espaa haya
quedado al margen del desarrollo de infraestructuras modernas y ecientes como
en muchos otros pases de la Unin.
El autoconsumo y el balance neto:
un movimiento social
Un claro ejemplo de este atraso es el sector
del autoconsumo con renovables, necesario para fomentar que el ciudadano de a
pie conozca y se benecie del uso de las
renovables como ocurre en muchos pases
de Europa como Italia y Portugal. Personas interesadas en qu pases practican
qu polticas de fomento a las renovables,
pueden consultar el mapa interactivo de
REN21: http://www.map.ren21.net/. Italia
y Portugal, a menudo comparados con
Espaa debido a la crisis nanciera que
estamos sufriendo en el sur de Europa,
no han encontrado excusas como el Gobierno espaol para no regular el balance
39
neto alegando que las personas que autoconsumen no son solidarias con el sistema
elctrico que debe ser pagado por todos
los consumidores. En este sentido, resulta
interesante echar un vistazo a la titularidad de las instalaciones fotovoltaicas en
varios pases del mundo. Mientras que en
Espaa slo el 8,8% de las instalaciones
fotovoltaicas pertenecen a viviendas, en
pases como Alemania son casi el 50% de
las mismas (vase Grco 1). En Espaa se
ha invertido mayoritariamente en huertos
solares en manos de inversores que se
han beneciado de las famosas primas a
las renovables que tanto dolor de cabeza
causan al Gobierno central hoy en da. Sin
embargo, la poblacin espaola todava
no ha llegado a palpar los benecios de
las instalaciones renovables. Un modelo
descentralizado requiere un cambio en
los hbitos de la sociedad que comienza
a controlar sus costes y se convierte en
prosumidor, una nueva gura jurdica en
el que el productor acta tambin como
consumidor. Se trata de un movimiento
social bottom-up, en el que la poblacin
va cambiando progresivamente las normas
y estructuras del mercado.
Inuencia de la legislacin y
poltica energtica europea y
nacional
Los instrumentos legislativos europeos y
nacionales han permitido numerosos progresos en el mercado espaol, que puede
presumir de ser el cuarto pas del mundo
con ms capacidad renovable instalada
tras China, EE.UU. y Alemania, y el tercero en renovable per cpita tras Alemania y
Suecia. El anlisis de la poltica energtica
y la legislacin europea muestra que por
cuestiones geoestratgicas, medioambientales y econmicas la apuesta de la UE por
las energas renovables es rme. Dada la
alta dependencia de importaciones energticas la UE 52%, Espaa 76% y su
escasez de recursos naturales energticos,
la UE-28 tiene que fomentar la industria
de alta tecnologa renovable y el uso de
tecnologas verdes para conseguir el crecimiento inteligente, sostenible e integrativo que persigue desde hace aos. Los
retos de esta estrategia son altos: diversas
estructuras y mercados energticos, diferentes estados de desarrollo en el mbito
energtico, pases importadores y expor-
40
REC
AUTOCONSUMO
Los instrumentos
legislativos europeos
y nacionales han
permitido numerosos
progresos en el
mercado espaol,
que puede presumir
de ser el cuarto pas
del mundo con ms
capacidad renovable
instalada
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In Figure 2 another bearing arrangement is displayed applying two singlerow (similar or dissimilar series) TRBs at
the locating position as an alternative to
the FPCBB and CRB combination. Special attention is paid to selection of the
proper raceway angles when applying
this design to insure that both bearings
rows maintain sufcient size load zones
during the full spectrum of operating
conditions.
Inadequacies in Existing
Arrangement
Designed with point contact, the FPCBB
is designed primarily for supporting radial
load and is suitable to a certain degree to
support moderate thrust loads. This bearing
design is not ideally suited to support the
constant and uctuating gear thrust loads
that are prevalent during normal operation.
Under pure axial loading, the balls contact the race at an angle and are required
to rotate across that contact angle, but at
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41
Moreover, the outer ring of the ball bearing must be very loosely tted in the housing to prevent any radial load from transmitting into this bearing. Consequently,
this requires additional features such as
keyways to prevent rotation of the outer
ring: unlike the locator bearing discussed
below, which is tightly clamped between
housing shoulder and end cap.
While the arrangement shown in Figure 2 addresses the deciencies of the ball
bearing design, adequate load distribution
and maintenance of traction forces in both
rows of this TRB design remain a design
concern and must be carefully addressed.
Locator Bearing Design
Figure 4 shows a typical locator bearing design. In Figure 5, a locator bearing is xed at
the right end of the shaft to support radial
load and thrust loading from the gear, while
an NU style of CRB is oating at the opposite end. The locator bearing is a high performance; bi-directional bearing that replaces
the CRB and FPCBB combination shown
in Figure 1. It is also an alternative solution
to cross-locating single-row arrangements
or double-row 2TS-DM TRB arrangements
used in some designs. The bearing resembles
a single-row tapered roller bearing having an
additional rib ring attached to the outer race.
42
Figure 6 illustrates how the locator bearing supports thrust load in both the directions. The major thrust shown by the thick
arrow line is due to predominant helical
gear thrust that is present during positive
torque conditions for more than 99% of
the duty cycle. Support of the loads during positive torque conditions is across the
raceways and the on-apex construction of
the tapered roller bearing accommodates
the combined loading with pure rolling
motion, and without any of the micro slip,
that takes place with the ball bearing.
6. Optimized race/ roller contact angle based on the ratio of radial (Fr) and axial
load (Fa) imposed by the gear system.
Careful attention is given to the bearing
design so that the thrust induced by the
radial reaction on the locator is always
less than the gear thrust. Since the ratio
of the bearing radial reaction and the
gear thrust will be constant for the duty
cycle, the gear thrust will always be
sufcient to keep the bearing seated.
7. Smaller outer ange is available on
either end of the outer race to prevent
possibility of reversing orientation during assembly (Figure 8).
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Limitations
Although the locator bearing is best suited
to high-speed low thrust environment such
as gearbox high speed and high-speed intermediate shafts, it has some limitations
that restrict its use in other applications.
This bearing type cannot tolerate internal
bearing preload under any condition. The
axial capacity of the bearing in minor direction across the ribs is limited compared
to the generous axial capacity in major direction across the raceways. However the
minor axial thrust capacity is very similar to
the axial capacity of NJ style CRBs, which
have found usage in the wind turbine
gearboxes at other positions. Its interesting to note also that bi-directional bearings
like the locator have been applied in many
automotive and aerospace applications ex-
43
VATTENFALL
if development continues
The costs of offshore wind power in Germany can be reduced by one third by the year 2023,
independent experts say in a new study.
Vattenfall
he study, commissioned by the German Offshore Wind Energy Foundation along with Vattenfall and other
companies in the industry, concludes that
over the next ten years, the cost of energy from offshore wind can be reduced by
about one third if the technology is consis-
44
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45
BJRN KRAMER
TV SD INDUSTRIE SERVICE
Safety at sea
As far as ships are concerned, all offshore wind turbines are obstacles restricting their shipping
routes. But what specic safety risks are associated with offshore wind farms? An assessment
by TV SD.
46
Pictures: Tv Sd.
lthough wind farms off the German coast are installed at a certain distance from shipping routes, collisions can never be fully excluded.
This concerns large sea-going vessels that
must take evasive manoeuvres or may be
unable to manoeuvre, as well as routine
landing operations of service boats for repair and maintenance work. In the latter
case, the repeated impacts caused by landing operations impose stresses on both
the offshore wind turbine and the boats.
This may involve risks for the workers and
mechanics working on the platform, but
can also damage the wind turbines tower
or the components of its drive unit in the
nacelle.
Many aspects of collision analysis are still
the subject of controversial discussions in
the offshore sector, since clear standards
and regulatory requirements for pilot projects in deep-sea areas have not yet been
established for all areas concerned. Calculation models and computer simulations
deliver the majority of arguments and are
therefore important instruments for improving the assessment of marine navigational safety risks. How do wind turbines
have to be designed and dimensioned to
minimise the consequences of a collision
or an impact during the landing operation
of a service boat? To provide an answer to
this question, experts must also investigate
the possible risks that a collision involves
for people, ships and the environment,
and determine its effects on wind turbines
as far as possible.
This corresponds to the requirements of
the German Maritime and Hydrographic
Agency (Bundesamt fr Seeschifffahrt und
Hydrographie, BSH), the competent approval authority located in Hamburg. The
FE model of a tanker.
Very detailed FE model of a new, modern double-hull
tanker built by a German shipyard in accordance
with common structural rules (a) central cargo
tanks (b) stiffening details and mesh quality in the
bulkhead, and the double hull (c) ribs in the double
bottom of the front cargo tank.
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Result of FE analysis.
The diagram shows the remaining deformation of the ships outside hull. At 7.4
sec after the collision, localised stresses exceed the limit of 355N/mm. The steel
has suffered permanent deformation. However, the hull has not yet ruptured as the
elongation limit of the ductile steel has not yet been exceeded.
Many aspects of
collision analysis
are still the subject
of controversial
discussions in the
offshore sector
rst analyses have shown that closer investigation is a meaningful approach. This
demonstrates the great need for discussion by all stakeholders and the fact that
harmonised standards are required in the
medium term.
While uniform standards for offshore
structures have become established in
the oil and gas industry, the relatively new
offshore wind-power sector is still struggling to introduce such a standard. TV
SD, and in particular its Hamburg-based
Offshore Wind Power department, work
with other stakeholders on developing
such a standard. Over recent years, the
company has continuously recruited new
experts and expanded its computer capacities to carry out simulation processes. At
present, the department is investigating
complex technical issues in the eld of
offshore wind power within the scope of
several innovation projects
47
48
in todays modern turbines and often a requirement of the system operator in new
wind-farm installations. The grid operator
may request that the farm provide supplemental reactive power during a transmission system transient for unspecied periods. While commands to the wind farm
are delivered through its SCADA system,
each wind turbine must properly respond
individually to the wind driving it. Simulations incorporating turbines that exhibit
electromagnetic dynamics help wind-farm
designers and operators better understand
the farms ability to react and compensate
for grid faults and transients.
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gridad con la velocidad de simulacin. Asimismo, una simulacin til contendr modelos de la lgica de control de supervisin
del parque, modelos electromagnticos de
los convertidores de tensin y los generadores de los aerogeneradores, compensacin de la red, cargas de la red y perles de
viento. Los efectos electromecnicos sobre
los modelos de los aerogeneradores, tales
como el control del paso de las palas, se
pueden simular en forma de factores de
eciencia variables que conviertan la velocidad del viento en rotacin mecnica.
El software de simulacin actual ofrece
diversas posibilidades; algunas se centran
estrictamente en modelos elctricos, mientras que otras permiten modelos multidominio que incluyen los dominios de los
controles, elctricos, mecnicos, trmicos,
etc. Prcticamente todas las aplicaciones
de software de simulacin ofrecen algn
tipo de lenguaje de scripts que permite a
los usuarios desarrollar modelos personali-
energtica
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49
SIEMENS
Waves of energy
The generation of electricity from tidal ows requires robust, proven, available, and cost effective
technology. SeaGen-S 2MW, a Siemens project, is the most advanced, eld proven tidal
generation system available. As the pioneer and rst mover in tidal the energy sector, MCT have
developed and patented key features, that deliver commercially viable electricity generation.
Oleadas de energa
Mientras que las plantas solares y elicas
se estn convirtiendo en una forma extendida para la obtencin de energa verde,
existe una zona hasta ahora sin explotar
y que tiene un gran potencial: la energa
procedente del mar.
Las olas son el resultado del efecto del
viento soplando a lo largo de cientos o miles de kilmetros en mar abierto, lo que
origina una transferencia de energa hacia
la supercie del ocano. Gracias a los recientes avances tecnolgicos, este tipo de
energa renovable pronto podra signicar
una opcin mucho ms viable.
Hoy en da, las energas renovables se
han convertido en un componente fundamental de la poltica energtica. La Unin
Europea (UE) se ha marcado el ambicioso objetivo de conseguir que en 2020, el
50
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energtica
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51
Specications
Rotor
s $IAMETER M
s 3WEPT AREA M FOR
ROTORS
s 2OTOR SPEED n RPM
s 0OWER REGULATION !CTIVE
BLADE PITCH REGULATION
Transmission System
s 'EARBOX TYPE 0LANETARY
s 'EARBOX COOLING $IRECT
TO PASSING SEA WATER
Mechanical brake
s 4YPE (YDRAULICALLY RELEASED
Generator
s 4YPE !SYNCHRONOUS
s .OMINAL POWER 2ATED
TO PROVIDE K7 INTO
GRID EXPORT CABLE
s 6OLTAGE 6
s #OOLING SYSTEM $IRECT TO
PASSING SEA WATER
Monitoring system
s 3#!$! SYSTEM 7EB
BASED
s 2EMOTE CONTROL &ULL
TURBINE CONTROL
52
Tower
s 4YPE #YLINDRICAL TUBULAR
STEEL
s (UB HEIGHT 4AILORED FOR
WATER DEPTHNAVIGATION
CONSTRAINT ISSUES
Operational data
s #UT
IN TIDAL SPEED MS
s 2ATED POWER AT MS
Weights
s $RIVE TRAINS TONS
s 4OWER 3ITE
SPECIlC
Availability
Building upon 1000s of generating hours
from SeaGen S 1.2MW, SeaGen-S 2MW
has matured its engineering for greater
reliability. With its unique raising mechanism allowing low cost and rapid access to
the powertrains, and power conditioning
and control systems in its tower, SeaGen-S
provides unparalleled maintainability and
unbeatable availability.
Proven Engineering
With 3GWh generated by 2012 and the system continuing in 24-7 operation, SeaGenS has proven its engineering way beyond
any competing device. Not only is the concept fully demonstrated, but the detailed
engineering design including longer-term
fatigue characteristics are now proven.
Environmental
In addition to producing zero-carbon
electricity, MCT is committed to ensuring
minimal impact on the environment from
installation and operation in sensitive coastal waters. An independent environmental
energtica
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monitoring programme was commissioned to study the installation and rst three
years of operation of SeaGen 1.2 MW. In
2012 the studies concluded that, with the
mitigation in place, there had been no
signicant environmental impact.
SeaGen-S 2MW
The SeaGen-S 2MW tidal generation system evolves the highly successful 1.2MW
SeaGen S device that has been operational
in Strangford Lough since 2008. With the
insight and experience gained from this
project, MCT has been able to optimise
the system design to deliver 2MW with
greater availability and at lower cost.
Rotor
The SeaGen S tidal turbine incorporates
twin horizontal axis rotors. The rotors utilise an active blade pitching system which
limit structural forces during high ow conditions. This allows the use of blades that
are highly efcient over the full range of
tidal velocities, from initial cut-in through
to rated ow. Energy capture is further enhanced by variable speed operation which
allows the turbine to operate at its optimum
tip speed ratio (all the way up to up to rated power) and also minimises the dynamic
loads on the transmission system. In summary, the variable speed and active pitch
features allow efcient energy capture over
the full range of tidal velocities and minimise
structural loading, weight and cost.
Blades
The highly efcient rotor blades are constructed from composite materials and
are the most advanced and tested blade
technology used in tidal generation. The
2MW design blades are being veried by
static and dynamic testing, building upon
25,000+ blade operating hours gained
during the 1.2MW SeaGen and SeaFlow
projects .
Rotor hub
The rotor hub houses the blade pitch actuators, slew bearings and automatic greasing system in a compact and easily maintainable conguration.
Blade pitch system
The blade pitch arrangement is used to optimize and regulate power output througenergtica
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Generator
The generator is a fully-enclosed asynchronous machine with squirrel-cage
rotor, which does not require slip rings
and is very robust. In addition to variable
speed operation, the use of frequency
converters enables the generator to achieve high part-load efciency, allowing the
turbine to achieve high system efciency
across the range of tidal ow velocities.
The generator is cooled naturally by the
water ow.
Mechanical brake
The system incorporates a hydraulically
realised brake which serves as a parking
brake for crossbeam lifting and maintenance operations, and is also used to ensure safe shut-down under some theoretical
fault conditions.
Controller
The turbine utilises a standard wind turbine control system provided by a leading
supplier. The controller is compatible with
turbine safety requirements, is selfdiagnosing and includes a keyboard and display
53
54
Operation
The tidal turbine operates automatically,
self-starting when the tide reaches an average speed of about 1 m/s. During operation below rated power, the pitch angle
and rotor speed are adjusted to maximize
the hydrodynamic efciency. Rated power
is reached at a tidal speed of about 2.5
m/s. At higher tidal speeds the output is
regulated at rated power and rated rotational speed.
Remote control
The tidal turbine is equipped with a web
based SCADA system. This system offers;
remote control, a variety of status views
and useful reports from a standard internet web browser. The status views present;
electrical, mechanical, meteorological and
tidal data, as well as operation, fault and
grid status.
Turbine Condition Monitoring
In addition to the Web SCADA system, the
turbine is equipped with a web-based Turbine Condition Monitoring (TCM) system.
The TCM system carries out precise, continuous, real time, condition diagnostics
on main turbine components. The TCM
system has various alarm levels, from informative through alerting level to turbine
shutdown.
Support Structure
The twin 1MW tidal turbine drive trains are
mounted at each end of a crossbeam which
in turn is supported by a surface piercing
tubular steel tower. The cross beam can be
raised, as required above the sea surface
to maintain the drive trains, avoiding the
cost and delay associated with expensive
marine vessels. MCT can provide support
to array developers to design foundations
to meet local site conditions.
The current project is only a starting
point. Siemens believes in the potential of
wave power plants and is continuing to invest in this technology along with its partners. At the moment it is developing an
improved 2-M version of SeaGen, which
will harness synergies with Siemens wind
energy division.
In future, many of the plants components, including gears and generators, will
be supplied by company units that currently
supply the rms wind power projects. In
addition, the rotors of the wave power
plant will soon have three blades instead of
two, just like wind turbines. This will enable
the rotors to turn much more smoothly, ensuring an optimal load distribution.
Scotland and Wales are expected to build
plants similar plants to SeaGen on their
coasts in coming years, but with four and
ve turbines, respectively
energtica
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CSP
ALISON EBBAGE
CSP TODAY
ture accounted for 21% of GDP. In addition the expectation is for a surge in demand by 5.5% by 2020.
To counter this an Energy Strategy, launched in 2007, stipulated that by 2020 the
share of renewables within the overall
energy mix should amount to 10%.
The Renewable Energy and Energy Efciency Law in 2012 then allowed for direct proposal submissions for renewables.
Effectively investors and developers are
free to identify and develop renewable
grid-connected electricity production projects.
The law also allowed for standard power
purchase agreements (PPAs) and a reference price list for the various renewable technologies was issued in May 2012. Since
then there has been considerable interest
in numerous proposals, some of which
have received pre-qualication status and
now look likely to go ahead.
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energa pero no se ha especicado la tecnologa. Por su parte, la solar tiene un objetivo nico de 600MW para el 2020. No
hay una previsin concreta para la CSP y la
competicin con la fotovoltaica, ms barata y econmica, es dura.
Pero hay buenas noticias para la termosolar ya que hace poco se present el primer proyecto de CSP en colaboracin con
la Unin Europea con una ayuda prevista
de 10 millones de euros. Se trata de una
planta de 5 MW que tambin se emplear
como centro de formacin para el Centro
Nacional para la Investigacin y el Desarro-
55
CSP
The way forward for CSP is not clear: Indeed the policy is only for solar, not which
type of technology. According to Leith AlAli, Jordan and Saudi renewables team at
Eversheds, out of original 30 or so memorandums of understanding (MOU) that
were signed, about 12 were then assigned
pre-qualied status- all of which were PV.
A further 12 then submitted direct proposals and ve of those were accepted.
Three are for PV and should have a PPA
National Grid
The fate of CSP is also dependent to an extent on upgrades to the national grid and
its capacity to accommodate extra energy.
The overall target for renewable is 1,800
MW and a Green Corridor transmission
line is currently under development. By
2015 it is expected to be able to cope with
the extra energy generated by having an
annual capacity increase of between ve %
and seven%.
Habahbeh comments: The current capability of the transmission system is limited
to 600-700 MW overall from renewables.
Although capacity is to be increased and an
additional 132kV lines to connect renewables
to the to the major load centre in the country,
El futuro de la termosolar en
Jordania paso a paso
El rumbo de la CSP no est claro. De hecho, la poltica es slo para la energa
solar, no para un tipo concreto de tecnologa. Segn Leith Al-Ali, miembro del
equipo de renovables en Jordania y Arabia
Saud sustentabilidad en Eversheds, unos
30 memorandos de entendimiento que se
rmaron en un principio, posteriormente
pasaron al estado de cualicacin previa
en torno a 12 y todos consistan en fotovoltaica. 12 ms presentaron despus
propuestas directas y se aceptaron 5. 3
son para fotovoltaica y deberan contar
con un acuerdo para la compra de ener-
56
energtica
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CSP
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puestas con este precio lmite o uno inferior. Efectivamente, esto signica que
es probable que las propuestas terminen
competiendo en cuanto a precios.
Al-Ali seala: Como los proyectos de termosolar no se rmarn en 2013, la resolucin del consejo de ministros no se aplicar
en su caso. Entonces, tal y como estamos
ahora, los proyectos de CSP entregarn sus
propuestas a un precio de 0,19 USD o inferior ya que el gobierno todava no ha tomado una decisin para jar el precio de la CSP
al nivel mximo (los 0,19 USD). As que, bsicamente, si nada cambia, las propuestas
de termosolar terminarn compitiendo en
cuanto a precio.
De todas maneras, a pesar de estas barreras, Jordania tiene mucho que ganar gracias
a la CSP y puede seguir de cerca ejemplos ya
en prctica en la regin. Por ejemplo, Marruecos ha integrado a la termosolar en su
mix energtico y est disfrutando de ventajas econmicas. All, la iniciativa de energa
renovable, al mismo tiempo, ha beneciado
57
CSP
result. There the renewable energy initiative has simultaneously beneted the national need for energy security, mitigated the
effects of climate change, enhanced the
development of local industries and related job creation, encouraged research and
development as well as enhanced skills development.
58
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CSP
POSITAL FRABA
positioning
With rising energy prices and the prospect of dwindling resources, solar energy has the potential of
becoming an important energy resource. However, even with the presence of generous incentive
programs in many jurisdictions, solar energy operators are under relentless pressure to improve
both the efciency and economics of their systems. One way of achieving useful increases in the
amount of energy produced by solar systems is to keep the solar collectors aimed directly at the
sun. This is accomplished by so-called solar tracking systems. This article describes some of the
motion control technologies used in these systems.
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59
60
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7.1
Solar CSP
25
Wind
0
Geothermal
Hydro
228
Total
260.1
Bahrain
0.5
5.5
Egypt
15
20
550
2,800
3,385
Iran
4.3
17
91
9,500
9,612.3
Iraq
3.5
1,864
1,867.5
Kuwait
1.8
1.8
Libya
4.8
4.8
Oman
0.7
0.7
Qatar
1.2
40
41.2
Saudi Arabia
Syria
0.84
1,151
1,151.84
UAE
22.5
100
125.5
Yemen
75.24
162
641.5
43
15,543
16,464.74
TOTAL NOEC
75.24
162
641.5
43
15,543
16,464.74
Djibuti
1.4
1.4
Israel
269
27
309
Jordan
1.6
1.4
3.5
10
16.5
Lebanon
0.5
283.5
Malta
12
12
Morocco
15
20
291
1,745
2,071
1.023
Palestinian
Territories
0.023
Tunisia
154
66
224
TOTAL NOIC
305
20
452,9
30,5
0,023
2,110
2,918.42
TOTAL MENA
380.24
182
1,094.4
73.5
0.023
17,653
19,383.16
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
61
Wind
175 (5)
20 (2)
106 (2)
1,070 (5)
Bahrain
Egypt
Iran
93 (2)
610 (5)
Oman
407 (2)
Saudi Arabia
125 (4)
Syria
Small Hydro
Marine
TOTAL
195 (7)
1,208 (8)
32 (1)
2.6 (2)
1,208 (8)
55 (1)
150.6 (5)
610 (5)
407 (2)
125 (4)
290 (3)
113.8 (3)
Yemen
TOTAL NOEC
Geothermal
25 (1)
Libya
UAE
30 (1)
290 (3)
101 (2)
244.8 (6)
60 (1)
60 (1)
926.8 (16)
2,173 (19)
128,6 (5)
Israel
842.25 (20)
441.1 (6)
14.5 (5)
Jordan
400 (4)
Djibuti
55 (1)
32 (1)
0 (0)
3,315.4 (42)
60 (2)
1,357.85 (33)
50 (1)
Malta
50 (1)
360 (4)
760 (8)
109.45 (3)
78 (1)
187.45 (4)
1.6 (1)
1,727.37 (16)
Morocco
172.7 (3)
1,553.07 (12)
Tunisia
5 (1)
100 (1)
TOTAL NOIC
1,419.95 (28)
2,563.62 (26)
94.1 (7)
50 (1)
0 (0)
60 (2)
4,187.67 (64)
TOTAL MENA
2,346.75 (44)
4,736.62 (45)
227.7 (12)
105 (2)
32 (1)
60 (2)
7,503.07 (106)
105 (2)
Paradigm Shift
The entire region is now joining the exchange. In 2007, only ve countries had
renewable energy targets, to May 2013,
there were 19 countries. If developed,
these lenses provide 17 GW of power installed capacity in 2030. One of the most
unique phenomena of this explosion is the
strong participation of the oil countries,
with Saudi Arabia as the protagonist. This
kingdom has the ambitious project to install 54 GW of renewables by 2032.
18 of these countries have some public
support for the development of the plans.
11 of them have tax incentives for renewable energy, such as subsidies and tax cuts.
The most common policy is bidding for
xed quantities of renewable energy and
public funding, including grants and subsidies. At least 15 MENA countries have
direct or indirect public funding or public
competitive bidding processes in place.
During the global economic crisis, investment in renewable energy maintained a
strong growth in the region. In 2012 grew
40% to $ 2.9 billion. An important factor that demonstrates the strength of this
market has been the entry into the solar
market of large energy companies, especially national and international companies
for oil and gas.
However, there are some doubts about
sustained growth and smooth market in
this region. To avoid the experience of
other countries where there has been a
62
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
Country
Solar PV
Algeria
By 2013
By 2015
By 2020
By 2030
NOEC
Wind
Biomass, Geothermal
and Hydro
TOTAL
6 MW
182 MW
831 MW
2,800 MW
25 MW
325 MW
1,500 MW
7,200 MW
10 MW
50 MW
270 MW
2,000 MW
41 MW
557 MW
2,601 MW
12,000 MW
Bahrain
Egypt
By 2020
By 2027
220 MW
700MW
1,100 MW
2,800 MW
7,200 MW
-
8,250 MW
10,700 MW
Iran
By 2013
1,500 MW
1,500 MW
Iraq
By 2016
240 MW
80 MW
80 MW
7,700 MW
Libya
By 2015
By 2020
By2025
129 MW
344 MW
844 MW
w
125 MW
375 MW
260 MW
600 MW
1,000 MW
389 MW
1,069 MW
2,219 MW
Kuwait
By 2030
3,500 MW
1,110 MW
3,100 MW
7,700 MW
Oman
Qatar
By 2020
640 MW (PV+CSP)
640 MW
Saudi Arabia
By 2022
By 2032
NOIC
Solar CSP
17,350 MW
(PV+CSP)
16,000
25,000
6,500
9,000
3,000 waste to
energy + 1,000
geothermal
23,850 MW
54,000 MW
Syria
By 2015
By 2020
By 2025
By 2030
45 MW
380 MW
1,100 MW
1,750 MW
50 MW
-
150 MW
1,000 MW
1,500 MW
2,000 MW
140 MW biomass
260 MW biomasa
400 MW biomass
195 MW
1,520 MW
2,910 MW
4,200 MW
UAE
Yemen
By 2025
4 MW
100 MW
400 MW
6 MW solid
biomasa + 200 MW
geothermal
710 MW
Djibouti
Israel
By 2020
1,750 MW (PV+CSP)
800 MW
2,760 MW
Jordan
By 2020
300 MW
1,200 MW
1,800 MW
Lebanon
By 2015
By 2020
60-100 MW
400-500 MW
15-25 MW biogs +
40 MW hydro
115-165 MW
455-565 MW
Malta
By 2020
28 MW
110 MW
7 MW biogas + 15
MW solid biomass
160 MW
Morocco
By 2020
2,000 MW (PV+CSP)
2,000
2,000 MW hydro
6,000 MW
130 MW
Palestinian
Territories
By 2020
Tunisia
By 2016
By 2030
300 MW
-
45 MW
20 MW
44 MW
21 MW solid
biomass
140 MW
1,500 MW
500 MW
430 MW
1,700 MW
40 MW solid
biomass
300 MW solid
biomass
ration tax for the rst 5 years and the application of a reduced rate of 8.75% for
the next 20. The social costs are very low,
with social security costs 73% lower than
in Spain.
Morocco has good communication and
energetica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
Sources:
- 10% of Omans energy come from renewable
sources by 2020, Oman Observer.
- Mena Renewables Status Report, MENA 2013.
- Morocco has established itself as market preferred
producer of solar energy in North Africa, Invest
Morocco.
63
Petcoke to power
A strategic energy option for the Middle East
While the economies of North America, Europe and now China are slowing due to a weak global
economic recovery, annual GDP growth in the Middle East is expected to average about 4.55.0% over the next 5 years driven primarily by the expectation of sustained global oil demand and
prices. Power consumption growth in the Middle East is expected to be even higher averaging
about 5-10% over this period, driven by not only high GDP growth, but also by energy intensive
structural changes occurring to many economies within the region.
ROBERT GIGLIO
FOSTER WHEELER GLOBAL POWER GROUP
64
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
has been modest. However with electricity demand now growing at 5%-10% per
year, the use of oil fuels for power production is dramatically increasing driving domestic oil consumption to very high levels.
The very low value of domestic oil and
electricity is exacerbating the situation
since it discourages energy efciency and
oil conservation.
A Case in pointthe energy
challenges facing Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), being the largest and fastest growing power
market in the region, is a good example of
the energy challenges facing many countries in the Middle East.
Over the last 11 years, total electricity
consumption grew 91% in Saudi Arabia
with residential consumption more than
doubling over this 11 year period (see Figure 2). Due to this high power demand
growth, the KSAs power supply infrastructure is under stress to meet summer peak
loads resulting in temporary power shortages during the highest peak load periods.
To keep up with expected future power
demand growth, KSAs power capacity would have to nearly double by 2020,
which works out to be an ambitious average annual capacity addition of 5.8 GWe/
yr over the next 8 years (see Figure 3).
Today about 55% of the power generated in the KSA is from oil fuels, and, if
current capacity build plans (Figure 4) are
implemented, the KSAs internal oil consumption will dramatically increase due to
a heavy reliance on HFO, crude, and diesel fuels to produce the bulk of the power
needed in 2020 (see Figure 5).
The government has realized that this is
a serious energy issue for the KSA and has
embarked on energy efciency, nuclear
and renewable energy initiatives aimed
at decreasing the growth of oil consumption. But many believe that these initiatives
will take at least 10-15 years to realize a
modest impact and will not be sufcient
to avoid the threat of declining oil exports.
Petcoke to power a strategic
energy option for the Middle East
Using petroleum coke (petcoke) as a fuel
and feedstock for power and hydrogen
is one solution for reducing the regions
ballooning domestic oil consumption proenergetica
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
65
66
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
INTERNATIONAL
N 136 OCT13
Figure 10. Comparison of cost of electricity production between typical renery vs. one with PetroPower conguration.
Table 1. Comparison of investment results between typical renery vs. one with PetroPower conguration.
A large-scale solution for new power capacity that does not use liquid oil fuels
Improves fuel security for the region
since petcoke is a byproduct of oil rening
Improves renery efciency and econom-
67
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68
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Energy Solutions
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RENEWABLE ENERGIES
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