09.12.

2016

WavelengthWikipedia

Wavelength
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Inphysics,thewavelengthofasinusoidalwave
isthespatialperiodofthe
[1]andthusthe
wavethedistanceoverwhichthewave'sshaperepeats,
inverseofthespatialfrequency
.Itisusuallydeterminedbyconsideringthe
distancebetweenconsecutivecorrespondingpointsofthesame
phase,such
ascrests,troughs,orzerocrossingsandisacharacteristicofbothtraveling
[2][3]
wavesandstandingwaves,aswellasotherspatialwavepatterns.
Wavelengthiscommonlydesignatedbythe
Greekletterlambda().The
[1][4]
conceptcanalsobeappliedtoperiodicwavesofnonsinusoidalshape.
Thetermwavelengthisalsosometimesappliedto
modulatedwaves,andto
thesinusoidal
envelopesofmodulatedwavesorwavesformedby
[5]
interferenceofseveralsinusoids.

Wavelengthofasinewave,,canbe
measuredbetweenanytwopoints
withthesamephase,suchas
betweencrests,ortroughs,or
correspondingzerocrossings as
shown.

Assumingasinusoidalwavemovingatafixedwavespeed,wavelengthis
inverselyproportionalto
frequencyofthewave:waveswithhigherfrequencieshaveshorterwavelengths,andlower
[6]
frequencieshavelongerwavelengths.
Wavelengthdependsonthemedium(forexample,vacuum,air
,orwater)thatawavetravelsthrough.
Examplesofwavelikephenomenaare
soundwaves,light,andwaterwaves.Asoundwaveisavariationinair
pressure,whileinlightandotherelectromagneticradiation
thestrengthofthe
electricandthemagneticfield
vary.Water
wavesarevariationsintheheightofabodyofwater
.Inacrystallatticevibration
,atomicpositionsvary
.
Wavelengthisameasureofthedistancebetweenrepetitionsofashapefeaturesuchaspeaks,valleys,orzero
crossings,notameasureofhowfaranygivenparticlemoves.Forexample,insinusoidalwavesoverdeepwatera
[7]
particlenearthewater'ssurfacemovesinacircleofthesamediameterasthewaveheight,unrelatedtowavelength.
Therangeofwavelengthsorfrequenciesforwavephenomenaiscalleda
spectrum.Thenameoriginatedwiththevisible
lightspectrumbutnowcanbeappliedtotheentire
electromagneticspectrum
aswellastoasoundspectrumor
vibrationspectrum
.

Contents
1 Sinusoidalwaves
1.1 Standingwaves
1.2 Mathematicalrepresentation
1.3 Generalmedia
1.3.1 Nonuniformmedia
1.3.2 Crystals
2 Moregeneralwaveforms
2.1 Wavepackets
3 Interferenceanddif
fraction
3.1 Doubleslitinterference
3.2 Singleslitdif
fraction
3.3 Diffractionlimitedresolution
4 Subwavelength
5 Angularwavelength
6 Seealso
7 References
8 Externallinks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W
avelength

1/10

09.12.2016

WavelengthWikipedia

8 Externallinks

Sinusoidalwaves
Inlinearmedia,anywavepatterncanbedescribedintermsoftheindependentpropagationofsinusoidalcomponents.
Thewavelength
ofasinusoidalwaveformtravelingatconstantspeed
visgivenby[8]

whereviscalledthephasespeed(magnitudeofthe
phasevelocity)ofthewaveandfisthewave'sfrequency.Ina
dispersivemedium,thephasespeeditselfdependsuponthefrequencyofthewave,makingthe
relationshipbetween
wavelengthandfrequency
nonlinear.
Inthecaseofelectromagneticradiation
suchaslightin
freespace,thephasespeedisthespeedoflight,about
8m/sdividedby10
8Hz=
3108m/s.Thusthewavelengthofa100MHzelectromagnetic(radio)waveisabout:310
3metres.Thewavelengthofvisiblelightrangesfromdeep
red,roughly700nm,toviolet,roughly400nm(forother
examples,seeelectromagneticspectrum
).

Forsoundwavesinair,thespeedofsoundis343m/s(atroomtemperatureandatmosphericpressure
).The
wavelengthsofsoundfrequenciesaudibletothehumanear(20
Hz20kHz)arethusbetweenapproximately17
mand
17mm,respectively.Notethatthewavelengthsinaudiblesoundaremuchlongerthanthoseinvisiblelight.

Standingwaves
Astandingwaveisanundulatorymotionthatstaysinoneplace.Asinusoidal
standingwaveincludesstationarypointsofnomotion,called
nodes,andthe
wavelengthistwicethedistancebetweennodes.
Theupperfigureshowsthreestandingwavesinabox.Thewallsofthebox
areconsideredtorequirethewavetohavenodesatthewallsofthebox(an
exampleofboundaryconditions
)determiningwhichwavelengthsareallowed.
Forexample,foranelectromagneticwave,iftheboxhasidealmetalwalls,
theconditionfornodesatthewallsresultsbecausethemetalwallscannot
supportatangentialelectricfield,forcingthewavetohavezeroamplitudeat Sinusoidalstandingwavesinabox
thewall.
thatconstrainstheendpointstobe
nodeswillhaveanintegernumberof

Thestationarywavecanbeviewedasthesumoftwotravelingsinusoidal
halfwavelengthsfittinginthebox.
[9]Consequently
wavesofoppositelydirectedvelocities.
,wavelength,period,
andwavevelocityarerelatedjustasforatravelingwave.Forexample,the
speedoflightcanbedeterminedfromobservationofstandingwavesina
metalboxcontaininganidealvacuum.

Mathematicalrepresentation
Astandingwave(black)depictedas
Travelingsinusoidalwavesareoftenrepresentedmathematicallyintermsof thesumoftwopropagatingwaves
travelinginoppositedirections(red
theirvelocity
v(inthexdirection),frequency
fandwavelengthas:
andblue)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W
avelength

2/10

09.12.2016

WavelengthWikipedia

whereyisthevalueofthewaveatanyposition
xandtimet ,andAistheamplitudeofthewave.Theyarealso
commonlyexpressedintermsof
wavenumberk(2timesthereciprocalofwavelength)and
angularfrequency
(2
timesthefrequency)as:

inwhichwavelengthandwavenumberarerelatedtovelocityandfrequencyas:

or

Inthesecondformgivenabove,thephase
(kx t)isoftengeneralizedto
(krt),byreplacingthewavenumber
k
withawavevectorthatspecifiesthedirectionandwavenumberofa
planewavein3space,parameterizedbyposition
vectorr.Inthatcase,thewavenumber
k,themagnitudeof
k,isstillinthesamerelationshipwithwavelengthasshown
above,withv beinginterpretedasscalarspeedinthedirectionofthewavevector
.Thefirstform,usingreciprocal
wavelengthinthephase,doesnotgeneralizeaseasilytoawaveinanarbitrarydirection.
Generalizationstosinusoidsofotherphases,andtocomplexexponentials,arealsocommonsee
planewave.The
typicalconventionofusingthe
cosinephaseinsteadofthesinephasewhendescribingawaveisbasedonthefactthat
thecosineistherealpartofthecomplexexponentialinthewave

Generalmedia
Thespeedofawavedependsuponthemediuminwhichitpropagates.In
particular,thespeedoflightinamediumislessthanin
vacuum,whichmeans
thatthesamefrequencywillcorrespondtoashorterwavelengthinthe
mediumthaninvacuum,asshowninthefigureatright.
Thischangeinspeeduponenteringamediumcauses
refraction,orachange
indirectionofwavesthatencountertheinterfacebetweenmediaatan
angle.[10]Forelectromagneticwaves
,thischangeintheangleofpropagation
isgovernedbySnell'slaw.

Wavelengthisdecreasedinamedium
withslowerpropagation.

Thewavevelocityinonemediumnotonlymaydif
ferfromthatinanother
,but
thevelocitytypicallyvarieswithwavelength.Asaresult,thechangein
directionuponenteringadif
ferentmediumchangeswiththewavelengthofthe
wave.
Forelectromagneticwavesthespeedinamediumisgovernedbyits
refractiveindexaccordingto
Refraction:uponenteringamedium
whereitsspeedislower,thewave
changesdirection.

wherecisthespeedoflightinvacuumand
n(0)istherefractiveindexofthe
mediumatwavelength
0,wherethelatterismeasuredinvacuumratherthaninthemedium.Thecorresponding
wavelengthinthemediumis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W
avelength

3/10

09.12.2016

WavelengthWikipedia

Whenwavelengthsofelectromagneticradiationarequoted,thewavelengthin
vacuumusuallyisintendedunlessthewavelengthisspecificallyidentifiedas
thewavelengthinsomeothermedium.Inacoustics,whereamediumis
essentialforthewavestoexist,thewavelengthvalueisgivenforaspecified
medium.
Thevariationinspeedoflightwithvacuumwavelengthisknownas
Separationofcolorsbyaprism(click
dispersion,andisalsoresponsibleforthefamiliarphenomenoninwhichlight
foranimation)
isseparatedintocomponentcolorsbya
prism.Separationoccurswhenthe
refractiveindexinsidetheprismvarieswithwavelength,sodif
ferent
wavelengthspropagateatdif
ferentspeedsinsidetheprism,causingthemto
refractatdifferentangles.Themathematical
relationshipthatdescribeshowthespeedoflightwithinamediumvarieswithwavelengthisknownasa
dispersion
relation.
Nonuniformmedia
Wavelengthcanbeausefulconceptevenifthewaveisnot
periodicinspace.
Forexample,inanoceanwaveapproachingshore,showninthefigure,the
incomingwaveundulateswithavarying
localwavelengththatdependsin
partonthedepthoftheseafloorcomparedtothewaveheight.Theanalysis
ofthewavecanbebaseduponcomparisonofthelocalwavelengthwiththe
Variouslocalwavelengthsonacrest
localwaterdepth.[11]
tocrestbasisinanoceanwave

Wavesthataresinusoidalintimebutpropagatethroughamediumwhose
approachingshore[11]
propertiesvarywithposition(an
inhomogeneousmedium)maypropagateat
avelocitythatvarieswithposition,andasaresultmaynotbesinusoidalin
space.Thefigureatrightshowsanexample.Asthewaveslowsdown,the
wavelengthgetsshorterandtheamplitudeincreasesafteraplaceofmaximum
response,theshortwavelengthisassociatedwithahighlossandthewavedies
out.
Theanalysisof
differentialequations
ofsuchsystemsisoftendone
approximately
,usingtheWKBmethod(alsoknownastheLiouvilleGreen
method).Themethodintegratesphasethroughspaceusingalocal
wavenumber,
Asinusoidalwavetravellingina
whichcanbeinterpretedasindicatinga"localwavelength"ofthesolutionasa
nonuniformmedium,withloss

[12][13]Thismethodtreatsthesystemlocallyasifit
functionoftimeandspace.
wereuniformwiththelocalpropertiesinparticular
,thelocalwavevelocity
associatedwithafrequencyistheonlythingneededtoestimatethecorrespondinglocalwavenumberorwavelength.I
addition,themethodcomputesaslowlychangingamplitudetosatisfyotherconstraintsoftheequationsorofthe
physicalsystem,suchasfor
conservationofener
gyinthewave.

Crystals

Wavesincrystallinesolidsarenotcontinuous,becausetheyarecomposedofvibrationsofdiscreteparticlesarrangedi
aregularlattice.Thisproduces
aliasingbecausethesamevibrationcanbeconsideredtohaveavarietyofdif
ferent
[14]
wavelengths,asshowninthefigure. Descriptionsusingmorethanoneofthesewavelengthsareredundantitis
conventionaltochoosethelongestwavelengththatfitsthephenomenon.Therangeofwavelengthssuf
ficienttoprovide
adescriptionofallpossiblewavesinacrystallinemediumcorrespondstothewavevectorsconfinedtothe
Brillouin
zone.[15]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W
avelength

4/10

09.12.2016

WavelengthWikipedia

Thisindeterminacyinwavelengthinsolidsisimportantintheanalysisofwave
phenomenasuchasenergybandsandlatticevibrations
.Itismathematically
equivalenttothe
aliasingofasignalthatis
sampledatdiscreteintervals.

Moregeneralwaveforms
Theconceptofwavelengthismostoftenappliedtosinusoidal,ornearly
sinusoidal,waves,becauseinalinearsystemthesinusoidistheuniqueshape
thatpropagateswithnoshapechangejustaphasechangeandpotentially Awaveonalineofatomscanbe
[16]Thewavelength(oralternatively
anamplitudechange.
wavenumberor
wavevector)isacharacterizationofthewaveinspace,thatisfunctionally
relatedtoitsfrequency
,asconstrainedbythephysicsofthesystem.
Sinusoidsarethesimplest
travelingwave
solutions,andmorecomplex
solutionscanbebuiltupby
superposition.

interpretedaccordingtoavarietyof
wavelengths.

Inthespecialcaseofdispersionfreeanduniformmedia,wavesotherthan
sinusoidspropagatewithunchangingshapeandconstantvelocity
.Incertain
circumstances,wavesofunchangingshapealsocanoccurinnonlinearmedia
forexample,thefigureshowsoceanwavesinshallowwaterthathave
sharpercrestsandflattertroughsthanthoseofasinusoid,typicalofa
cnoidal
[17]
wave, atravelingwavesonamedbecauseitisdescribedbythe
Jacobi
ellipticfunction
ofmthorder,usuallydenotedas
cn(xm).[18]Large
amplitudeoceanwaveswithcertainshapescanpropagateunchanged,

Nearperiodicwavesovershallow
water

[19]
becauseofpropertiesofthenonlinearsurfacewavemedium.

Ifatravelingwavehasafixedshapethatrepeatsinspaceorintime,itisa
periodicwave.[20]Suchwavesaresometimesregardedashavinga
[21]Asshowninthefigure,
wavelengtheventhoughtheyarenotsinusoidal.
wavelengthismeasuredbetweenconsecutivecorrespondingpointsonthe
waveform.

Wavepackets

Wavelengthofaperiodicbutnon
sinusoidalwaveform.

Localizedwavepackets,"bursts"ofwaveactionwhereeachwavepacket
travelsasaunit,findapplicationinmanyfieldsofphysics.Awavepackethas
anenvelopethatdescribestheoverallamplitudeofthewavewithinthe
envelope,thedistancebetweenadjacentpeaksortroughsissometimescalleda
localwavelength.[22][23]Anexampleisshowninthefigure.Ingeneral,the
envelopeofthewavepacketmovesatadif
ferentspeedthantheconstituent
[24]
waves.
UsingFourieranalysis
,wavepacketscanbeanalyzedintoinfinitesums(or

Apropagatingwavepacket

integrals)ofsinusoidalwavesofdif
ferentwavenumbersorwavelengths.[25]
LouisdeBroglie
postulatedthatallparticleswithaspecificvalueof
momentumphaveawavelength
=h/p,whereh
isPlanck'sconstant.Thishypothesiswasatthebasisof
quantummechanics
.Nowadays,thiswavelengthiscalledthe
13m.
deBrogliewavelength
.Forexample,theelectronsinaCRTdisplayhaveaDeBrogliewavelengthofabout10
Topreventthewavefunction
forsuchaparticlebeingspreadoverallspace,deBroglieproposedusingwavepackets
[26]Thespatialspreadofthewavepacket,andthespreadofthe
torepresentparticlesthatarelocalizedinspace.
wavenumbersofsinusoidsthatmakeupthepacket,correspondtotheuncertaintiesintheparticle'spositionand
momentum,theproductofwhichisboundedby
Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple
.[25]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W
avelength

5/10

09.12.2016

WavelengthWikipedia

Interferenceanddiffraction
Doubleslitinterference
Whensinusoidalwaveformsadd,theymayreinforceeachother(constructive
interference)orcanceleachother(destructiveinterference)dependingupon
theirrelativephase.Thisphenomenonisusedinthe
interferometer.Asimple
exampleisanexperimentdueto
Youngwherelightispassedthrough
two
slits.[27]Asshowninthefigure,lightispassedthroughtwoslitsandshineson
ascreen.Thepathofthelighttoapositiononthescreenisdif
ferentforthe
twoslits,anddependsupontheanglethepathmakeswiththescreen.If
wesupposethescreenisfarenoughfromtheslits(thatis,
sislarge
comparedtotheslitseparation
d)thenthepathsarenearlyparallel,andthe
Patternoflightintensityonascreen
pathdifferenceissimply
dsin.Accordingly
,theconditionforconstructive
[28]
interferenceis:

wheremisaninteger,andfordestructiveinterferenceis:

forlightpassingthroughtwoslits.
Thelabelsontherightrefertothe
differenceofthepathlengthsfrom
thetwoslits,whichareidealizedhere
aspointsources.

Thus,ifthewavelengthofthelightisknown,theslitseparationcanbedeterminedfromtheinterferencepatternor
fringes,andviceversa.
[29]
Formultipleslits,thepatternis

whereqisthenumberofslits,and
gisthegratingconstant.Thefirstfactor
,I1,isthesingleslitresult,whichmodulates
themorerapidlyvaryingsecondfactorthatdependsuponthenumberofslitsandtheirspacing.Inthefigure
I1hasbeen
settounity,averyroughapproximation.
Itshouldbenotedthattheef
fectofinterferenceisto
redistributethelight,sotheener
gycontainedinthelightisnot
[30]
altered,justwhereitshowsup.

Singleslitdiffraction
Thenotionofpathdif
ferenceandconstructiveordestructiveinterferenceused
aboveforthedoubleslitexperimentappliesaswelltothedisplayofasingleslit
oflightinterceptedonascreen.Themainresultofthisinterferenceistospread
outthelightfromthenarrowslitintoabroaderimageonthescreen.This
distributionofwaveener
gyiscalleddiffraction.
Twotypesofdiffractionaredistinguished,dependingupontheseparation
betweenthesourceandthescreen:
Fraunhoferdif
fractionorfarfielddiffraction
atlargeseparationsandFresneldiffractionornearfielddiffractionatclose
separations.

Diffractionpatternofadoubleslit
hasasingleslitenvelope.

Intheanalysisofthesingleslit,thenonzerowidthoftheslitistakenintoaccount,andeachpointintheapertureis
takenasthesourceofonecontributiontothebeamoflight(
Huygen'swavelets).Onthescreen,thelightarrivingfrom
eachpositionwithintheslithasadif
ferentpathlength,albeitpossiblyaverysmalldif
ference.Consequently
,interference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W
avelength

6/10

09.12.2016

WavelengthWikipedia

occurs.
IntheFraunhoferdif
fractionpatternsuf
ficientlyfarfromasingleslit,withina
smallangleapproximation
,theintensity
spreadSisrelatedtoposition
xviaasquaredsincfunction
:[31]
with
whereListheslitwidth,
Risthedistanceofthepattern(onthescreen)fromtheslit,andisthewavelengthoflight
used.Thefunction
Shaszeroswhereuisanonzerointeger
,whereareatx valuesataseparationproportionto
wavelength.

Diffractionlimitedresolution
Diffractionisthefundamentallimitationonthe
resolvingpowerofopticalinstruments,suchas
telescopes(including
radiotelescopes)andmicroscopes.[32]Foracircularaperture,thedif
fractionlimitedimagespotisknownasan
Airy
diskthedistancex inthesingleslitdif
fractionformulaisreplacedbyradialdistance
randthesineisreplacedby2
J1,
whereJ1isafirstorderBesselfunction
.[33]

Theresolvablespatialsizeofobjectsviewedthroughamicroscopeislimitedaccordingtothe
Rayleighcriterion
,the
radiustothefirstnulloftheAirydisk,toasizeproportionaltothewavelengthofthelightused,anddependingonthe
numericalaperture
:[34]

wherethenumericalapertureisdefinedas
themicroscopeobjective.

forbeingthehalfangleoftheconeofraysacceptedby

Theangularsizeofthecentralbrightportion(radiustofirstnullofthe
Airydisk)oftheimagedif
fractedbyacircular
[35]
aperture,ameasuremostcommonlyusedfortelescopesandcameras,is:

whereisthewavelengthofthewavesthatarefocusedforimaging,
Dtheentrancepupildiameteroftheimaging
system,inthesameunits,andtheangularresolutionisinradians.
Aswithotherdif
fractionpatterns,thepatternscalesinproportiontowavelength,soshorterwavelengthscanleadto
higherresolution.

Subwavelength
Thetermsubwavelengthisusedtodescribeanobjecthavingoneormoredimensionssmallerthanthelengthofthe
wavewithwhichtheobjectinteracts.Forexample,theterm
subwavelengthdiameteropticalfibremeansanoptical
fibrewhosediameterislessthanthewavelengthoflightpropagatingthroughit.
Asubwavelengthparticleisaparticlesmallerthanthewavelengthoflightwithwhichitinteracts(see
Rayleigh
scattering).Subwavelengthaperturesareholessmallerthanthewavelengthoflightpropagatingthroughthem.Such
structureshaveapplicationsin
extraordinaryopticaltransmission
,andzeromodewaveguides,amongotherareasof
photonics.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W
avelength

7/10

09.12.2016

WavelengthWikipedia

Subwavelengthmayalsorefertoaphenomenoninvolvingsubwavelengthobjectsforexample,
subwavelength
imaging.

Angularwavelength
Aquantityrelatedtothewavelengthisthe
angularwavelength
(alsoknownasreducedwavelength),usuallysymbolizedby

(lambdabar).Itisequaltothe"regular"wavelength"reduced"
byafactorof2(=/2).Itisusuallyencounteredin
quantummechanics,whereitisusedincombinationwiththe
reducedPlanckconstant(symbol,hbar)andtheangular
frequency(symbol)orangularwavenumber
(symbolk ).

Seealso
Emissionspectrum
Envelope(waves)
Fraunhoferlines
darklinesinthesolarspectrum,
traditionallyusedasstandardopticalwavelength
references
Indexofwavearticles
Lengthmeasurement
Spectralline
Spectroscopy
Spectrum

References

Relationshipbetweenwavelength,angular
wavelength,andotherwaveproperties

1.Hecht,Eugene(1987).Optics(2nded.).AddisonWesley.pp.1516.ISBN020111609X.
2.RaymondA.SerwayJohnW.Jewett. Principlesofphysics(4thed.).CengageLearning.pp.404,440.ISBN0534
49143X.
3.A.A.Sonin(1995).Thesurfacephysicsofliquidcrystals.Taylor&Francis.p.17.ISBN2881249957.
4.BrianHiltonFlowers(2000)."21.2Periodicfunctions".
AnintroductiontonumericalmethodsinC++(2nded.).
CambridgeUniversityPress.p.473.ISBN0198506937.
5.KeqianZhang&DejieLi(2007).
ElectromagneticTheoryforMicrowavesandOptoelectronics.Springer,.p.533.
ISBN9783540742951.
6.TheoKoupelis&KarlF.Kuhn(2007).InQuestoftheUniverse.Jones&BartlettPublishers.ISBN0763743879.
7.PaulRPinet(2008).InvitationtoOceanography(5thed.).Jones&BartlettPublishers.p.237.ISBN0763759937.
8.DavidC.CassidyGeraldJamesHoltonFloydJamesRutherford(2002).
Understandingphysics.Birkhuser.pp.339
ff .ISBN0387987568.
9.JohnAvison(1999).TheWorldofPhysics.NelsonThornes.p.460.ISBN9780174387336.
10.Toaidimagination,thisbendingofthewaveofteniscomparedtotheanalogyofacolumn
ofmarchingsoldiers
crossingfromsolidgroundintomud.See,forexample,RaymondT.Pierrehumbert(2010).PrinciplesofPlanetary
Climate.CambridgeUniversityPress.p.327.ISBN0521865565.
11.PaulRPinet.op.cit.p.242.ISBN0763759937.
12.BishwanathChakraborty.PrinciplesofPlasmaMechanics.NewAgeInternational.p.454.ISBN9788122414462.
13.JeffreyA.Hogan&JosephD.Lakey(2005).Timefrequencyandtimescalemethods:adaptivedecompositions,
uncertaintyprinciples,andsampling.Birkhuser.p.348. ISBN9780817642761.
14.SeeFigure4.20inA.Putnis(1992).Introductiontomineralsciences.CambridgeUniversityPress.p.97.ISBN0521
429471.andFigure2.3inMartinT.Dove(1993).Introductiontolatticedynamics(4thed.).CambridgeUniversity
Press.p.22. ISBN0521392934.
15.ManijehRazeghi(2006).Fundamentalsofsolidstateengineering(2nded.).Birkhuser.pp.165ff .ISBN0387
281525.
16.SeeLordRayleigh(1890)."Wavetheory".EncyclopediaBritannica(9thed.).TheHenryGAllenCompany.p.422.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W
avelength

8/10

09.12.2016

WavelengthWikipedia

17.ValeryN.Pilipchuk(2010)."Figure4.4:Transitionfromquasiharmonictocnoidalwave".NonlinearDynamics:
BetweenLinearandImpactLimits.Springer.p.127. ISBN3642127983.
18.AndreiLudu(2012)."18.3Specialfunctions".NonlinearWavesandSolitonsonContoursandClosedSurfaces(2nd
ed.).Springer.pp.469ff .ISBN3642228941.
19.AlfredOsborne(2010)."Chapter1:Briefhistoryandoverviewofnonlinearwaterwaves".
NonlinearOceanWavesand
theInverseScatteringTransform.AcademicPress.pp.3ff .ISBN0125286295.
20.AlexanderMcPherson(2009)."Wavesandtheirproperties".IntroductiontoMacromolecularCrystallography(2ed.).
Wiley.p.77. ISBN0470185902.
21.EricStade(2011).FourierAnalysis.JohnWiley&Sons.p.1.ISBN1118165519.
22.PeterR.Holland(1995).TheQuantumTheoryofMotion:AnAccountofthedeBroglieBohmCausalInterpretation
ofQuantumMechanics.CambridgeUniversityPress.p.160.ISBN9780521485432.
23.JefferyCooper(1998).IntroductiontopartialdifferentialequationswithMATLAB.Springer.p.272. ISBN08176
39675."Thelocalwavelengthofadispersingwaveistwicethedistancebetweentwosuccessivezeros....thelocal
wavelengthandthelocalwavenumberk arerelatedbyk=2/."
24.A.T.Fromhold(1991)."Wavepacketsolutions".QuantumMechanicsforAppliedPhysicsandEngineering(Reprintof
AcademicPress1981ed.).CourierDoverPublications.pp.59ff .ISBN0486667413."(p.61)...theindividual
wavesmovemoreslowlythanthepacketandthereforepassbackthroughthepacketasitadvances"
25.See,forexample,Figs.2.82.10inJoyManners(2000)."Heisenberg'suncertaintyprinciple".QuantumPhysics:An
Introduction.CRCPress.pp.5356.ISBN9780750307208.
26.MingChiangLi(1980)."ElectronInterference".InL.MartonClaireMarton.
AdvancesinElectronicsandElectron
Physics.53.AcademicPress.p.271.ISBN0120146533.
27.GreenfieldSluder&DavidE.W
olf(2007)."IV.Young'sExperiment:TwoSlitInterference".Digitalmicroscopy(3rd
ed.).AcademicPress.p.15.ISBN0123740258.
28.Halliday,Resnick,Walker(2008)."354Young'sinterferenceexperiment".FundamentalsofPhysics(Extended8th
ed.).WileyIndia.p.965.ISBN8126514426.
29.KordtGriepenkerl(2002)."9.8.2Diffractionbyagrating".InJohnWHarrisWalterBenensonHorstStckerHolger
Lutz.Handbookofphysics.Springer.pp.307ff .ISBN0387952691.
30.DouglasB.Murphy(2002).Fundamentalsoflightmicroscopyandelectronicimaging.Wiley/IEEE.p.64.ISBN0
47123429X.
31.JohnC.Stover(1995).Opticalscattering:measurementandanalysis(2nded.).SPIEPress.p.64. ISBN97808194
19347.
32.GrahamSaxby(2002)."Diffractionlimitation".Thescienceofimaging.CRCPress.p.57. ISBN075030734X.
33.GrantR.Fowles(1989).IntroductiontoModernOptics.CourierDoverPublications.pp.117120.ISBN9780486
659572.
34.JamesB.Pawley(1995).Handbookofbiologicalconfocalmicroscopy(2nded.).Springer.p.112.ISBN9780306
448263.
35.RayN.Wilson(2004).ReflectingTelescopeOpticsI:BasicDesignTheoryandItsHistoricalDevelopment
.Springer.
p.302.ISBN9783540401063.

Externallinks
Conversion:WavelengthtoFrequencyandviceversaSoundwaves
andradiowaves(http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator
wavelengt
h.htm)
Teachingresourcefor1416yearsonsoundincludingwavelength
(htt
p://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/schools/index1.htm)
Thevisibleelectromagneticspectrumdisplayedinwebcolorswith
accordingwavelengths
(http://www.magnetkern.de/spektrum.html)

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoWavelength.
Wikidatahastheproperty:
wavelength(P2808)(see
uses)

Retrievedfrom"
https://en.wikipedia.or
g/w/index.php?title=W
avelength&oldid=742249019
"
Categories: Waves Length
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon2October2016,at16:02.
Textisavailableunderthe
CreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicense
additionaltermsmayapply
.By
usingthissite,youagreetothe
TermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkofthe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W
avelength

9/10

09.12.2016

WavelengthWikipedia

WikimediaFoundation,Inc.
,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W
avelength

10/10