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ELEMENTS
C. W. S. To
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta,
Canada T2 N 1 N4
(Received 19 August 1982, and in revised form 28 September 1983)
This paper describes the mathematical formulation, equations, and procedures employed
in the development of a comprehensive digital computer program for acoustic simulation
and analysis of large and complicated piping systems. The analysis technique used is the
transfer matrix method in which the piping system, with or without multiple inputs and
outputs, is represented by a combination of discrete acoustic elements interconnected to
one another at two stations such that the acoustic pressure and volume velocity at one
station are uniquely related to those at the other by a two-by-two parameter matrix.
Parameter matrices of 19 acoustic elements are included in this paper. By making use of
these parameter matrices and the analysis technique, any complicated practical reciprocating compressor piping system can be modelled or analyzed.
1. INTRODUCTION
Designers of reciprocating
compressor installation
are often confronted
with the problem
of gas pressure pulsations.
When the size and complexity of the installation
are large and
the operating pressure is high the problem can be formidable and the pulsations sometimes
can lead to catastrophic
accidents.
Generally,
the problem is caused by the excessive
vibration
level in the piping system as a result of large pressure fluctuations
which in
turn are determined
by the acoustic properties and acoustic/structural
interaction
in the
system. The phenomenon
involved is a complex one.
For hydraulic
systems, early simplified analyses have been used to solve some of the
problems
induced by resonance.
Early studies of resonance
in pipelines were reported
in references [l-4]. In reference [ 1] knowledge obtained in previous years was summarized.
In reference [4] the transfer matrix method, well established
in the theory of vibration,
was applied. Studies of pressure pulsations
in reciprocating
compressor
piping systems
[5-141, on the other hand, have shown that further work in this area needs to be done,
particularly
in the application
of digital computers to the acoustic modelling and analysis
of complicated
piping systems. In references [9, 11, 141 results for practical, but relatively
moderately
complicated,
systems were presented.
One common finding was that some
computer pulsation
levels were significantly
different from the measured ones. Furthermore, none of the mathematical
models considered
in the references
quoted thus far
includes mean flow in the piping systems.
The main objectives of the investigation
reported in this paper, Part I, and the companion
paper, Part II, are therefore (a) to provide a formulation,
including the mean flow effects,
suitable for digital computer
automation,
and (b) to develop a comprehensive
digital
175
0022-460X/84/180175+20
%03.00/O
1984
Academic
Press
Inc.
(London)
L.imited
176
C. u. s 70
computer
program for the simulation
and analysis of complicated
reciprocating
compressor piping systems.
It may be appropriate
to note that the formulation
presented
here applies to case:,
where the flow characteristics
of the system, in particular
at junctions,
have to be taken
into consideration.
To do this one needs to consider the gas properties,
obtain the
equivalent
number of velocity heads for the friction losses through the elements, assess
the pressure drops and evaluate the fanning friction factors. Once the flow characteristics
of the piping system have been obtained the acoustic pulsation problem can be considered.
As determining
the flow characteristics
of the system is a fluid mechanics
problem and
methods for its solution have been described elsewhere, it is not considered in this paper.
The formulation,
analysis procedures,
and parameter
matrices for 19 acoustic elements
are presented
in this paper (Part I). In the companion
paper (Part 11) a description
of
the digital computer
program structure and applications
of the developed
program are
presented.
2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
In principle, the parameter matrix of any acoustic element of the piping system, modelled
as a one-dimensional
distributed parameter sub-system, can be obtained by an appropriate
combination
of parameter matrices of uniform pipes of various cross-sections
[ 151. Owing
to -its crucial importance
to the formulation
of more complex elements, the four-pole
parameters
of a uniform pipe containing
a steady mean flow are derived in the next
section. In the following
two sections acoustic elements in tandem
connections
are
considered.
2.1.
FOUR
POLE
PARAMETERS
OF
UNIFORM
PIPE
WITH
A STEADY
MEAN
FLOW
in which -rL, = u + U, where u = u(x, t) is the acoustic particle velocity and U is the
mean velocity (a list of notation is given in the Appendix).
By using a similar line of
reasoning as in reference [ 161, the solution of equation ( 1) is obtained in the form
,J = B, e-jk;r + B, ej%x,
(2)
pressure
is defined
(3)
as
P = PlL, + P wx.
From equations
(4)
U)}eI~],
(5)
ACOUSTIC
ANALYSIS
OF
PIPING
SYSTEMS.
177
(6)
U)} emYI-{&/(c-
From equations (5) and (7), and after some algebraic manipulation,
meter matrix can be obtained as
e--f
(I,:;
::
[I=
z sh y,l
ch y,l
y,l
(7)
U)} eyllx].
(8)
where yC= jk:, z = pc/S, k: = k/( 1 - M), k= w/ c, and M= U/c. When the effect of
mean flow can be neglected equation (8) becomes
[a=[(1,:;
z sh yl
(9)
ch yl I
Iyi
where y= j k.
The damping effects incorporated in both equations (8) and (9) arise through introduction of an appropriate complex speed of sound, c (as given, for example, in refernece
[17]). It can be seen from equation
(8) that the presence of mean flow influences the
damping.
2.2.
TWO
ACOUSTIC
ELEMENTS
IN
SERIES
The resultant four-pole parameter matrix of two acoustic elements in series is considered
in this section.
By virtue of the principle of conservation
of mass in steady flow and the continuity
of
acoustic pressure, the four-pole matrix equation for two acoustic elements in series, as
shown in Figure 1, can be written as
parameter
matrices
( IO)
of the two elements.
2.3.
TWO
ACOUSTIC
ELEMENTS
CONNECTED
IN
one
(II)
[aI = [aMaL
where [a] is the required resultant parameter
matrix.
By following
similar reasoning,
the resultant
four-pole
parameter
acoustic elements connected
in series can easily be obtained.
Thus,
matrix
of several
PARALLEL
178
r01,
u. s IO
[al i
c3
-3
I
I
_J7yfjpy22
c3
I
I
Figure
c3
c31
I
/
I
I
/I
21
2. Two acoustic
elements
in parallel.
elements connected
in parallel. Consequently,
the derivation
of the resultant parameter
matrix for two acoustic elements connected
in parallel is presented here.
Consider pipe element number 1 of Figure 2. The four-pole matrix equation is
(12)
where [a], is the four-pole
parameter
matrix for pipe element number
1, containing
stations 1 and 2. Similarly, the four-pole matrix equation for pipe element number 2 is
(13)
The conditions
at stations
1 and 2 are
p, = p, 1= p,,,
Multiplying
= a122alllP21 +al~2ai21
equations
(14)
(15)
V2,.
aIzlPII=
Adding
v, = v>, + v22.
(12) by alZZgives
a&l,
Multiplying
P2 = Pz, = P&
v,=v,,+v,,,
(16)
a,2,a,IZP2?+alZla122VZ2.
in
To express the acoustic volume velocity at station 1 in terms of the acoustic pressure
and volume velocity at station 2 one needs to perform the following steps. First, multiply
the second of equations
(12) by a222 to give
a 222 V II --a
Second,
multiply
the second
222
of equations
(18)
a221V~2=a22,a212P22+a221a222V22.
Adding equations
(18) and (19), and making use of the condition
from the second of equations
(14), one obtains
a222VI f v12(a22, - a222) = AP2 + a222a221VZ,
that
V;, = V, - Viz,
(20)
ACOUSTIC
ANALYSIS
OF
PIPING
SYSTEMS,
179
of equations
( 13)
(31)
equation
(20) gives
a221)la1221
V, = P,[(k-
+~2~~~2211~1~-~~~2l~lr+~,~~~~l~~,~~~~2~~l+~~~l~~. (2)
Substituting
V2 aZZl +a12
(a222- a221)
(23)
13
aiz2
and
aI:=
(24)
and
az2 = ( a12,u212 +
where
a2l = aIll +a2,?+(a222-a221)(a11,
-a112)/(al?l
+a,,,),
u,22a22,)/(a,2, +a,,,).
The quantities
a,,, a,z, azl, and a,, are the required resultant
parameters for two acoustic elements in parallel. These results agree with those in equation
(7.2) of reference [ 181.
3. SUB-SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
In practice, piping systems may contain several inputs and outputs simultaneously.
When the acoustic system can be assumed to be linear, one logical solution is to apply
the principle of superposition:
that is, the system can be analyzed by treating one input
at a time and the resultant solution can then be obtained by summing all the single-input
solutions. Another approach is to use a different formulation
in which the multiple inputs
are related to the outputs by a higher order parameter
matrix. However, both these
methods have inherent disadvantages
in that the first can be time consuming
and hence
uneconomical
to use while the second requires relatively larger computer storage and
also can lead to computational
instability
in inverting the parameter
matrix, which may
be ill-conditioned
for certain types of piping systems.
One way of avoiding the disadvantages
is to formulate the systems in such a way that
the inputs and outputs are related by a two-by-two
parameter
matrix. This approach is
computationally
more flexible and theoretically
simpler. To obtain the desired form of
matrix the system may be sub-divided
into a number of sub-systems
having (a) one input
and two outputs, (b) two inputs and one output, (c) one input and three outputs, and
(d) three inputs and one output. After the resultant four-pole parameter matrices of the
sub-systems
are formed they are interconnected
accordingly.
Then the piping system can
be analyzed or simulated in a usual manner with due consideration
of boundary conditions.
The idea of this sub-system
analysis procedure
can be best conceived
by considering
cases (a) to (d) individually,
as follows.
3.1.
SUB-SYSTEM
WITH
ONE
INPUT
AND
TWO
Consider
the sub-system
shown in Figure
matrix for the branching
can be written as
[aIS =
OUTPUTS
3. In this system
[alXalL[alk,
the resultant
parameter
(25)
180
C.
s. ro
and sub-system
respectively.
(261
where Z, is the acoustic
matrix for the branching
I
I
impedance
is identical
Figure 3. Sub-system with one input and two outputs. The superscripts
L and S denote local
(branching)
and sub-system,
respectively.
3.2. SUB-SYSTEM
WITH
TWO
INPUTS
AND
PI
P2l
p2:
p3
V,
VZl
4 :
Figure 4. Sub-system
with two inputs and one
output.
P; = PP,) V{ = qV, , and the rest of the
symbols are similar to those in Figure 3.
ONE
OUTPUT
and
V~,=T,-V,,
and one
(27)
matrix
equation
containing
(29)
By making use of the continuity
condition
and the principle of conservation
of mass in
steady flow, that is, P,, = P2*= P23and V,, = V,, + Vz2,one can write a similar four-pole
matrix equation for the branching
containing
stations 2 and 3 as
(30)
ACOUSTIC
From equation
Substituting
\lu]S gives
OF
this equation
181
{ ;} +m{
;j
equation
-v;dn,
SUB-SYSTEM
the resulting
equation
by
= muI,(
A,z=
3.3.
SYSTEMS,
into equation
WITH
ONE
A2,
resultant
INPUT
manipulation,
= @r u;
four-pole
equation
221
AND
127
matrix
THREE
results
==lul;+ ~a;%,&,
A,,
A=A,,Az-A,zAz,,
Relation
PIPING
(29),
From equations
Substituting
in
ANALYSIS
of the sub-system.
OIITPl!TS
The s&-system
shown in Figure 5 can, in fact, be analyzed as two sub-systems
with
one input and two outputs. However, there are situations
in which the analysis of the
sub-system as one unit may be necessary. Moreover, it is often more economical to analyze
the unit as one rather than two sub-systems.
With reference to equation (26), the four-pole matrix equation for the sub-system may
readily be written as
(34)
where 2; and 2, are the acoustic
and 4, respectively.
impedances
looking
at stations
PI, L/I-
Figure
outputs.
5. Sub-system
and three
P2 p23
fd
2 7 i
vi
b,
Figure 6. Sub-system
with three inputs and one
V;=qV,;
P;-=cP,,
and V;=
output.
Pj = Of,,
lLVI
(. w. s. l-0
182
3.4. SUBSYSTEM
WITH
THREE
INPUTS
AND
ONE
OUTPUT
The sub-system with three inputs and one output can be analyzed as two sub-systems
with two inputs and one output connected
in series. In this sub-section
the sub-system,
shown in Figure 6, is analyzed as a single unit. The following relations are required before
the resultant
four-pole
matrix
equation
Vl = 77v,,
PI = PP,,
can be derived:
vy=pv,.
P( = <PI,
matrix
(35)
equation
is
(36)
matrix
equation
element
of the sub-system
can be
(37)
Similarly,
the four-pole
matrix
equation
element
of the sub-system
is
(38)
As
p*, =
p22= pz3,
pi, = p42=
pa,
(39)
By making
Equation
use of equations
(42)-(44)
Substituting
multiplying
equation
(46) into (45) and using
by [a]: results in
equations
(47)
ACOUSTIC
ANALYSIS
OF
PIPING
SYSTEMS,
183
Applying the relations in equation (35) and simplifying one finally acquires the required
four-pole matrix equation as
(48)
4. DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE
PIPING
SYSTEM
In the last two sections a theory for the acoustic analysis of piping systems has been
presented. In this section the dynamic characteristics, such as ratios of acoustic pressure
and transfer impedances at stations downstream are considered. They are required in the
computation of acoustic resonant frequencies, and acoustic pressures at the stations. Once
the acoustic pressure at a particular station has been obtained, the corresponding dynamic
loading may be computed by taking the product of the cross-sectional area associated
with the station and the inverse (backward) Fourier transform of the acoustic pressure.
In this way the loadings near elbows and T-junctions, for instance, can be assessed.
4.1. SYSTEM WITH AN ACOUSTIC PRESSURE SOURCE
Consider the piping system in Figure 7. If the source at station i is an acoustic pressure
one, it can be shown (by making use of the four-pole matrix equation) that the ratio of
the acoustic pressure at station j downstream to that at i, that is, at the source, is
(49)
where Zj is the acoustic impedance at station j of the piping system; the third subscript
i designates the acoustic element between stations i and j with i = j - 1 and j = 2,3,4, . . , n.
I
I
I
I
Figure
7.
I
1
A piping system.
Z, = (-%a,lj + at2j)l(ZA,,
anj),
(50)
184
C. w. s. l-0
(51)
where Zi=(ZjQl,,
+Q,,,)/(ZjQ,,i+Q*2i),
i=j-1
andj=2,3,.
.., K
The frequencies corresponding to the absolute maxima of equation (5 1) are then the
acoustic resonant frequencies of the piping system.
5. ACOUSTIC ELEMENTS
The most important and basic acoustic element is the uniform pipe with a steady mean
flow, because other elements can be constructed by using this as a building block. The
four-pole parameter matrix of this element has been presented in section 2. In the following
sections parameter matrices of another 18 elements are considered. By making use of all
these and the theory for system and sub-system analysis included in sections 2 and 3 any
large and complicated piping system can be modelled and/or analyzed.
5.1. A SIDE BRANCH TYPE ELEMENT
Three units of a side branch type element connected in series can be used as a high-pass
or low-pass filter. For instance, when the terminations of the branches are open it is a
high-pass filter. The parameter matrix of the element shown in Figure 8 is
n-
[Ql=
[Qli,
i=l
[Qli
ch Yi
Zi sh Yi
(l/zi) shy,
chYi
ezFM;Yr
for
i=
1,3,
[a]*= [ ,;z*
;]y
z*=
Yi= Yili,
k; = k;/(
1 -MI),
Zi = PC~lSi,
kj = w/c:,
yi = jk:
lw; = UJC:.
It should be emphasized that if the cross-section of the side branch is large in comparison
to the wavelength, the phase over this cross-section is not constant and the impedance
cannot be defined [19].
5.2.
A RESONATOR
WITH
A CAVITY
ACOUSTIC
ANALYSIS
OF
PIPlNG
SYSTEMS,
185
----
cr 3
0
----
_-
---
0;
I
I
2
0
II
c3
/
0
/
I
/
Figure
impedance
8. A side branch
at station
resonator.
Figure
9. A resonator
with a cavity.
3 will be
.G = a,JazI?.
if station
(53)
4 is open then
(,54)
-G = a123/a22i.
The acoustic
impedance
at station
-G=
The parameter
matrix
2, looking
A RESONATOR
of the element
WITH
is
P2/VZ=(Z,a,12+a,2,)/(Z,a2,,+a2,2).
A TEE
(55)
is
[al = [.ll[
5.3.
SIDE
,/z,y][.L.
(56)
BRANCH
The type of element shown in Figure 10 can sometimes be applied to analyze or model
a blowdown
stack in a gas piping system. The parameter
matrix of the element can be
written as
5, = (&all2 +a122)l(5a2k2+a222L
1/5=(1/Z35)+(1/Z36)r
I
I
Figure
12
IO. A resonator
24
Figure I I, A resonator
special type.
of
186
c.
W. S. TO
A RESONATOR
WITH
A TEE
SIDE
BRANCH
OF
THE
SPECIAL
TYPE
The element shown in Figure 1I can be used to analyze or model a blowdown stack,
in which an orifice or a valve may be included, in a gas piping system. The parameter
matrix of this element is
(58)
ad
ad
G= (a,&+
l/Z5=(l/Z5,)+(l/&)
alzdV7)/(4216P,++a226V7)r
-&= (a,,,P*+a,,,V,)I(a,,,P,+a,,,V8).
The end conditions at station 7 or 8 are such that when it is open, the acoustic pressure
at the station is zero and when it is closed the acoustic volume velocity is zero.
5.5. AN EXPANSION
CHAMBER
TYPE
ELEMENT
When the diameter of cross-sectional area S2 of the element shown in Figure 12 is not
large compared with the wavelength, the parameter matrix of this element can be written
as
n=3
(59)
[al = ,IJ, [ali,
where [a]i is the parameter matrix associated with element i of uniform cross-section.
When the diameter of S, is large compared with the wavelength, equation (59) is no
longer valid. This is because of the presence of higher order modes of wave propagation:
that is, wave propagation is not merely in the zeroth order mode. However, higher order
modes contribute nothing to the volume flow. Therefore, the total volume flow is exactly
the zeroth order mode volume flow. As the total volume flow is continuous the zeroth
order mode volume flow must also be continuous [20]. On the other hand, the contribution
to the pressure from higher order modes is not zero. Consequently, the zeroth mode
pressure is discontinuous at the discontinuity. Thus, when the diameter of S, is a large
correction factor, known as the Karal correction [20], has to be introduced.
ACOUSTIC
5.6.
A PARTITION
CHAMBER
ANALYSIS
TYPE
OF
PIPING
SYSTEMS,
187
ELEMENT
The partition chamber type element, shown in Figure 13, is also known as an expansion
chamber with an orifice plate. The parameter matrix of this element is
II=5
(60)
La]= ,JII,Lali7
fori=1,2,4,5,
Yi =
si,
zi = pc:/
YA
z3f3],
[aI3 = [ y3)z3
1
I,= t+2e.
Here t and e are the thickness of the orifice plate and the end correction on either side
of the orifice plate, respectively. The end correction e can be regarded as that for a
constriction terminated in a wide flange and is equal to 8r3/3rr, where r3 is the radius of
the orifice [17].
5.7. AN EXPANSION
CHAMBER
WITH INSERTION
PIPES
The element shown in Figure 14 has the parameter matrix
II=5
[al=
[Uli=e-:.[(l/~~~h~i
LLy
Figure
pipes.
14. An expansion
for i= 1,3,5,
cl,=
rY)l,
chamber
[aJi=[1,;,,
%3=P4I(S3-S,),
w/(k-ja,),
-
(61)
n, [al,,
245 = PW(S3
w/(k-jcrl),
Figure
tube.
(f]
fori=2,4,
- S,),
k-o/c,
a4 = ~r31[4r: - 41,
with insertion
II
6=
(~?7ef/P)2.
IS. An expansion
chamber
with a choke
5.8. AN EXPANSION
CHAMBER
WITH A CHOKE
TUBE
Similar to the element described in the last sub-section, the element shown in Figure
15 can offer a higher transmission loss over the entire frequency range of interest than
expansion chambers of similar sizes without projecting pipes. The parameter matrix of
the element is
n=7
[ali
= emMLyr
ChYi
(l/zi)shy,
ti
sh yi
thy,
for i = 1,2,4,6,7,
(62)
LIiz[
l,iii
y]
for i=3,5,
C.w. s. 70
188
Z, = z,(, +, , cotanhY,,
+4 = P4I
4 = ol(k
LYJ= cjrg/[c(
5.9.
A CLOSED
LOOP
-_@A
r; - ri)],
Z?6 =p:,i(s,-s,).
(S, -- xd,
c.k = wl(k
-jcf5),
(Ye = &,/[c(
rX - ri)].
ELEMENT
-(a
122alll
+a121al12)l(a122+a121),
(63a)
aI2 = a121a122/(a121+a,,,),
a2, = azll +a212+(a222-a22jI(aI,I
(63b)
-al12)l(alzl
+a,22)l
+a,,,).
(63d)
= [aldal.4[alA2,
(63~)
for cases in
the main line
the main line
16, the matrix
that now the
[aI2 = I~llBCalB[alB2,
21
II
Figure
5.10.
I
I
I
I
A CLOSED
16. A closed
LOOP
loop element.
WITH
n IDENTICAL
Figure
17. A closed
ELEMENTS
IN
elements.
PARALLEL
A closed loop with n identical elements in parallel is a special case of that considered
in the last section. With reference to equation (63) the matrix parameters
of the element
ACOUSTIC
shown
in Figure
ANALYSIS
17 can be written
El
a II = alI,
OF
PIPING
SYSTEMS,
as
a 12= aGIn,
a2, = a,B,,
a2l = nak
BOTTLF.
ELEMENT
OF
THE
189
FIRST
of interstage
(66a-d)
coolers
in a gas
TYPE
The type of bottle element shown in Figure 18 is usually installed next to the compressor
in a gas compressor station. A simple model for the element is to consider it as a volumetric
element [12]. However, a more realistic model is to treat it as one that comprises various
pipe elements of uniform cross-section
areas. Thus, the parameter matrix of the element
may be expressed as
n-4
(67)
L;y
a
Figure
5.12.
BOTTLE
ELEMENT
[al,=[(1/z3):anh~,
II
F--
(2
+J--
(3
--+I
Figure
THE
SECOND
(4
y+
OF
I1.
for i= 1,2,4,
of the second
type
TYPE
fori=l,3,4,
5.13.
BOTTLE
ELEMENT
OF
THE
THIRD
TYPE
(68)
0
[=[(1/z2):anhy,
(SCRUBBER)
(69)
190
----ii
ii
II
,A--J,
Figure
are identical
uli=[(l/zi):anhyi
5.14.
BOTTLE
ELEMENT
WITH
ONE
(b) scrubber.
INPUT
AND
(61), and
TWO
for i = 2,4.
OUTPUTS
The bottle element shown in Figure 21 can be analyzed as two side branch type elements
in series. Therefore, the parameter matrix can be evaluated by applying equation (52).
Figure
5.15.
BOl-l-LE
ELEMENT
WITH
TWO
IDENTICAL
INPUTS
ONE
OUTPUT
at the intermediate
downstream
location
By making use of the result in equation
+IFigure
AND
0
inputs
ACOUSTIC
matrix
ANALYSIS
OF
of the element
PIPING
shown
SYSTEMS,
in Figure
191
22 can be written
as
(70)
AN
are defined
(33) and p = n = 1.
in equation
ORIFICE
The parameter
matrix of an orifice element
uniform pipe by assuming that the axial length
[.iz
[al=
of a
(71)
where y = y,l.
5.17.
A REDUCER
OR
AN
EXPANDER
ELEMENT
La]= ri Lali3
(72)
i=,
where n is a chosen
cross-section.
integer
Expander
Reducer
23. A reducer
Figure
5.18.
AN
ELEMENT
FOR
of uniform
MODELLING
or expander
ANECHOIC
END
element.
CONDITION
Situations
may often arise in which the length of the pipe between the plant and
discharge
side of the compressor,
for example, is long, so that the amplitude
of the
travelling
wave will be reduced to zero, due to the damping effects, before it reaches
some discontinuities
downstream.
In such situations
the condition
downstream
can be
considered anechoic. To model the anechoic condition one can apply the parameter matrix
[al=[s/bc,
i]
or [al=
velocity
[s/be,
y],with v2=o,
at an appropriately
6. CONCLUDING
selected
station
(73)
downstream
REMARKS
192
(. w. s. TO
differences in temperature
and static pressure at inlet and discharge stations. The latter
is done by using appropriate
speeds of sound and densities of the medium in evaluating
the associated parameter
matrices. Using this approach may help to eliminate or reduce
the discrepancies
between measured and computed pressure pulsation levels reported in
references
[9, I 1, 141, in which no damping effects, a stationary
medium, and constant
sound speed and density throughout
the entire piping system were assumed.
The matrix parameters
for a uniform pipe with a steady mean flow presented in this
paper agree with those given in references [21] and [22].
The sub-system
analysis has the simplifying
feature of describing
a system having
multiple inputs and outputs by a two-by-two
parameter
matrix, distinguishing
it from
those analyses in which a higher order matrix is used to relate the multiple inputs and
outputs of the system. Such simplicity makes computations
for pressure pulsation levels,
resonant frequencies,
and other acoustic properties
of the system more flexible.
Finally, it must be pointed out that for a realistic investigation
of acoustic pulsation
of piping systems, a flow characteristics
analysis in which the gas properties, the equivalent
number of velocity heads for friction losses through elements, the pressure drops and
fanning friction factors are considered
has to be performed
prior to the application
of
the present analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author
is grateful
constructive
comments.
REFERENCES
1. C. JAEGER 1963 Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Journal of Basic
Engineering 85, 631-640. The theory of resonance
in hydropower systems: Discussion of
Sons, Inc.
8. F. J. WALLACE 1960 Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 174, 885-915.
Pulsation damping systems for large reciprocating
compressors
and free-piston gas generators.
9. S. S. GROVER 1966 Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Journal of
Engineeringfor Industry 88,164-l 7 1.Analysis of pressure pulsations in reciprocating compressor
piping systems.
10. A. G. PLATONOV 1969 Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 517-519. Acoustical design procedure for interstage
piping in a compressor
plant with modular intercoolers
and baffled
shell-and-tube
intercoolers.
11. T. ABE, T. FUJIKAWA and S. ITO 1970 Bulletin of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
13, 678-687. A calculating method of pulsation in a piping system.
12. T. SAKAI and S. SAEKI 1973 Bulletin of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers 16, 54-62.
Study on pulsations
of reciprocating
compressor
piping systems (1st report, Calculation
of
natural frequency of complicated
piping systems).
13. T. SAKAI and M. MITSUHASHI 1973 Bulletin of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers 16,
63-68. Study on pulsations
of reciprocating
compressor
piping systems (2nd report, Model
experiment
of natural frequency).
ACOUSTIC
ANALYSIS
OF PIPING SYSTEMS.
193
and K. MITSUHASHI 1973 Bulletin of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers 16,
1675-1682. Study on pulsations of reciprocating compressor piping systems (3rd report, Analysis
of pulsations in the piping).
15. J. OKDA 1978 Journal of the Acoustical Society of Americh 64 (supplement 1, S49). One-
14. T. SAKAI
16. J. D. TRIMMER 1937 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 9, 162-164. Sound waves in
a moving medium.
17. L. E. KINSLER and A. R. FREY 1962 Fundamentals of Acoustics. New York: John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., second edition.
18. M. LAMPTON 1978 Acustica 39, 239-251. Transmission
matrices in electroacoustics.
19. T. M~WA and J. IGARASHI 1959 Aeronautical Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Report
No. 344, Volume 25(4). Fundamentals
of acoustical silencers, Part II: Determination
of fourterminal constants of acoustical elements.
20. F. C. KARAL 1953 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 25, 327-334. The analogous
acoustic impedance
for discontinuities
and constrictions
of circular cross-section.
21. M. L. MUNJAL 1975 Journal of Sound and Vibration 39, 105-l 19. Velocity ratio-cum-transfer
matrix method for the evaluation of a muffler with mean flow.
22. J. W. SULLIVAN 1977 Proceedings of the Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers on Noise Fluids Engineering 161-169. Modelling of engine exhaust system
noise.
APPENDIX:
NOTATION
In addition to the notation defined in what follows, symbols have been defined
throughout the text whenever it was felt necessary for clarity. the units quoted are Systkme
International (SI).
c:
CE
ch
.t
M
M
I
p,
r,
4
sh
z,
2
z
a
i5
T6.
the mth row and nth column element of the matrix [a]
the two-by-two
parameter matrix, the subscript i denoting the matrix number
determinant
of matrix [ali
arbitrary constant, the subscript denotes number
sound speed in the fluid, with damping effects disregarded
(m/s)
complex sound speed in the fluid with the damping effects included, (m/s)
as above, the subscript i denoting the acoustic system in which c: is used (m/s)
the equivalent sound speed (m/s)
hyperbolic cosine
frequency (Hz)
the Mach number, U/c
the Mach number associated with the complex sound speed c, U/c
the Fourier transformed
acoustic pressure (N/m)
the Fourier transformed
acoustic pressure at station i (N/m2)
radial co-ordinate
of the cylindrical co-ordinate
system; radius of a circular pipe (m)
radius of a circular pipe or chamber of the ith element (m)
cross-sectional
area (m2)
cross-sectional
area of the ith element (m2)
hyperbolic sine
time (s); thickness of orifice plate (m)
the constant speed of the moving medium (m/s)
the unidirectional
acoustic particle velocity
the Fourier transformed
acoustic volume velocity of the medium, (m3/s)
the Fourier transformed
acoustic volume velocity of the medium at station i (m3/s)
the acoustic impedance
the acoustic impedance
at station i
the characteristic
impedance
the characteristic
impedance
at station i
the attenuation
constant (neper/m)
propagation
constant
frequency dependent
parameter (= G)
the effective shear viscosity (kg/ms)
194
n
P
CL
0
(.
product symbol
density of the fluid
the complex velocity potential
radian frequency (rad/s)
w. s.
TO