.

c.~ Q<6~ f

-::r'~~-

,;

'-:-;

~~

:])'"'6'

~\.~~.

-~-

~D

ESTIMA TING PRESTRESSLOSSES

by Paul Zia, H. Kent Preston, Norman L.
Scott, and Edwin B. Workman

/""'EquaLjons [or estjmatjng presl.'ess /osses due lo

varjous causesare presenled [or pretensjonedand posttensioned
members
with bonded
and unbonded
The equ:ltions
:lre intended
[or practica/
designtendons.
.,pp/ications under norm.,/ design conditions as discussedin t.he
romment.,ry. l/sin/{" the equ.,tions. s.,mpl(' computations

ing reasonably accurate values" for the various CQd<:.

defined sources of loss. A Similar procedure \'"IS
deve1oped and adop t ed f or. se in brid ge design'." It
should be noted that the procedures descrlbed
below are not intended for special slructurc!' !'uch

are c;Irri('d{raro
(IlIt the
[tlr
.o;clt'ct{'d

.'IS \v'ller,

t.ypic:II
pr(~.o;tr('"o;",,(,tl
Ctln('rt't(' (If
11(';1111_"
lil{'r:ltur{'.
The C('IIII':Ir-o;an
the

results sholvs [:Iir/v good :lgreement.

A'

V-=-.;

frictinn:

post-

tensioning: prestressed concrete; prcstressin~ stecls; prestress

strcss

r~l:lx"tion;

"",'
p"rt nI Ih,'
I '~',o',""
(,'no'",'..

unbund('d

of Concrete (ES)

For members wlth bonded tendons,

~...,k ..1, "nrl ",",no.',o..! h.,., ACI"A~('I-: (:,'n,nl;'I,..'

I~I"

E'C'
~ -- Ko.'
-. E" ~E.

(11
",

Inlrodu('lion

in which

The prestressing force in a prestressed concrete

member continuously decreases with time. The factors \vhich contribule lo the loss of prestrcss are
well known and they are clearly specificd in the
current Code.' The Code provisions for prestress

K,." = 1.0 for prete,psioned members

K". = 0.5 for post-t.ensioned members when tendons
are tensioned in 'scCJuenlialarder lo lhe sume lension. With other post-lensioning procedures, thc
value for K... may vary from O to 0.5.

losses (ACI 318-77, Section 18.61are written both in

performance language and in specific how-to-do-it

f.

procedures for losses due to friction. Without detailed analyses, design engineers are permittcd lo

in which Krir = 1.0 for post-tensioned members

Krir = 0.9 for pretensionedmembers.

use lump sum loss values as suggested by lhe Code

Commentary.l These lump sum loss values were
originally proposed by the U.S. Bureau
Roads' and by the ACI-ASCE Commitlee

'8

or Losses

ElastlC Shortenmg

prestr('ssin,R".
1:"""",.

r~

Compu(alion

Keywords: beams (supports 1; crcep propcrtics:

)oss; prclensionin,R": shrinkagc;

t'lnks.

of Publico
323.' Ex-

periences have shown. however, t.hat these lump

sum .~alues mar nol be adequate for some design
condltlons.
More recenlly. design recommendations have
been

developed

by others~.6.7".VI""'.

K.

nr "'0

- f ...

(21

For members \vith unbonded t.cndonso

ES = K

E ~
.., .. E,,

(IAI

in \vhich f
= average compressive stress in the
concrete al:g the member length at the cenler of
gravity of the tendons immediately alter thc
preslress has been applicd to the concrete.

to implement

lhe performance rcquirements {Ir Sect.ion 18.6, Most.

~rocedu~es are relativcly complex and convey the
Imprcsslon of an exactness thal mar nol aclually
exist.
Theprepared
authors. this
members
lee 423,
reporl ofasACI-ASCE
a means ofCommilobtain,
32

",r

Creep of Concrete (CR)

For membcrs wilh bonded tendons.
CR -- K rr !:.!-(f
E..
rlr - f ni.. 1

,...""""."'

(31

~..,.

...

'.~~
""'

in ~'hich

1\"

= :?:.o ror

K"

"

,~

i~,

:1',\111.1-::1 -

Ilrl'tcllsiuncd
1.(; ror flost-t(!nsioncd

mcmh('rs
ml'mll(~rs

ror m(~~lhcrsmldc orosand .Ii.rht\,'cightcclncrc!c

111('f('r(~.roln.rvalllcs of 1\,... shollld bc r~dllcctl

pcrccnl.
For mcmbers with unbondcd tendons,

'-'

"'R

by 20

"
-~:~ f
\,... E,
'1'"

(3AI

Sh . k
f C
t (SH)
rln age O oncre e

SH = 8.2 x 10 "I(.hE. (1 - 0.06 -Si (100 - RHI

(41

in wllich
.
K..h = 1.0 for pretensl0ned members
or

~..

is taken
1embers.

from

TabJe 1 for

post-tensioned

I
T..\BL.: I - Values of K"h for
poswt'nsioned members
-Time ;\(ler
t'nd o( moisl
c.'uringto
applicaliono(
'-;;:;. prestress.
days
1
3
5
7
-

1\..._00

tiC lO

Slrcss rcliCVt"d
slrand or ",ire

{ If

", ""

Slressorelil~vcd llar
Ilr
11,\\' relIX;Ililln
slranl! (Ir \virc

O,~O
0,79
0.78
0077

1,28
1,22
J,lfj
1011

O.7(j
0.75

o'.
1.,15

1.05
1.00

0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60

1.36
1.27
1,18
1.09
1.00
0.94
0.89
0.83
0078
0.73
0.68
0.63
0058
0.53
0.49

0.95
0090
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.66
0.61
0.57
0053
0049
0.45
0.41
0.37
0.33

Friction
Complltltion of friction losses is covered in Seco
tion 18.6.2 of ACI 318-77' and its Commentary.l
When the tendon is tensioned. the friction Josses
computed can be checked with reasonlble accuracy
by complring the measured elongltion and the

--

"IIIII('~

10

20

30 60

0.92 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.64 0.58 0.45

prestressing force lppliedby the tensioningjack.

CCtmm('II(:lr\

.
ReJaxation of Tendons (RE)
RE = 1K,.. - J(SH + CR + ES)) C

(51

in v.'hich the values of K,.., J and C are taken from

~ables 2 and 3.

'.

~~RLE 2 - 'alut's of h

270 Grade
$trand

lov.'-relaxation

250G-;-;de
,,'ire

low-relaxation--

..

18,500

0.1...4-

_17,600

O:~--

5,000

. 0.040

comprcssivc stress in the precompressed tensile

zone under the full dead load condition ranging

. 4,630

0.037

270 Grade. stress-relleved

~and or wlre
250 Grade. stress-relieved
~~~_.Q.~lre
240 or 235 Grade stressr:~J~~~d--'::.~e
.

"

change in tendon stress. Many of these factors are

further dependent upon such uncertainties as
material properties, time of loading. method of curo
ing of concrete, environmental conditions, and construction details.
The equations presented are in tended for a
reason,lble estima te of loss of prestress from the
various sources. They are applicable for prestrcssed
members of normal dcsigns with an extreme fiber

K,..

concrete. Rate of creep is, in turn, altered by the

r.. and J-

Type o( tendon*

lA - 023
241 .or
5.
t.
I
re axa Ion wlre

G d
ra e

20,000 ~---

_1

0\\'-

1.(:>or 160 Grade stress.

relicv('d bar

O035

6,000

0005

1979

~rom 350 psi (2.41 MPal to 1750 psi (1201MPnl uso

Ing l minimum concrete cyclinder strenglh f..' of

-- --

f f OO

".'"

.In ~,",..,...". ~ilh ,\ST~'A~167~.

AST~IA~~I.;oi.
,...Asorn,\7~.75
CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/JUNE

Determination of loss of prestress in accordance

with Section 1806.1 of ACI 318-77 usually in vol ves
complicated lnd Ilborious procedures because the
rate of loss due to one factor, such as relaxation of
tendons, is continually altered by changes in stress
due to other factors sllch as shrinkage and creep of

4000 psi (27.6MPal and a unit weight of concreteof

al least 115 pcf (184203kg/m J.l. For unusual deslgn

..
cond Itlons,
a more detalO'ed procedure should be
considered."
Acl ual lo.'\s('s, !{rcaler or smallcr than the
cstimated

valucs,

have

lilllc

effect

on

thc

design
33

, .

'

."

of .\

"~Ircngtll

; I

unlcss

~~
1

I
I

tlle

final

tendon

stress

fter

logic:llly rcsults in some\vhat highcr

losscs is Icss

multiplying

t-he basic ultima!!'

Elastic Shortening of Concrete

Prestress 1055 duc to clastic shortening of con-

c.h = 550 X 10-6(1 - 0.06 ~) (I.S - 0.015RH)

oC gravity

oC prestressing

'C2

K..ir -1:-' + --!~-A..

1..

M.e

In applying

Equation

( 1 - 0.06 S ) ( 100

- RH)
~

The loss ol prestress due to shrinkage is thererort ,;

the product oC the ellective shrinkage C.'hand the ';

- --!:1..

modulus oC elasticity

of prestre.ssin~

ste~l. The Cac-

tor K.h accountsfor the reductlon In shrlnkagedue :

The dillerent values for the coefficients K... and

account or the difference in tne order of

transfer.

= 8.2x 10-6

force im-

mediately after transCer. For example. Cor members

oCsimple span,
l.-ir = Krirlr,.. - ["

Krir

(2). the transformed

to increased curing periodo

I
It should be noted that for some lightweighl con- '
crete.

the basic ultimate

shrinkage

strain

C,h roa:

section or .1 mcmbcr m.IY be uscd in liel! oC the

gross concrete scction.

bc grcatcr than the valuc used hcre. In :ldclilion. ,

the follo\ving tabullted correction factors for the eC- i,

Creep

fect ol the ambient

relative
humidity
mar
in lieu of the expression
(1.5 - 0.015 RH);

o Concrete

Part of the initial compressive strain induced in

-3"

the concrete' immediately alter transCer is reduced

by the tensile strain resulting Crom the superimposed permanent dead loado Loss of prestress due
to creep of concrete is therefore proportional to the
net permanent compressive strain in the concrete.
For prestressed
members
made o sand
lightweight concrete. there is a significantly larger
amount oC1055due to elastic shorteni.n? oC concr~te
because of its lower modulus oCelastlclty, resultlng
in an overall reduction in loss due to creep- This efect is accounted for by a 20 percent reduction oC
the creep coeCficient. For members made o all
1, h .
.l
.d
. h Id b

Ig
e
. twelght concrete,specla consl .eratlon..s ou
glven to the properties o the partIcular Ilghtwelght
,
aggregate

6}

by

shrinkage strain C1hol, concrete, taken as 5S0x 10~,

by thc Cactors (1 - 0.06 VI S) and (1.5 - O.OI5RHl
Thus

i'""'"

obtained

.",
fii'

Cor simply supportcd. slcnder members which mar

bc sensitive to small changcs in dellections. For examplc, shallo\v be:lms supporting lIat rools mar be
subjcct to ponding iCsensitive to deClection.

crete is directly proportional to the concrete strain

.A
~

t,

volume/surCace ratio and thc ambienl relati\~ ~(

humidity. Thus, thc eUcctivc shrinkagc strain l,~~ i.

at the center

cslimalion. since thc lormer can result in excessive

camber and horizontal movemcnt.

,
",

lo 11ft

Shrinkage ol Concrete
strainamong
dcvclopcd
concrete memk
is Shrinkagc
inCluenccd.
otherin :1ractors.
by j:.!

;:

dIJe

rcl:lxation.

CarcCulconsidcr.ltion or losscs mar be rcquircd

~
:

loss

th:ln 0.5 [",. Howevcr. thcy .lfCcct service load

bch;vior. sucll as deCI<:ction ;nd c;mbcr. conncc"
tions. orc.ln
cracking
loado Ovcr-estimation
prestress
losscs
be :llmost
as dclrimcntal ora.o;
under-

membcr witll bonded tcndons

flcxur.11

the point of maximum momento Thc somewhat

higher residual tensilc stress in an unbonded tendon
34

Correction Factor
143

50
60
70
80
90
100

1">9
1:~4
100
0.86
0:43
0.00

Rel axat Ion

'
o Tendons
Reaxa
I
t Ion
. oCa prest resslng
.
t endon dependsupon
th

res

eve

l .

In

th

en

B .

on.

aslC

re

axa

t.

Ion

values K
Cor the dlferent klnds or steel are
shown in Table 2. However. because of other
prestress losses. there is a continual reduction oC
the tendon stress, thus, causing a reduction in relaxation. The reduction in tendon stress due to elastic
shortening of concrete occurs instantaneously. On
the. other hand, the .reduction due to. creep .and
shrlnkage takes place In a prolonged perlod or tIme.
!he factor J in Equation (5) is specified to approx.
Imate lhese effects.
Maximum Loss

The

total

A ve. Ambient RH (%)

40

used.

Unbonded Tendons
Since an unbonded tendon can slide within its
ducl. for most flexural members it does not
undergo the same stress induced strain changes as
the concrete surrounding it. For this reason. the
average compressive stress, 1../", in ~he concrete is
suggested for use in evaluating prestress losses due
to elastic shortening and creer of concrete. This procedure relates the clastic shortening and creer of
concrete prestress losses Cor unbonded tendons to
the average membcr strain, rather than the strain at

be used

amount of prestress 1055due to elaslic

shortcning, crccp. shrinkage. and rel.lx:ltinn necd

r""..,...,...,..~.,.~~~,.,~.~

"
~

.,,
'- 1

TlC)\!Ie mclrc thall th(~ valll(~s given below iC the tendon stress immedi:ttcly aCter anchoring docs not exceed 0.83 '"..:

:~,fj

the concrete. The actual sealing lo$s vares wilh

~ield tech~i~ue and anc~or type. As tlle scating loss
IS small. It IS not practicable to measure it with accuracy; theref.ore it is important to recognize the cCCects oC maximum and minim.um values oC seating

~~!-!I~~~

ype () str~ln

N
arma
C

L. ht
Ig
C

oncrete

.
welg

oncre

ht

loss.

Heam dafa from refert'oce

long

tendons

wlth

curvature

will

be

"

Stress relieved strand

50,000 (345)
55.000 (380)
Lo\"-relax.ltion strand
40,000 (276)
45,000 (311)
.
Seatmg Loss at Anchorage
Many types of anchorage require that the anchoring device "set': from 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) to 1/4in. (6.4
mml in arder to transCer force from the ten don to
TABLE ..

Usually

unaCCectedby scatlng loss, slnce the requircd ten.

.
don elongatlon generally necessltates stressing to
the maximum initial value Lo overcome Criction. For
short tendons. however, the elongation corresponding to the rangc of stress of 70 percent to 80 percent of the ultimate is toa small to nullify seating
loss. and attempts to obtain the necessary elongation. would require exceeding the 80 percent limit
with possible rupture of the, tendon. Thus, the

6
-

Deck width

Transfer

x thickness

at

deck

section

& weight

(daysl

(daysJ

+1/%in.

AASHTO-III
AASHTO-III
AASHTO-III
AASHTO.III
8 ft Single Tee
8 f1 Double Tee
54 in- I-Beam
8 ft Single Tee
AASHTO-III
54
in. I-Beam

No Deck
96x8-800
60x5-310
96x8-800
96x2-200
96x2-200
60x5-310
96x2-200
96x8-800
96x8-800

21/%
1
21/%
1
21/2
21/2
21/%
21/%
21/2
21/2

90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90

20
22
22
24
12
24
30
12
24
30

Beam

Beam

No.
HG1
HG2
HG3
HG4
HG5
HG6
HG7
HG8
HG9
HGI0

-o_o

Cast

No. of

lnitial

strands

stress
1;..

lksil

189
189
189
189
189
189
189
205*
205*
205*

",.

f ,...

RH

t' /S

(psil

(psil

(in.'

1411
1622
1596
1121
1125
1600
1554
1469
2020
1646

O
165
297
161
695
696
309
695
161
796

80
80
50
80
80
80
80
80
80
80

4.06
4.06
4.06
4.06
2.01
1.81
3.60
2.01
4.06
3.60
~

*Low relaxation strand

E. = 28x 10.psi. E,o= 3.5x 10. psi and E, = 4.2x 10.psi
TABLE 5 - Comparisoa of loss values based 00 proposed proeedure ,,'ifh
fheoretiC!alresults obtaiaed by Hernaadez aod Gamble (H & G)
-

Beam
_No.
HG1
HG2
HG3
HG4
IIG5
HG6
HG7

"',

HG8

HG9
HGIO

SH

RE

Tolal

Method

(psil

ES

(psil

CR

(psil

(psil

(psil

Proposed
H & G
Proposed
H & G
Proposed
H & G
Proposed
H & G
Proposed
H & G
Proposed
H & G
Proposed
H & G

11288
9057
12976
10364
12768
10202
13168
10965
9000
8110
12800
1126~
12432
9984

18813
11656
11421
15327
17320
25840
12800
11193
5133'
9374
12053
16069
16600
17285

3413
3836
3413
3836
8683
1195
3413
3836
4022
5348
4077
5348
3600
3123

14964
18699
15819
18085
14184
16143
15494
19310
11181
18949
15661
16840
15105
18414

48538
49219
43695
41614
52955
59981
45535
45966
35942
41842
44591
49522
41137
49408

Proposed

11752

10320

4022

4154

30248

H & G
Proposed
H & G
Proposed
H & G

10295
16160
12816
13168
10552

16192
16787
19180
11333
15154

5348
3413
3835
3600
38J5

4558
3720
4564
4010
4368

36393
40140
40996
32171
:tJ910

CONCRETEINTERNATIONAL/JUNE

1979

35
...

..

..

:.'"
I
~':-~
;ffO

scating loss in short lcndons should bc dcduclcd

from lhe prcslress lhal is applicd lo lhc lendon by
lhc lensioning jack.
Restraining Effect of Adjoining Elements
Loss of prcslrcss lo adjoining elements of the
slruclure must bc properly evaluated. If a member
is in conlacl wilh or allachcd lo anothcr membcr
during the post.tensioning operalion. thcre can be a
transfer of prestressing force from onc member to
the olher.
Afler the structure is complete. there will be
volume changes due to creep and shrinkage of concrele and to varialions of temperature. Ir the
member can not move freely to accommodate these
volume changes. there \vill be a transfer of
prestressing force from the prestressed member to
the restraining member and a resultant loss of
prestress in the prestressed member.

/"'"'\

TABLE 7 - Rcsults of sample eompu(alion...

Sample Compulations

for pretens-ioned beams from

PCI Deslgn /Iandbook

In arder to assess whether the proposed equations are appropriate for estimating prestress
losses, the following sample computations have been
prepared for typical prestressed beams selected
from the test program reported by Hernandez and
Gamble.6 The pertincnt data regarding the beams
are summarizcd in Tablc 4. Wilh the procedures
a
~

described

herein

the

computed

prestress

1055

'.,

-c=.

va!ues are compared wlth the theoretlcal v~lues obtamed by Hernandez and Gamble as shown In Table
5: It should be noted that the theoretical predictlons made by Hernandez and Gamble were based
on their revised rate of creep method treated as a
step-by-step numerical integration procedure with
short time intervals. The unit creep and shrinkage
strains
versus
ti me rel ationsh ips were
b d
.
IJ'

1'"""-

wcrc found lo bc comparable lo lhe ficlrJ dla ohtaincd in thcir sludy. Il can hc sccn lhal lhc comparisons show fairly good agrcemcnl.
. Addilional sample computalions hav~ I)ccn caro
rled out on sclccted doublc T heams IISlCd in lh(~
PCI Dcsign H,'Jndbook.The douhle T bcam prop(~r.
les are summarized in Tablc 6. Thc rc...ull~ ,Ir(~
sho\vn in Table 7. It is inleresling to nole I hat ror
those slender beams (i.e., Z2 and 52, \\'ith vcr."
small superimposed permanent load and undl.'r fairIy low humidily. the total loss of preslrcss woulcl
be quite significant. Wilh more superimposed permanent load and/or higher humidily, lhe lotal
prestress loss value is reduced. (Compare SIa ancl
Slb with SI, or S2a and S2b with S2. or S3a \\'ilh
$3.) Comparison of S3a with S4 also shows th,ll lhe
total prestress loss value is somewhat increased for
the beam made of lightweight concrete.

ase

on the

1970 CEB recommendatlons

WhlCh

Beam
No.
ZI
Z2
Z3
SI
SIn
Slb

S2
S2a
S2b
S3
S3a
S4

E~
(psi)
6896
16064
3784
4352

C~
(PS1)
5693
19613
5400
7253

S~
(psll
6268
10653
5340
]0681

R~
(psll
17171
13051
]821
166.')7

Total
!P~!L
:36028
59381
:l2:!.I:i
:!89.I:1

4352
4352

4880
4880

]0681
5341

17013
17814

3692(j
32387

16280
16280
16280
2816
2816
5622

27133
18933
18933
4693
3061
5486

E,- 28-lO"poi

Fornorm.1
wLconcrclc:
ForliglltwLconcrete:

10447
10447
5224
5224
5224
5224

11921
13151
13934
18090.
18335
17550

~ft. 3.5- lO"poi

E... 2.5- 10'poi

6581
58811
5-1371
3082:1
29436
33882

E. . ~.:!.
E. . :1.1
-.

TABLE 6 - Beam dala from PCI Dt"sign lIandbook

for sample eompututions

A
.,.

D. L.
(Ibs/ftl

f .J.
(psil

RH
(%1

{.',!.<;
(in. I

862
2008

435
537

70
50

Span
(ftl
'o-.

8DT24
4DT14

62
50

230.6
173.9

189
189

14.15
7.34

418
188

112
56

Z3

8DT12

28

115.7

189

4.13

299

40

473

68

75

SI
Sla
Slb
S2
S2a
S2b
S3
S3a
S4

8DT12
8DT12
8DT12
8DT24
8DT24
8DT24
8DT24
8DT24
8LDT24

26
26
26
72
72
72
42
42
42

115.7
115.7
115.7
404.8
404.8
404.8
]15.7
1]5.7
115.7

189
189
189
189
189
189
189
189
189

4.13
4.13
4.13
13.65
13.65
13.65
12.15
12.15
12.15

299
299
299
418
418
418
4]8
418
320

O
120
120
O
120
120
O
80
80

54-1
544
544
203.')
2035
2035
352
352
502

O
l8
178
O
615
61.'>
O
]22.4
122.4

.')0
;)0
7:)
.')0
;-)/1
75
:i
75
7:i

l..'>
1.2
1.11)
1.1(;
1.1(;
1.1(;
1.;)
1.;;
l.:)
l.;;
l.;}
l.;;

CONCR~T~ TNT~RNATI0NAI,/JUNE

1979

ZI
Z2

Ecc.
e (in.)

f..,
(psil

Beam
Seco
---o

Beam
No.
---

Initial
stress
f",
. (ksi)

Superimposed
assumed
permanent
load IIbs/ftl

lnitial
prestress
p.. (kipsl
-~..

I
,

-'R
.

. ..,"""crC"
. -.,.

"""

'CClIlt'iu...ion...

ES = stress lo.'ls due to clastic shortening of concrete

o
{...1. -- stre ss Ion concretc .1. t cent cr of gravlty
of
tcndons due to all superim l)osed Pcr

Simple equations
for estimating
losses of
.
prestress have bcen proposcd whlch would enablc
f

o'
{;fa

the

.~

mancnt

deslgner

to

estlmate

the

varlouS

types

dead

prestress loss rather than a lump sum value. It IS

believcd that these equations. in tended for practical
design applications. would provide fairly rcalistic
values for normal design conditionso For unusual
design situations and special structures. more
detailed

and complex

numerical

{.."

analysis should be

{"P"

that

are

applicd

to

the

mcmhcr

after It has been prestressed

= net compressive stress in concrete al ccnter
of gravity of tendons immediately aftcr the
prestress has been applied to the concrcte.
See Eq. (21
.
.

average

compresslve

stress In the concrete

along the member length at the center of

gravity of the tendons immediately after the

use.
NutKtion

A..

~oads

= area

= stress

1,.

tendons due to Ppi

= stress in concrete at center of gravity of

of gross concrete section at the cross

section considered
total afea o prestressing

prestress has been applied to the concrete

in concrete at center of gravity of

I..pi

A
CR

= stress loss due to creep o concrete

= a factor used in Eq. (51,see Table 3

Ip

= eccentricityo center o gravity o tendons

~u = ultimatestrengthof prestressingtendon.psi
1"

= moment

En

E"

=
=

with respect to center of gravity of concrete

at the cross section considered
modulus of elasticity of concrete at time
prestress is applied
modulus o elasticity o concrete at 28 days

o inertia o gross concrete section

at the cross section considered
J
= a factor used in Eq. (5), See Table 2
K,,.. = a factor used in Eq. (21
K
= a factor used in Eq. (31

modulus

KN

/"""'

E$

elasticity

tendons

tendons

prestressing

ten-

dons. Usually 28,000,000 psi

due lo weight

o structure

at time

prestress is applied
= stress in tendon due to Ppi. lpi = P pilA,.

a factor used in Eq. (11

K..r = a factor used in Eq. (5). See T3ble 2.

:8
I

"
1'"""c:

,.~

le
1

11

Annualaverage ambient relail\'e humidityCONCRETEINTERNATIONAL/JUNE 1979

37

'~
,
l'

~
'"

.-

= h(~nding momenl due lo dead weighl

MI;

mcrnher

being

preslressed

pcrmanenl

loads

and

in

lo

place

any

al

oC

6. 11(,rn:lnllcz. 11. D.. /InrI G/lmhlc. W. 1,.. "Time.

olher

Dcp(~nrlcnt

lime

oC

prcslressing
'~~

"~

1"

force

lion on span aClcr reducl.ion Cor losses due

1975,

lo

crcle

Criclion

and

before

in

lendons

seal.ing

al

loss

reduclion

Cor

crilical

al

ES.

loca-

SH,

and

stress

loss

RH

average

due

V/S

relalive

oC

humidily

member.

bienl

=
=

relaxalion

relalive

concrete

SH

1.0

See

tendons

annual

humidily

8.

surrounding

lhe

average

map

gross

cross-seclional

member

divided

by

its

in.

25.4

as

concrete

ASCE.

perimeter.

mm

.3048

Concrete

.0069

MPa

98.

ksi

70.31

kgtlem1

11.

Refer('n('e~
318.

Concrete

Institute.

Detroit,

ACI

1977,

Committee

Requirements

on

Building

Concrele

Institutc.

(ACI

Detroit.
323.

1977.

"Tentativc

Codc

ProceedingsV. 54. No. 7, Jan. 1958.pp. 545.578.

4.

Prcstressed

"Criteria

for

Concrete,"

Prestressed

Department

of

Commerce,

Washington,

D.C..

1954,

ACI

Concrete

25

of

tion

for

Predicting

2.

Prestress
Journa/.
Mar.-Apr.

Roads.

14.
oC

pp.

in

17.31.

Prestressed

Institute.

-f""

Concrete

Concrete

N..

July.AlI.~.

20,

No.

3,

of

pp.

Bridges,

12lh

D.C..

and

1977,

496

to

R:I:lx~li~)n

~ue

V.

7:>.

de
Concrete

for

Structures:

la

No.

th~

~eslgn

du

Precontrainte.

:Inri

Rcton/F('der;t.
English

London,

Edilirln,

June

19iO,

.
Branson.

D.

E..

and

Camber

Composite

and

80

,.

Krlpana~ayanan.
Deflecuon

Prestressed

-.

:lnd

Principies

Europeen

Association,

pp.

Recommendatlons
.?oncre.te

86.

High\vay

Proceedlngs

Comlte

and

1975.

State

Prestress

JOURNAL.,

in

Preslrcsseri

High".a.v
of

Wllt('r

Dcflection

May.June

lor

"Loss

Dilgcr,

and
Journal.

.64.66.

.of

Sept.-Oct.
V.

Journ;ll.

4.

K.
of

Co~crete.

M..

~ss

Non.Composlle
Structur('!;:..'

Journal, Prestressed Concrete Instltute. V. 16. No. :),

Rcc"iv~d
policics.

1971.
J"nuarv

pp.
25.

22.52.
1979.

and

revicwed

under

---

Insulule

puhlir"li..n

--

FACI PauJZia is professor and head

ol the Department ol Civil Engineering, North Carolina Slate University
at Raleigh. He has been an active
member and chairman ol many ACI
committees induding TAC and ACI.
ASCE Committee 423, Prestressed
Concrete, and is currently an ACI
director and chairman ol ACI.ASCE
Committee 445, Shear and Torsion.
He has authored numerous papers
and receivedmany a"'ards.

FACI Norman L. Scott is presiden!

ol the Consulting Engineers Group.
Inc., Glenview, 1/1. He is currentl.v
chairman ol the ACI Institute and
Industry Committee and is pasl
chairman ol ACI.ASCE Commiltee
423,PrestressedConcrete.

ACI member H. Kent Prestan is a

;~
V

pp.

and

Loss

Washington.

ACI

Prestress,

and

Losses
Prestressed
1972.
pp.

H:.

Internationale

U.S.

Public

No.

803-821.

Amin;

Association

1nt?rnauonal

Cement

5. Glodowski. R. J., and Lorenzetti, J. J.. ..A Method

Structures...
17. No.

V.

Officials,

1978.

pp.

Ghali.

pp.

Bridges:'

Bureau

l{ccommcnlla.

20,

Members:.

Recommend:ltlons.

JOURNAL..

1970,

Prestress

Tr:lnsfer,

13.

Recommenda-

'V

for

"'rtl

l.Ielhl('hl:nl.

Losscs,.'

V.

Specilications

C,onstrucuon

pp.

tions

M:I.\.

3:19.!1.

ulsses.

Prcstress

K.;

Institute,

Grouni,

After

318.77)...

132

Prcstrcss

Apr.

American

12.

Concrete

..
-

ST4,

Stand'!rd

Feb.

"Commentary

Committee

Requirements

American

pp.

Reinforced

Concrete

ACI.ASCE

Code

318-77):'

102

318.
for

Amcrican

"Building
IACI

No.

Universily.

Institute.

Maher

Transportation
Commiltee

on

Concrete

Edilion,

3.

96,

Preslressed

ACI

Civil

Urh;In;I.

pp.

"Timc-Dependent

psi

Reinforced

417.

43-75.

Tadros,

tI.

2.

100

Eslimatinf{

V.

10.

l.

IlIinois.

Report
Lchigh

Concrete

pp.

for

No.

9. Sinno, R:louf, and Furr,

Ho\vard L.. "1 IYllerhnli..
Funclions of Preslrcss
Loss and C:lmbl:r:'
l'roccrdin.it.".

H.,
1

1973,
Commillce

for

1975,

ot

Aug.
PCI

Preslrcssed

appended.

area

of

Mcmbers:'
Lahoratory,

tions

am-

stress loss due lo shrinkage

oC concrete
volume
lo surface
ralio.
Usually
taken

Cllncrl'le

Scric.'

Univcr$ity

Slruclural

Pa.,

Prclcnsioncd

pp.

Enginecring

RE.
RE

Sludies.

171

in

[{csc;/rch

7. IIu:lng, T.. "Prcslrcss Losscs in Prctcnsioncd (;on.

anchorages
CR,

l.osscs

Slructural

EngnccrinE("

prcslressing

bul

I'rcslrcss

Conslrllclion."

---

Edwin B. Workman is o"'ner o( Ed-

senior consultant with Wiss, Janney,

E/stner and Associates. Inc., and is

workman. S. E. Structural Engineer.

Inc.. CanogaPark, Calil. He has been

consultant to Florida l~'ire and Cable

Company. He is a member ol ACI-

an ACI member since 1970 and .is a

member ol ACI.ASCE Commlllee

ASCE

423,

Committce

Concrete.

Since

and

coa/lthored

lions

in

and

three

prrstrrssed

423,
1950

Prcstressed

he

has

numerou.'

various
textbQok.~

pr"fession,,1
on

Prestressed

Concrete.

authored
publica.

;-'

journals
lhe

subject

of

concrete.

CONCRETE

INTERNATlONAL/JUNE

1979
-'7'