Keputusan Lokasi Pada Manajemen Distribusi

Keputusan Long-term
Jika sudah dilaksanakan sulit untuk
dibatalkan
Berpengaruh pada fixed & variable costs

Biaya Transportasi (25% dari harga barang)

Biaya lainnya : Taxes, wages, rent etc.

Objective of Location Strategy

Maximize the benefit of location

to the firm

Elemen Biaya Logistik

Sources:
plants
vendors
ports

Regional
Warehouses:
stocking
points

Field
Warehouses:
stocking
points

Customers,
demand
centers
sinks

Supply

Production/
purchase
costs

Inventory &
warehousing
costs
Transportation
costs
Inventory &
warehousing
costs

Transportation
costs

Sumber: Dr. B.S. Sahay Dean (Research & Consultancy) Management Development Institute Gurgaon, India

Industrial Location Decisions

Cost focus

Revenue varies little

between locations

Location is a major
cost factor

Affects shipping &

production costs (e.g., labor)
Costs vary greatly between
locations

1995 Corel Corp.

Service Location Decisions

Revenue focus

Costs vary little between market areas

Location is a major
revenue factor

Affects amount of
customer contact
Affects volume of
business

In General - Location Decisions

Long-term decisions
Difficult to reverse
Affect fixed & variable costs

Transportation cost
As much as 25% of product price
Other costs: Taxes, wages, rent etc.

Objective: Maximize benefit of location to firm

Location Decision Sequence

Region/Community

Country

Site
1995 Corel
Corp.

1995 Corel Corp.

1995 Corel
Corp.

Factors That Affect Location Decisions

Factors Affecting Country

Government rules, attitudes,
political risk, incentives
Culture & economy
Market location
Labor availability, attitudes,
productivity, and cost
Availability of supplies,
communications, energy
Exchange rates and currency
risks

1995 Corel Corp.

Region Location Decisions

Corporate desires
Attractiveness of region (culture,
taxes, climate, etc.)
Labor, availability, costs, attitudes
towards unions
Costs and availability of utilities
Environmental regulations of state
and town
Government incentives
Proximity to raw materials &
customers
Land/construction costs

1995 Corel Corp.

Factors Affecting Site

Site size and cost
Air, rail, highway, and
waterway systems
Zoning restrictions
Nearness of
services/supplies
needed
Environmental impact
issues
1995 Corel Corp.

Location Decision Example

BMW decided to
build its first major
manufacturing plant
outside Germany in
Spartanburg, South
Carolina.
1995 Corel Corp.

Country Decision Factors

Market location

U.S. is worlds largest luxury car

market
Growing (baby boomers)

Labor

Lower manufacturing labor

costs

$17/hr. (U.S.) vs. $27 (Germany)

Higher labor productivity

11 holidays (U.S.) vs.

31 (Germany)

Other
Lower shipping cost

($2,500/car less)
New plant & equipment
would increase productivity
(lower cost/car $2,000-3000)

Region/Community Decision Factors

Labor

Lower wages in South Carolina (SC)

Government incentives

$135 million in state & local tax breaks

Free-trade zone from airport to plant

No duties on imported components or on exported cars

CSF in Location Analysis

Country
1

Country
2

Country
3

Country
4

Rate of technology change

Innovations in process design

3
5

5
3

2
1

1
5

Number of skilled workers

National education rate

5
4

4
1

3
1

4
2

Stability of government
Product liability laws
Export restrictions

5
4
4

5
3
3

2
3
3

5
5
1

Critical Success Factors

Technology

Level of education

Political and Legal Aspects

CSF in Location Analysis - Continued

Critical Success Factors
Social and Cultural Aspects

Similarity in language
Work ethic

Country
1

Country
2

Country
3

Country
4

5
4

1
2

5
3

4
1

3
3
2
3

3
5
4
4

2
5
3
2

5
5
5
5

50

43

35

48

Economic factors

Tax rates
Inflation
Availability of raw
Interest rates

materials

Total Rating Points

Global Competitiveness of Countries

2001 Ranking

Finland...
United States ...
Netherlands...
Germany...
Canada .

Japan ....

Brazil .. ..

Russia ..

Ecuador .....
Bangladesh ...
Honduras ..
Bolivia.....

1
2
3
4
11

15
35
58

72
73
74
75

Ranking Corruption
A score of 10
represents corruption
free

Rank
1 Finland
2 Denmark
3 New Zealand
4 Singapore
16 Israel & U.S.A
(Tied)
21 Japan
57 China
79 Russia
90 Nigeria
91 Bangladesh

Score
9.9
9.5
9.4
9.2
7.6
7.1
3.5
2.3
1.0
0.4

Organizations That Need To Be Close to Markets

Government agencies

Police & fire departments

Post Office

Retail Sales and Service

Fast food restaurants, supermarkets, gas stations

Drug stores, shopping malls
Bakeries

Services

Doctors, lawyers, accountants, barbers

Banks, auto repair, motels

Biaya Total vs Jumlah Fasilitas (Gudang)

Faktor yg berpengaruh
pada jumlah gudang

Inventory costs
Warehousing costs
Transportation costs
Cost of lost sales
Maintenance of customer
service levels
Service small quantity
buyers

Location Facilities Evaluation

Methods
Factor-rating Method
Locational Break-even
Analysis
Center of Gravity Method
P Median Method
Warehouse Location
Method
1995 Corel Corp.

Factor-Rating Method
Most widely used location technique
Useful for service & industrial locations
Rates locations using factors

Tangible (quantitative) factors

Example: Short-run & long-run costs

Intangible (qualitative) factors

Example: Education quality, labor skills

Factors Affecting Location Selection

Labor costs (including wages, unionization,
productivity)
Labor availability (including attitudes, age,
distribution, and skills)
Proximity to raw materials and suppliers
Proximity to markets
Government fiscal policies (including incentives,
taxes, unemployment compensation)

Factors Affecting Location Selection - Continued

Environmental regulations
Utilities (including gas, electric, water, and their
costs)
Site costs (including land, expansion, parking,
drainage)
Transportation availability (including rail, air,
water, and interstate roads)

Factors .. Cont
Quality-of-life issues in the community (including all
levels of education, cost of living, health care, sports,
cultural activities, transportation, housing,
entertainment, religious facilities)

Foreign exchange Including rates and stability

Quality of government (including stability, honesty,
attitudes toward new business - whether overseas or
local)

Steps in Factor Rating Method

List relevant factors
Assign importance weight to each factor (such
as 0 1)
Develop scale for each factor (such as 1 100)
Score each location using factor scale
Multiply scores by weights for each factor &
total
Select location with maximum total score

Locational Break-Even Analysis

Method of cost-volume analysis used for
industrial locations
Steps

Determine fixed & variable costs for each location

Plot total cost for each location (Cost on vertical axis,
Annual Volume on horizontal axis)
Select location with lowest total cost for expected
production volume
Must be above break-even

Locational Break-Even Analysis

Example
Youre an analyst for AC Delco. Youre considering a
new manufacturing plant in Akron, Bowling Green, or
Chicago. Fixed costs per year are $30k, $60k, &
$110k respectively. Variable costs per case are $75,
$45, & $25 respectively. The price per case is $120.
What is the best location for an expected volume of
2,000 cases per year?
1995 Corel Corp.

Locational Break-Even Crossover Chart

Annual Cost

200000

150000
100000

50000

Akron lowest
cost

Bowling Green
lowest cost

Chicago
lowest cost

500

1000 1500
Volume

2000 2500

3000

Center of Gravity Method

Finds location of single distribution center serving
several destinations
Used primarily for services
Considers

Location of existing destinations

Example: Markets, retailers etc.

Volume to be shipped
Shipping distance (or cost)

Shipping cost/unit/mile is constant

Center of Gravity Method Steps

Place existing locations on a coordinate grid

Grid has arbitrary origin & scale

Maintains relative distances

Calculate X & Y coordinates for center of gravity

Gives location of distribution center

Minimizes transportation cost

Center of Gravity Method Equations

X Coordinate
Cx

d ix Wi
i

Wi
i

Y Coordinate
Cy

d iy Wi
i

Wi
i

dix

= x coordinate of location i

Wi = Volume of goods moved to

or from location i
diy

= y coordinate of location i

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CENTER-OF-GRAVITY FACILITY

COG is computer software to locate a single facility by means of the exact
center-of-gravity method. The problem is one where a single facility, such
as a warehouse, is to serve (or be served by) a number of demand (or
supply) points with known locations and volumes. The objective is to find a
location such that total transportation cost, as represented in the following
expression, is minimized:
where
TC = total transportation cost
N = the number of origin/destination points in the problem. Up to 500
points may be used.
Xi,Yi = the geographical locations of the origin/destination points
represented using linear X,Y coordinate points.
T = a power factor in the distance computation formula. Distances are
computed from coordinate points using the following formula.

where represent the origin/destination points and represent the facility. The power
factor T controls the linearity of the distance between points. The value of T is
usually 0.5, which is a straight line between points.
K
= a scaling factor to convert coordinate distances to miles.
V
= the volume of an origin/destination point in any appropriate demand
units.
R
=
the transportation rate between the facility to be located and the
origin/destination points, expressed in a monetary unit per unit of volume per unit of
distance, such as $/unit/mile.
EXAMPLE
Suppose that we have a small problem as shown in Figure COG-1. The product is
Chemicals. There are 10 markets to be served from a single warehouse location.
The warehouse is supplied from a single plant. The total amount of product shipped
by the plant is the sum of the volume demanded by the markets. The product is
shipped over road networks. The annual volumes of the markets and the
transportation rates are given as follows:

P MEDIAN METHOD
Kasus Penentuan Jumlah Gudang yang Optimal
Sebuah Perusahaan melayanai 12 daerah pemasaran, dengan lokasinya ditunjukkan oleh
koordinat X dan Y. Volume menjelaskan permintaan produk untuk setiap daerah pemasaran, dan
Transport rate adalah ongkos transportasi/unit, serta Fixed cost adalah biaya pengelolaaan/sewa
gudang. Berapa jumlah gudang dan dimana lokasi gudang yang sebaiknya disiapkan agar total
ongkos logistik minimal ?

Solusi dengan Software LOGWARE (1 Gudang)

Solusi dengan Software LOGWARE (4 Gudang)

Solusi dengan Software LOGWARE (5 Gudang)

WARELOCA
WARELOCA is a computer program specifically designed to assist
in the analysis of the Usemore Soap Company case study. Users
should refer to the case study in Chapter 14 of Business
Logistics/Supply Chain Management 5e for background and data.
The program solution procedure is based on linear programming.
The user selects the particular scenario of plants, warehouses,
and customer service level to be considered, and the program
optimally finds the best allocation of demand to the warehouses
and plants. Variable costs are minimized, subject to customer
service and plant capacity constraints. Fixed costs are not
handled within the solution process and must be added to the
solution results.

Final Thought
The ideal location for many
companies in the future will
be a floating factory ship
that will go from port to
port, from country to
country wherever cost
per unit is lowest.
1995 Corel Corp.