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J3182 / UNIT3 / 1
Unit 3
Title:
Engine
analysis (part 2)
process
General objective:
To understand the structure of dual-combustion cycle and mean
effective pressure.
Specific objectives:
At the end of this unit you should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Input 3
This section introduces the subject matter that you
are going to learn.
3.0
Introduction
In this unit, we will introduce the meaning of dual combustion cycle, heat
supplied at constant volume and at constant pressure.
P3=p4
p.v conts
2
5
1
V2=V3
V1=V5
J3182 / UNIT3 / 3
2.
3.
4.
5.
necessary. There are the ratio of compression, rv = v1/ v2 ; the ratio of pressure, rp
= p3/p2 and the ratio of volume and cut, rc = v4/v3 .
Then it can be shown that 1
1
rv
rp rc 1
rp 1 rp rc 1
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Example 1.0
An oil engine takes in air at 1.01 bar, 20 0C and the maximum cycle
pressure is 69 bar. The compression ratio is 18/1. Draw the p-v diagram and
calculate the air standard thermal efficiency based on the dual combustion cycle.
Assume that the heat added at constant volume is equal to the heat added at
constant pressure.
The cycle is shown on p-v diagram in Figure. 3.1 using the Otto cycle equation,
T2 V1
T1 V2
180.4 = 3.18
T2 = 3.18 x T1
T2 = 3.18 x 293 = 931 K.
(Where T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K)
Based on Figure 3.1, from 2-3, the process is at constant volume, hence
P3 T3
P2 T2
(since
i.e.
T3 =
P3V3
PV
2 2 and V3 =V2 )
T3
T2
P3
69 391
T2
P2
P2
P2 V1
P1 V2
181.4 57.2
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Then substituting,
T3 =
69 931
1112 K
57.8
Now the heat added at constant volume is equal to the heat added at constant
pressure in this example, therefore,
cv(T3 T2 ) = cp (T4 T3 )
i.e.
i.e.
0.718 181
1112
1.005
T4 =1241.4 K
Based on Figure 3.1,find T5, it is necessary to know the value of the
1.116
V3 T3
1112
Therefore
V5 V1 V1 V3
1
18
16.14
V4 V4 V2 V4
1.116
T5 V4
i.e.
16.140.4 3.04
T5 =
1241.4
408 K
3.04
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(since in this example the heat added at constant volume is equal to the heat
added at the constant pressure).
:.
Q2
82.6
1
1 0.318 0.682 or 68.2 %.
Q1
260
It should be mentioned here that the modern high-speed oil engine operates on
a cycle for which the Otto cycle is a better basis of comparison. Also, since the
Otto cycle calculation for thermal efficiency is much simpler than that of the dual
combustion cycle, then this is another reason for using the Otto cycle as a
standard of comparison.
J3182 / UNIT3 / 7
Activity 3A
This section tests your understanding of the
subject matter. You have to complete this section
by following the instructions carefully.
3.1
3.2
3.3
Explain the process for each point on the p-v diagram in question 3.2.
3.4
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Input
This section introduces the subject matter that you
are going to learn.
3.5
P
3
2
4
B
1
C
Pm
A
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The term (V1-V2) is proportional to the swept volume of the cylinder, hence it can
be seen from equation before that the mean effective pressure gives a measure
of work output per swept volume. It can therefore be used to compare similar
engines of difference sizes.
The mean effective pressure discussed in this section is for the air standard
cycle.
Example 2.0
Calculate the mean effective pressure for the cycle in example 1.0
the heat supplied, Q1 , and the thermal efficiency were found to be 260
kj/kg and 68.2% respectively. From the equation,
W
Q1
V
17
17 RT1 17 287 293
V1 V2 V1 1 V1
18
18
18 p1
18 1.01 105
V1 V2 = 0.768 m3/kg.
i.e.
Then substituting,
W = Pm x 0.768 or Pm = W/0.768 kJ/m3
i.e.
Pm =
177 103
2.25 bar
0.768 105
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Activity 3B
This section tests your understanding of the
subject matter. You have to complete this section
by following the instructions carefully.
3.5
3.6
Draw and label the mean effective pressure cycle on P-v diagram.
3.7
The pressure and temperature of air standard dual combustion cycle are given
below,
1.
2.
T1 = 290 K
T2 = 871.1K
3.
T3 = 1087.5 K
4.
T4 = 1236.3 K
5.
6.
T5 = 429.3 K
P1 = 1.01 bar
and ratio of compression is 16:1. Calculate the thermal efficiency and the mean
effective pressure .
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Self
Assessment
of
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